汉英对比研究论文读书报告

我自己翻译的 可以去我blog看看化学元素Chamical Elements 化学元素 The alkali metals, found in group 1 of the periodic table (formerly known as group IA), are very reactive metals that do not occur freely in nature. These metals have only one electron in their outer shell. Therefore, they are ready to lose that one electron in ionic bonding with other elements. As with all metals, the alkali metals are malleable, ductile, and are good conductors of heat and electricity. The alkali metals are softer than most other metals. Cesium and francium are the most reactive elements in this group. Alkali metals can explode if they are exposed to water. 碱金属被发现在元素周期表的ⅠA族，是非常活泼的金属而不在直接自然界中出现。这些金属的原子最外电子层只有1个电子。因此非常容易失去电子而与其他元素构成的离子化合物。像所有金属一样，他们具有很好的延展性并且是电和热的良导体。他们比大多数金属柔软。Cs和Fr是他们中最活泼的。碱金属接触水会爆炸。 The Alkali Metals are: Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Cesium Francium 碱金属包括：Li，Na，K，Rb，Cs，Fr The alkaline earth elements are metallic elements found in the second group of the periodic table. All alkaline earth elements have an oxidation number of +2, making them very reactive. Because of their reactivity, the alkaline metals are not found free in nature. 碱土金属是ⅡA族中的金属元素。所有的碱土金属元素的化合价都是+2，这使他们非常活泼，因为他们非常活泼，也不在自然界中直接出现。 The Alkaline Earth Metals are: Beryllium Magnesium Calcium Strontium Barium Radium 碱土金属金属包括Be，Mg，Ca，Sr，Ba，Ra The 38 elements in groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table are called "transition metals". As with all metals, the transition elements are both ductile and malleable, and conduct electricity and heat. The interesting thing about transition metals is that their valence electrons, or the electrons they use to combine with other elements, are present in more than one shell. This is the reason why they often exhibit several common oxidation states. There are three noteworthy elements in the transition metals family. These elements are iron, cobalt, and nickel, and they are the only elements known to produce a magnetic field. 元素周期表中ⅢB族到ⅡB族的38个元素叫做过渡金属。像所有金属一样，这些金属既有好的延展性也易锻造，并且是电和热的良导体。有趣之处是他们参加反应的电子层超过1层，这也是他们化合价不确定的原因（这句话不懂）。引人注目的是Fe，Co和Ni，他们是已知仅有的能产生磁场的物质的组成元素。 The Transition Metals are: Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium 过渡金属包括：Sc,Y,Ti,Zr,Hf,Rf,V,Nb,Ta,Db,Cr,Mo,W,Sg,Mn,Tc,Re,Bh,Fe,Ru,Os,Hs,Co,Rh,Ir,Mt,Ni,Pd,Pt,Uun,Cu,Ag,Au,Uuu,Zn,Cd,Hg,Unb The 7 elements classified as "other metals" are located in groups 13, 14, and 15. While these elements are ductile and malleable, they are not the same as the transition elements. These elements, unlike the transition elements, do not exhibit variable oxidation states, and their valence electrons are only present in their outer shell. All of these elements are solid, have a relatively high density, and are opaque. They have oxidation numbers of +3, ±4, and -3. 这七个被分为“其他金属”的元素位于ⅢA——ⅤA族。他们同样具有很好的延展性和段造性，但是和过渡金属不同。这些元素，不像过渡金属那样显示出可变的化合价，他们只有最外层电子参加反应。所有这七个元素都是固体，而且密度很大，并且不透明。他们的化合价一般是±3，±4。 The "Other Metals" are: Aluminum Gallium Indium Tin Thallium Lead Bismuth 其他金属包括Al，Ga，In，Tl，Pb，Sn，Bi Metalloids are the elements found along the stair-step line that distinguishes metals from non-metals. This line is drawn from between Boron and Aluminum to the border between Polonium and Astatine. The only exception to this is Aluminum, which is classified under "Other Metals". Metalloids have properties of both metals and non-metals. Some of the metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, are semi-conductors. This means that they can carry an electrical charge under special conditions. This property makes metalloids useful in computers and calculators 半金属是金属和非金属之间的过渡区。这条线从B，Al一直画到Po和At。之中唯一的特例是Al，它属于其他金属。半金属兼有金属和非金属的特性。例如Si和Ge，他们是半导体，也就是说他们在特殊情况下他们可以导电。这种特性使半金属在计算器和电脑领域很有用。 The Metalloids are: Boron Silicon Germanium Arsenic Antimony Tellurium Polonium 半金属包括B，SI，Ge，As，Sb，Te，Po Non-metals are the elements in groups 14-16 of the periodic table. Non-metals are not able to conduct electricity or heat very well. As opposed to metals, non-metallic elements are very brittle, and cannot be rolled into wires or pounded into sheets. The non-metals exist in two of the three states of matter at room temperature: gases (such as oxygen) and solids (such as carbon). The non-metals have no metallic luster, and do not reflect light. They have oxidation numbers of ±4, -3, and -2. 非金属是是元素周期表中ⅣA-ⅥA族的元素。非金属不能很好的导电或导热，与金属元素相反，他们不能被锻造成丝或箔，反而非常易碎。非金属元素在室温下为固态或液态。非金属没有金属一样的光泽，也不反光，他们的化合价为±4, -3, 和 -2. The Non-Metal elements are: Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur Selenium 非金属元素包括H，C，N，O，P，S，Se The halogens are five non-metallic elements found in group 17 of the periodic table. The term "halogen" means "salt-former" and compounds containing halogens are called "salts". All halogens have 7 electrons in their outer shells, giving them an oxidation number of -1. The halogens exist, at room temperature, in all three states of matter: Solid- Iodine, Astatine Liquid- Bromine Gas- Fluorine, Chlorine 卤素是ⅦA族中的5钟非金属元素，卤素的意思来源于希腊语halos（盐）和gennan（形成）两个词。在中文里，卤的原意是盐碱地的意思。所有的卤族元素的原子最外层都有7个电子。这使他们显现-1价。在室温下卤族元素构成的物质可表现为任何状态。 The Halogens are: Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine 卤族元素包括F，Cl，Br，I，At The six noble gases are found in group 18 of the periodic table. These elements were considered to be inert gases until the 1960's, because their oxidation number of 0 prevents the noble gases from forming compounds readily. All noble gases have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outer shell (2 for Helium, 8 for all others), making them stable. 6种稀有气体是元素周期表0族的元素。在20世纪60年代以前，他们被认为是惰性气体，因为他们0的化合价让他们不与其他元素反应。所有稀有气体的最外电子层都满了。（He是2，其他是8个电子），使它们稳定。 Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon 稀有气体包括He，Ne，Ar，Kr，Xe，Rn The thirty rare earth elements are composed of the lanthanide and actinide series. One element of the lanthanide series and most of the elements in the actinide series are called trans-uranium, which means synthetic or man-made. All of the rare earth metals are found in group 3 of the periodic table, and the 6th and 7th periods. The Rare Earth Elements are made up of two series of elements, the Lanthanide and Actinide Series. 