composite论文范文

简易压板模具的设计与应用 摘要］针对现在冲压零件上常见的特殊成型工艺，本文详细介绍了简易压板模具的设计和使用方法。通过简易压板模具的使用， 有效降低模具设计和模具制造成本。 ［关键词］简易压板模具模具设计模具制造成本 模具是工业生产的重要工艺装备，是用来将金属或非金属材料形 成制品的特殊工具。在绝大多数情况下，模具企业必须针对各种各样的 特定要求来对模具进行独特的设计和单一的生产[1]。在现代制造业 中，无论哪一行业的工程装备，都越来越多地采用由模具工业提供的产 品[2]。有鉴于此，模具生产的基本的特点就是模具对特定用户的依赖性 和对特定要求的单件生产方式。这一个特点使模具与其他定型产品相 比有了很大的区别。近年来，随着经济体制改革的不断深入，产品的竞 争越来越激烈。现代生产中，产品更新换代的速度也越来越快，致使对 模具设计和制造提出更高的要求。特别是样品的生产，充分体现了效率 的重要性。 如图1所示的几何特征在冲压件中比较常见，特别是一些尺寸很 小，厚度较薄，因此对模具间隙、凸模、凹模的要求极严，从而给模具制 造带来了一定的困难。但实践证明，利用简易压板模具生产冲压件中的 特殊成型部分，而其余的部分利用冲裁模具生产，是一种比较理想的加 工方法。 所谓简易压板模具就是由几块钢板叠合而成，用来在压力机或冲 床上成型扳金件上的压花、压包、压字、压加强筋等部分的简易模具。 1.简易压板模具的设计 简易压板模具主要由凸模、上模、下模等部分组成（如图2所示）。 其成型原理同普通冲压成型一样。凸模高度取决于上模高度和下模高 度，而下模高度则取决于产品成型后尺寸。以压凸包为例，下模高度于工件成型高度；凸模高度等于上模与下模高度之和。一般情况下，为 防止回弹，下模高度一般会比成型高度高左右。为避免现场装配 困难，凸模与上模之间的配合间隙取(单边)。 2.二次加工时的定位部分设计 为保证首次加工与二次加工过程中的位置精度，在首次加工时采 用套板定位方式。套板的设计如图4所示。套板结构包括固定工件本体 的内孔及与上下模对齐定位的三个销孔。套板的外形尺寸由工件本体 最大外形尺寸向外偏移一定距离获得，而固定工件本体的内孔则由工 件本体最大外形尺寸向外偏移获得；三个定位孔分布到任意三 个角上。有时，为防止将工件放反，一般切去套板的一角。至于套板的厚 度一般与工件本体的厚度相同。 3.简易压板模具的使用 使用时，将制作好的简易压板模具通过手工进行装配，然后通过销 钉固定。装配好的简易压板模具，放置到压力机或冲床上，合模后即可 成型冲压件中的特殊成型部分。从压力机或冲床上取出模具，通过手工 拆开，卸下工件，然后将此工件通过冲裁模具等方式完成后面的生产。 针对样品试制或小批量产品，这种分散生产方式可以显著降低生产成 本和提高效率。这种模具的缺点是劳动强度大。 结束语 实践证明，由于简易压板模具具有成本低，制造迅速、能够保证质 量和适用方便的特点，所以很适合在电器、通讯和仪器仪表等行业的样 品制作和中小批量生产中推广使用。特别是激光切割机、数控冲床和数 控折弯机的应用更加体现了这种简易压板模具在生产中的地位。而冲 压生产中的特殊成型工序的模具制作周期较长，成本也较高。 为适应现代产品的快速更新换代和降低模具设计和制造成本，或 当现有设备不能成型或不能很好成型时，设计简易压板模具就显得尤 为重要。简易压板模具在生产上的实际应用，为冲件的小批量生产和样 品试制生产开辟了一条比较经济有效的途径。 参考文献 ［1］熊惟浩.模具表面处理与表面加工［M］.北京：化学工业出版社， ［2］王佞，苏慧，王锐.模具工业技术的发展趋势［J］.装备制造技术， 2008年第四期：112-113

露天选采机液压系统设计 论文编号:JX480 有设计图，论文字数:19225,页数:45 有任务书，开题报告 摘要 由于我国露天煤矿存在大量的复合煤层，而目前对复合煤层的开采还缺少必要的手段和设备，使得露天煤矿的回采率难于提高。因此迫切需要研究开发针对复合煤层开采的设备，需要研制出可精确地、选择性地开采独立矿层，适合含有矸石夹层的复合煤层的开采新型露天煤矿开采设备。LMXC-I型露天选采机是在滚筒式露天采煤机的基础上研究开发出来的新机型，它可以有效地开采复合煤层，提高露天煤矿的回采率。LMXC-I型露天选采机的截割部和机身升降、行走履带的驱动和转载机的回转及升降均采用液压传动技术，该液压系统采用开式系统。行走机构共四条履带，采用双泵和电液控制，能够方便灵活地实现前进后退及转向。截割部、机身升降以及转载机的回转及升降均由同一个泵供油，并采用多路阀操纵控制。选采机能精确地水平切削一定深度的岩体，实现对煤、岩的分层选采，还能一次性完成矿体的破碎及装车，极大地提高了露天煤矿的经济效益。 关键词 露天煤矿 复合煤层 选采机 液压传动 Abstract Since China's surface mine exist a large number of complex seam，at present，while the composite coal mining is in lack of the necessary means and equipment，it makes recovery rate of the surface mine difficult to raise. There is an urgent need to make a research and exploration to the mining equipment of complex seam，the requirement of which are precise，mining independent seam selectively，and this new equipment should be suitable for mining complex seam containing ore. LMXC-I-open mining-selection machine is new model which researched and developed on the basis of the roller open shearer，it can effectively mining complex coal，improve the recovery rate of surface mine. The cutting department and the fuselage movements，running track and republish the driving machine and the rotary movements of LMXC - I-open mining-selection machine are used hydraulic driving technology，the hydraulic system uses open system. Include a total of four walking tracks，double-pump and electro-hydraulic control system, flexible and convenient way to achieve moving and retreating. Movement of the cutting department and the fuselage department，and rotary movement of the landing reproduced machine are driving by the same pump, multi-way valve manipulation. Election mining machine could cut the depth of the rock on level precisely，and achieve elective mining on coal and rock，it can complete the ore crushing and loading in the same time，which would greatly improve the cost-effectiveness of the surface mine. Key words surface mine complex seam mining-selection machine hydraulic drive 目录 摘要I Abstract II 第1章 绪论 1 露天煤矿及露天煤矿采煤工艺的发展 1 矿山机械中的液压传动 1 LMXC-I型露天选采机的概述 3 第2章 液压系统设计计算 5 技术要求 5 LMXC-I型滚筒式露天选采机液压传动系统综述 5 液压传动系统的设计参数 5 系统功能设计 5 确定主要参数 5 拟订液压系统原理图 14 组成元件设计 16 主液压泵及其驱动电动机的确定 16 整个液压系统中各液压缸动作情况 20 液压控制阀的选择 21 管路的选择、布置与连接 22 油箱及其组件的设计 24 液压泵组的结构设计 31 验算液压系统技术性能 32 系统效率的估算 32 发热温升估算及热交换器的选择 33 第3章 液压系统的使用和维护 36 注意事项 36 液压系统常见故障及排除方法 36 结论39 致谢40 参考文献 41 附录1 42 附录2 46 以上回答来自:

