关于马克吐温的论文英文文献

Mark Twain, American writer, orator, the real name is Samuel Langhorne Clemens.

"Mark Twain" is his pen name, which was originally used by the Mississippi sailors to indicate the depth of water measured on the fairway. Representative works are novels "million pounds", "Huckleberry Fein adventure", "Tom Sawyer Adventures" and so on.

Mark Twain at the age of 12, his father died, he had to stop, to the factory as a small worker Later he changed a lot of occupation, had done the Mississippi River navigator, miners and journalists work.

Gradually began to write some interesting pieces, began his own writing career. He died on April 21, 1910, and was buried in Emma, New York.

译文：

马克·吐温，美国作家、演说家，真名塞缪尔·兰霍恩·克莱门斯。

“马克·吐温”是他的笔名，最初被密西西比水手用来表示在航道上测量的水深。代表作有长篇小说《百万英镑》、《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》、《汤姆·索耶历险记》等。

马克·吐温在12岁时，父亲去世，他不得不停下来，到工厂当了一名小工人，后来他改变了很多职业，曾做过密西西比河航海家、矿工和记者的工作。

渐渐开始写一些有趣的作品，开始了自己的写作生涯。他于1910年4月21日去世，葬在纽约的艾玛。

写作思路：介绍马克吐温的身份和他的成就。正文如下：

Mark Twain（1835－1910），one of the best known American writers in the 19th century，was born in Missouri in the middle part of the United States.

Mark Twain’s hometown lay on the banks of the Mississippi River，where he spent his childhood. When he grew up he worked as a pilot on a river boat for some time. Mark Twain is his pen name. He took it from the shout of the sailors measuring the depth of the water when the water was two marks deep on the lead line.

Mark Twain wrote a lot of novels，one of which is The Adventures of Tom Sawyer，the masterpiece which brought him fame and honor. Some of his writings have been translated into many languages. He and his works are deeply loved by readers throughout the world.

翻译：马克吐温（1835~1910），生于美国Missouri，他是美国19世纪著名的作家之一。他的家乡位于密西西北河畔。成年后，他曾在密西西北河的船上当水手。马克吐温是他的笔名，由水文测量标上“两个刻度（two marks）”而得。

他写过很多小说。其中最著名的是《汤姆索耶历险记》（Tom Sawyer）。他的作品被译成多国文字，深受世界读者喜爱。

As one of America's first and foremost realists a humorists, Mark Twain, the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens usually wrote about his own personal experiences and and things he knew about from firsthand experience. His life spanned the two Americas, the frontier America that produced so much of national mythology and the emerging urban, industrial giant of the 20th century. At the heart of Twain's achievement is his creation of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn, who embody the mythic America, midway between the wilderness and the model state.

我相信大家都非常了解和熟悉马克吐温，但是大家有没有看过他的英文版的简介呢，下面是我带来的，欢迎阅读!

介绍马克吐温的英语文章

Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), the latter often called "the Great American Novel."

Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, which would later provide the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. He apprenticed with a printer. He also worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orion's newspaper. After toiling as a printer in various cities, he became a master riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River, before heading west to join Orion. He was a failure at gold mining, so he next turned to journalism. While a reporter, he wrote a humorous story, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, which became very popular and brought nationwide attention. His travelogues were also well-received. Twain had found his calling.

He achieved great success as a writer and public speaker. His wit and satire earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty.

However, he lacked financial acumen. Though he made a great deal of money from his writings and lectures, he squandered it on various ventures, in particular the Paige Compositor, and was forced to declare bankruptcy. With the help of Henry Huttleston Rogers, however, he eventually overcame his financial troubles. Twain worked hard to ensure that all of his creditors were paid in full, even though his bankruptcy had relieved him of the legal responsibility.

Born during a visit by Halley's Comet, he died on its return. He was lauded as the "greatest American humorist of his age," and William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature."

Early life

Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born in Florida, Missouri, on November 12, 1835, to a Tennessee country merchant, John Marshall Clemens (August 11, 1798 – March 24, 1847), and Jane Lampton Clemens (June 18, 1803 – October 27, 1890).

Twain was the sixth of seven children. Only three of his siblings survived childhood: his brother Orion (July 17, 1825 – December 11, 1897); Henry, who died in a riverboat explosion (July 13, 1838 – June 21, 1858); and Pamela (September 19, 1827 – August 31, 1904). His sister Margaret (May 31, 1830 – August 17, 1839) died when Twain was three, and his brother Benjamin (June 8, 1832 – May 12, 1842) died three years later. Another brother, Pleasant (1828–1829), died at six was born two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of Halley's Comet. On December 4, 1985, the United States Postal Service issued a stamped envelope for "Mark Twain and Halley's Comet."