三十个稀土金属是稳定的La系和Ac系元素。La系中的一个和Ac系中的大多数被人们叫做反铀元素，或者是人造的。所有稀土元素都位于第三族，第六和第七族，被分为La系和Ac系（……）。 The Rare Earth Elements are: Lanthanide Series Actinide Series Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium 稀土金属包括La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Pm,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu,Ac,Th,Pa,U,Np,Pu,Am,Cm,Bk,Cf,Es,Fm,Md,No,Lr这一篇还可以英国化学家戴维，1778年出生于彭赞斯。因他父亲过早去世。母亲无法养活五个孩子，于是卖掉田产，开起女帽制作店来。但他们的日子还是越过越苦。 戴维从小就勇于探索，他的兴趣很广泛。他在学校最喜欢的是化学，常常自己做实验。 17岁的时候，戴维到博莱斯先生的药房当了学徒。既学医学，也学化学，除读书外，他还做些较难的化学实验，为此，人们送他一个“小化学家”的称号。 一天，一个叫贝多斯的物理学家，登门拜访了这位“小化学家”，并邀请他到条件很好的气体研究所去工作。 戴维欣然受聘，来到贝多斯的研究所。该所想通过研究各种气体对人体的作用，弄清哪些气体对人有益，哪些气体对人有害。 戴维接受的第一项任务是配制氧化亚氮气体。戴维不负重望，很炔就制出这种气体。当时，有人说这种气体对人有害，而有的人又说无害，各持己见，莫衷一是。制得的大量气体，只好装在玻璃瓶中留着备用。 1799年4月的一天，贝多斯来到戴维的实验室，见已制出许多氧化亚氮，高兴地说：“啊，不错，您的工作令人十分满意……”贝多斯夸奖戴维的话还未说完，他一转身，不小心手把一个玻璃瓶子碰到地下打碎了。 戴维慌忙过来一看，打碎的正是装氧化亚氮的瓶子，忙问：“手不要紧吧？” “没事。真对不起，我把您的劳动成果浪费了。”贝多斯边说边拣碎玻璃。 “没啥，我正要作试验呢，想看看这种气体对人究竟会有什么影响，这样一来还省得我开瓶塞……”戴维的话还未说完，被贝多斯反常的表情弄得惊慌失措。 “哈哈哈……”一向沉着、孤僻、严肃得几乎整天板着面孔的贝多斯，今天突然大笑起来，“戴维，哈哈哈……我的手一点儿都不疼，哈哈哈……”“哈哈哈……”刚才还处于惊慌的戴维也骤然大笑，“真的不疼？哈哈哈……” 两位科学家的笑声，惊动了隔壁实验室的人。他们跑来一看，都以为他俩得了神经病。等一阵狂笑之后，两人方逐渐清醒。贝多斯被玻璃划破的手指感到疼痛，原来氧化亚氮不仅使他俩狂笑，而且使贝多斯麻醉不知手痛。 事隔不久，戴维患了牙病，便请来牙科医生德恩梯斯·舍派特。医生决定把他的坏牙拔掉。当时根本没有什么麻醉药，医生硬把牙齿给拉了下来，疼得戴维浑身冒汗。这时，他猛然想起前不久发生的事——贝多斯手划破了，可闻了那氧化亚氮后却一点也没感觉疼。于是，他赶忙拿过装有氧化亚氮的瓶子连吸几口，结果，他又哈哈大笑起来，同时也感觉不到牙痛了。 经过进一步研究，戴维证实氧化亚氮不仅能使人狂笑，而且还有一定的麻醉作用。戴维就为这种气取了个形象的名字笑气。 戴维将关于笑气的研究成果写进《化学和哲学研究》一书，立即轰动了整个欧洲。外科医生们纷纷用笑气做麻醉药，使本来满是刺耳的喊叫声的手术室，弥漫着一片笑声。病人的痛苦也轻多了。 戴维发现笑气的时候，年仅21岁。从此，他成了闻名欧洲的青年科学家。 后来，戴维继续从事科学研究，首先制取了金属钾、钠、钙、镁、钡和非金属硼，还发明了矿工用的安全灯。为人类做出了很大的贡献。 British chemist David, was born in 1778 in Penzance. As a result of his father's premature death. Not the mother of five children to feed, then sell the farm, started millinery shop to produce. But their day is over the more bitter. David from an early age have the courage to explore his interest in a wide range. His favorite is the school of chemical, often their own experiments. 17-year-old, Mr. David to the BLS as a pharmacy apprentice. Both the medical school, school chemistry, in addition to reading, he's also more difficult to do chemical experiments, for which he was sent to a "chemist". One day, a man named Tony Meadows physicist, had to visit the "chemist" and invited him to the very good conditions for the gas to the work of the Institute. However, Dai Weixin employed, Tony came to the meadows of the Institute. The study through a variety of gases on the human body, out of gas which were beneficial and which harmful gases. David to accept the first task is the preparation of nitrous oxide gas. David does not live up, it is such a system on acetylene gas. At that time, it is said that this harmful gas, and some people said that sound, to hold different views, rather than consensus. Obtained a large number of gas, had no choice but to keep in glass bottles mounted on a stand-by. In April 1799 of the day, Tony came to David Doss of the laboratory, see the system has a lot of nitrous oxide, said happily: "ah, yes, your work is very pleased with the ... ..." Tony praised David Doss The words have not yet finished, he turned a careless hand on the ground floor of a glass bottle smashed across sub. David hurriedly looked around, broke the bottle of nitrous oxide is loaded, Mangwen: "It does not matter in hand?" "Never. I'm sorry, I am your labor lost." Meadows said, picking shellfish broken glass. "Nothing, I am going to trial, would like to see this person on the gas What does it mean, this way also to save me ... ... cork" David's words have not yet finished, Tony Adams and more abnormal Look up panic. "Ha, ha, ha ... ..." always been cool, eccentric, a serious Banzhuomiankong almost the whole day of the Tony Meadows, all of a sudden today, laughing, "David, Ha, ha, ha ... ... My hands are a little pain, ... Ha, ha, ha ... "" Ha, ha, ha ... ... "in a panic just yet David is also a sudden laugh," really hurt? ... Ha, ha, ha ... " The two scientists laughter, alerted the laboratory next door. They came to see one, they all thought had neuropathy. Kuang Xiao, and so on for a while, the two sides gradually clear. Tony Adams has been more than cut through the glass finger pain that Kuang Xiao nitrous oxide not only they but also the multi-Tony Adams hand I do not know of narcotic pain. Soon after, David is suffering from dental problems, we have invited dentists Dehn Ossetia Pat Adams homes. Doctors decided his bad tooth pulled out. At that time, there was not any anesthetic, the doctor forcibly teeth to pull down, David painful sweating all over. At this time, he suddenly reminded of what happened long ago - more than Tony Adams cut through the hand, can be heard and that the nitrous oxide after it did not feel a little pain. As a result, he quickly took the bottle of nitrous oxide with even a few smoke as a result, he laughed, at the same time feel a toothache. After further study, confirmed that David nitrous oxide Kuangxiao not only make the people, but also a certain narcotic effect. David was on the air that took the name of the image of a laughing gas. David will be laughing gas on the results of research into the "chemical and philosophical studies", the immediate sensation throughout Europe. Surgeons who have used nitrous oxide anesthesia to do so have been full of ear-piercing cries of the operating room, filled with a laugh. Patients are suffering more than the light. David found that nitrous oxide, as young as 21 years old. Since then, he has become famous for Europe's young scientists. Later, David continued to engage in scientific research, first of all, making the metal potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, boron and non-metallic barium, also invented the miner's safety lamp used. Mankind has made a great contribution.

