社会语言学论文开题报告

这题目英文翻译的就有问题。。

A Comparative Study of Animal Words between English and Chinese[Abstract] In the history of developing process of human beings, some animals always keep relation with human and deeply influence human survival and development to some extent. This close relation repose human’s abounding emotions, like love, joy, hatred, fear and jealousy in animals, so there are lots of animal words in different languages. Words can reflect differences of culture and words are influenced by history, customs, values, and religion. Animal words are given special cultural connotations in different languages. There are many words of animals, such as dogs, birds, sheep, dragons, etc, used in metaphors in the human languages. These animal metaphors have explained the origins of different cultures. Research on comparisons of animal metaphors between Chinese and foreign language provides an answer to the explanations of cultural generalities. Cognitive interpretations of cultural differences or coincidence in different animal metaphors have been reflected from different language levels. Therefore, a reasonable explanation can only be found from the point of view of cognitive science. There are a lot of animal words in both English and Chinese. Their modes of thinking and background are different and they result in the implied meanings of animal words are possibly different. As we known, language is a culture carrier. Culture loaded words play an important role in paper focuses on the similarities and differences of animal words in both Chinese and English. Different cultural backgrounds and ways of thinking result in the different connotation of animal words. To be aware of the different cultures and ways of thinking in the two countries will help us understand the usage of the animal words better, thus understand the language itself much better.[Key Words] Animal words; cultural connotation; similarities and differences 英汉动物词的对比研究 【摘 要】在人类历史发展的漫长进程中, 有些动物一直与人类保持着密切联系并对人类的生存、发展有着深刻的影响。这种关系使得人类对动物产生喜爱、同情、厌恶、恐惧等错综复杂的情感, 人们也常常借动物来寄托和表达人的感情, 所以在英汉两种文化中都有许许多多与动物相关的词汇。同时语言中的词汇反映了文化发展的差异, 由于受历史、习俗、价值观念、宗教信仰等诸方面文化因素的影响, 中英两种语言赋予动物词汇以各自特定的文化内涵众所周知, 在不同语言和不同文化背景下, 每个词除了具有字面意义外, 还有丰富的文化内涵, 即该词所隐含的附带的联想义、比喻义、象征义及带有感情色彩的褒义和贬义等。许多同一动物在不同语言中其语词有着不同的文化内涵。从文化语言学和对比语言学的角度来分析对比中英两种语言中动物词的文化内涵之异同会有助于语言学习。动物词在英汉两种语言中的出现频率都很高。英汉民族思维方式和文化背景不同,同一动物所承载的意义也就会出现差异。通过对动物词文化意义的揭示和研究,不仅可以避免交际中的语用失误,而且对于不同文化的比较与导入有一定的理论和实践意义.语言是文化的载体, 不同民族的语言使世界上的文化呈现出千姿百态。文化差异赋予同一动物词语不同的内涵, 词汇反映了特定的社会文化, 不同的社会背景和文化差异造成了词汇在文化内涵上的差异。通过比较, 人们可以更清楚地感受到英汉文化在动物词语上留下的历史文化差异。本文从同一个动物词代表相同的意义；同一个动物词代表不同的意义； 不同的动物词代表相同的意义； 英汉特有的动物词涵义这四个方面来讨论英汉动物词汇涵义的相同点和不同点。【关键词】动物词；文化内涵； 异同 1. IntroductionIn the history of developing process, human beings keep close relation with animals. They live together on the same earth, and they have great impact on each other. This close relation reposes human’s abounding emotions, like love, joy, hatred, fear and jealousy in animals and results in the emergence and enrichment of animal words in different languages. However, different people from different countries have different ways of thinking and social backgrounds. Therefore, the implied meaning of the words that have the same denotations may be totally different. They are given special cultural connotations for the different social backgrounds and national conventions. And as it is well-known, both English and Chinese have a sea of animal words, which are endowed abundant cultural connotations. So, this paper tries to discuss the cultural connotations of animal words both in English and Chinese from the following aspects: the words refer to the same animal with the same connotations; the words refer to the same animal but with different connotations; the words refer to different animals with the same connotation; the words refer to the same animal but only has connotation in English or Chinese. With comparison, the English learners can better understand the usage of the animal words. 2. The worth for the comparison of animal words between English and Chinese“Cultural connotation refers to the general meaning including connotative meaning and cultural meaning carried in different cultural circumstance. It includes the meaning added and the amplified meaning under special social and cultural background, and also includes the emotions and attitudes of some particular cultural colony.”[1] As we have mentioned above, different social backgrounds render diverse cultural connotations to different languages. Therefore, even if animal words of different languages have the same conceptual meanings, their connotative meanings are not totally the same. As we all know, English has become one of the most open languages around the world. Since it was born, it has never stopped its self-development and meanwhile assimilated other’s cultural essence from different countries. As the result, it can be sure that the animal words in English language have rich cultural implications. And Chinese, as one of the oldest languages in the world, has evolved over 5000 years. The animal words in Chinese have their own specific cultural connotations as well. Fore these reasons, it is worthwhile to make a good comparison of animal words between English and Chinese both for the English language learners and Chinese language learners. It can help them get a better comprehension of the intercultural communication as well. 3. The similarities and differences of animal words between English and . Similar words or similar . The words refer to the same animal with the same connotation It is sure that people around the world live in similar surroundings, so they will have similar thinking on some aspects. When they learn some animal words from their basic cognition to the world, these animal words are endowed with the same cultural connotation. For example, regardless of English or Chinese culture, the animal, fox is the symbol of crafty. Phrases: old fox; play the foxSentences: (1) She is as cunning as a fox, you’ve got to watch her. [2] (2) I could not help reflecting on the strange by which the old fox had saved himself. (3) Are you sure you can trust that man------he is such a sly old fox. [3] Fox also means sly crafty and doubtful in Chinese, for example: (1) 狐假虎威: the ass in the lion’s skin;(fig) bully people by flaunting one'spowerful connections.(2) 狐狸尾巴: fox's tail-cloven hoof; something that gives away the evil intention of somebody like a fox tail(3) 狐朋狗友: a pack of rogues; a gang of scoundrels(4) 狐狸精: fox spirit symbolizing a seductive woman(5) 狐疑: doubt; suspicion [4]In Chinese, “old fox” means someone who is very crafty. For example：(1) 他是一只老狐狸，不要轻易相信他说的话。(He is an old fox, whose words cannot be believed.)(

