普外科优秀英文论文

② 有人反对它，有人赞同。 ③ 我的看法 With the development of IT, online chatting is becoming increasingly popular with many people. However, people’s opinions about it vary from person to person. Some think that it has more problems than benefits. First, it is a waste of time, energy and money as it doesn’t produce any useful information and products. Second, it is misleading to its users because cyberspace is actually an imaginary space where things are unreal or fictional. But the advocates of online chatting support it because it is another way of recreation which is both exciting and relaxing. Besides, it helps them release their emotions and worries freely and safely. To them, it is very useful and wonderful. As far as I am concerned, whether online chatting is good or bad depends on the person who does it. So long as we can keep ourselves under good control, we can use it scientifically and properly without its bad effects. 议论文范文 2 As students, we always have a lot of exams/tests every term. Tests are used nowadays to check/examine/measure how well /effectively students study. Exams are a very useful and important educational tool of measurement. However, exams have some side effects of their own. First, some exams can’t reflect the real progress students make. Second, too difficult or too many exams force students to cheat in exams. Too many exams force students to study for the sake of exams only, to name just a few. In my opinion, advantages of exams far outweigh their disadvantages. Despite their side effects, exams can on the whole check and show how well students study scientifically and accurately. At least so far there has been not any method that take their place in education. Besides, exams seem to be fair to all students as they are objective and everyone is equal before test results. To conclude, exams may continue to exist in our education for a long time before they are replaced by some better measurement methods. 记叙文范文 Eye-witness account of a traffic accident 假如你在某日某地某时目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书如下： 1. 车祸发生的时间和地点 2. 你所见到的车祸的情况 3. 你对车祸原因的分析 I witnessed a traffic accident on the street at about . yesterday. Here is my account of it. It happened at . yesterday at the Xiao Zai intersection when I was on my way back to my school. A taxi ran into a cycling boy riding across Chang An Road near the crossroad. When the taxi pulled up abruptly after the driver realized what had happened, the boy was already lying on the ground, bleeding and crying aloud. In 5 minutes, an ambulance came and took away the wounded boy. There is no knowing how it came about. But I suppose it was because the boy ran the red light and the taxi driver took it for granted that there would be no pedestrian or cyclist would cross the road at that moment. This accident warns us of the danger of ignoring traffic regulations. 图表文范文 1. 描写该图并用数字说明 2. 分析其原因及未来的趋势 3. 结论 With the rapid economic growth in China, there has been an increasingly great demand for fuel resources. Among them, natural gas is clean, convenient and inexpensive. The above graph shows the output of natural gas in China between 1991 and 1995. As can be seen from the graph, there had been a steady increase in its output since 1991. In 1991, there was only billion cubic meters of natural gas produced in China. After that, almost every year witnessed a steady increase by billion cubic meters. By 1995, the output had increased to billion cubic meters, an increase by about 13% over that of 1991. There are many factors leading to this sharp increase in its output. To name only a few, the greater industrial demand, demands from daily life, convenience and cleanness in itself, etc. stimulate its output increase. In conclusion, we can safely predict the output will continue to increase in the foreseeable future because of the greater demands for it. Sample 5. A Letter of Complaint Directions: Write a letter of no less than 120 words to your neighbour, who lives above your apartment in the same building and makes a lot of noise recently at night. Your letter should be polite but tell him or her clearly that you want him/her to stop making noise at night and why. Write a letter in the space provided on the Answer Sir/Madam: I am your neighbor living downstairs under your apartment in the same building. I am writing you to make a complaint to you./I am writing you to complain of the noise you make during the night. Recently you are making noise during the night that has disturbed my rest. Almost every night, there comes some noise from your apartment just as I go to bed and am on my way to a dream. I wonder what the noise is. Are you repairing your furniture? Are you doing physical exercises? However, whatever you do at that time of the night, you have to take your neighbors and their rest into consideration. In a word, you are disturbing both your other neighbors and me. Therefore/So, please stop making noise at night. Take care. Yours friendly neighbor Sample 6. Natural Gas Output in China With the rapid economic growth in China, there has been an increasing demand for fuel resources. Among them, natural gas is clean, convenient and inexpensive. The above graph shows the output of natural gas in China between 1991 and 1995. As can be seen from the graph, there had been a steady increase in its output since 1991. In 1991, there was only billion cubic meters of natural gas produced in China. After that, almost every year witnessed a steady increase by billion cubic meters. By 1995, the output had increased to billion cubic meters, an increase by about 13% over that of 1991. There are many factors leading to this sharp increase in its output. To name only a few, the greater industrial demand, demands from daily life, convenience and cleanness in itself, etc. stimulate its output increase. In conclusion, we can safely predict the output will continue to increase in the foreseeable future because of the greater demands for it. Sample 7. The Importance of Interpersonal Communication. 1. 人人需要与他人交流 2. 人际交流的重要性 3. 结论 Entering the 21st century, man is now in an age of information and knowledge. In such an age, interpersonal communication plays an increasingly important role and all people have to communicate with others. Why is interpersonal communication so important? First, it helps people understand each other better. Second, it helps people get more information and knowledge. Third, without interpersonal communication, our life would become a desert of emotion and friendship. Last but not the least, communication between people makes our life lively, interesting and lovely. In a word, humans, as social animals, have to communicate with each other, the importance of which can never be overemphasized. Why is interpersonal communication so important? Interpersonal communication is just like a bridge of understanding between people. For example, it helps students to learn more effectively if one can communicate more with his teachers and classmates. In a family, communication makes the family members understand each other better and get closer. In the workplace, communication between the employer and the employed creates a friendly and helpful working 8 How to Study Effectively As students, we have to study almost every day. However, how can we study effectively? Probably not everybody knows. Have a look at the following graph and we may know better about this. This graph shows the relationship between the amount of study efficiency and the hours spent in studying in a day. From it, we can see that more hours of study do not necessarily result in better or higher study efficiency. In the graph, the best amount of efficiency or the optimum of efficiency comes when one has studied for about hours. However, the efficiency begins to drop as he studies longer than . By the time when one has studied for 10 hours in a day, his efficiency of study may become nothing or zero. In conclusion, there is always a maximum of efficiency and time for study in a day. More time spent in study doesn’t always mean better efficiency. This may tell us how we can study effectively.