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蜂胶天然木脂包含了一大批具有两个耦合苯基丙烷(C6-C3)单位的产品. 它们在最大的多种生物学活性木脂的亚纲之间，如抗癌、抗有丝分裂、抗菌和抗氧化. 1、有多数蜂胶木脂在挂式外观上的双环骨骼有取代2,6-二芳基，(如芝麻素1),虽然那些芳香挂式置换(例如 细辛素2)与其他置换,也是大家知道的。 2、芝麻素(1),可从大量芝麻中提取,它耐人寻味是因为它是高效活性抗氧剂. 3、另据报道，芝麻素食一种5-脱氢酶的特效抑制剂, 它能催化转化亚麻酸-ç-亚麻酸生成烯酸,备有微生物和动物都具备。 4、芝麻素也起到抑制胆固醇的吸收与合成从而降低胆固醇活性的作用. 5、其它报告表明芝麻素阻止肝脏因酒精或四氯化碳受损并且伴演抑制甲蒽引起老鼠乳腺肿瘤和降压的效果. 6、细辛素也有几项生物学意义的活动,包括增强抗癌性，增强抗过敏活性、增强抗毒性。 7、8 细辛的根显效于.Fr. var. mandshuricum 碱蓬. (欣)是一种传统草药正式列在在中国药典并且用作镇痛、镇咳剂、祛痰治疗、感、头痛、风湿痛、哮喘和活血化淤。 9、据报道，蜂胶已被广泛的栽培。 10 以前我们的过程孤立了芝麻与细辛，不同数量的1和2取决于提取方法的不同,例如,在室温下浸泡或真空蒸馏. 一些报告指出在酸性催化的条件下，芝麻素与细辛素可以形成（立体）异构体。由于不同的生物活性，这两个木脂蜂胶有趣的构像行为显示,要进行更为深入的异构研究. (1)、细辛两芝麻(2)有蜂胶骨干,是类似于降莰烷和双环辛烷[]. 这是众所周知的,外型异构比内异构体更为稳定. 芝麻素有两种外型取代的形式，而细辛素是一种在外型取代另一种在内位置取代(图1). Propolis natural wood resin contains a large number of coupled two-propane (C6-C3) units. They are the largest in the biological activity of a variety of wood resin key link between Asia, such as anti-cancer, anti-mitotic and anti-bacterial And antioxidant. 1, the majority of Propolis in the behind-the appearance of fat on the bone are replaced by double loop 2,6 - diaryl, (such as sesame-1), although those aromatic Body-Pack replacement (such as Herba-2) and other replacement, We are also aware of this. 2-Sesame (1), can be extracted from a large number of sesame seeds, it is intriguing because it is the high antioxidant activity. 3, is also reported that a vegetarian sesame 5 - the effects dehydrogenase inhibitor, it linolenic acid catalytic converter-ç-linolenic acid generation, in both animals and micro-organisms have. 4, also played a sesame-inhibition of cholesterol absorption and synthesis of cholesterol, thereby reducing activity. 5, other reports indicate that sesame-stop liver damage as a result of alcohol or carbon tetrachloride and suppress speech with a anthracene rats caused by breast cancer and blood pressure. 6, there are a number of Herba-biological significance of the activities, including enhanced anti-cancer, anti-allergic activity to enhance and strengthen anti-toxic. 7, 8 Asarum effect on the root. Fr. Var. Mandshuricum salsa. (Yan) is a traditional herbal medicines listed in the official in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and used as analgesic, antitussive agent, expectorant treatment, flu, headache, rheumatism, asthma and promoting blood circulation Relieving Blood. 9, it is reported that propolis has been extensive cultivation. 10 In the past, we isolated the process of the sesame and Herba, a different number of 1 and 2 depending on the different extraction methods, such as water at room temperature or vacuum distillation. The report pointed out that some of the acid catalyst in the conditions, and sesame-Asarum -Can form (3D) isomers. Due to the different biological activity of these two Lignans Propolis interesting conformation show acts, it is necessary to conduct a more in-depth study of heterogeneous. (1), sesame Asarum two (2) Propolis has the backbone, is similar to the double loop and drop-octane camphene []. This is a well-known, heterogeneous than the appearance in more stable isomers. Sesame has long been known to replace the two appearance in the form of Asarum and-a substitute appearance in another location, replace (Figure 1). 还有一篇 1994年5月IUPAC（国际纯粹化学与应用化学联合会）通过一项决议，建议把第109号元素命名为Meitnerium，以纪念核物理学家Lise Meitner（莉泽·迈特纳，1878－1968）。 莉译·迈特纳是女科学家!是一位需要重新被发现，需要被公正对待的伟大女性！以莉泽·迈特纳命名109号元素正是对这位伟大女性对科学事业作出的贡献的充分肯定。而与大家熟知的居里夫人不同，这种肯定是在这位伟大女性度过了她曲折漫长充满歧视的90个春秋告别世间后的四分之一个世纪。莉泽·迈特纳 早就应该得到她应得的崇高荣誉，如果世上不存在歧视的话。 1907年秋天，莉泽·迈特纳刚刚获得物理学博士学位，抱着求知的强烈愿望，从她的故乡奥地利维也纳来到当时的普鲁士帝国的首都柏 林，加入了奥托·哈恩（Otio Hahn， 1879－ 1968）所在的柏林大学研究所工作。值得一提的是，当时这个研究所是不准许妇女进入工作的，只因用化学反应确定糖的结构而于5年前获得诺贝尔化学奖金的著名科学家、柏休大学化学教授埃米尔·菲舍尔（Emil Fischer， 1852－1919）慧眼识才，她才被安排在装满辐射检测仪器的楼外木结构工作间里，进出还只能走外面；的大门。迈特纳才工作不久就以哈恩的助手的名义与哈恩一起发表了若干篇论文。不久爆发了第一次世界大战，哈恩奔赴前线参战，正是在此时，物理学博士迈特纳做了实实在在的化学实验，其结果是惊人的－分离并发现了新的放射性元素镤中(Pa,91号).可是，这个伟大成果是以哈恩为第一作者于1918年报道的，莉泽·迈特纳只是哈恩的"助手"! 现裂变的功绩几乎完全记在哈思头上。可不是吗？1944年，为了表彰恰恩于1938年首次用中子轰走铀使铀裂变，哈恩独自一人获得了诺贝尔奖金.人们惊奇地发现，作为哈恩助手，与哈恩一起做裂变实验的弗里茨·斯特拉斯曼（Fritz Strassmann， 1902－l980）却没有与之分享。更没有人为也曾是哈恩助手的莉泽·迈特纳对裂变作出的贡献，呼吁诺贝尔奖金应当由哈恩、斯特拉斯曼和迈特纳共享！ 1938年，有部分犹太血统的莉泽·迈特纳从希特勒德国逃亡到荷兰，随身仅仅携带两个小箱子、10马克以及哈恩的母亲送给她“以备急需”的一枚钻戒。迈特纳的日记告诉我们，她接着怀着极端恐惧的心理终于1938年8月被准许进入挪威。经过多次的商淡，莉泽·迈特纳终于在斯德歌尔摩的诺贝尔研究所谋到了一个职位，做物理实验。但在这里远比她在柏林的待遇差得多，她不受她的老板Manne Siegbahn欢迎，她的感受是整个地被隔离在科学研究基础设施之外，不能激励起智慧来。不久，她的外甥奥托·罗伯特·弗里施（Otto RObert Frisch）来斯德歌尔摩度圣诞节，发现她正在读哈恩寄来的信，信中描述了用中子作用于铀发现产物具有钡的放射性的惊人事件。于是莉泽·迈特纳跟弗里施一起对这一实验结果做出了理论解释，并以来信的形式发表在1939年元月出版的 《自然》杂志上，在这篇著名的文章里，莉泽。迈待纳踉弗里施一起提出了一个物理学上的新概念—一类新的核反应—裂变。在这篇刚过一页的小文里，他们描绘绘了铀裂变的基本图景。后来,迈特纳又用实验验证了裂变。 莉泽·迈特纳没有得到诺贝尔奖鱼，但仍是许多重要荣誉的得主，包括1966年与哈恩和斯特拉斯曼共享费米奖金。美国女核科学家Darleane Hoffman认为，作为核科学的先驱者的莉泽·迈特纳之所以能有这样的成就，其原因之一是她既是物理学家又是化学家, 她既利用物理又利用化学。她假设道：Emilio segre本应当发现第一个超铀元素镎，如果他不是缺少足够的化学知识而把23993错认作稀土元素的话；与此相似，Enrico Fermi本应该发现裂变，如果他的研究小组的化学分离技术不是这样不甚适当的话。 莉泽·近特纳一生没有嫁人，过独身生活。但她并非孤僻冷漠. 她与许多科学家建立长期良好的关系，是许多科学家及其妻子们的密友。她与被她当作父亲般爱慕和崇敬的马克斯·普朗克有着长期的富有成果的通讯联系. 她还经常到哥本哈根去玻尔家作客。莉泽迈特纳深受德国纯粹法西斯的迫害，还受到某些物理学家的歧视。她确立了裂变的概念，但不得不面对裂变被用来生产大规模杀伤武器的事实，她一直拒绝参与研制核武器。 