机器翻译论文开题报告

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

机械专业毕业论文开题报告范文（精选6篇）

在生活中，报告与我们愈发关系密切，要注意报告在写作时具有一定的格式。那么什么样的报告才是有效的呢？下面是我整理的机械专业毕业论文开题报告范文，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。

论文题目：

MC无机械手换刀刀库毕业设计开题报告

本课题的研究内容

本论文是开发设计出一种体积小、结构紧凑、价格较低、生产周期短的小型立式加工中心无机械手换刀刀库。主要完成以下工作：

1、调研一个加工中心，了解其无机械手换刀刀装置和结构。

2、参照调研的加工中心，进行刀库布局总体设计。画出机床总体布置图和刀库总装配图，要有方案分析，不能照抄现有机床。

3、设计该刀库的一个重要部分，如刀库的转位机构(包括定位装置，刀具的夹紧装置等)，画出该部件的装配图和主要零件(如壳体、蜗轮、蜗杆等3张以上工作图。

4、撰写设计说明书。

本课题研究的实施方案、进度安排

本课题采取的研究方法为：

(1)理论分析，参照调研的加工中心，进行刀库布局总体设计。

进度安排：

收集相关的毕业课题资料。

完成开题报告。

完成毕业设计方案的制定、设计及计算。

完成刀库的设计

完成毕业设计说明书。

毕业设计答辩。

主要参考文献

[1] 廉元国,张永洪. 加工中心设计与应用 [M]. 北京:机械工业出版社,

[2] 惠延波,沙杰.加工中心的数控编程与操作技术 [M]. 北京:机械工业出版社

[3] 励德瑛.加工中心的发展趋势 [J]. 机车车辆工艺,1994,6

[4] 徐正平.CIMT2001 加工中心评述[J]. 制造技术与机床,2001,6

[5] 刘利. FPC-20VT 型立式加工中心[J]. 机械制造,1994,7

[6] 李洪. 实用机床设计手册 [M]. 沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,

[7] 刘跃南.机械系统设计[M].北京:机械工业出版社,

[8] Panasonic 交流伺服电机驱动器 MINASA 系列使用说明书

[9] 成大先.机械设计手册第四版第 2 卷[M]. 北京:化学工业出版社,

[10] 成大先.机械设计手册第四版第 3 卷[M]. 北京:化学工业出版社,

1 课题提出的背景与研究意义

课题研究背景

在数控机床移动式加工中移动部件和静止导轨之间存在着摩擦，这种摩擦的存在增加了驱动部件的功率损耗，降低了运动精度和使用寿命，增加了运动噪声和发热，甚至可能使精密部件变形，限制了机床控制精度的提高。由于摩擦与运动速度间存在非线性关系，特别是在低速微进给情况下，这种非线性关系难以把握，可能产生所谓的尺蠖运动方式或混沌不清的极限环现象，严重破坏了对微进给、高精度、高响应能力的进给性能要求。为此，把消除或减少摩擦的不良影响，作为提高机床技术水平的努力方向之一。该课题提出的将磁悬浮技术应用到数控机床加工中，即可以做到消除移动部件与静止导轨之间存在的摩擦及其不良影响。对提高我国机床工业水平及赶上或超过国际先进水平具有重大意义，且社会应用前景广阔。

课题研究的意义

机床正向高速度、高精度及高度自动化方向发展。但在高速切削和高速磨削加工场合，受摩擦磨损的影响，传统的滚动轴承的寿命一般比较短，而磁悬浮轴承可以克服这方面的不足，磁悬浮轴承具有的高速、高精度、长寿命等突出优点，将逐渐带领机电行业走向一个没有摩擦、没有损耗、没有限速的崭新境界。超高速切削是一种用比普通切削速度高得多的速度对零件进行加工的先进制造技术，它以高加工速度、高加工精度为主要特征，有非常高的生产效率，磁悬浮轴承由于具有转速高、无磨损、无润滑、可靠性好和动态特性可调等突出优点，而被应用于超高速主轴系统中。要实现高速切削，必须要解决许多关键技术，其中最主要的就是高速切削主轴系统，而选择合理的轴承型式对实现其高转速至关重要。其中，磁悬浮轴承是高速切削主轴最理想的支承型式之一。磁悬浮轴承可以满足超高速切削技术对超高速主轴提出的性能要求。但它与普通滑动或滚动轴承的本质区别在于，系统开环不稳定，需要实施主动控制，而这恰恰使得磁悬浮轴承具有动特性可控的优点磁悬浮轴承是一个复杂的机电磁一体化产品，对其精确的分析研究是一项相当困难的工作，如果用实验验证则会碰到诸如经费大、周期长等困难，在目前国内情况下不能采取国外以试验为主的研究方法，主要从理论上进行研究，利用计算机软件对磁悬浮控制系统进行仿真是一种获得磁悬浮系统有关特征简便而有效的方法。这就是本课题的研究目的和意义。