引言 模具论文 模具是一种技术密集、资金密集型产品，在我国国民经济巾的地位也非常重要。模具工业已被我国正式确定为基础产业，并在“十五”中列为重点扶持产业。由于新技术、新材料、新工艺的不断发展，促使模具技术不断进步，对人才的知识、能力、素质的要求也在不断提高。 根据社会发展对模具专业学生的新要求以教学生的实际情况，探圳大学工程技术学院对99级模具设计方向学生的毕业设计的进行了较大的改节，并取得了较好的效果。 2模具专业学生培养目标 赣江学院模具设计与制造专业主要是从事注射模的设计与制造。为了明确本方向的培养目标，我们对江苏、浙江，特别是其周边地区模具企业进行了比较广泛的社会调查，调查结果表明，用人单位要求毕业生有较高的思想品质和道德修养，爱岗敬业和较好的与人协调共事能力，要求毕业生基础理论扎实，着重基本技能的掌握和再学习能力，要求毕业生熟练掌握外语，有一定的计算机软件应用和开发能力。 根据调查结果分析，我们把模具专业人才培养的规格定位于：面向各类型企业，培养爱岗敬业，具备机械及各类模具设计与制造基础知识，具有较强的再学习能力和创造能力，能在模具生产第一线从事模具设计制造、技术开发、应用研究和经营销售的应用型工程技术和管理人才。据此把拓宽专业口径，课程体系合理，教学内容优化、实验研究能力强，社会适应面宽，作为本方向教学的基本指导思想，将模具设计理论、实践与及计算机应用融合为一体。 3计算机技术在注射模中的应用领域 塑料产品从设计到成型生产是一个十分复杂的过程，它包括塑料制品设计、模具结构设计、模具加工制造和塑件生产等几个工要方面。它需要产品设计师．模具设计师、模具加工工艺师及熟练操作工人协同努力来完成，它是一个设计、修改、再设计的反复迭代、不断优化的过程。传统的手工设计已越来越难以满足市场激烈竞争的需要。计算机技术的运用，正在各方面取代传统的手工设计方式，并取得了显著的经济效益。计算机技术在注射模中的应用主要表现在以下几个方面： (1)塑料制品的设计：基于特征的三维造型软件为设计者提供了方便的设计平台，而且制品的质量、体积等各种物理参数为后续的模具设计和分析打下了良妤的基础。 (2)结构分析：利用有限元分析软件可以对制品的强度、应力等进行分析，改善制品的结构设计。 (3)模具结构设计：根据塑料制品的形状、精度、大小、工艺要求和生产批量，模具设计软件会提供相应的设计步骤、参数选择．计算公式以及标准模架等，最后给出全套模几结构设计图。 (4)模具开合模运动仿真：运用CAD技术可对模具开模、合模以及制品被推出的全过程进行仿真，从而检查出模具结构设计的不合理处，并及时更正，以减少修模时间。 (5)注射过程数值分析：采用CAE方法可以模拟塑料熔体在模腔中的流动与保压过程，其结果对改进模具浇注系统及调整注塑工艺参数有着重要的指导意义，同时还可检验模具的刚度和强度、制品的翘曲性、模壁的冷却过程等。 (6)数控加工：利用数控编程软件可模拟刀具在三维曲面上的实时加工过程并显示有关曲面的形状数据，同时还可自动生成数控线切割指令、曲面的三轴，五轴数控铣削刀具轨迹等。 目前，国际上占主流地位的注射模CAD软件有Pro/E、I-DEAS、UGⅡ、SolidWorks等；结构分析软件有MSC、Analysis等；注射过程数值分析软件有MoldFlow等；数控加工软件有MasterCAM、Cimatron等。 4模具专业毕业设计模式 模具专业的学生要求综合知识和实践能力较强，它既是学生大学四年所学的机械制图、工程材料、公差配合与技术测量、塑料成型工艺与设备等技术基础课、专业课的综合应用，又需要学生了解大量的实践经验。 通过毕业设计，应使学生在下述基本能力上得到培养和锻炼：①塑料制品的设计及成型工艺的选择；②一般塑料制品成型模具的设计能力；③塑料制品的质量分析及工艺改进、塑料模具结构改进设计的能力；④了解模具设计的常用商业软件以及同实际设计的结合， 以往的毕业设计严格来说只能算是模具设计这门课的课程设计；老师指定一个塑料产品，有时甚至连产品模型图都交给学生，学生按照谍本上的模具设计步骤一步步做下去，由于没有实践经验，学校也不可能将学生的设计变成实际产品，因此，设计的合不合理，学生不知道，即使有经验的老师指不出不合理处，学生也没有感性认识，只能是纸上谈兵。学生踏人社会，从事实际产品设计，往往会发现无从下手，即使设计出来也是废纸一张，通常都要通过1到2年的时间才能入门。因此，学生常会感叹

碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料的研究现状及发展趋势摘要：综述了铝基复合材料的发展历史及国内外研究现状，重点阐述了碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料制备工艺的发展现状。同时说明了碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料研究中仍存在的问题，在此基础上展望了该复合材料的发展前景。关键词：SiCp /Al 复合材料； 制备方法中图分类号：TB333 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-3814(2011)12-0092-05Research Status and Development Trend of SiCP/Al CompositeZHENG Xijun, MI Guofa(College of Material Science and Engineer, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China)Abstract：The development history, domestic and foreign research present situation of SiCP /Al composite wasintroduced, the research progress of preparation process for SiCP /Al composite were elaborated, the research on SiCP /Alcomposite was analyzed and the development prospect of the composite was put words：SiCp /Al composite; preparation methods收稿日期:2010-11-20作者简介:郑喜军(1982- ),男,河南西平人,硕士研究生,研究方向为材料加工工程;电话:;E-mail:《热加工工艺》2011 年第40 卷第12 期下半月出版Material & Heat Treatment 材料热处理技术应用进行了广泛的关注和研究，从材料的制备工艺、组织结构、力学行为及断裂韧性等方面做了许多基础性的工作， 取得了显著的成绩。在美国和日本等国，该类材料的制备工艺和性能研究已日趋成熟，在电子、军事领域开始得到实际应用。SiC 来源于工业磨料，可成百吨的生产，价格便宜，SiC 颗粒强化铝基复合材料被美国视为有突破性进展的材料， 其性能可与钛合金媲美，而价格还不到钛合金的1/10。碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料是最近20 年来在世界范围内发展最快、应用前景最广的一类不连续增强金属基复合材料，被认为是一种理想的轻质结构材料，尤其在机动车辆发动机活塞、缸头(缸盖)、缸体等关键产品和航空工业中具有广阔的应用前景[5-7]。在1986 年，美国DuralAluminumComposites 公司发明了碳化硅颗粒增强铝硅合金的新技术， 实现了铸造铝基复合材料的大规模生产， 以铸锭的形式供给多家铸造厂制造各种零件[8-9]。美国Duralcan 公司在加拿大己建成年产11340 t 的SiC/Al 复合材料型材、棒材、铸锭以及复合材料零件的专业工厂。