概念隐喻英语论文答辩

浅谈概念隐喻理论与英语写作教学

摘 要：隐喻不仅具有修辞功能，更重要的是一种思维方式;隐喻在语言中具有不可替代的作用。文章尝试将认知隐喻理论中的一些相关概念，如映射理论、概念隐喻和隐喻表达式，应用于英语写作教学，提出写作中隐喻思维培养的重要性。

关键词： 概念隐喻 隐喻理论 英语写作

Abstract: Metaphor is not only a rhetoric device, but a matter of thought and action. The paper attempts to apply the conceptual metaphor theory to the teaching of English writing and further proposes that importance be attached to developing students’ metaphorical thinking in English writing.

Key words: conceptual metaphor; metaphorical thinking; English writing

一、 概念隐喻理论

概念隐喻理论起始于Lakoff & Johnson 的《Metaphors We Live By》一书。他们在书中表明：隐喻普遍存在于我们的日常生活，不但存在于语言里，也存在于我们的思想和行为中。我们赖以思维和行动的一般概念系统，从根本上讲是隐喻的。[1]在概念隐喻的理论框架下，隐喻的理解涉及两个认知域：源域(source domain)和靶域(target domain)。概念隐喻就是以一个认知域的经验来理解另一个认知域的经验，源域的部分特点被映射(mapping)到靶域上，后者因前者而得到部分理解。所以，“隐喻的实质就是用一类事物来理解和经验另一类事物”。[2]概念隐喻理论还提出了概念隐喻(conceptual metaphor)和隐喻语言(metaphorical expression)的区别。前者是两个认知域之间的映射，在英语中通常用大写字母表示，后者是概念隐喻的具体隐喻表达式，例如：

例 are at a crossroad.

例2. The relationship isn’t going anywhere.

例 relationship is off the track.

例4. Their marriage is on the rocks.

概念隐喻理论认为这里只有一个隐喻：LOVE IS A JOURNEY，上述这些例子都是该隐喻在语言上的具体表达式。

概念隐喻理论使我们重新认识了隐喻的本质，也给语言教学带来了新的启示。本文拟运用概念隐喻理论，探讨隐喻在英语写作中遣词、造句、谋篇的功能，并指出隐喻思维对英语写作的重要性，为写作教学提供新的视角。

二、 概念隐喻理论在英语写作教学中的应用

(一)概念隐喻与词汇学习

在写作中，词汇居于核心地位。不管是句子层次的语言现象还是语篇层次的语言现象，都离不开词的理解和运用。传统词汇学习由于受到结构主义思想的影响，认为词语与意义之间的关系完全是任意的，忽视了对词语的认知和理解。词汇不仅有其所指意义，也有其转指意义，而且，词汇表层意义与其深层内涵都是语言认知的.产物。由于大多数学习者不是从认知的角度来学习词汇，而是采用死记硬背方法，不能真正理解词汇的内涵。通过概念隐喻模式来认识和解释词汇，不仅有利于词语的理解，还可以促进学生在口头和书面表达中有效地利用该词语的隐喻意义，培养学生的语言运用能力和创新能力。

例如，我们借助方位隐喻来理解介词的学习。人们可以将通过身体体验获得的“上——下，前——后，高——低，深——浅，中心——边缘”等具体空间概念投射于时间、情绪、身体状况、数量、质量、社会地位等抽象概念。在方位隐喻中，“up-down” 概念的隐喻运用最为广泛。最初，“上”概念(up)和“下”概念(down)都是纯空间概念。Up的基本意义最“向上，由低往高”;down的基本意义为 “向下，由高往低”。英汉语言经过反复的运用与发展，“up-down”都以原来的空间意义为核心，产生了“

