哥特式风格论文

上个世纪初，在西欧流行一部卷幅浩瀚的长篇小说《芳托马斯》。32卷由两个作家合作完成，每月创作一卷。合作延续到1914年第一次世界大战爆发，后来，路易•菲伊雷德把小说改编成电影，放映后在欧洲引起轰动。    《芳托马斯》的主角是一个十恶不赦的坏蛋，叫芳托马斯。他入室盗窃，诱奸妇女，抢劫银行，无恶不作。警察全力追捕，街上贴满缉拿文告。但是芳托马斯狡诈异常。警察根本不是他的对手。他有高超的易容术，从不露出真容；他身手敏捷，能飞檐走壁；他精通缩骨术，能从极小的缝隙中飞身而过。他经常与警察玩猫捉老鼠的游戏。他化装成绅士出入于酒店、旅馆与赌场，时而与政要侃侃而谈，时而与贵妇逢场作戏。总之，这是一个半魔幻半真实的风流大盗。他有智取法律的力量，敢于向愚蠢的官僚机构挑战，具有超现实的魔力。    《受威胁的凶手》就是芳托马斯的崇拜者之一，超现实主义画家马格利特的作品。关于马格利特的介绍网上可查，不在此赘述。接着返回原画上，整张画面，二名手持简单工具的侦探，一具赤裸女尸，一名穿着讲究不明身份的人，三名围观者。最初看到这幅画时，脑中便充满各种诡异的问号:谁杀了那名女子？留声机旁边的男子到底是谁？那两名侦探为何手持如此简单的抓捕工具？三名围观者到底看到了什么？    找到了上面的背景，心中稍微宽松，若马格利特真的是在画芳托马斯的话，留声机旁边的男子就应该是那位风流大盗了。刚刚做完案的他正在准备易容逃跑，地上的旅行箱，凳子上的大衣和帽子是他的作案工具。门口的两名侦探正在等待时机，或许是在等候支援的同伴，面对名声大作的芳托马斯不敢轻举妄动，面部表情极其凝重。三名围观者目睹一切后，惊愕、忧郁尽显脸上，一切一触即发。而画家更是将看画人的视角至于这一切发生的最近处，整个场面令人紧张不已。    可是画家在这里开了个小小的玩笑，在已经发明了留声机的年代，两名侦探还手持木棒、绳网，意图逮捕芳托马斯如此这般的江洋大盗，画家拿我们顽固。愚蠢的官僚机构开了一把涮。    老师也讲到过，整幅画人物的面孔全是马格利特，听到时很是迷惑。为何要将自己画成所有人？是技术，用以构成魔幻感么？以哲学绘画著名的画家应该不止有这点想法吧？我这样猜度着。受害者是我，施暴者是我，围观者是我，执法者也是我。画家这么画到底是为什么？    画家画这幅画的时候，立体主义，野兽主义已经在欧洲普遍流行，达达主义，未来主义，超现实主义正在蓬勃发展。随着照相机的发明，画家的绘画对象，表现手法都发生了重大改变，艺术观念经受着暴风骤雨般的洗礼，画家本人也从一只烟斗开始，去探索相似和近似的概念，，把观念和形象分离开来，挑战了大众的常识，发人深省。用绘画把“是”与“不是”这个哲学问题表达出来。而以上各种主义发展到达达主义反传统，反艺术之后，不论是艺术，还是道德都需要一种颠覆，杜尚用他的作画颠覆了艺术形式，那马格利特这幅画就是对道德的一种颠覆。画家崇拜芳托马斯，崇拜他能玩弄政府机构于股掌，完全自由；在作画职业上，画家却扮演着那两名侦探式的人物，理性，专业；在现实生活中，画家扮演着别人生活的围观者，或许自己也是受害者。一个人身上有多种身份，不同以往，受害者是值得同情的，施暴者是必须谴责的，围观者是完全无辜的。道德不如以前一样代表着绝对的善恶，而是随着人性的胶合越来越暧昧不清。我们的自私，冷漠不再是无事者的无关紧要。因为一切都与自己有关。这也正是体现了现代艺术的本质，对观念的改变和诠释。改变和诠释建立在艺术家大量的思考上。马格利特受不了巴黎的艺术氛围回到了比利时，自己一个人思考，用画笔去诠释，虽然在美术史上不如其他一些大家那般早年得志，却也画出了自己的一副天地。他的画总以哲思出名，比例的夸大，主题的诡异，思想的深奥，挡住了大部分人的脚步，被印在钞票上的《天降》，我倒觉得远不如他《窗》系列那组画来的动人，画布遮挡住窗户，画上户外的景象，真实是什么？画家用这组画来拷问我们。与其说马格利特是魔幻现实主义画家，我到是偏向于把他归为现实派的思想，魔幻的表达手法。他和达利不同，达利执迷于如何表达潜意识，但是马格利特却表达着现实，用魔幻拷问着现实。对于常规，大多数人选择默认，而马格利特却用自己的画笔拷问着这些大家默认的东西。以哲人的身份画画，这就是我想说的马格利特。【参考书目】：1. 《马格利特：图像的哲学》 刘云卿 广西大学出版社2. 《现代主义绘画解读》 孙家祥 上海教育出版社3. 《剑桥艺术史-20世纪艺术》 罗斯玛丽•兰伯特（英） 译林出版社4. 《世界著名图像的秘密》 张延风 百花文艺出版社5. 《奢华的冒险-现代艺术的消解与重建》 张彬 北京大学出版社6. 《二十世纪视觉艺术》 爱德华•路希•史密斯（英）