May 1994 IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Chemical) passed a resolution proposed to No. 109 elements named Meitnerium, to commemorate the nuclear physicist Lise Meitner (Lize-1968 Meitner 1878-1970) . Li translated Meitner female scientists! Is a need to be found to be fair treatment of the great women! Lize to Meitner named No. 109 is the element of the great cause of women in science to the full recognition of the contribution. The well-known and Marie Curie, this is certainly in this great woman had her ups and downs of the long and full of discrimination 90 in the world bid farewell to the Spring and Autumn after a quarter of a century. Lize Meitner early on that she should be well-deserved high reputation, if there is no discrimination in the world. The fall of 1907, Lize Meitner just get a doctorate in physics, with a strong desire for knowledge, from her home in Vienna, Austria, came to the then capital city of Berlin Prussia Empire, joined the Otto Hahn (Otio Hahn, 1879 - 1968) where the work of the Institute of the University of Berlin. It is worth mentioning that, when the institute is not allowed to enter women's work, because chemical reactions to determine the structure of the sugar and 5 years ago, won the Nobel chemistry prize money of the well-known scientists, Professor of Chemistry, University of Parkinson's break Aimierfei Shelby (Emil Fischer, 1852-1919) eye to know that she was in filled with radiation detection devices outside of the wooden structure of the workplace, can also go outside and out; the door. Meitner was soon working with Hahn's assistant in the name of Hahn, together with a number of published papers. World War I broke out in the near future, Hahn went to the war front, it is at this time, physics, Dr. Meitner done a real chemistry experiment, and the result is amazing - and the separation of radioactive elements found in the new protactinium in (Pa, 91). However, this is a great achievement for Hahn in 1918, the first author of the report, Lize Hahn Meitner only "assistant"! The achievements of fissile is almost entirely in mind Hasi in the head. Is that not right? In 1944, in recognition Qiaen in 1938 for the first time Hong Zou neutron fission of uranium to make uranium, Hahn alone won the Nobel Prize. People surprised to find that, as assistant Hahn, and Hahn have been working together as fission experiment Fritz Strassman (Fritz Strassmann, 1902-l980) did not share with them. No man is also the assistant Lize Hahn Meitner of the contribution made by fission, the Nobel Prize should be called on by Hahn, Strassman and Meitner sharing! In 1938, some Jewish Lize Meitner fled from Hitler's Germany to the Netherlands, the only player to carry two small boxes, 10 marks, as well as Hahn's mother gave her "an urgent need for" a diamond ring. Meitner's diary tells us that she went on with extreme psychological fear in August 1938 has finally been allowed to enter Norway. After several rounds of light business, Lize Meitner finally in Stockholm the Nobel Institute to seek a job, to do experimental physics. But here in Berlin than her treatment is much less, she is not her boss welcomed the Manne Siegbahn, her feelings of isolation as a whole to be in infrastructure, scientific research, not from wisdom to inspire. Soon, her nephew Aotuoluobo Tefu Li Shi (Otto RObert Frisch) to Stockholm for Christmas time, she found that Hahn was reading from the letter describes the role of the neutron uranium found in the product With radioactive barium amazing event. As a result Lize Meitner Frisch, together with the results of this has made theoretical explanation, and in the form of a letter published in the January 1939 publication of the "Nature" magazine, a well-known in this article, Lize. Sway from side to side step to be satisfied Frisch put together a new concept in physics - a new class of nuclear reaction - fission. This just in a small text, they depict a painting of the basic picture of uranium fission. Later, Meitner and experiment with a fission. Lize Meitner did not receive the Nobel Prize fish, but it is still important to many of the winners of the honor, including in 1966 with Hahn and Strassman Fermi-sharing bonuses. . F that the nuclear scientists Darleane Hoffman, as a pioneer of nuclear science Lize Meitner was to have such achievements, which is one of the reasons why she is both a physicist and chemist, she is also the use of physical Chemistry. She assumptions Road: Emilio segre should have found the first transuranic element neptunium, if he is not a lack of adequate knowledge of chemical and rare earth elements to make mistakes to 23,993 words; Similarly, Enrico Fermi should have been found in fission, if his team The chemical separation technology is not quite so appropriate. Lize near Turner never married, had single life. But she is not lonely and cold. She and many scientists to establish long-term good relationship, many scientists and his wife's close friend. She was with her as a father-like love and respect of the Max Planck Institute has a long and fruitful communication links. She also often go to Copenhagen Jia Zuoke Bohr. Lize Meitner by Germany's persecution of pure fascism, but also by some physicists of discrimination. She established the concept of fission, but have to face is used to produce fissile weapons of mass destruction and the fact that she has refused to take part in the development of nuclear weapons. 还有一篇 英国化学家戴维，1778年出生于彭赞斯。因他父亲过早去世。母亲无法养活五个孩子，于是卖掉田产，开起女帽制作店来。