医学论文是医学科学研究工作的文字记录和书面总结，是医学科学研究工作的重要组成部分。医学论文报道医学领域领先的科研成果;是医学科学研究工作者辛勤劳动的结晶，是人类医学科学发展和进步的动力。尤其是SCI论文，能使成果向国际上展示，并有可能被人采用和传播，为人类造福，因此，更具有意义与价值，那么一篇好的英文SCI医学论文改怎么写呢?今天小编就为大家一步步分析。英文SCI医学论文应注意的几大环节：写前准备Preparation， 论文结构 Structure， 论文文题Title， 摘要Abstracts， 引言Introduction， 文章主体Body of Paper， 结论 Conclusion， 和致谢Acknowledgement。1、Preparation就是收集资料，找出灵感和方向，主要依靠的是期刊和文献journal in library。2、Structure是重点，文章的结构应该：选题要宽，研究方向要窄，然后最后的结论又发散开来。在文章主体前后都必须有声明(declarativestatement)，用最少的字句表达出自己的观点，吸引读者。3、Title必须清晰简短(clear，short)，以提升读者的阅读兴趣，然而文题中切记不能出现缩略语和自己的结论。4、Abstracts 是文章的一个缩影，一定要简明扼要(可为一段文字，篇幅<200字)，按照文章顺序介绍主要研究对象(subject)、实验设计 (design)、实验步骤(procedures)以及最后结果(results)，这种介绍必须让非专业的人员能够看懂。5、引言同样要保证简短，顺序是一般背景介绍、别人工作成果、自己的研究目的及工作简介，其中介绍别人工作时只需介绍和自己最相关的方面，而对自己的工作介绍不用说明细节，因为这个要放到文章正文中去。不要忘记在介绍自己工作之前要有一个声明。6、Body部分可以分为方法methods、讨论discussion和结果result三个部分：(1) Methods，详尽的介绍自己的实验方案以便于他人能够重复自己的实验过程，对于通用的实验方案可以简略，重点要放到自己的独创方案上面，按照实验的先后顺序介绍，为了文章的阅读方便，不要使用过多层次的副标题subheadings。(2)Discussion，这个部分是为了以后的study ，在其中提出自己的 problem 或者是hypothesis，和别人的成果进行比较，暗示自己的主要收获，为后面的conclusion做准备。(3)Result，使用text、table、figure等手段表达出来，其中table不要使用过多，而 figure必须保证图线清楚、注解明确，必要的时候还要对于自己的结论进行解释说明。7、Conclusion中不要包含文章未涉及的信息，保持简洁;如果此文章只是项目的一部分，稍做说明。在写完之后回头看看是否有逻辑上的错误，是否考虑到了读者兴趣等。8、Acknowledgement，不要忘记，这个不仅反应了一个人的个人品质，还一定程度体现了研究水平。