HAPPINESS IS UP, SADNESS IS DOWN;MORE IS UP, LESS IS DOWN; HIGH STATUS IS UP, LOW STATUS IS DOWN”等方位隐喻来表达对社会地位和人的情绪的认识。在这些概念隐喻的基础上可以拓展丰富的隐喻表达式，进一步深化对“up”概念和“down”概念的隐喻理解，如：“I am feeling up.”，“Prices are going up”，“The temperature has gone down.”，“Be nice to people on your way up, because you will meet them on your way down. ”等。由此可见，通过概念隐喻理论来理解介词，能掌握更丰富的词汇意义，增强学生隐喻能力，提高写作的多样性。

其次，由于隐喻是一种映射，其实质是借助一类事物理解和体验另一类事物，[3]因此人们总是会参照他们所熟知的、具体的概念来认识和理解不熟悉的、抽象的概念。体现在词汇表达上，人们往往运用谈论一个概念的各个方面的词语来谈论另一个概念。例如：提到概念“argument”，我们有概念隐喻“

ARGUMENT IS A BUILDING; ARGUMENT IS WAR”, “argument”为较抽象的概念，而“building”，“war”是人们较熟悉的概念。在讲“building”这个概念时，可以帮助学生联想和 “建筑物”有关的词汇“solid building, framework of a building, construct a building, collapse, the groundwork”; 而在谈到“war”这个概念时，又可以联想到跟“战争”有关的词汇“the fierce war, attack the enemy, win the war, be defeated in the war”。在这两个概念隐喻中，人们可以通过熟悉的概念来理解“argument”这个概念的内涵。用于谈论“building”，“war”的词汇大部分都可以用来谈论“argument”，因而可以创造出如下句子：

例5. We’ve got the framework for a solid argument.

例6. If you don’t support your argument with solid facts, the whole th

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本文有论文286网 转载请注明 ing will collapse.

例7. Within the groundwork you’ve got, you can construct a pretty strong argument.

英语毕业论文答辩稿范文（精选8篇）

一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧！下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文，希望对大家有所帮助。

Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.

With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.

Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.

With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.

Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.

For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.

In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.

Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.

Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.

Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.

I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems

Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.

Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.

Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.

Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style

in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!

I will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

That’s all. Thank you.