但他们的日子还是越过越苦。 戴维从小就勇于探索，他的兴趣很广泛。他在学校最喜欢的是化学，常常自己做实验。 17岁的时候，戴维到博莱斯先生的药房当了学徒。既学医学，也学化学，除读书外，他还做些较难的化学实验，为此，人们送他一个“小化学家”的称号。 一天，一个叫贝多斯的物理学家，登门拜访了这位“小化学家”，并邀请他到条件很好的气体研究所去工作。 戴维欣然受聘，来到贝多斯的研究所。该所想通过研究各种气体对人体的作用，弄清哪些气体对人有益，哪些气体对人有害。 戴维接受的第一项任务是配制氧化亚氮气体。戴维不负重望，很炔就制出这种气体。当时，有人说这种气体对人有害，而有的人又说无害，各持己见，莫衷一是。制得的大量气体，只好装在玻璃瓶中留着备用。 1799年4月的一天，贝多斯来到戴维的实验室，见已制出许多氧化亚氮，高兴地说：“啊，不错，您的工作令人十分满意……”贝多斯夸奖戴维的话还未说完，他一转身，不小心手把一个玻璃瓶子碰到地下打碎了。 戴维慌忙过来一看，打碎的正是装氧化亚氮的瓶子，忙问：“手不要紧吧？” “没事。真对不起，我把您的劳动成果浪费了。”贝多斯边说边拣碎玻璃。 “没啥，我正要作试验呢，想看看这种气体对人究竟会有什么影响，这样一来还省得我开瓶塞……”戴维的话还未说完，被贝多斯反常的表情弄得惊慌失措。 “哈哈哈……”一向沉着、孤僻、严肃得几乎整天板着面孔的贝多斯，今天突然大笑起来，“戴维，哈哈哈……我的手一点儿都不疼，哈哈哈……”“哈哈哈……”刚才还处于惊慌的戴维也骤然大笑，“真的不疼？哈哈哈……” 两位科学家的笑声，惊动了隔壁实验室的人。他们跑来一看，都以为他俩得了神经病。等一阵狂笑之后，两人方逐渐清醒。贝多斯被玻璃划破的手指感到疼痛，原来氧化亚氮不仅使他俩狂笑，而且使贝多斯麻醉不知手痛。 事隔不久，戴维患了牙病，便请来牙科医生德恩梯斯·舍派特。医生决定把他的坏牙拔掉。当时根本没有什么麻醉药，医生硬把牙齿给拉了下来，疼得戴维浑身冒汗。这时，他猛然想起前不久发生的事——贝多斯手划破了，可闻了那氧化亚氮后却一点也没感觉疼。于是，他赶忙拿过装有氧化亚氮的瓶子连吸几口，结果，他又哈哈大笑起来，同时也感觉不到牙痛了。 经过进一步研究，戴维证实氧化亚氮不仅能使人狂笑，而且还有一定的麻醉作用。戴维就为这种气取了个形象的名字笑气。 戴维将关于笑气的研究成果写进《化学和哲学研究》一书，立即轰动了整个欧洲。外科医生们纷纷用笑气做麻醉药，使本来满是刺耳的喊叫声的手术室，弥漫着一片笑声。病人的痛苦也轻多了。 戴维发现笑气的时候，年仅21岁。从此，他成了闻名欧洲的青年科学家。 后来，戴维继续从事科学研究，首先制取了金属钾、钠、钙、镁、钡和非金属硼，还发明了矿工用的安全灯。为人类做出了很大的贡献。 British chemist David, was born in 1778 in Penzance. As a result of his father's premature death. Not the mother of five children to feed, then sell the farm, started millinery shop to produce. But their day is over the more bitter. David from an early age have the courage to explore his interest in a wide range. His favorite is the school of chemical, often their own experiments. 17-year-old, Mr. David to the BLS as a pharmacy apprentice. Both the medical school, school chemistry, in addition to reading, he's also more difficult to do chemical experiments, for which he was sent to a "chemist". One day, a man named Tony Meadows physicist, had to visit the "chemist" and invited him to the very good conditions for the gas to the work of the Institute. However, Dai Weixin employed, Tony came to the meadows of the Institute. The study through a variety of gases on the human body, out of gas which were beneficial and which harmful gases. David to accept the first task is the preparation of nitrous oxide gas. David does not live up, it is such a system on acetylene gas. At that time, it is said that this harmful gas, and some people said that sound, to hold different views, rather than consensus. Obtained a large number of gas, had no choice but to keep in glass bottles mounted on a stand-by. In April 1799 of the day, Tony came to David Doss of the laboratory, see the system has a lot of nitrous oxide, said happily: "ah, yes, your work is very pleased with the ... ..." Tony praised David Doss The words have not yet finished, he turned a careless hand on the ground floor of a glass bottle smashed across sub. David hurriedly looked around, broke the bottle of nitrous oxide is loaded, Mangwen: "It does not matter in hand?" "Never. I'm sorry, I am your labor lost." Meadows said, picking shellfish broken glass. "Nothing, I am going to trial, would like to see this person on the gas What does it mean, this way also to save me ... ... cork" David's words have not yet finished, Tony Adams and more abnormal Look up panic. "Ha, ha, ha ... ..." always been cool, eccentric, a serious Banzhuomiankong almost the whole day of the Tony Meadows, all of a sudden today, laughing, "David, Ha, ha, ha ... ... My hands are a little pain, ... Ha, ha, ha ... "" Ha, ha, ha ... ... "in a panic just yet David is also a sudden laugh," really hurt? ... Ha, ha, ha ... " The two scientists laughter, alerted the laboratory next door. They came to see one, they all thought had neuropathy. Kuang Xiao, and so on for a while, the two sides gradually clear. Tony Adams has been more than cut through the glass finger pain that Kuang Xiao nitrous oxide not only they but also the multi-Tony Adams hand I do not know of narcotic pain. Soon after, David is suffering from dental problems, we have invited dentists Dehn Ossetia Pat Adams homes. Doctors decided his bad tooth pulled out. At that time, there was not any anesthetic, the doctor forcibly teeth to pull down, David painful sweating all over. At this time, he suddenly reminded of what happened long ago - more than Tony Adams cut through the hand, can be heard and that the nitrous oxide after it did not feel a little pain. As a result, he quickly took the bottle of nitrous oxide with even a few smoke as a result, he laughed, at the same time feel a toothache. After further study, confirmed that David nitrous oxide Kuangxiao not only make the people, but also a certain narcotic effect. David was on the air that took the name of the image of a laughing gas. David will be laughing gas on the results of research into the "chemical and philosophical studies", the immediate sensation throughout Europe. Surgeons who have used nitrous oxide anesthesia to do so have been full of ear-piercing cries of the operating room, filled with a laugh. Patients are suffering more than the light. David found that nitrous oxide, as young as 21 years old. Since then, he has become famous for Europe's young scientists. Later, David continued to engage in scientific research, first of all, making the metal potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, boron and non-metallic barium, als