目前，Duralcan 公司生产的20%SiCp /A356Al 复合材料的屈服强度比基体铝合金提高75%、弹性模量提高30%、热膨胀系数减小29%、耐磨性提高3～4倍。美国DWA 公司生产的碳化硅增强复合材料随碳化硅含量的增加，只有伸长率下降的，其他性能都得到了很大提高。到目前为止，SiCp/Al 复合材料被成功用于航空航天、电子工业、先进武器系统、光学精密仪器、汽车工业和体育用品等领域，并取得巨大经济效益。表1 列举了一些SiCp/Al 复合材料的力学性能。目前国内从事研制与开发碳化硅颗粒增强铝复合材料工作的科研院所与高校主要有北京航空材料研究院、上海交通大学、哈尔滨工业大学、西北工业大学、国防科技大学等。哈尔滨工业大学研制的SiCw/Al 用于某卫星天线丝杆，北京航空材料研究院研制的SiCp/Al 用于某卫星遥感器定标装置[10-11]。国内到目前为止还没有出现高质量高性能的碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料， 虽然部分性能已达到国外产品的指标， 但在产品的尺寸精度上还存在不小的差距，另外制造成本太高，离工业化生产还有一段距离要走。2 铝基复合材料的性能特征(1)高比强度、比模量由于在金属基体中加入了适量的高强度、高模量、低密度的增强物，明显提高了复合材料的比强度和比模量， 特别是高性能连续纤维，如硼纤维、碳(石墨)纤维、碳化硅纤维等增强物，他们具有很高的强度和模量[1]。(2)良好的高温性能，使用温度范围大增强纤维、晶须、颗粒主要是无机物，在高温下具有很好的高温强度和模量， 因此金属基复合材料比基体金属有更高的高温性能。特别是连续纤维增强金属基基复合材料，其高温性能可保持到接近金属熔点，并比金属基体的高温性能高许多。(3)良好的导热、导电性能金属基复合材料中金属基体占有很高的体积百分数， 一般在60%以上，因此仍保持金属的良好的导热、导电性能。(4)良好的耐磨性金属基复合材料，特别是陶瓷纤维、晶须、颗粒增强金属基复合材料具有很好的耐磨性。这是由于在基体中加入了大量细小的陶瓷颗粒增强物，陶瓷颗粒硬度高、耐磨、化学性能稳定，用它们来增强金属不仅提高了材料的强度和刚度，也提高了复合材料的硬度和耐磨性。(5)热膨胀系数小，尺寸稳定性好金属基复合材料中所用的增强相碳纤维、碳化硅纤维、晶须、颗粒、硼纤维等均具有很小的热膨胀系数，特别是超高模量的石墨纤维具有负热膨胀系数， 加入相当含量的此类增强物可降低材料膨胀系数， 从而得到热膨胀系数小于基体金属、尺寸稳定性好的金属基复合材料。(6)良好的抗疲劳性和断裂韧性影响金属基复合材料抗疲劳性和断裂韧性的因素主要有增强物与复合体系制备工艺增强体含量(vol,%)拉伸强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa伸长率(%)SiCP /2009Al 粉末冶金20 572 109 粉末冶金20 552 103 粉末冶金20 496 103 粉末冶金20 724 103 粉末冶金40 441 125 粉末冶金15 689 97 搅拌铸造20 350 98 无压浸渗30 382 125 表1 碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料的力学性能[1] Mechanical properties of aluminum matrixcomposite reinforced by SiC particle93Hot Working Technology 2011, , 材料热处理技术Material & Heat Treatment 2011 年6 月金属基体的界面结合状态、金属基体与增强物本身的特性以及增强物在基体中的分布等。特别是界面结合强度适中，可以有效传递载荷，又能阻止裂纹扩展，从而提高材料的断裂韧性。(7)不吸潮、不老化、气密性好与聚合物相比，金属性质稳定、组织致密，不存在老化、分解、吸潮等问题，也不会发生性能的自然退化，在空间使用不会分解出低分子物质而污染仪器和环境，有明显的优势。(8)较好的二次加工性能可利用传统的热挤压、锻压等加工工艺及设备实现金属基复合材料的二次加工。由于铝基复合材料不但具有金属的塑性和韧性，而且还具有高比强度、比模量、对疲劳和蠕变的抗力大、耐热性好等优异的综合性能。尤其在最近20 年以来， 铝基复合材料获得了惊人的发展速度，表2 列举了一些铝基复合材料的力学性能。3 主要应用领域 在航空航天及军事领域的应用美国ACMC 公司和亚利桑那大学光学研究中心合作，研制成超轻量化空间望远镜和反射镜，该望远镜的主镜直径为，仅重。ACMC 公司用粉末冶金法制造的碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料还用于激光反射镜、卫星太阳反射镜、空间遥感器中扫描用高速摆镜等；美国用高体积分数的SiCp/Al代替铍材，用于惯性环形激光陀螺仪制导系统、三叉戟导弹的惯性导向球及管型测量单元的检查口盖，成本比铍材降低2/3；20 世纪80 年代美国洛克希德.马丁公司将DWA 公司生产的25%SiCp /6061Al 用作飞机上承载电子设备的支架，其比刚度比7075 铝合金约高65%；美国将SiCp/6092Al 用于F-16 战斗机的腹鳍， 代替原有的2214 铝合金蒙皮， 刚度提高50%，寿命从几百小时提高到8000 小时左右，寿命提高17 倍，可大幅度降低检修次数，提高飞机的机动性，还可用于F-16 的导弹发射轨道；英国航天金属及复合材料公司(AMC)采用高能球磨粉末冶金法研制出高刚度﹑ 耐疲劳的SiCp/2009Al， 成功用于Eurocopter 公司生产的N4 及EC-120 新型直升机[12]；采用无压浸渗法制备的高体积分数SiCp/Al 作为印刷电路板芯板用于F-22“猛禽”战斗机的遥控自动驾驶仪、发电元件、飞行员头部上方显示器、电子计数测量阵列等关键电子系统上， 以代替包铜的钼及包铜的锻钢，可使质量减轻70%，同时降低了电子模板的工作温度；SiCp/Al 印刷电路板芯板已用于地轨道全球移动卫星通信系统； 作为电子封装材料，还可用于火星“探路者”和“卡西尼”土星探测器等航天器上。美国采用高体积分数SiCp /Al 代替Cu-W 封装合金作为电源模块散热器，已用于EV1 型电动轿车和S10 轻型卡车上；美国将氧化反应浸渗法制备的SiC-Al2O3/Al 作为附加装甲，用于“沙漠风暴”地面进攻的装甲车；美国GardenGrove 光学器材公司用SiCp/Al 制备Leopardl 坦克火控系统瞄准镜。 在汽车工业中的应用由山东大学与曲阜金皇活塞有限公司联合研制的SiCp /Al 活塞已用于摩托车及小型汽车发动机；自20 世纪90 年代以来， 福特和丰田汽车公司开始采用Alcan 公司的20%SiC/Al-Si 来制作刹车盘；美国Lanxide 公司生产的SiCp/Al 汽车刹车片于1996年投入批量生产[13]；德国已将该材料制作的刹车盘成功应用于时速为160km/h 的高速列车上。整体采用锻造的SiCp/Al 活塞已成功用于法拉利生产的一级方程式赛车。 在运动器械上的应用BP 公司研制的20%SiCp/2124Al 自行车框架已在Raleigh 赛车上使用；SiCp /Al 复合材料可应用于自行车链轮、高尔夫球头和网球拍等高级体育用品；在医疗上用于假体的制造。4 制备及成型方法一般来说， 根据铝基体状态的不同，SiCp/Al 的制备方法大致可分为固态法和液态法两类。目前主要有粉末冶金法、喷射沉积法、搅拌铸造法和挤压铸造法。 粉末冶金法粉末冶金法又称固态金属扩散法，该方法由于克增强相/ 基体增强相含量拉伸强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa伸长率(%)SiC/Al-4Cu 15 476 92 /ZL101 20 375 101 /ZL101A 20 330 100 /6061 25 517 114 /2124 25 565 114 / 20 226 95 /Al 26 387 112 -表2 金属基复合材料的力学性能[1] Mechanical properties of metal matrix composite[1]94《热加工工艺》2011 年第40 卷第12 期下半月出版Material & Heat Treatment 材料热处理技术服了碳化硅颗粒与铝合金熔液润湿困难的缺点，因而是最先得到发展并用于SiCp/Al 的制备方法之一。