论文开题报告基本要素

各部分撰写内容

论文标题应该简洁，且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。

摘要是对论文提纲的总结，通常不超过1或2页，摘要包含以下内容：

目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题， 副标题应缩进。

这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景，缩小研究问题的范围，适当列出相关的参考文献。

这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要，而是必须对其进行批判性评论，并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。

这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下，主要研究问题应该足够广泛，而次要研究问题和假设则更具体，每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。

随着中国经济的迅猛发展和全球化进程的加快,中日两国在政治、经贸、文化、教育等领域的交流日益密切,日语人才急需,掌握日语成了刻不容缓之事。下面是我为大家整理的日语开题报告范文，欢迎阅读。

所选题目名称：

外来语の激増の原因とその影响について

外来语激增的原因及其影响分析

课题研究现状：

外来语是西方国家先进的文化和科学技术成果不断流入日本的证明。而使用外来语是我们学习和使用日语过程中的一种普遍现象。随着社会的进步和人类文明的发展，外来语作为一种社会语言现象和文化现象，促使了日语本身的发展和日本社会文化的进步。同时随着外来语在日语中的泛滥，也出现了不少问题，引起了日语学习和研究者及日本社会的广泛关注。

关于日语外来语，《大辞泉》(小学馆)将其定义为：ほかの言语から借用して、自国语と同様に使用するようになった语。借用语。日本では、広义には,汉语を含まれるが、狭义には主として欧米诸国から入ってきた语を言う。现在では一般に片仮名で表记される。1956年日本国立语言研究所就日语中和语，汉语，外来语，混合语几类构成日语的词汇，对大众化的90种杂志进行调查，得出以下数据：和语 汉语 外来语 混合语。10年后的1966年同一研究所又以《朝日新闻》，《每日新闻》，《读卖新闻》三大报纸一年的日报，晚报为对象，进行了日语词汇构成比的调查，得出以下数据：和语 汉语 外来语 混合语。由此可见，10年岁月的推移，外来语的比例得到一定程度的提高。此外，外来语在日本社会和文化中的作用也引起了广大学者的关注。日本学者荒川物兵卫在《角川外来语辞典》(1969)一书中指出：“一个个单词是民族文化的种子，一个个外来语则是一个民族吸收外来文化的种子。”《实用最新外来语辞典》(1979)的序作者富道勇夫也曾说过：“难于出口的话语用外来语说就容易多了。”

随着中日两国间的不断交流和合作，越来越多的中国人开始学习和研究日语。日语外来语也受到了一些从事社会语言学研究的学者的兴趣。皮细庚在《日语概说》(皮细庚，1996)专门辟章探讨了外来语，是外来语研究历程中的一块里程碑。皮细庚不但讨论了外来语的来源，揭示了外来语的本质，还分析了外来语的特点，着重将外来语和原语进行对比，对其中的“和制英语”作出了详细的解释。此后多年我国外语界的一部分学者深受外来语研究的启发，陆续发表了一些论文和书籍。