据学术堂了解，英文医学科研论文一般分为引言、方法、结果、讨论和结论等。今天给大家分享一些经验，笔者根据自身的撰写、审阅英文科研论文的经验，分析了此类论文的结构与特点，总结了英文医学科研论文主体部分的写作方法。1. 引言本部分一般采用漏斗式的顺序来撰写，从宽泛的研究话题逐渐过渡到本研究拟解决的关键问题。以传染病防控研究相关论文为例， 引言一般包括3部分：拟研究问题的重要性、必要性和研究目的。首先，阐述拟研究疾病的严重危害、主要分布和造成的影响等内容，突出该研究的重要性。然后，综述相关研究的进展，包括当前研究成果、存在的不足和未解决的问题，提出该研究的必要性和研究假说。最后，根据拟解决的问题提出研究目的并细化，分类别或分步骤提出拟实施的研究框架。例如，一篇有关某种疾病在某地区横断面调查的文章，其重要性一般需包括该病的定义、流行范围、全球疾病负担和该地区的疾病负担；必要性要描述该病流行病学相关研究的进展、存在问题和造成这些问题的原因，未解决问题（3—5个）或未调查过的区域；然后提出本研究拟解决的问题（1—2个）和调查范围，研究结果可能解决的现实问题（例如，为制定治疗方案提供科学依据），以此来揭示本研究的必要性，从而回答科学假说所需要开展的哪几方面研究，包括调查的范围和影响因素以及如何开展，引出后面的方法等部分。2. 研究方法这部分内容缺乏科学依据或表述不当是造成稿件被拒的主要原因之一。正确撰写研究方法的诀窍是按照一定的逻辑顺序尽可能详细具体地描述整个研究开展的条件和过程。研究方法的写作一般以时间顺序展开，首先提供一个总体研究框架，包括研究设计的内容、 实验流程或者现场调查过程。然后描述开展研究所需材料的详细信息或流行病学背景信息，如各种实验材料的供应商和联系方式，样本或参与者的相关信息等。接下来描述该研究的技术和步骤，如研究对象的选取方法、治疗方案、干预措施、实验或数据分析方法等，选择某一技术的理论依据或建模方法也需阐明。例如，要研究蚊类的各项生物学指标，就要说明这些指标的测量方法和总体数据的分析依据。如果方法中涉及实验设计，最好提供技术路线图，清楚简洁地表述研究设计全貌；如是现场研究，最好用地图标出研究地点。若方法部分较为复杂，可分部分来撰写，每个部分提供一个小标题。在研究开展过程中，需要充分考虑到医学伦理问题。如果研究涉及到人，需在方法部分提供研究对象知情同意的相关声明；若涉及动物，需在此部分陈述关于对此研究道德批准的声明。3. 研究结果以研究目的为导向，总结研究成果，阐明各分支研究的关系，描述发展趋势。撰稿人要高度凝练对实验或观察结果的描述，突出具有代表性和科学意义的数据。主要数据通常以图表的形式呈现，如使用配对图呈现临床试验中复杂患者样本的主要研究结果；运用基线对比描述几个对照组的数据。图表需具有自明性，可以在图表下附上说明性文字。以研究成果的重要性或产出时间为顺序，围绕研究假说和拟解决的问题，从方法部分的几个研究指标来陈述研究结果。例如，在某一疾病的横断面调查结果中，对数据的描述大致分为人群患病率、儿童新发病率、疾病三间分布（包括时间分布、空间分布和人群分布）以及流行因素等。如果涉及治疗内容，则对诊疗（包括内科、外科治疗等）指标都应该进行统计分析，这样才能统计出调查区域内需内科治疗或外科治疗的人数以及各占多少比例，为讨论治疗策略提供必要的证据。结果分析还可将某些指标变化进行不同时段或不同区域间的比较，这样使结果更为丰富。而现场实验研究则必须阐明样本数量，分散度指标和集中趋势指标等关键统计数据。4. 讨论和结论如果论文引言部分是点明某一研究的重要性和必要性，讨论部分则主要论证该研究结果的科学性与推广意义，主要分3步进行论证。首先，根据研究目的总结主要研究结果，解释这些结果的意义和重要性；然后与其他已发表结果进行比较或对比，解释本研究的不同之处和独特意义，说明本研究的局限性；总结回应研究的问题、假说或目的，表明本研究结果的实用价值，对实际工作的启示和对整个领域研究的影响。例如，疾病横断面调查结果若要为制定疾控政策服务，就需根据该疾病的患病率，引用已发表的论据，来判定其在全球范围内属于高、中、低的哪种流行区， 讨论造成这一流行强度的原因，也可讨论不同类型的疾病患病率高低的原因和潜在分布区域，与已发表的相关研究结果和实际作用相比较，出正确的推理，回答研究背景中提出的假说，为制定疾控策略提供科学依据。英文科研论文的结论部分更要围绕研究目的来总结，对研究目的作出明确的回应，重申研究成果及新增的科学意义，阐明应用价值或提出对今后工作建议。因此，结论需要简洁、明确、有针对性。