英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇）

毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩，在举行答辩会前，校方、答辩委员会、答辩者（撰写毕业论文的作者）三方都要作好充分的准备。下面是我整理的英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇），欢迎大家分享。

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is . With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style.

I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !

晚上好，所有的评估委员会成员。我来自HUST，主修外国语言学和应用语言学。我是xxx，我的主管是教授。 xxx。凭着她的真诚和智慧的指导，近一年的辛苦工作，我已经完成了我的论文。最后，这是展示时间。今天晚上，我将向大家致以衷心的感谢，我衷心地欢迎您的加入。

我的论文的标题是哥特式风格的研究

我希望通过研究这个短小的故事，我们可以在某些历史和文化中更多地描述美国南方妇女，更多地要求帮助现代社会的妇女对自己有一个广泛的了解，帮助我们提高我的独立性和信心，并更多地关注我们的心理健康该

接下来，我将向您介绍。这是我演讲的大纲。他们是文学评论，哥特式传统，哥特式风格的故事和哥特风格的原因。

本文由六部分组成。第一部分提出了作者威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)和艾米莉·艾丝丽(A Rose)的作者，指出了这项研究的目的.和意义。第二部分是文献综述，对国内外这本小说进行了相关研究，并指出了理论依据和方法。第三部分给出了小说中哥特式传统的时间表，即死亡主题，独特的人物和神秘的气氛。部分原因，详细介绍了这本小说中哥特式风格的原因：父权制的压迫，南方女士的神话和艾米莉对爱情的态度。最后，在结论中，笔者对以前的部分进行了梳理，再次强调了论文论证的意义。

好的，就是这样。现在你可以提出你的问题!我准备好了!谢谢 ！

Good morning,

Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：

I am Wu Lin. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professor Hu Anjiang, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.

My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van Winkle).

The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Thank you!

good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. i am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m xxx and come from class x. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

The title of my paper is xxxxxxxxxxxxx. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

That’s all. Thank you.