具体制备SiCp/Al 的粉末冶金工艺路线有多种，目前最为流行和典型的工艺流程为：碳化硅粉末与铝合金粉末混合一冷模压(或冷等静压)一真空除气一热压烧结(或热等静压)一热机械加工(热挤、轧、锻)。粉末冶金法的优点在于碳化硅粉末和铝合金粉末可以按任何比例混合，而且配比控制准确、方便。粉末冶金法工艺成熟，成型温度较低，基本上不存在界面反应、质量稳定，增强体体积分数可较高，可选用细小增强体颗粒。缺点是设备成本高，颗粒不容易均匀混合，容易出现较多孔隙，要进行二次加工，以提高机械性能，但往往在后续处理过程中不易消除；所制零件的结构、形状和尺寸都受到一定的限制，粉末冶金技术工艺程序复杂，烧结须在在密封、真空或保护气氛下进行， 制备周期长， 降低成本的可能性小，因此制约了粉末冶金法的大规模应用。 喷射沉积法喷射沉积法是1969 年由Swansea 大学Singer教授首先提出[14]，并由Ospray 金属有限公司发展成工业生产规模的制造技术。该方法的基本原理是：对铝合金基体进行雾化的同时，加入SiC 增强体颗粒，使二者共同沉积在水冷衬板上， 凝固得到铝基复合材料。该工艺的优点是增强体与基体熔液接触时间短，二者反应易于控制；对界面的润湿性要求不高，可消除颗粒偏析等不良组织， 组织具有快速凝固特征；工艺流程短、工序简单、效率高，有利于实现工业化生产。缺点是设备昂贵，所制备的材料由于孔隙率高而质量差必须进行二次加工， 一般仅能制成铸锭或平板； 大量增强颗粒在喷射过程中未能与雾化的合金液滴复合， 造成原材料损失大， 工艺控制较复杂，增强体颗粒利用率低、沉积速度较慢、成本较高。 搅拌铸造法搅拌铸造法的基本原理[15-17]：依靠强烈搅拌在合金液中形成涡漩的负压抽吸作用， 将增强体颗粒吸入基体合金液体中。具体工艺路线：将颗粒增强体加入到基体金属熔液中， 通过一定方式的搅拌与一定的搅拌速度使增强体颗粒均匀地分散在金属熔体中，以达到相互混合均匀与浸润的目的，复合成颗粒增强金属基复合材料熔体。然后可浇铸成锭坯、铸件等使用。该方法的优点是：工艺简单、设备投资少、生产效率高、制造成本低、可规模化生产。缺点是：加入的增强体颗粒粒度不能太小， 否则与基体金属液的浸润性差， 不易进入金属液或在金属液中容易团聚和聚集；普遍存在界面反应，强烈的搅拌容易造成金属液氧化，大量吸气及夹杂物混入，颗粒加入量也受到一定限制，只能制成铸锭，需要二次加工。 挤压铸造法挤压铸造法是首先把SiC 颗粒用适当的粘结剂粘结，制成预制块放入浇注模型中，预热到一定的温度，然后浇入基体金属液，立即加压，使熔融的金属熔液浸渗到预制块中，最后去压、冷却凝固形成SiCp/Al。该方法的优点是：设备较简单且投资少，工艺简单且稳定性较好，生产周期短，易于工业化生产，能实现近无余量成型，增强体体积分数较高，基本无界面反应。缺点是容易出现气体或夹杂物，缺陷比较多，需增强颗粒需预先制成预成型体， 预成型体对产品质量影响大，模具造价高，而且复杂零件的生产比较困难。5 SiCp /Al 复合材料发展的建议与对策SiCp /Al 复合材料作为一种新的结构材料有着广阔的发展前景, 但要实现产业化还需做大量的研究工作。除了要对SiCp/Al 复合材料的制备工艺、界面结合状态、增强机制等方面的内容做进一步研究，其相关领域的研究及发展也应给予重视。 现有制备工艺进一步完善和新工艺的开发现有工艺制备方法虽然已经成功制造了复合材料，但很难用于工业化生产且尚处于实验室研究阶段[18]。SiC 颗粒存在于铝液中，使金属液粘度提高，流动性降低，铸造时充填性变差，当颗粒含量增加至20%或在较低温度(<730℃)时，流动性急剧降低以致于无法正常浇注。另外，SiC颗粒具有较大的表面积， 表面能较大，易吸附气体并带入金属液中，而金属液粘度大也易卷入气体并难以排出，产生气孔缺陷。因此，对现有工艺的进一步完善和新工艺的开发成为下一步研究工作的主要任务。 后续加工工艺的研究金属基复合材料的切削加工、焊接、热处理等后续加工工艺的研究较少，成为限制其应用的瓶颈。高强度、高硬度增强体的加入使金属基复合材料成为难加工材料[18-19]，而由于增强体与基体合金的热膨胀系数差异大引起位错密度的提高， 也使金属基复合95Hot Working Technology 2011, , 材料热处理技术Material & Heat Treatment 2011 年6 月材料的时效行为与基体合金有所不同[20]。另外，增强体影响焊接熔池的粘度和流动性， 并与基体金属发生化学反应限制了焊接速度， 给金属基复合材料的焊接造成了极大困难。因此， 解决可焊性差的问题也成为进一步研究的主要方向。 环境性能方面的改善金属基复合材料的环境性能方面的研究， 即如何解决金属基复合材料与环境的适应性， 实现其废料的再生循环利用也引起了一些学者的重视， 这个问题关系到有效利用资源，实现社会可持续发展，因此， 关于环境性能方面的研究将是该领域今后研究的热点。由于铝基复合材料是由两种或两种以上组织结构、物理及化学性质不同的物质结合在一起形成一类新的多相材料， 其回收再利用的技术难度要比传统的单一材料大得多。随着铝基复合材料的批量应用，必然面临废料回收的问题，通过对复合材料的回收再利用， 不但可减少废料对环境的污染还可减低铝基复合材料的制备成本、降低价格，增加与其他材料的竞争力，有利于促进自身的发展。文献[21]配制了混合盐溶剂， 采用熔融盐法成功地分离出颗粒增强铝基复合材料中的增强材料，研究结果表明，利用该技术处理颗粒增强铝基复合材料， 其回收利用率可达85%。6 结语与铝合金基体相比， 铝基复合材料具有更高的使用温度、模量和强度，热稳定性增加及更好的耐磨损性能，它的应用将越来越广泛。然而，在目前的研究中仍然存在许多疑问和有待解决的问题， 例如怎样去克服铝基复合材料突出的界面问题， 并且力求研究结果有助于改善生产应用问题； 在制备过程前后， 怎样通过热处理手段来改善成品的各方面性能；如何利用由于热失配造成的内、外应力使材料服役于各种环境。此外，原位反应中仍不免其他副反应夹杂物存在， 同时对增强体的体积分数也难以精确控制，这些都是亟待研究解决的问题。参考文献：[1] 于化顺．金属基复合材料及其制备技术[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2006．241．[2] 吴人洁．复合材料[M]．天津：天津大学出版社，2000．[3] 沃丁柱．复合材料大全[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2000．[4] 毛天祥．复合材料的现状与发展[M]．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，2000．[5] 赫尔(Hull， D)．复合材料导论[M]．北京：中国建设工业出版社，1989．[6] 尹洪峰，任耘，罗发．复合材料及其应用[M]．陕西：陕西科学技术出版社，2003．[7] 汤佩钊．复合材料及其应用技术[M]．重庆：重庆大学出版社，1998．[8] 张守魁，王丹虹．搅拌铸造制备颗粒增强复合材料[J]．兵器材料科学与工程，1997，20(6)：35-391．[9] 韩桂泉，胡喜兰，李京伟．无压浸渗制备结构/ 功能一体化铝基复合材料的性能及应用[J]．航空制造技术，2006(01)：95．[10] 李昊，桂满昌，周彼德．搅拌铸造金属基复合材料的热力学和动力学机制[J]．中国空间科学技术，1997，2(1)：9-161．[11] 桂满昌，吴洁君，王殿斌，等．铸造ZL101A/SiCp复合材料的研究[J]．铸造，2001，50(6)：332-3361．[12] 任德亮，丁占来，齐海波，等．SiCp /Al 复合材料显微结构与性能的研究[J]．航空制造技术，1999，(5)：53-551．[13] Clyne T W，Withers P J．An Introduction to Metal MatrixComposites [M]．London：Cambridge University Press，1993．[14] Lee Konbae．Interfacial reaction in SiCp /Al composite fabricatedby pressureless infiltration [J]．Scripta. Materialia，1997，36(8)：847．[15] 张淑英， 张二林． 喷射共沉积金属基复合材料的发展现状[J]．宇航材料工艺，1996，(4)：4-5．[16] Clegg A J．Cast metal matrix and composites [J]．TheFoundryman，1991，8：312-3191．[17] Mortensen A， Jim I．Solidification processing of metal matrixcomposites [J]．Inter. Mater. Rews.，1992，37(3)：101-128．[18] Lloyd D J．Particle reinforced aluminium and magnesiummatrix composites [J]．Inter. Mater. Rews，1994，39(1)：218-231．[19] Quigleg O， Monagham M， O'Reilly P．Factors effecting themachinability of Al/SiC metal matrix composite [J]．J. .，1994，43：21-23．[20] Looney L A， Monagham M， O'Reilly P．The turning of anAl/SiC metal-matrix composite [J]．J. Mater. Process. Tech.，1992，33：553-557．[21] 费良军，朱秀荣，童文俊，等．颗粒增强铝基复合材料废料回收的试验研究[J]．复合材料学报，2001，18(1)：67-70．