[基金项目] 安徽财经大学青年科研项目(ACKYQ0830)的研究成果。[作者简介] 姜媛媛,女,山东曲阜人,安徽财经大学外国语学院讲师,文学硕士,研究方向:语用学、认知语言学。英汉习语的概念隐喻阐释○姜媛媛(安徽财经大学外国语学院,安徽 蚌埠 233030)[摘 要] 习语是使用该语言的整个民族智慧的结晶,是语言的浓缩,体现了人们的认知方式,具有承传性。本文介绍了习语的相关定义,并从概念隐喻的角度对习语进行了分析,证明了习语的意义的理据性。[关键词] 习语; 认知; 概念隐喻中图分类号: H313. 3 文献标识码: A 文章编号: 1672 - 8610 (2009) 03 - 0085 - 03习语是语言的瑰宝,是语言的精华,作为语言艺术的精华沉淀了大量的文化因素,体现着该语言文化的特点,是人民智慧的结晶。习语,也有人将其称之为成语或俗语。恰当地使用习语,可以使人们的表达更加精练、生动、形象,往往收到言简意赅的效果。习语的掌握水平往往被看做语言习得与否的重要标志之一。习语还是语言信息功能和美学功能的有机结合,因此有必要对习语进行更多的研究。传统上人们认为习语的意义是不可分析的,是“死喻”,强调其意义的任意性。本文将从概念隐喻的角度对英汉习语进行分析,并认为习语意义是有理据的,是与人们的认知经验密切相关的。一、习语的内涵及外延习语,英语称为idioms,从广义说来看,习语是在长期的语言实践过程中形成且久经沿用的特殊固定词组或语句,包括成语、谚语、俗语、箴言、格言、惯用语等语言单位。(一)汉语习语汉语中的习语俯拾皆是,且多半是四字格成语。就本质而言,这种“四字格成语”就是习语,无非是我们中国人的习惯说法而已[ 1 ]。因此,我们可以将汉语中的习语与成语一词看作同一概念。根据《现代汉语》的解释,成语是“人们长期以来习用的,形式简洁而意思精辟的定型的词组或短句。汉语的成语大多由四个字组成”。例如: 水深火热、一箭双雕。当然,汉语习语或成语也不止“四字格成语”,还包括像“戴高帽”、“穿小鞋”之类的三字格熟语,歇后语如:孔夫子搬家———尽是书(输) ,谚语如:巧妇难为无米之炊。(二)英语习语Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of CurrentEnglish (1974)把idiom分为两义:( 1 ) language of a peop le or country, specificcharacter of this.一个民族或国家的语言,这种语言的特殊之点。(2) ( gram) succession of words whose meaning isnot obvious through knowledge of the individual mean2ings of the constituent words but must be learnt as awhole. [语法]连串之词表示整体意义而不表示各单个意义者。如give way (退让,不能支持) , in order to (为了) , be hard put to (为难,陷入困境)等。以上两义只有第二义相当于成语。二、传统与认知语言学派对习语的观点(一)传统语言学派对习语的观点在语言学家、心理学家对习语的研究中,习语的可分析性占有非常突出的地位。持不可分析性观点(K·vecses, Szabo称之为“传统观点”[ 2 ] )的人认为习语的语义是一个不可分割的统一体,其语义已无法从构成习语的各个词的语义中推测出来,而各个词在组合中也相应丧失了它们原来在语义上的独立性,这类习语被称之为无理据习语。传统观点还认为习语是一种“死喻”( dead metaphor) ,是约定俗成的习惯用法,由于习语意义的不可分析性使得习语成为语言学习过程中的一块绊脚石。然而,这种传统观点正逐渐受到挑战。以Carter和McCarthy 为代表的传统观点认为,习语只是一种纯语言现象,主张从词汇、句法及篇章特点等语言层面来进行分析。可以看出,传统观倾向于将习语的认知置于纯语言层次,认为习语是独立于人的概念系统及常规只是— 85 —语文学刊 2009年第3期之外的,忽视了习语研究的认知本质。(二)认知视角下的习语认知语言学对语言的任意性提出了疑问,认为语言的共性说明语言不完全是任意的,而是受到认知环境、生活环境、认知能力和社会环境的制约,在很大程度上是有理据的。尽管语言符号在基本范畴等级上、在不可分析为更小单位的词素上有一定的任意性,或者有些已经丧失了理据,但是在构成上位或下属范畴的词语或词组及在构成更大的语言单位短语和句子的过程中是有动因的、有理据的、可论证的。只是其动因和理据不在于语言形式直接反映外部世界的事物,而是反映人对世界的认知方式,即语言形式相对于人的认知结构来说不是任意的。