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

哥特式建筑是11世纪下半叶起源于法国，13～15世纪流行于欧洲的一种建筑风格。主要见于天主教堂，也影响到世俗建筑。哥特式建筑以其高超的技术和艺术成就，在建筑史上占有重要地位。最负著名的哥特式建筑有巴黎圣母大教堂、意大利米兰大教堂、德国科隆大教堂、英国威斯敏斯特大教堂。 起源 哥特式建筑是以法国为中心发展起来的。在12—15世纪，城市手工业和商业行会相当发达，城市内实行一定程度的民主政体，市民们以极高的热情建造教堂，以此相互争胜来表现自己的城市。另外，当时教堂已不再是纯属宗教性建筑物，它已成为城市公共生活的中心，成为市民大会堂、公共礼堂，甚至可用作市场和剧场。在宗教节日时，教堂往往成为热闹的赛会场地。 特点 哥特式建筑的特点是尖塔高耸，在设计中利用十字拱、飞券、修长的立柱，以及新的框架结构以增加支撑顶部的力量，使整个建筑以直升线条、雄伟的外观和教堂内空阔空间，再结合镶着彩色玻璃的长窗，使教堂内产生一种浓厚的宗教气氛。教堂的平面仍基本为拉丁十字形，但其西端门的两侧增加一对高塔。 哥特式教堂的结构体系由石头的骨架券和飞扶壁组成。其基本单元是在一个正方形或矩形平面四角的柱子上做双圆心骨架尖券，四边和对角线上各一道，屋面石板架在券上，形成拱顶。采用这种方式，可以在不同跨度上作出矢高相同的券，拱顶重量轻，交线分明，减少了券脚的推力，简化了施工。 飞扶壁由侧厅外面的柱墩发券，平衡中厅拱脚的侧推力。为了增加稳定性，常在柱墩上砌尖塔。由于采用了尖券、尖拱和飞扶壁，哥特式教堂的内部空间高旷、单纯、统一。装饰细部如华盖、壁龛等也都用尖券作主题，建筑风格与结构手法形成一个有机的整体。 经典建筑 1、法国 11世纪下半叶，哥特式建筑首先在法国兴起。当时法国一些教堂已经出现肋架拱顶和飞扶壁的雏型。一般认为第一座真正的哥特式教堂是巴黎郊区的圣丹尼教堂。这座教堂四尖券巧妙地解决了各拱间的肋架拱顶结构问题，有大面积的彩色玻璃窗，为以后许多教堂所效法。 法国哥特式教堂平面虽然是拉丁十字形，但横翼突出很少。西面是正门入口，东头环殿内有环廊，许多小礼拜室成放射状排列。教堂内部特别是中厅高耸，有大片彩色玻璃宙。其外观上的显著特点是有许多大大小小的尖塔和尖顶，西边高大的钟楼上有的也砌尖顶。平面十字交叉处的屋顶上有一座很高的尖塔，扶壁和墙垛上也都有玲珑的尖顶，窗户细高，整个教堂向上的动势很强，雕刻极其丰富。 西立面是建筑的重点，典型构图是：两边一对高高的钟楼，下面由横向券廊水平联系，三座大门由层层后退的尖券组成透视门，券面满布雕像。正门上面有一个大圆宙，称为玫瑰窗，雕刻精巧华丽。法国早期哥特式教堂的代表作是巴黎圣母院。 亚眠主教堂是法国哥特式建筑盛期的代表作，长137米，宽46米，横翼凸出甚少，东端环殿成放射形布置七个小礼拜室。中厅宽 15米，拱顶高达43米，中厅的拱间平面为长方形，每间用一个交叉拱顶，与侧厅拱顶对应。柱子不再是圆形，4根细柱附在一根圆柱上，形成束柱。细柱与上边的券肋气势相连，增强向上的动势。教堂内部遍布彩色玻璃大宙，几乎看不到墙面。教堂外部雕饰精美，富丽堂皇。这座教堂是哥特式建筑成熟的标志。 