When Twain was four, his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, a port town on the Mississippi River that inspired the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry was a slave state and young Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery, a theme he would later explore in his writing.

Twain’s father was an attorney and a local judge. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was organized in his office in 1846. The railroad connected the second and third largest cities in the state and was the westernmost United States railroad until the Transcontinental Railroad. It delivered mail to and from the Pony Express.

Samuel Clemens, age 15In March 1847, when Twain was 11, his father died of pneumonia. The next year, he became a printer's apprentice. In 1851, he began working as a typesetter and contributor of articles and humorous sketches for the Hannibal Journal, a newspaper owned by his brother Orion. When he was 18, he left Hannibal and worked as a printer in New York City, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. He joined the union and educated himself in public libraries in the evenings, finding wider information than at a conventional school. At 22, Twain returned to Missouri.

On a voyage to New Orleans down the Mississippi, steamboat pilot Horace E. Bixby inspired Twain to be a steamboat pilot. As Twain observed in Life on the Mississippi, the pilot surpassed a steamboat's captain in prestige and authority; it was a rewarding occupation with wages set at $250 per month,roughly equivalent to $73,089 a year today. A steamboat pilot needed to know the ever-changing river to be able to stop at the hundreds of ports and wood-lots. Twain studied 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of the Mississippi for more than two years before he received his steamboat pilot license in 1859.

While training, Samuel convinced his younger brother Henry to work with him. Henry was killed on June 21, 1858, when the steamboat he was working on, the Pennsylvania, exploded. Twain had foreseen this death in a dream a month earlier,which inspired his interest in parapsychology; he was an early member of the Society for Psychical was guilt-stricken and held himself responsible for the rest of his life. He continued to work on the river and was a river pilot until the American Civil War broke out in 1861 and traffic along the Mississippi was curtailed.

Missouri was considered by many to be part of the South, and was represented in both the Confederate and Federal governments during the Civil War. Twain wrote a sketch, "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed," which claimed he and his friends had been Confederate volunteers for two weeks before disbanding their company.