语言是由人的认知、社会文化及其语用因素促动的符号系统作为语言一个重要部分的习语亦是如此[ 3 ]。鉴于传统观点对习语研究的局限性,认知语言学家对习语从认知的角度进行了研究。在下文中我们将从概念隐喻的角度对其进行进一步的介绍。三、习语的隐喻研究认知语言学认为,语言是受规则支配的体系,人们学习和掌握习语不能只靠单纯记忆、模仿,还应该尽量理解习语的隐喻概念,注意习语的组成成分与习语整体意义的内在联系,使自己具有创造性活用习语的能力。(一)概念隐喻理论基础概念隐喻就是两个认知域—源域和目的域—之间的映现和对应。源域( source category)多为人们熟悉的有形的具体概念和范畴, 而目的域( targetcategory)则多为陌生的抽象的难以定义的概念和范畴。例如,概念隐喻TIME IS MONEY中,MONEY是源域, TIME是目的域,源域所具有的特征通过隐喻概念传递给目的域,由此人们可以说“花时间”,“浪费时间”,“节约时间”。值得一提的是,一个隐喻概念也是通过不同的词语来表达,这些表达方式称为“隐喻表达”(meta2phorical exp ression) 。大量的证据表明概念隐喻存在于人们的认知体系之中。据Lakoff & Johnson统计,普通语言中, 70%以上的表达方式是源于概念隐喻。由此,他们提出日常生活中充满隐喻,隐喻“不仅是语言表达思想经济有效的手段,更重要的还是思维和认知的工具”[ 4 ]。Lakoff的概念隐喻给我们的启示是:人类的认知体系首先是一个充满隐喻性思维的体系,而思维过程中所示用的概念隐喻能以已知喻未知,以简单喻复杂,以具体喻抽象。那么,具体说来,概念隐喻是如何为一些习语提供语义理据的呢?(二)基于概念隐喻的习语认知推理The boss is up in arms about the company’s poorsales record in the past few years.该句中, to be up in arms的意义是通过源域概念“人通常会因情绪亢奋而举起双臂,抖动拳头”的实体意义映射到目的域“ANGER IS UP”的概念认识而被理解为to be angry,在这里,“ANGER IS UP”被称为概念隐喻,因而依据这一类似机制,下面各句中习语所体现的概念隐喻分别是:(1)Mrs. Smith sobbed her heart out at the newsof hermother’s HEART IS USED - UP RESOURCE: 听到母亲去世的消息史密斯太太哭得死去活来。(2) Intellectuals have certainly come up since theopen policy reformation. H IGH STATUS IS UP:改革开放以来,知识分子的社会地位无疑有了很大提高。( 3 ) The fire between them finally went IS FIRE:他们之间的爱火最终熄灭了。(4) The house changed hands many times. POS2SESSION IS HOLD ING SOMETH ING IN THE HAND:这幢房屋多次易主。上述例句说明,概念隐喻充当着两个彼此独立且截然不同的概念域之间的媒介,概念意义之间的关联是客观事物在人的认知领域里的联想。因此,解读“sobbed her hear out, come up, fire⋯ went out,changed hands”的意义要远比“used - up resource,high status, possession”等意义复杂。假如我们从概念隐喻所构成的思维体系与习语喻义之间的相互作用来分析习语,那么,理解这类习语自然以概念隐喻作为基础。另外,Barcelona指出概念结构是语言的心理体现,是词义运用的基础,是把语言和认知对应起来的中间层次[ 5 ]31 - 58。为了进一步揭示概念隐喻的认知表征,我们还可以从概念映射的动态过程着手,即概念结构的实体性对应与认知性对应加以对比分析。实体性对应是指源域和目的域中概念的静态意义对应。例如,习语“to sp it fire”的一般意义是“to be an2gry”,是根据概念隐喻ANGER IS F IRE一般概念结构得来的。认知性对应是人们运用了概念结构认识上的动态意义对应,是从一个认知领域到达另一个知识领域的隐喻思维过程中运用了推导。又如,为何习语“sp itting fire”和“smoke coming out of one’sears”的喻义为“more intense anger”,而不仅仅是“beangry”? 因为人们根据有关特定的概念隐喻知识,即“火变得浓烈而难以控制时是非常危险的”这一认识来解读“sp itting fire”和“smoke coming out ofone’s ears”的喻义。