法国盛期的著名教堂还有兰斯主教堂和沙特尔主教堂，它们与亚眠主教堂和博韦主教堂一起，被称为法国四大哥特式教堂。斯特拉斯堡主教堂也很有名，其尖塔高142米。 百年战争发生后，法国在14世纪几乎没有建造教堂。及至哥特式建筑复苏，已经到了火焰纹时期，这种风格因宙棂形如火焰得名。建筑装饰趋于“流动”、复杂。束柱往往没有柱头，许多细柱从地面直达拱顶，成为肋架。拱顶上出现了装饰肋，肋架变成星形或其他复杂形式。当时，很少建造大型教堂。这种风格多出现在大教堂的加建或改建部分，以及比较次要的新建教堂中。 法国哥特时期的世俗建筑数量很大，与哥特式教堂的结构和形式很不一样。由于连年战争，城市的防卫性很强。城堡多建于高地上，石墙厚实，碉堡林立，外形森严。但城墙限制了城市的发展，城内嘈杂拥挤，居住条件很差。多层的市民住所紧贴狭窄的街道两旁，山墙面街。二层开始出挑以扩大空间，一层通常是作坊或店铺。结构多是木框架，往往外露形成漂亮的图案，颇饶生趣。富人邸宅、市政厅、同业公会等则多用砖石建造，采用哥特式教堂的许多装饰手法。 2、英国 英国的哥特式建筑出现的比法国稍晚，流行于12～16世纪。英国教堂不象法国教堂那样矗立于拥挤的城市中心，力求高大，控制城市，而是往往位于开阔的乡村环境中，作为复杂的修道院建筑群的一部分，比较低矮，与修道院一起沿水千方向伸展。它们不象法国教堂那样重视结构技术，但装饰更自由多样。英国教堂的工期一般都很长，其间不断改建、加建，很难找到整体风格统一的。 英国的索尔兹伯里主教堂和法国亚眠主教堂的建造年代接近，中厅较矮较深，两侧各有一侧厅，横翼突出较多，而且有一个较短的后横翼，可以容纳更多的教士，这是英国常见的布局手法。教堂的正面也在西边。东头多以方厅结束，很少用环殿。索尔兹伯里教堂虽然有飞扶壁，但并不显著。 英国教堂在平面十字交叉处的尖塔往往很高，成为构图中心，西面的钟塔退居次要地位。索尔兹伯里教堂的中心尖塔高约123米，是英国教堂中最高的。这座教堂外观有英国特点，但内部仍然是法国风格，装饰简单。后来的教堂内部则有较强的英国风格。约克教堂的西面窗花复杂，窗棂由许多曲线组成生动的图案。这时期的拱顶肋架丰富，埃克塞特教堂的肋架象大树张开的树枝一般，非常有力，还采用由许多圆柱组成的束柱。 格洛斯特教堂的东头和坎特伯雷教堂的西部，窗户极大，用许多直棂贯通分割，窗顶多为较平的四圆心券。纤细的肋架伸展盘绕，极为华丽。剑桥国王礼拜堂的拱顶像许多张开的扇子，称作扇拱。威斯敏斯特修道院中亨利七世礼拜堂的拱顶作了许多下垂的漏斗形花饰，穷极工巧。这时的肋架已失去结构作用，成了英国工匠们表现高超技巧的对象。英国大量的乡村小教堂，非常朴素亲切，往往一堂一塔，使用多种精巧的木屋架，很有特色。 英国哥特时期的世俗建筑成就很高。在哥特式建筑流行的早期，封建主的城堡有很强的防卫性，城墙很厚，有许多塔楼和碉堡，墙内还有高高的核堡。15世纪以后，王权进一步巩固，城堡的外墙开了窗户，并更多地考虑居住的舒适性。英国居民的半木构式住宅以木柱和木横档作为构架，加有装饰图案，深色的木梁柱与白墙相间，外观活泼。 3、德国 德国最早的哥特式教堂之一科隆主教堂于1248年兴工，由建造过亚眠主教堂的法国人设计，有法国盛期的哥特式教堂的风格，歌坛和圣殿同亚眠教堂的相似。