通俗的说，前者是不用有实验的实验，对前人的研究进行总结分析；后者是建立在实验结果的基础上。

1、具体含义不同

review article的意思是评论文章，即我们常见的评论性文章。research article的意思是论文， 是学术型作品。

2、使用场合不同

review article常见于各大报刊媒体中，使用广泛，偏口语；research article仅限于学术场合，使用较少。

例句：

Our law review article on nontraditional law enforcement.

我们的法律评论：非正统的执行法律。

How to evaluation a surgical research article with skimming.

如何快速阅读和评价一篇外科学论文。

扩展资料

词汇解析：

1、review article

英文发音：[rɪˈvjuː ˈɑːrtɪkl]

中文释义：评论文章

例句：

Other review article, it is of the topics on the progress of certain diseases and medical elaboration.

其它的综述文章，则是作者对某些疾病和医学专题进展的详细阐述。

2、research article

英文发音：[ˈriːsɜːrtʃ ˈɑːrtɪkl]

中文释义：学术论文;研究论文;研究文章;研究性论文

例句：

A Contrastive Analysis on Generic Structure of Chinese and English Research Article Abstracts.

中英文研究性论文摘要的语类结构对比分析。

英语论文格式模板2017

英语论文格式模板是怎样的呢?撰写一篇优秀的毕业论文，除了细心严谨之外，还要了解论文格式。下面是我分享的英语论文格式模板，欢迎阅读!