太长了，超过了10000字发不了。我这里先给你个英文的你加我QQ我给你中文的两部分不会弄，你加我QQ我发给你吧，加分啊395886292 <英文版> Talling building and Steel construction Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general. Spectacular archievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings. The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structual systems. Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, other architectural details. In addition,excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because their perception of such systems of reinforced concrete,as well as steel,take full advantage of inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore require additional stiffening to limit the sway. In a steel structure,for example,the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the A in Fig .1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium. Systems in steel. Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings. Frame with rigid belt trusses. In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses,a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building(1974) in Milwaukee. Framed tube. The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building, for both strength and stiffness,to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column element can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground. This particular structural system was probably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago. The most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 110-story World Trade Center building in New York Column-diagonal truss tube. The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal members interesting at the centre line of the columns and beams. This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Centre in Chicago, using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional 40-story building. Bundled tube. With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency. The 110-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tube, bundled at the base of the building in three rows. Some of these individual tubes terminate at different heights of the building, demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept. The Sears tower, at a height of 1450 ft(442m), is the world’s tallest building. Stressed-skin tube system. The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind and earthquake) and the control of drift (lateral building movement ) in high-rise building. The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further. The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the façade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings, and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area. Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin façade, the framed members of the tube require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive. All the typical columns andspandrel beams are standard rolled shapes,minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members. The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space, is minimized. The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittburgh. Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive chanllenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings. Framed tube. As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building. In this building ,exterior columns were spaced at () centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in . -thick (20-m) flat-plate concrete slabs. Tube in tube. Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube. The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area. The system (Fig .2), known as the tube-in-tube system , made it possible to design the world’s present tallest (714ft or 218m)lightweight concrete building ( the 52-story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston) for the unit price of a traditional shear wall structure of only 35 stories. Systems combining both concrete and steel have also been developed, an examle of which is the composite system developed by skidmore, Owings &Merril in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing, thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural steel systems. The 52-story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system. Steel construction refers to a broad range of building construction in which steel plays the leading role. Most steel construction consists of large-scale buildings or engineering works, with the steel generally in the form of beams, girders, bars, plates, and other members shaped through the hot-rolled process. Despite the increased use of other materials, steel construction remained a major outlet for the steel industries of the , , , Japan, West German, France, and other steel producers in the 1970s Early history. The history of steel construction begins paradoxically several decades before the introduction of the Bessemer and the Siemens-Martin (openj-hearth) processes made it possible to produce steel in quantities sufficient for structure use. Many of problems of steel construction were studied earlier in connection with iron construction, which began with the Coalbrookdale Bridge, built in cast iron over the Severn River in England in 1777. This and subsequent iron bridge work, in addition to the construction of steam boilers and iron ship hulls , spurred the development of techniques for fabricating, designing, and jioning. The advantages of iron over masonry lay in the much smaller amounts of material required. The truss form, based on the resistance of the triangle to deformation, long used in timber, was translated effectively into iron, with cast iron being used for compression , those bearing the weight of direct loading-and wrought iron being used for tension , those bearing the pull of suspended loading. The technique for passing iron, heated to the plastic state, between rolls to form flat and rounded bars, was developed as early as 1800;by 1819 angle irons were rolled; and in 1849 the first I beams, feet () long , were fabricated as roof girders for a Paris railroad station. Two years later Joseph Paxton of England built the Crystal Palace for the London Exposition of 1851. He is said to have conceived the idea of cage construction-using relatively slender iron beams as a skeleton for the glass walls of a large, open structure. Resistance to wind forces in the Crystal palace was provided by diagonal iron rods. Two feature are particularly important in the history of metal construction; first, the use of latticed girder, which are small trusses, a form first developed in timber bridges and other structures and translated into metal by Paxton ; and second, the joining of wrought-iron tension members and cast-iron compression members by means of rivets inserted