它的中厅内部高达46米，仅次于法国博韦主教堂。西面双塔高152米，极为壮观。 德国教堂很早就形成自己的形制和特点，它的中厅和侧厅高度相同，既无高侧窗，也无飞扶壁，完全靠侧厅外墙瘦高的窗户采光。拱顶上面再加一层整体的陡坡屋面，内部是一个多柱大厅。马尔堡的圣伊丽莎白教堂西边有两座高塔，外观比较素雅，是这种教堂的代表。 德国还有一种只在教堂正面建一座很高钟塔的哥特式教堂。著名的例子是乌尔姆主教堂。它的钟塔高达161米，控制着整个建筑构图，可谓中世纪教堂建筑中的奇观。砖造教堂在北欧很流行，德国北部也有不少砖造的哥特式教堂。 15世纪以后，德国的石作技巧达到了高峰。石雕窗棂刀法纯熟，精致华美。有时两层图案不同的石刻窗花重叠在一起，玲珑剔透。建筑内部的装饰小品，也不乏精美的杰作。 德国哥特建筑时期的世俗建筑多用砖石建造。双坡屋顶很陡，内有阁楼，甚至是多层阁楼，屋面和山墙上开着一层层窗户，墙上常挑出轻巧的木窗、阳台或壁龛，外观很富特色。 4、意大利 意大利的哥特式建筑于12世纪由国外传入，主要影响于北部地区。意大利没有真正接受哥特式建筑的结构体系和造型原则，只是把它作为一种装饰风格，因此这里极难找到“纯粹”的哥特式教堂。 意大利教堂并不强调高度和垂直感，正面也没有高钟塔，而是采用屏幕式的山墙构图。屋顶较平缓，窗户不大，往往尖券和半圆券并用，飞扶壁极为少见，雕刻和装饰则有明显的罗马古典风格。 锡耶纳主教堂使用了肋架券，但只是在拱顶上才略呈尖形，其他仍是半圆形。奥维亚托主教堂则仍是木屋架顶子。这两座教堂的正面相似，总体构图是屏幕式山墙的发展，中间高，两边低，有三个山尖形。外部虽然用了许多哥特式小尖塔和壁敦作为装饰，但平墙面上的大圆窗和连续券廊，仍然是意大利教堂的固有风格。 意大利最著名的哥特式教堂是米兰大教堂，它是欧洲中世纪最大的教堂之一，14世纪80年代动工，直至19世纪初才最后完成。教堂内部由四排巨柱隔开，宽达49米。中厅高约45米，而在横翼与中厅交叉处，更拨高至65米多，上面是一个八角形采光亭。中厅高出侧厅很少，侧高窗很小。内部比较幽暗，建筑的外部全由光彩夺目的白大理石筑成。高高的花窗、直立的扶壁以及 135座尖塔，都表现出向上的动势，塔顶上的雕像仿佛正要飞升。西边正面是意大利人字山墙，也装饰着很多哥特式尖券尖塔。但它的门窗已经带有文艺复兴晚期的风格。 另外在这时期，意大利城市的世俗建筑成就很高，特别是在许多富有的城市共和国里，建造了许多有名的市政建筑和府邸。市政厅一般位于城市的中心广场，粗石墙面，严肃厚重；多配有瘦高的钟塔，建筑构图丰富，成为广场的标志。城市里一般都建有许多高塔，总体轮廓线很美。 威尼斯的世俗建筑有许多杰作。圣马可广场上的总督宫被公认为中世纪世俗建筑中最美丽的作品之一。立面采用连续的哥特式尖券和火焰纹式券廊，构图别致，色彩明快。威尼斯还有很多带有哥特式柱廊的府邸，临水而立，非常优雅。 其他风格及流派 巴洛克建筑 法国古典主义建筑 哥特式建筑 功能主义建筑 古典复兴建筑 古罗马建筑 浪漫主义建筑 罗曼建筑 洛克克风格 文艺复兴建筑 现代主义建筑 后现代主义建筑 有机建筑 折衷主义建筑 拜占庭式建筑 参考资料：百度百科