2 本课题国内外的研究现状

磁悬浮轴承的应用与发展可以说是传统支承技术的革命。由于具有无机械接触和可实现主动控制两个显著的优点，主动磁悬浮轴承技术从一开始就引起了人们的重视。磁悬浮轴承的研究最早可追溯到1937年，Holmes和Beams利用交流谐振电路实现了对钢球的悬浮。自1988年起，国际上每两年举行一届磁悬浮轴承国际会议，交流和研讨该领域的最新研究成果；1990年瑞士联邦理工学院提出了柔性转子的研究问题，同年教授提出了数字控制问题；1998年瑞士联邦理工学院的和等人提出了无传感器磁悬浮轴承。近十年，瑞士、美国、日本等国家研制的电磁悬浮轴承性能指标已经很高，并且已成功应用于透平机械、离心机、真空泵、机床主轴等旋转机械中，电磁悬浮轴承技术在航空航天、计算机制造、医疗卫生及电子束平版印刷等领域中也得到了广泛的应用。纵观2006年在洛桑和托里诺召开的第10界国际磁轴承研讨会，磁轴承主要应用研究为磁轴承在高速发动机、核高温反应堆（HTR-10GT）、人造心脏和回转仪等方面。国内在磁悬浮轴承技术方面的研究起步较晚，对磁悬浮轴承的研究起步于80年代初。

1983年上海微电机研究所采用径向被动、轴向主动的混合型磁悬浮研制了我国第一台全悬浮磁力轴承样机；1988年哈尔滨工业大学的陈易新等提出了磁力轴承结构优化设计的理论和方法，建立了主动磁力轴承机床主轴控制系统数学模型，这是首次对主动磁力轴承全悬浮机床主轴从结构到控制进行的系统研究；1998年，上海大学开发了磁力轴承控制器（600W）用于150m制氧透平膨胀机的控制；2000年清华大学与无锡开源机床集团有限公司合作，实现了内圆磨床磁力轴承电主轴的'工厂应用实验。目前，国内清华大学、西安交通大学、国防科技大学、哈尔滨工业大学、南京航空航天大学等等都在开展磁悬浮轴承方面的研究。2002年清华大学朱润生等对主动磁悬浮轴承主轴进行磨削试验，当转速60000r／min、法向磨削力100N左右时，精度达到小于8m的水平，精磨磨削效率基本达到工业应用水平。2003年6月，南京航空航天大学磁悬浮应用技术研究所研制的磁悬浮干燥机的性能指标已通过江苏省技术鉴定，向工业应用迈出了可喜的一步。2005年“济南磁悬浮工程技术研究中心”研制的磁悬浮轴承主轴设备，在济南第四机床厂做磨削试验，成功磨制出一个内圆孔工件，这是我国第一个用磁悬浮轴承主轴加工的工件。此项技术填补了国内空白。近几年来，由于微电子技术、信号处理技术和现代控制理论的发展，磁悬浮轴承的研究也取得了巨大进展。

从总体上看，磁悬浮轴承技术正向以下几个方向发展：

(1)理论分析更注重系统的转子动力学分析，更多地运用非线性理论对主动

磁悬浮转子系统的平衡点和稳定性进行分析；更注重建立系统的非线性耦合模型以求得更好的性能。

(2)注重系统的整体优化设计，不断提高其可靠性和经济性，以期获得磁悬浮轴承更加广泛的应用前景。

(3)控制器的实现越来越多的采用数字控制。为达到更高的性能要求，控制器的数字化、智能化、集成化成为必然的发展趋势。由于数字控制器的灵活性，各种现代控制理论的控制算法均在磁悬浮轴承上得到尝试。