特别是进入21世纪后，国内学者对外来语研究的范围更加广泛。郑成在日语学习与研究(2001年第4期)上发表了名为《试析日语外来语与日本的社会心理》的论文。郑成不仅深入研究了外来语的特点，还深刻分析了外来语使用的现状，提出外来语激增的双刃剑作用，更将外来语和日本历史社会的心理联系起来。沈宇澄在其主编的《现代日语词汇学》一书中就外来语的作用、表记、语义展开讨论。朱京伟则在《日语词汇学教程》(2005)中论述了外来语的特征和历史，同时也分析了外来语和原语的区别，特别提出了外来语和在来语的关系。《相识日语》(2005)的作者王冰从外来语词语的移植方式的角度对外来语进行了研究。

综上所述，近年来有很多学者都对外来语进行了探讨和研究，主要集中在外来语的来源、特征、现状、作用及同原语的比较上，并且都已取得重要的研究成果。然而，对外来语近年来激增的原因及其影响的研究略有不足，所以本文将着重研究外来语的激增原因和影响。

课题研究目的：

本文通过对日语外来语激增的原因及其影响分析，旨在加深对外来语的了解，以便为广大的日语学习和研究者带来更多便利，方便其更好地使用外来语。由于外来语在日语中的比例不断增加，所以全面而深入地研究外来语对于我们学好日语，进行中日跨国交流有很大的帮助。外来语不仅是一种语言现象，也可以视作一种社会和文化现象，因此对外来语激增原因及其影响分析对外语教学研究、翻译和实际应用都具有积极地指导意义。

课题研究要点：

1 引言

2 外来语的定义

3 外来语的现状(激增)

4 外来语激增的原因

社会发展的客观需要

日本人的心理原因

日语本身的语言结构特性

5 外来语激增的影响

积极方面

a外来语高雅、新颖

b能委婉地表达事物

c 能精练表示事物的概念与区别

d 有利于日本的国际交流和经济文化的发展

消极方面

a 日语丧失其纯正性

b 造成不同年龄段间的语言交流障碍

c 外来语的泛滥和误用

6 结论

课题进度安排：

10月30日，提交开题报告。

11月3日，参加开题答辩。

1月8日，完成毕业论文初稿(电子稿)。

3月18日，完成毕业论文终稿(纸质稿)。

3月27日，参加毕业论文答辩。

主要参考文献：

1富永道夫.实用最新外来语辞典[M].日本千曲秀出版社,1979(这是日本文献，请用日语表达)

2荒川物兵卫.角川外来语辞典[M].角川书店,1969

3铃木孝夫.闭ざされた言语:日本语の世界[M].东京岩波书店,2000

4皮细庚. 日语概说[M].上海外语教育出版社 ,1996

5沈宇澄.现代日语词汇学[M].上海外语教育出版社,2005

6王冰.相识日语[M].北京语言大学出版社,2005

7郑成 .浅析日语外来语与日本的社会心理[J].日语学习与研究,2001(4)

8朱京伟 .日语词汇学教程[M].外语教学与研究出版社,2005

题目：日本固有のものの中国语訳について

三、题目来源：真实 □、 自拟 ■ (二选一) 简历大全

四、结业方式：设计 □、 论文 ■ (二选一) 开题报告

五、主要内容：

本课题实际上主要研究的是汉语中一些来源于日本的外来词。对这些外来词进行分类研究，并就外来词中翻译的不准确，有异议的地方提出自己的翻译建议。来源于日语的外来词很多，有的是纯粹来源于日本本民族文化的外来词，像“歌舞伎”“寿司”“榻榻米”等。有的是词源来源于西方，经由日本翻译，后被中国采用的外来词，像“民主”，“科学”“大本营”等。如果统统作以分类研究的话，一来工作量繁重，二来枝杈太多，难下定论。作以本课题只就前一种情况，即来源于日本本民族的外来词为研究对象，对其翻译方法以及翻译中涉及的文化因素进行探讨。本文大体上拟分为以下五部分。

第一部分为破题部分，即说明此课题的研究范围和前提。主要是对来源于日语的外来词作以归类，并指明本课题的研究方向。

第二部分是本文的核心部分，从直译和和意译两方面的外来词分别举例分析。总结适用于直译和意译的一些规律。通过具体例子，指明意译中一些翻译不恰当，有歧义的地方，提出自己的改进意见。