我们在开始写作论文时，第一步就是选题，而选题是否热门、实用，直接影响着论文的质量，那么我们该如何选题呢?下面我给大家带来优秀各阶段英语教学论文题目参考，希望能帮助到大家!

优秀小学英语教学论文题目

英语教材语料库与小学教材词汇分析

科学有效地开展小学英语游戏教学

小学生 英语学习 动机的激励策略

小学低段英语语音教学探析

运用任务型教学法进行小学高年级 英语写作 教学的实验研究

从课堂教学浅谈小学生英语学习兴趣的培养

从教与学两方面衔接好小学和初中英语

小学生英语作业现状调查及对策研究

通过英语浸入式教学促进学生语言输出的策略

提高小学生语音能力的教学实践

如何激发小学生英语学习兴趣

小学生英语写作能力的培养策略

英语课外开放性作业的设计

小学普遍开设英语课的可行性质疑

思维导图 令同课异构更出彩

在词汇教学中渗透语音教学的探索与实践

关注小学生英语课外阅读

浅谈如何运用游戏创设有效课堂

对小学生英语词汇记忆策略的培养

小学生英语写作能力培养策略的研究

简约英语课堂的有效教学策略

词块理论指导下的小学高年段英语写作教学思考

浅谈小学生英语自主学习能力的培养

提高小学生 英语阅读 能力的对策

浅谈小学生英语写作能力的培养

提高小学生英语学习实效之途径研究

浅谈小学生英语学习兴趣的培养与保持

提高小学生英语阅读能力 方法 探析

小学英语复习课的思考与操作

谈小学生英语学习习惯的培养

新课标下小学 英语口语 训练之我见

小学英语有效备课之“六要”