英文论文格式均以美国土木工程师协会出版社发布的标准格式为准。

英语论文用激光打印机打印，打印稿为黑白稿，彩色打印件会影响出版效果。 版心：a4纸，上、下页边距 cm，左、右页边距均为 mm。论文内容宽不得超过， 长不得超过。

字体和字号：正文，标题，作者联络信息和图表中的文字均为times new roman 12号字。可以跟据需要使用同类字体中的粗体，斜体。

行距：单倍行距。

页码：论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字，位于页面下方居中。

文体：文章应语法正确，技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长，请采用title: subtitle的形式。

数学公式：文中的数学公式不得手写，必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用，应该编号。公式之间，公式和正文之间都应该空一行。 单位： 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内，单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standard practice for use of the international system of units)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献，如anmc metric editorial guide， 5th ed，1992 可向美国国家公制协会 索取(american national metric council， 1735n. lynn street， suite 950， arlington， va 22209-2022)

图表：

标题说明和图例：插入的图表应该以出现顺序编号(figure 1，figure 2，table 1，table 2)。图的说明和标题，包括图的序号应该位于图的下方。表的说明和标题，包括表的序号应该位于表格上方。

位置：图可以插入到正文中，或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图，尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式，可选择上下环绕方式。

底纹：插图中不要选择带阴影或底纹，否则会影响印刷效果。

照片：如果文中需要附上照片，在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片，标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印，请不要提供彩色照片，以免影响印刷效果。

扫描图：印刷后的扫描图不如原件清晰。如果文中有扫描图，请提供灰色色标扫描图。

作者联络信息：请用横线和正文隔开。联络信息可以为一位作者或所有作者的，包括以下内容：作者全名;所属学会;学历或授予的荣誉;所在单位;通讯地址和电子邮箱;电话和传真。

参考文献：所有参考文献为单倍行距，放在文章最后，按照第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如有同一作者的两篇以上文献，按出版年代先后排列。正文中引用参考文献时，作者和出版年代应该放入括号内。由于上标缩印后会变小，难于辨认，正文中不使用上标标注参考文献。所列出的参考文献应当在正文中都有所引用，如果正文中没有引用，请将文献列入文章最后的附加信息(additional information)部分，或者相关材料(related materials)部分。

论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成，其中部分组成(例如附录)可有可无。论文各组成的'排序为：题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献、附录和致谢。

1、毕业论文格式的写作顺序是：标题、作者班级、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、中文摘要及关键词、英文摘要及英文关键词、正文、参考文献。

2、毕业论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面，居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面，居中。按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。

3、毕业论文中参考文献的书写格式严格按以下顺序：序号、作者姓名、书名(或文章名)、出版社(或期刊名)、出版或发表时间。

4、论文格式的字体：各类标题(包括参考文献标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用TimesNewRoman字体。

5、论文格式的字号：论文题目用三号字体，居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。

6、格式正文打印页码，下面居中。

7、论文打印纸张规格：A4210297毫米。

8、在文件选项下的页面设置选项中，字符数/行数选使用默认字符数;页边距设为上：3厘米;下：厘米;左：厘米;右：厘米;装订线：厘米;装订线位置：左侧;页眉：厘米;页脚厘米。

9、在格式选项下的段落设置选项中，缩进选0厘米，间距选0磅，行距选倍，特殊格式选(无)，调整右缩进选项为空，根据页面设置确定行高格线选项为空。

10、页眉用小五号字体打印XX大学XX学院20XX级XX专业学年论文字样，并左对齐。

11、使用软件：MicrosoftWord2000以上版本。

文献注释

注释不同于参考文献。参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目，集中列于文末。而注释则是作者对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字，不要列入文末的参考文献，而要作为注释放在页下，用①②标识序号。注释中提到的论著保持通常格式，如：

①与正文部分空出两行;②按照文中的索引编号分别或合并注释;③注释采用五号黑体，注释内容汉语采用小五号宋体，英语采用Times New Roman 9号。