(4)发展了多种新型磁悬浮轴承如：无传感器磁悬浮轴承、无轴承电机超导磁悬浮轴承、高温磁悬浮轴承。此外，磁悬浮机床主轴在各方面也有较大的发展空间如：高洁净钢材Z钢和EP钢的引入；陶瓷滚动体，重量比钢球轻40%；润滑技术的开发，对于高速切削液的主轴，油液和油雾润滑能有效防止切削液进入主轴；保持架的开发，聚合物保持架具有重量，自润滑及低摩擦系数的特点从应用的角度看，磁悬浮轴承的潜力尚未得到的发掘，而它本身也未达到替代其它轴承的水平，设计理论，控制方法等都有待研究和解决。

3 课题的研究目标与研究内容

研究目标

控制器是主动控制磁悬浮轴承研究的核心，因此正确选择控制方案和控制器参数，是磁悬浮轴承能够正常工作和发挥其优良性能的前提。该课题主要研究单自由度磁悬浮系统，其结构简单，性能评判相对容易、研究周期短，并且可以扩展到多自由度磁悬浮系统的研究。针对磁悬浮主轴系统的非线性以及在控制方面的特点，该课题探索出提高系统总体性能和动态稳定性的有效控制策略。

主要研究内容

（1）阐述课题的研究背景与意义，对国内外相关领域的研究状况进行综述。

（2）对磁悬浮机床主轴的动力学模型进行分析，并将其数值化、离散、解耦和降阶等，为后续研究

1、 目的及意义(含国内外的研究现状分析)

本人毕业设计的课题是”钢坯喷号机行走部件及总体设计”,并和我的一个同学(他课题是“钢坯喷号机喷号部件设计”)一起努力共同完成钢坯喷号机的设计。我们的目的是设计一种价格相对便宜，工作性能可靠的钢坯喷号机来取代用人工方法在钢坯上写编号。

对钢坯喷号是钢铁制造业必然需要存在的一个环节，这是为了实现质量管理和质量追踪。我们把生产钢坯对应的连铸机号、炉座号、炉号、流序号以及表示钢坯生产时间的时间编号共同组成每块钢坯的唯一编号，适当的写在钢坯的表面。这样就在钢铁厂的后续检验或在客户使用过程中，如果发现钢坯的质量有问题，就可以根据这个编号来追踪到生产这个钢坯的连铸机、炉座、炉号、流序及时间等重要信息，及早的发现并解决生产设备中存在的问题。

目前，在国外像日本、美国等一些发达国家已经实现了对钢坯的自动编号，虽然其辅助设备较多，价格较贵，但大大提高生产的自动化进程和效率。并且钢坯喷号机具有设备利用率高、位置精度高、可控制性能好等优点。而在国内，除了少数的几家大型钢铁企业(宝钢、鞍钢等)引进了自动钢坯喷号机，大部分的钢铁企业仍然处在人工编号的阶段。

实现钢坯喷号的机械化和自动化是提高生产效率和降低生产成本的重要途径之一，钢坯喷号机无论在国内还是国外都会有很大的市场。一方面因为人工的工艺流程不但浪费了大量的能量，而且打断了生产的自动化进程，从而致使生产效率降低，生产成本增加。另一方面由于生产钢坯的车间温度很高，有强烈的热辐射，同时还有大量的水蒸气和粉尘，因此对其中进行人工编号的工人的劳动强度非常大，并且对身体是一种摧残，容易得职业病。所以无论从那个方面看都急需一种价格相对便宜，工作性能可靠的钢坯喷号机来代替人工编号。

作为一个大学生，毕业设计对我来说是展示我大学四年学习成果的一个机会，也是对我的综合能力的一个考验。我本人对“钢坯喷号机行走部件及总体设计”的课题也非常感兴趣，我一定会努力完成这次毕业设计的。总的来说，钢坯喷号机对于钢铁厂和这次毕业设计对于我都是具有现实意义的。

2、基本内容和技术方案

本课题是基于机械设计与电子控制结合的技术来设计钢坯喷号机。经连连轧的钢坯规格为160mmx200mm的方形钢坯，用切割机割成定长，由300mm宽的输出通道送出。

1.基本内容

先拟定钢坯喷号机的总体方案，然后确定钢坯喷号机行走部件的传动方案及结构参数，最后画出钢坯喷号机行走部件的装配图以及零件图。

2.系统技术方案

(1)工作过程：启动机器PLC控制步进电机带动钢坯喷号机到相应的位置，按下启动键发送控制信号传到控制部件(PLC)，控制部件发出控制命令给执行部件(主要是行走部件及喷号部件，行走部件带动喷头靠近钢坯表面，然后喷头进行喷号)，喷号完成后喷头上升并清洗号码牌。再次移动喷号到下一个钢坯处。