将英语板书设计得重点突出、图文并茂

小学生英语课堂游戏的探究

例析小学高年级英语语篇教学的有效途径

学生以自主求发展 词汇因合作而精彩

构建充满活力的英语“大课堂”

巧用“翻转课堂”拓展英语阅读教学实践

NSE新教材听说课词汇分步教法的实践探究

做到“三练一改”，构建有效听说课堂

构建“学为中心”有效词汇教学的实践研究

英语写作“以点带面”反馈和指导方式的探索与研究

谈谈标题在英语阅读教学中的巧用

乘电梯上上下下用手电玩连连看

给思维“四度”空间让精彩洋溢课堂

让阅读课堂在“翻转”中绽放异彩

农村初中英语试卷讲评教学的有效设计初探

互助小组--提升“后20%学生”英语学习的途径

优化听力教学设计，提高听力课堂有效性

中职英语教学论文题目汇总

1、中职英语分层教学管理存在的问题及解决 措施

2、论中职英语课堂手机引入式 教育 模式

3、中职英语情景 教学方法 研究

4、关于中职英语教学的困惑和 反思

5、中职英语生活化教学探微

6、体现职业特色的中职英语教学探析

7、新信息时代下的中职英语教学方式的改革研究

8、试论中职英语教学中学生职业能力的培养--以学前教育专业为例

9、中职英语口语模块化教学的探究

10、关注情感教育 优化中职英语教学

11、浅析中职英语课堂教学中的结尾方式

12、支架式教学及其在中职英语教学中的应用

13、中职英语课堂活动中德育渗透探究

14、中职英语小班化教学的研究与探索

15、“微课”视角下的中职英语教学设计

16、浅析如何提高中职学生英语学习兴趣

17、基于中等职业教育现状的中职英语教学思考

18、浅析提高中职英语教学质量措施与策略

19、中职英语教学情感渗透教育探究

20、培养中职学生英语口语表达能力的策略

21、中职英语阅读教学中跨 文化 交际的导入研究

22、浅议如何实现中职英语 高效课堂

23、浅谈中职学生英语学习兴趣的培养

24、略论激发中职学生英语学习的自我效能感

25、浅谈中职英语与高职英语教育教学的衔接

26、中职英语信息化教学初探

27、中职英语多媒体教学资源的开发与利用

28、肢体语言在中职幼师英语课堂中的应用

29、论新课改背景下中职英语教师的华丽转身

30、浅谈中职英语教学中的文化差异

31、浅谈微课对中职英语教学的影响

32、新课改下中职英语选修课中的视听教学实践与思考

33、中职英语口语教学的相关思考

34、慕课下的中职英语教学改革探析

35、如何在中职英语教学中提升学生的文化素养

36、中职英语听说课教学形成性评价的研究

37、基于对比分析法的中职英语定语教学探究

38、刍议中职英语教学中的德育培养

39、中职英语课堂贯穿职业教育的三要素

40、中职英语课堂互动教学模式的构建策略

41、中职英语教学中的跨文化教育

42、浅谈中职英语隐蔽式语法教学

43、中职英语教学中中庸思想的运用

44、浅谈中职院校英语口语交流的重要性

45、如何创新教学方法手段，突破中职英语教学瓶颈

46、中职英语教学中如何强化学生的人文素质

47、基于“理实结合”创设中职英语道具情境教学法的探究

48、中职英语词汇学习和扩充的教学方法探讨

49、中职旅游酒店英语教学中的心理效应

50、中职英语教材“学材化”的必要性和可能性探究

51、“互联网+”时代背景下的中职英语教学初探

52、关于中职英语课后作业布置与评价的一点思考

53、中职涉外护理英语教学策略

54、中职护理英语写作教学难点及对策

55、如何提高中职生英语技能大赛演讲的心理素质

56、英文电影与中职英语听说能力习得的关系浅析

57、中职学生英语学习动机削弱因素研究--以甘肃银行学校为例

58、以就业为导向的中职英语教学模式探讨

59、英语口语交际能力在中职生就业中的重要性

60、在中职英语教学中如何运用情境教学法激发学生兴趣

61、中职英语教师教学与课堂管理方法探究

62、中职英语多媒体教学资源的开发与利用研究

63、探讨中职英语教学如何适应学生就业工作

64、英语在中职院校教学中的有效性思考

65、浅谈中职英语教学中跨文化意识的培养

66、中职数控 专业英语 教学的探索与创新

67、区域经济发展环境下的中职英语教学探讨

68、浅谈英文原版电影对中职学生英语学习的意义

69、中职英语课堂教师评价性语言研究

70、浅谈中职 英语听力 教学

大学英语教学论文题目

1、英语专业学生跨文化交际能力调查研究--以北京体育大学英语专业为例

2、大学英语教学“课堂提问”环节存在的问题及对策

3、大学英语课堂如何构建“以学生为中心”的教学模式

4、大学英语阅读教学现状及图式理论应用意义分析

5、大学英语互动式听力教学模式的行动研究

6、生成观视域下的大学英语教育

7、多元文化背景下大学公共英语教学中的跨文化意识培养探析

8、高职大学英语翻译教学助推区域经济发展--以潍坊地区为例

9、大学英语阅读教学新模式研究--“ 慕课” 背景下

10、非英语专业研究生学术英语交际能力现状与对策研究--以延安大学为例

11、中国 传统文化 在大学英语教学中的导入研究

12、大学英语教学现状及采用模块式教学的意义

13、论文化导入与大学英语教学

14、形成性评价在大学英语自主学习中的实践研究

15、大学英语“绿色课堂”探究

16、从构词法的角度分析大学英语词汇教学

17、网络时代下大学英语精品课程建设的思考

18、基于智能手机终端进行大学英语移动微学习

19、结合大学英语教学实践谈教学反思途径

20、浅谈国际化人才培养背景下的大学英语教学改革--困境和对策

21、大学英语情感教学的研究

22、制约大学英语教师专业发展的因素研究--以海南省为例

23、大学英语课堂教学板书设计研究--基于传统和现代混合视角

24、多维互动式课堂教学在民族院校大学英语课堂中的实践探究

25、论情感教学对大学英语课堂的影响

26、大学非英语专业学生的隐喻能力与英语听力水平的相关关系

27、预制语块对大学英语写作的作用探析

28、文化语境在大学英语翻译教学中的制约作用

29、基于语言经济学视角下的大学英语教育分析

30、教育生态学的大学英语翻译教学探讨

31、大学英语教师的素养分析

32、口译技能训练对大学英语四级听力考试的启示

33、基于 想象力 的大学英语词汇学习研究

34、探讨大学校园英语学习动机衰退现象

35、艺术院校跨文化任务型大学英语教学模式理论、实证研究

36、英语四级考试与大学英语学习分析

37、“教学学术”视角下开放大学英语教师专业发展的思考

38、大学英语微课程建设研究--以视听说课为例

39、大学英语写作中的汉语负迁移现象研究

40、基于隐性分级角度探析艺术院校大学英语分级教学的途径

41、基于微信的大学英语翻转课堂设计

42、中英大学英语教学模式差异及启示

43、大学英语角色转变过程中要警惕被边缘化

44、艺术类专业大学英语生态化教学实践探索

45、多模态下大学英语视听说网络教学模式研究

46、大学英语写作常见错误类型分析

47、大学英语教育改革的目的与理念分析

48、《细胞生物学》双语教学的思考与探索

49、国外无机化学教材编排特点及其对双语教学的启示

50、航海类专业通用英语与专业英语衔接思考

51、论高等中医药院校中医英语课程建设

52、形成性评价在高校外语教学中的实践

53、理工科类高校大学语文所处的境遇和反思

54、英汉概念隐喻认知差异与跨文化交际误解

55、论英汉跨文化交际词汇对比模式

56、对外汉语教学中的汉英禁忌文化差异

57、英汉感官动词的隐喻对比研究

58、移动互联网时代大学生外语学习行为研究

59、大学生英语学习中社会情感策略调查研究

60、英语电影对大学生英语听力教学的影响

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★ 英语专业论文开题报告范文精选5篇

★ 英语教学论文