因此,人们很自然地在“fire”的概念结构上运用联想,把“fire”的特殊概念结构与人的情感变化关联起来得出了相同的结论:当怒气变得强烈且失去控制时同样也是非常危险的,而它的附加意义从“to be angry”到“to be becoming greatly— 86 —说文解字 姜媛媛/ 英汉习语的概念隐喻阐释angry”程度的不同变化,则是根据源域“fire”和目的域“anger”的认知性对应得出。多数情况下决定一个习语的一般意义,即习语所涉及的概念时习语里所使用的概念隐喻的源域和目的域之间的认知性对应。所以,在解释习语的认知性隐喻方面,我们发现后者要比前者更为复杂。以上是用概念隐喻分析英语习语的语义理解。汉语习语的语义也可以用概念隐喻解释。下面我们来分析一下汉语四字格习语“如胶似漆”。在这一习语中,我们只看到“胶”、“漆”这两个源域,而目标域却没有在习语中出现。那么,汉民族是如何将两个源域映射到目标域上去的? 我们知道,“胶”和“漆”都具有黏附力,两者结合无疑表示很强的粘固性。但是黏附必然会牵涉两个事物之间的关系:粘与被粘。换言之,有粘的事物就必然具有被粘的事物,两者之间的关系是相辅相成的。此外,该成语中“如”和“似”均是达至语言隐喻目的的标记词,说“如胶似漆”,肯定隐含着某事和某人“如胶似漆”。其次是依据汉语的共有知识( shared knowledge) ,“如胶似漆”常指人与人之间的关系。因此,对这一隐喻成语的解读首先是将“胶”和“漆”这两个源域整合在一起,再将已经整合的概念映射到事物与事物之间的关系这一目标域上,这样便得出一个新显结构:某人与某人之间的感情关系深厚,难舍难分。通过以上论述,我们可以看出,传统观点所认为的英汉习语意义的任意性、不可分析性是不成立的。英汉习语的意义是与我们的认知经验密切相关的。认识到这一点将有助于我们今后正确地理解和使用英汉习语。【参考文献】[ 1 ]王文斌,姚俊. 汉英隐喻习语ICM和CB 的认知对比考察—以汉语的四字格隐喻习语为基础[ J ]. 外语与外语教学, 2004 (5).[ 2 ]K·vecses, Z. & Szabó, P. . Idioms: A view from cogni2tive linguistics[ J ]. App lied L inguistics, 1996 (3).[ 3 ]赵艳芳,认知语言学概论[M ]. 上海外语教育出版社,2001.[ 4 ]Lakoff, G &M. Johnson. MetaphorsWe L ive By[M ]. TheUniversity of Chicago Press, 1980.[ 5 ]Barcelona, A. . On the p lausibility of claiming a metonymicmotivation for concep tualmetaphor. InMetaphor andMeton2ymy at the Crossroads, ed[M ]. Mouton de Gruyter, 2000.(上接第68页)《广志》曰:“剥其上皮,色黄白,味似葡萄,甜而脆,亦饱人。”《广志》曰:“似‘鳖卵’,大而酸,以为醢和。”皮如玉色,滑而且美(在这个句子里,“而”字后面加了一个“且”字,但在句型的用法没有什么影响,算是一个变形。)2. (名词)如/似/若(名词) , (主谓短语)而(形容词) ,形容词表示所介绍事物的性质或状态。今鹿豆也,叶似大豆,根黄而香,蔓延生菲,似葍,茎粗,叶厚而长,有毛3. (主谓短语)如/似/若(名词) , (形容词)而(形容词) ,两个形容词表示所介绍事物的性质或状态。子大如拇指,长而锐,有似羊角,名’羊角蕉’,味最甘好。实白如肪,甘而多汁。4. 两个“(名词)如/似/若(名词) ”连用。枇杷,叶似栗,子似蒳,十十而丛生。五、句型分析总结“如/似/若”和“而”连用句式最早出现在什么时期,在《要术》以后的时代里它的发展状况又是如何,限于本文的篇幅,笔者将会在以后的文章中进行更深一层的探讨。因为,笔者在准备本文的过程中,隐约发现,在之前的《山海经》中,这种句式已经大量出现了,说明它的出现的时间上限还应该不晚于那个时代。另外,笔者还从本文分析中发现,这种句式在介绍事物类型的著作中出现的频率可能更高一些,也有待于日后研究。可以肯定的是,《齐民要术》行文和引文中“如/似/若”和“而”连用句式的大量运用,说明这种句式在《齐民要术》的成书时代已经是非常的成熟了。【参考文献】[ 1 ] (北魏)贾思勰. 齐民要术·附杂说[M ]. 中华书局, 1985.[ 2 ]汪维辉,试论《齐民要术》的语料价值[ J ]. 古汉语研究,2004 (4).[ 3 ]古汉语常用字字典(1998年版) [M ]. 商务印书馆, 2000.— 87 —语文学刊 2009年第3期