(2)要求实现的功能：行走部件功能(喷号机整体左右的移动，喷号部件的上下前后移动，喷头的左右移动)、喷号部件功能(喷头喷号，清洗号码牌，号码牌的更换)。其中号码为(0—9)十个数字，号码可以变化更换。每个号码大小为35mmx15mm，号码间距为5mm。

(3)实现方案：

行走功能的实现：由于在钢坯上喷号并不需要很精确的定位，所以采用人工控制步进电机的方式移动整体喷号机来粗调。采用液压缸提供动力来推动喷号部件，并采用行程开关控制电机来实现喷号部件上下移动，下行程开关可以控制喷号部件与钢坯表面之间的间距和发出信号使喷头开始喷涂料并向右移动。采用液压缸推动，滚轮在导架上滚动的方式实现喷好机构的前后移动，并采用行程开关控制电机来实现喷头的左右移动，右行程开关可以控制喷头停止喷涂料并回到初始位置和喷号部件向上移动。

喷号功能的具体实现方案由和我一组的同学确定。

3、进度安排

3-4周 认真阅读和学习有关资料和知识，并翻译英文文献

5-7周 钢坯喷号机行走部件的传动方案及总体设计

8-9周 确定钢坯喷号机行走部件结果参数

10-13周 完成钢坯喷号机行走部件装配图及零件工作图

14-15周 准备并进行毕业答辩

1. 设计（或研究）的依据与意义

十字轴是汽车万向节上的重要零件，规格品种多，需求量大。目前，国内大多采用开式模锻和胎模锻工艺生产，其工艺过程为：制坯→模锻→切边。生产的锻件飞边大，锻件加工余量和尺寸公差大，因而材料利用率低；而且工艺环节多，锻件质量差，生产效率低。

相比之下，十字轴冷挤压成形的具有以下优点：

1、提高劳动生产率。用冷挤压成形工艺代替切削加工制造机械零件，能使生产率大大提高。

2、制件可获得理想的表面粗糙度和尺寸精度。冷挤压十字轴类零件的精度可达ITg---IT8级，表面粗糙度可达Ra O．2～1．6。因此，用冷挤压成形的十字轴类零件一般很少再切削加工，只需在要求特别高之处进行精磨。

3、提高零件的力学性能。冷挤压后金属的冷加工硬化，以及在零件内部形成合理的纤维流线分布，使零件的强度高于原材料的强度。

4、降低零件成本。冷挤压成形是利用金属的塑性变形制成所需形状的零件，因而能大量减少切削加工，提高材料的利用率，从而使零件成本大大降低。

2. 国内外同类设计（或同类研究）的概况综述

利用切削加工方法加工十字轴类零件，生产工序多，效率低，材料浪费严重，并且切削加工会破坏零件的金属流线结构。目前国内大多采用热模锻方式成形十字轴类零件，加热时产生氧化、脱碳等缺陷，必然会造成能源的浪费，并且后续的机加工不但浪费大量材料，产品的内在和外观质量并不理想。

采用闭式无飞边挤压工艺生产十字轴，锻件无飞边，可显着降低生产成本，提高产品质量和生产效率：

（1）不仅能节省飞边的金属消耗，还能大大减小或消除敷料，可以节约材料30﹪；由于锻件精化减少了切削加工量，电力消耗可降低30﹪；

（2）锻件质量显着提高，十字轴正交性好、组织致密、流线分布合理、纤维不被切断，扭转疲劳寿命指标平均提高2~3倍；

（3）由于一次性挤压成型，生产率提高25%.