开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。课题名称An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异课题来源Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor一、课题背景及意义 （课题的立题依据及研究意义）Research Background:A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily Significance:As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures.二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 （课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向）Research Status:Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance..Research Tendency:21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality.三、研究内容及研究目标 （对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标）Research Contents:A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Black Is Associated With Black Is Associated With the Black People2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Black Is Associated With the Black Is Associated With the Evil and Black Is Associated With the Shame and Black Is Associated With AngerB. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in White Is Associated With the Pure and White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in White Is Associated With Death and White Is Associated With Worthless and TimidC. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Red Is Associated With Honor and Love2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Red is Associated with the Red Is Associated With Revolution and Red Is Associated With Danger and LossD. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Yellow Is Associated With the Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and DiseaseResearch Objectives:I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture.四、预计的研究难点 （课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点）With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related.五、创新点 （选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点）The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords.六、进度计划 （根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排）1. — , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing2. — , 2008 Data gathering3. — , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline4. — , 2009 Literature review5. — , 2009 First draft6. — , 2009 Second draft7. — , 2009 Final version8. — May 14th, 2009 Printing9. May 17th — May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate七、资料来源 （指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料）[1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.[2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979.[3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985.[4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974.[5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997.[6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989.[7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981.[8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006.[9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.[10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007.[11] 陈永烨．“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J]．《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7)．[12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海：上海外语出版社,2002.[13] 邓炎昌，刘润清．《语言与文化》[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1991．[14] 蒋栋元．“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]． 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3)．[15] 唐振华．“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J]．《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2).指导教师意见：（对课题的认可意见）指导教师年 月 日系（教研室）审查意见：系（教研室）主任：年 月 日

一篇优秀的英语论文离不开开题报告的撰写。那么，如何写好开题报告成为同学们非常苦恼的问题。下面是学术堂分享的英文论文开题报告的写作技巧：1、开题报告的一般内容课题来源、开题依据和背景情况，课题研究目的以及理论意义和实际应用价值。文献综述。在阅读规定文献量(不少于50篇，其中外文文献占40%以上)的基础上，着重阐述该研究课题国内外的研究现状及发展动态，同时介绍查阅文献的范围以及查阅方式、手段。主要研究内容。包括学术构思、研究方法、关键技术、技术路线、实施方案、可行性分析、研究中可能遇到的难点、解决的方法和措施以及预期目标。拟采用的实验手段，所需科研和实验条件，估计课题工作量和所需经费，研究工作进度计划。主要参考文献，列出至少10篇所查阅参考的文献。2、写好开题报告的技巧提出问题注意“层次”在提出问题时，要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。选题来源包括：与自己实际工作或科研工作相关的、较为熟悉的问题;自己从事的专业。问题发展迅速，需要综合评价;反映本学科的新理论、新技术或新动向的题目。所选题目不宜过大，越具体越容易收集资料，从某一个侧面入手，容易深入。瞄准主流文献，随时整理文献资料是撰写好学术论文的基础。选择文献时应选择本学科的核心期刊、经典著作等，要注意所选文献的代表性、可靠性及科学性;选择文献应先看近期的(近3～5年)，后看远期的，广泛阅读资料，有必要时还应找到有关文献所引用的原文阅读，在阅读时，注意做好读书卡片或读书笔记。整理资料时，要注意按照问题来组织文献资料，写文献综述时不是将看过的资料都罗列和陈述出来，而是要按照一定的思路将其提炼出来。只有这样，才能写出好的文献综述，也才能写出好的开题报告，进而为写出好的论文打下基础。3、研究目标具体而不死板一般开题报告都要求明确学位论文的研究目标，但笔者认为，研究目标不宜规定得太死板，这是因为，即使条件一定，目标是偏高还是偏低，往往难于准确判断，研究工作本身，涉及求知因素，各个实验室条件不同，具体研究时条件也不同。学位论文选题和研究目标体现了研究工作的价值特征。