马克•吐温，原名塞缪尔•朗赫恩•克列门斯；（1835年11月30日－1910年4月21日）是美国的幽默大师、小说家、作家，亦是著名演说家。虽然其家财不多，却无损其幽默、机智与名气，堪称美国最知名人士之一。其交游广阔，威廉•迪安•豪威尔士、布克•华盛顿、尼古拉•特斯拉、海伦•凯勒、亨利•罗杰诸君，皆为其友。他曾被誉为：文学史上的林肯。海伦•凯勒曾言：“我喜欢马克吐温——谁会不喜欢他呢？即使是上帝，亦会钟爱他，赋予其智慧，并于其心灵里绘画出一道爱与信仰的彩虹。”威廉•福克纳称马克•吐温为“第一位真正的美国作家，我们都是继承他而来”。其于1910年去世，年七十五，安葬于纽约州艾玛拉。写作风格：熔幽默与讽刺一体，既富于独特的个人机智与妙语，又不乏深刻的社会洞察与剖析，既是幽默辛辣的小的杰作，又是悲天悯人的严肃!笔名“马克•吐温”是其最常使用的笔名，一般认为这个笔名是源自其早年水手生涯，与其伙伴测量水深时，他的伙伴叫道“Mark Twain !”，意思是“两个标记”，亦即水深两浔（1浔约米），这是轮船安全航行的必要条件。但亦有一说，指其在西部流浪时，经常在酒店买酒两杯，并要求酒保在帐单上记“两个标记”。然而，孰真孰假，或两者皆虚，则无从稽考。他的真名叫“萨缪尔•克里更斯”。生平童年马克•吐温于1835年11月30日出生在美国密苏里州佛罗里达的乡村的贫穷律师家庭。他是家中7个小孩的第6个小孩。他只有两个兄弟姊妹可以在童年过后幸存下来，他的那两个兄弟姊妹就是哥哥奥利安•克列门斯（Orion Clemens）（1825年7月17日 - 1897年12月11日）和姊姊帕梅拉（Pamela）（1827年9月19日 - 1904年8月31日）。他的父亲是当地的法官，收入菲薄，家境拮据。小塞缪尔上学时就不得不打工。他十二岁那年父亲去世，从此开始了独立的劳动生活，先在印刷所学徒，当过送报人和排字工，后来又在密西西比河上当水手和舵手。儿时生活的贫穷和长期的劳动生涯，不但为他以后的文学创作累积了素材，更铸就了一颗正义的心。他的母亲玛格丽特（Margaret）在他四岁时死去，而他的哥哥本杰明（Benjamin）（1832年6月8日 - 1842年5月12日）在三年后亦死去了。他的另一个哥哥Pleasant（1828年 - 1829年）只活到吐温出生前三个月。继这班年龄较马克•吐温大的兄弟姊妹之后，吐温又有一个弟弟－－亨利•克列门斯（Henry Clemens）（1838年7月13日 - 1858年6月21日）。在吐温4岁时，他们一家迁往密苏里州汉尼拔（Hannibal）的一个密西西比河的港市，而这就成为了他后来的著作《汤姆•索亚历险记》和《顽童流浪记》中圣彼得堡的城市的灵感。 那时，密苏里州是联邦的奴隶州，而年轻的吐温开始了解奴隶制，这成为了往后在他的历险小说中的主题。马克•吐温是色盲的，而这激起了他在社交圈子的诙谐玩笑。1847年3月，当吐温11岁时，他的父亲死于肺炎。接着的那一年，他成为一名印刷学徒。1851年，他成为一名排字工人，也有投稿，并开始给他哥哥奥利安创办的《汉尼拔杂志》（Hannibal Journal）写草稿。在他18岁时，他离开汉尼拔并在纽约市、费城、圣路易和辛辛那提市都当过印刷工人。22岁时，吐温回到密苏里州。在下密西西比河到纽奥良的旅途中，轮船的领航员“碧士比”要吐温终身成为轮船领航员，而这职业是当时全美国薪资第三高的职业，每月250美元（等于现在的155,000美元）。由于那时的轮船是由很易燃的木材建造，因此在晚间亦不可以开灯。领航员需要对不断改变的河流有丰富的认识，因而可以避开河岸成百的港口和植林地。吐温在他得到领航员执照（1859年）之前花了2年多一丝不苟地研究了密西西比河的2000米。在得到执照前的训练期间，吐温说服他的弟弟亨利•克列门斯与他在密西西比河上工作。亨利死于1858年6月21日，那是由于亨利工作的那艘轮船爆炸。吐温为此感到极内疚，并在余生中一直觉得他自己需负上责任。可是他继续在河上工作并一直是领航员，直到1861年南北战争爆发而缩减了密西西比河的交通。Mark Twain (pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835-1910), was an American writer, journalist and humorist, who won a worldwide audience for his stories of the youthful adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri, of a Virginian family. He was brought up in Hannibal, Missouri. After his father's death in 1847, he was apprenticed to a printer and wrote for his brother's newspaper. He later worked as a licensed Mississippi river-boat pilot. The Civil War put an end to the steamboat traffic and Clemens moved to Virginia City, where he edited the Territorial Enterprise. On February 3, 1863, 'Mark Twain' was born when Clemens signed a humorous travel account with that pseudonym. In 1864 Twain left for California, and worked in San Francisco as a reporter. He visited Hawaii as a correspondent for The Sacramento Union, publishing letters on his trip and giving lectures. He set out on a world tour, traveling in France and Italy. His experiences were recorded in 1869 in The Innocents Abroad, which gained him wide popularity, and poked fun at both American and European prejudices and manners. The success as a writer gave Twain enough financial security to marry Olivia Langdon in 1870. They moved next year to Hartford. Twain continued to lecture in the United States and England. Between 1876 and 1884 he published several masterpieces, Tom Sawyer (1881) and The Prince And The Pauper (1881). Life On The Mississippi appeared in 1883 andHuckleberry Finn in 1884. In the 1890s Twain lost most of his earnings in financial speculations and in the failure of his own publishing firm. To recover from the bankruptcy, he started a world lecture tour, during which one of his daughters died. Twain toured New Zealand, Australia, India, and South Africa. He wrote such books as The Tragedy Of Pudd'head Wilson (1884), Personal Recollections Of Joan Of Arc (1885), A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) and the travel book Following The Equator (1897). During his long writing career, Twain also produced a considerable number of essays. The death of his wife and his second daughter darkened the author's later years, which is seen in his posthumously published autobiography (1924). Twain died on April 21, 1910.