数值模拟技术是CAE的关键技术。通过建立相应的数学模型，可以在昂贵费时的模具或附具制造之前，在计算机中对工艺的全过程进行分析，不仅可以通过图形、数据等方法直观地得到诸如温度、应力、载荷等各种信息，而且可预测存在的缺陷；通过工艺参数对不同方案的对比中总结出规律，进而实现工艺的优化。数值模拟技术在保证工件质量、减少材料消耗、提高生产效率、缩短试制周期等方面显示出无可比拟的优越性。

目前，用于体积成形工艺模拟的商业软件已有“Deform”、“Autoforge”等软件打入中国市场。其中，DEFORM软件是一套基于有限元的工艺仿真系统，用于分析金属成形及其相关工业的各种成形工艺和热处理工艺。DEFORM无需试模就能预测工业实际生产中的金属流动情况，是降低制造成本，缩短研发周期高效而实用的工具。二十多年来的工业实践清楚地证明了基于有限元法DEFORM有着卓越的准确性和稳定性，模拟引擎在大金属流动，行程载荷和产品缺陷预测等方面同实际生产相符保持着令人叹为观止的精度。

3. 课题设计（或研究）的内容

1）完成十字轴径向挤压工艺分析，完成模具总装图及零件图设计。

2）建立十字轴径向挤压成形模具的三维模型。

3）十字轴径向挤压成形过程数值模拟。

4）相关英文资料翻译。

4. 设计（或研究）方法

1）完成十字轴径向挤压成形工艺分析，绘制模具总装图及零件图。

2）写毕业论文建立十字轴径向挤压成形模具的三维模型。

3）完成十字轴径向挤压成形过程数值模拟。

4）查阅20篇以上与课题相关的文献。

5）完成12000字的论文。

6）翻译10000个以上英文印刷符号。

5. 实施计划

04-06周：文献检索，开题报告。

07-10周：进行工艺分析、绘制模具二维图及模具三维模型设计。

11-13周：进行数值模拟。

14-16周：撰写毕业论文。

17周：进行答辩。

一、毕业设计题目的背景

三级圆锥—圆柱齿轮减速器，第一级为锥齿轮减速，第二、三级为圆柱齿轮减速。这种减速器具有结构紧凑、多输出、传动效率高、运行平稳、传动比大、体积小、加工方便、寿命长等优点。因此，随着我国社会主义建设的飞速发展，国内已有许多单位自行设计和制造了这种减速器，并且已日益广泛地应用在国防、矿山、冶金、化工、纺织、起重运输、建筑工程、食品工业和仪表制造等工业部门的机械设备中，今后将会得到更加广泛的应用。

二、主要研究内容及意义

本文首先介绍了带式输送机传动装置的研究背景，通过对参考文献进行详细的分析，阐述了齿轮、减速器等的相关内容；在技术路线中，论述齿轮和轴的选择及其基本参数的选择和几何尺寸的计算，两个主要强度的验算等在这次设计中所需要考虑的一些技术问题做了介绍；为毕业设计写作建立了进度表，为以后的设计工作提供了一个指导。最后，给出了一些参考文献，可以用来查阅相关的资料，给自己的设计带来方便。

本次课题研究设计是大学生涯最后的学习机会，也是最专业的一次锻炼，它将使我们更加了解实际工作中的问题困难，也使我对专业知识又一次的全面总结，而且对实际的机械工程设计流程有一个大概的了解，我相信这将对我以后的工作有实质性的帮助。

三、实施计划

收集相关资料：20XX年4月10日——4月16日

开题准备： 4月17日——4月20日

确定设计方案：4月21日——4月28日

进行相关设计计算：4月28日——5月8日

绘制图纸：5月9日——5月15日

整理材料：5月15日——5月16日

编写设计说明书：5月17日——5月20日

准备答辩：

四、参考文献

[1] 王昆等 机械设计课程设计 高等教育出版社,1995.

[2] 邱宣怀 机械设计第四版 高等教育出版社,1997.

[3] 濮良贵 机械设计第七版 高等教育出版社,2000.

[4] 任金泉 机械设计课程设计 西安交通大学出版社,2002.

[5] 许镇宁 机械零件 人民教育出版社,1959.