while hot. In 1853 the first metal floor beams were rolled for the Cooper Union Building in New York. In the light of the principal market demand for iron beams at the time, it is not surprising that the Cooper Union beams closely resembled railroad rails. The development of the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes in the 1850s and 1860s suddenly open the way to the use of steel for structural purpose. Stronger than iron in both tension and compression ,the newly available metal was seized on by imaginative engineers, notably by those involved in building the great number of heavy railroad bridges then in demand in Britain, Europe, and the . A notable example was the Eads Bridge, also known as the St. Louis Bridge, in St. Louis (1867-1874), in which tubular steel ribs were used to form arches with a span of more than 500ft (). In Britain, the Firth of Forth cantilever bridge (1883-90) employed tubular struts, some 12 ft () in diameter and 350 ft (107m) long. Such bridges and other structures were important in leading to the development and enforcement of standards and codification of permissible design stresses. The lack of adequate theoretical knowledge, and even of an adequate basis for theoretical studies, limited the value of stress analysis during the early years of the 20th century,as iccasionally failures,such as that of a cantilever bridge in Quebec in 1907, failures were rare in the metal-skeleton office buildings;the simplicity of their design proved highly practical even in the absence of sophisticated analysis techniques. Throughout the first third of the century, ordinary carbon steel, without any special alloy strengthening or hardening, was universally used. The possibilities inherent in metal construction for high-rise building was demonstrated to the world by the Paris Exposition of which Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, a leading French bridge engineer, erected an openwork metal tower 300m (984 ft) high. Not only was the height-more than double that of the Great Pyramid-remarkable, but the speed of erection and low cost were even more so, a small crew completed the work in a few months. The first skyscrapers. Meantime, in the United States another important development was taking place. In 1884-85 Maj. William Le Baron Jenney, a Chicago engineer , had designed the Home Insurance Building, ten stories high, with a metal skeleton. Jenney’s beams were of Bessemer steel, though his columns were cast iron. Cast iron lintels supporting masonry over window openings were, in turn, supported on the cast iron columns. Soild masonry court and party walls provided lateral support against wind loading. Within a decade the same type of construction had been used in more than 30 office buildings in Chicago and New York. Steel played a larger and larger role in these , with riveted connections for beams and columns, sometimes strengthened for wind bracing by overlaying gusset plates at the junction of vertical and horizontal members. Light masonry curtain walls, supported at each floor level, replaced the old heavy masonry curtain walls, supported at each floor level , replaced the oldheavy masonry. Though the new construction form was to remain centred almost entirely in America for several decade, its impact on the steel industry was worldwide. By the last years of the 19th century, the basic structural shapes-I beams up to 20 in. ( ) in depth and Z and T shapes of lesser proportions were readily available, to combine with plates of several widths and thicknesses to make efficient members of any required size and strength. In 1885 the heaviest structural shape produced through