[6] 机械工业出版社编委会 机械设计实用手册 机械工业出版社,2008

1. 设计（或研究）的依据与意义

十字轴是汽车万向节上的重要零件，规格品种多，需求量大。目前，国内大多采用开式模锻和胎模锻工艺生产，其工艺过程为：制坯→模锻→切边。生产的锻件飞边大，锻件加工余量和尺寸公差大，因而材料利用率低；而且工艺环节多，锻件质量差，生产效率低。

相比之下，十字轴冷挤压成形的具有以下优点：

1、增强劳动生产率。用冷挤压成形工艺代替切削加工制造机械零件，能使生产率大大增强。

2、制件可获得理想的表面粗糙度和尺寸精度。冷挤压十字轴类零件的精度可达ITg---IT8级，表面粗糙度可达Ra O．2～1．6。因此，用冷挤压成形的十字轴类零件一般很少再切削加工，只需在要求特别高之处进行精磨。

3、增强零件的力学性能。冷挤压后金属的冷加工硬化，以及在零件内部形成合理的纤维流线分布，使零件的强度高于原材料的强度。

4、降低零件成本。冷挤压成形是利用金属的塑性变形制成所需形状的零件，因而能大量减少切削加工，增强材料的利用率，从而使零件成本大大降低。

2. 国内外同类设计（或同类研究）的概况综述

利用切削加工方法加工十字轴类零件，生产工序多，效率低，材料浪费严重，并且切削加工会破坏零件的金属流线结构。目前国内大多采用热模锻方式成形十字轴类零件，加热时产生氧化、脱碳等缺陷，必然会造成能源的浪费，并且后续的机加工不但浪费大量材料，产品的内在和外观质量并不理想。

采用闭式无飞边挤压工艺生产十字轴，锻件无飞边，可显着降低生产成本，增强产品质量和生产效率：

（1）不仅能节省飞边的金属消耗，还能大大减小或消除敷料，可以节约材料30％；由于锻件精化减少了切削加工量，电力消耗可降低30％；

（2）锻件质量显着增强，十字轴正交性好、组织致密、流线分布合理、纤维不被切断，扭转疲劳寿命指标平均增强2~3倍；

（3）由于一次性挤压成型，生产率增强25%.

数值模拟技术是CAE的关键技术。通过建立相应的数学模型，可以在昂贵费时的模具或附具制造之前，在计算机中对工艺的全过程进行分析，不仅可以通过图形、数据等方法直观地得到诸如温度、应力、载荷等各种信息，而且可预测存在的缺陷；通过工艺参数对不同方案的对比中总结出规律，进而实现工艺的优化。数值模拟技术在保证工件质量、减少材料消耗、增强生产效率、缩短试制周期等方面显示出无可比拟的优越性。

目前，用于体积成形工艺模拟的商业软件已有“Deform”、“Autoforge”等软件打入中国市场。其中，DEFORM软件是一套基于有限元的工艺仿真系统，用于分析金属成形及其相关工业的各种成形工艺和热处理工艺。DEFORM无需试模就能预测工业实际生产中的金属流动情况，是降低制造成本，缩短研发周期高效而实用的工具。二十多年来的工业实践清楚地证明了基于有限元法DEFORM有着卓越的准确性和稳定性，模拟引擎在大金属流动，行程载荷和产品缺陷预测等方面同实际生产相符保持着令人叹为观止的精度。

3. 课题设计（或研究）的内容

1）完成十字轴径向挤压工艺分析，完成模具总装图及零件图设计。

2）建立十字轴径向挤压成形模具的三维模型。

3）十字轴径向挤压成形过程数值模拟。

4）相关英文资料翻译。

4. 设计（或研究）方法

1）完成十字轴径向挤压成形工艺分析，绘制模具总装图及零件图。

2）毕业论文建立十字轴径向挤压成形模具的三维模型。

3）完成十字轴径向挤压成形过程数值模拟。

4）查阅20篇以上与课题相关的文献。

5）完成12000字的论文。

6）翻译10000个以上英文印刷符号。

5. 实施计划

04-06周：文献检索，开题报告。

07-10周：进行工艺分析、绘制模具二维图及模具三维模型设计。

11-13周：进行数值模拟。

14-16周：撰写毕业论文。

17周：进行答辩。

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容：

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

相关资料收集情况：

陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。

黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2

顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。

张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8

杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。

论文提纲：

thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english

idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.

outline

ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.

ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs

a. the characteristics of english idioms

1. simple but rich

2. harmonious phonology

3. vivid metaphor

b. the characteristics of english proverb

1. concise and clear

2. symmetrical sentence pattern

3. rich and varied rhetoric

ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs

a. the theories of translation

1. literal translation

2. free translation

3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb

4. literal translation and free translation

b. the points of translation

1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited

2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style

3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic

4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic

ⅳ. conclusion

指导教师意见：

指导教师签名：

年 月 日