hot-rolling weighed less than 100 pounds (45 kilograms) per foot; decade by decade this figure rose until in the 1960s it exceeded 700 pounds (320 kilograms) per foot. Coincident with the introduction of structural steel came the introduction of the Otis electric elevator in 1889. The demonstration of a safe passenger elevator, together with that of a safe and economical steel construction method, sent building heights soaring. In New York the 286-ft () Flatiron Building of 1902 was surpassed in 1904 by the 375-ft (115-m) Times Building ( renamed the Allied Chemical Building) , the 468-ft (143-m) City Investing Company Building in Wall Street, the 612-ft (187-m) Singer Building (1908), the 700-ft (214-m) Metropolitan Tower (1909) and, in 1913, the 780-ft (232-m) Woolworth Building. The rapid increase in height and the height-to-width ratio brought problems. To limit street congestion, building setback design was prescribed. On the technical side, the problem of lateral support was studied. A diagonal bracing system, such as that used in the Eiffel Tower, was not architecturally desirable in offices relying on sunlight for illumination. The answer was found in greater reliance on the bending resistance of certain individual beams and columns strategically designed into the skeletn frame, together with a high degree of rigidity sought at the junction of the beams and columns. With today’s modern interior lighting systems, however, diagonal bracing against wind loads has returned; one notable example is the John Hancock Center in Chicago, where the external X-braces form a dramatic part of the structure’s façade. World War I brought an interruption to the boom in what had come to be called skyscrapers (the origin of the word is uncertain), but in the 1920s New York saw a resumption of the height race, culminating in the Empire State Building in the 1931. The Empire State’s 102 stories (1,250ft. [381m]) were to keep it established as the hightest building in the world for the next 40 years. Its speed of the erection demonstrated how thoroughly the new construction technique had been mastered. A depot across the bay at Bayonne, ., supplied the girders by lighter and truck on a schedule operated with millitary precision; nine derricks powerde by electric hoists lifted the girders to position; an industrial-railway setup moved steel and other material on each floor. Initial connections were made by bolting , closely followed by riveting, followed by masonry and finishing. The entire job was completed in one year and 45 days. The worldwide depression of the 1930s and World War II provided another interruption to steel construction development, but at the same time the introduction of welding to replace riveting provided an important advance. Joining of steel parts by metal are welding had been successfully achieved by the end of the 19th century and was used in emergency ship repairs during World War I, but its application to construction was limited until after World War II. Another advance in the same area had been the introduction of high-strength bolts to replace rivets in field connections. Since the close of World War II, research in Europe, the ., and Japan has greatly extended knowledge of the behavior of different types of structural steel under varying stresses, including those exceeding the yield point, making possible more refined and systematic analysis. This in turn has led to the adoption of more liberal design codes in most countries, more imaginative design made possible by so-called plastic design ?The introduction of the computer by short-cutting tedious paperwork, made further advances and savings possible.