第三部分将就翻译中还需要说明和考虑的一些其他问题作以探讨。众所周知，文字是文化的载体，翻译与文化有着密不可分的关系。所以本部分将从三章论述。第一，中日两国对于外来语的不同态度。第二，中日语汇间的复杂关系。第三，外来语的引入对于文化间的交流和对本民族文化的冲击。

第四部分，对一些外来词的进行有趣的比较。如“日本料理”和“日本菜”，“章鱼烧”和“章鱼丸子”，“刺身”和“生鱼片”等。

第五部分为该课题的总结及展望，外来词的吸收不仅需要翻译技术的硬件支持，还需要中日两国人民的相互认识和了解的加深。

PS：任务书就主要内容和参考文献部分需要自己写，其他地方都差不多。

1先行研究

日本国内における研究

Name is translation often occurred in ingredients. It seemingly small component, but it is bad to can cause many misunderstandings and then. Translation even difficult difficult in its profound cultural connotations, and the source language and target language different expression and accept culture way. To appropriate and scientifically translation gaudentia, must comprehend the profound cultural connotation and to follow certain translation principles, make even in both languages can be correctly understood, and do not break the source language characteristic. This paper tries to Chinese name cultural differences, naming conventions comparison, Chinese and western literature works named after people cultural connotation and so on several aspects to explore even translation principles. A Chinese and western even cultural differences Name and name from arranged sequencing see Chinese and western names cultural differences Have surnamed famous common features of the eastern and western people, but in the name of the permutation order is inverted: Chinese (li si) name permutation order is: the name is prior, name behind, While the westerners (George Bush) name permutation order by contrast, name prior, surname last. This surname and name different permutation order is east of traditional culture in different names. Name embodied on the code, and embody family name is individual code of Chinese and western names. In this name and name permutation order is orientals in "universality and individuality" relationship held by different idea reflected. In general supreme, "three cardinal guides emphasizes so-called p-five" of Chinese traditional culture, which is inevitable represents the fathers, family's "surname" prior, who represent the individual, human symbols -- "name" last. By contrast, westerners are stress individual character, respect personal independent personality and subject consciousness, therefore represent personality conception of "name" were put in front, and represents the common surname "concept" rear. The Chinese to "surname" hotly-contested three-week dash across, inspect if "sacred", While the westerners to "surname" is watching very light, very casually. Second, the Chinese and western naming conventions comparison named principle Chinese name of total principle is: the form significance is beautiful, choose lucky words: such as "happiness", "wealth", "ting" etc, Or choose refined characters, such as "jia", "" etc. We compare the Anglo-American name: Nancy (Nancy, meaning "elegant", Helen (Helen, meaning "sunshine", Frances (Frances, meaning "freedom", it can be seen in principle differences. Naming names from the west principle can be reflected in this sentence, that is "take a good name is better than riches", But Chinese naming principles might as well as "auspicious life, summarize grave life". naming convention Chinese naming rich and colorful, reflects the nation in different social, different era of ideas, meanwhile reflected people's aspirations, ideal, etc. (1) the birth horoscope name. This is the Chinese a named custom, birth horoscope and gold, wood, water, fire and earth "five elements" to calculate, see lack a printing line is used the word name, like "f", "water", "sawasaki sichuan, etc; RunTu" Westerners natural don't believe this sets. (2) to be born time fame. Such as "chunsheng", "dawn", "song", Western naming, no this method. (3) ranking order name. Such as: "zhang SAN", "li si", "the king", The Anglo-American children ranked according to metal, such as: "ranking arrangement for the Gold (long children Gold) : Gold and Silver (Silver for children times) : ShiEr eph. (4) parents surname name. Such as: father's song, mother's name Korea, daughter named SongHan (harmonics). (5) to parents look forward to name. Such as: LiFuQin, Ruth (rose), meaning "beauty". (6) birthplace name. Such as: WangHuSheng, Scott (Scott), etc. . (7) on animals and plants for life. Such as: dragon, wild goose, tiger, chicken, rumei, Ephraim; etc. British and American names: started (Rose), Lily (lilies), etc. In addition, there are many Chinese to fame, use fixed degress word mean generation degress, make a cycle, from generation to generation. Three, sino-foreign literature works named after people cultural connotation of perspective Works of literature creation, character name selection is very important. Because in the characters, according to the purpose of writing, in order to deeply reveal characters' personalities, indicating that the fate of the characters, and end always carefully and cautiously for character select name. And, as in the names and nico panov society in his book "the more famous said, master, the more for his work carefully choose name hero." this means its connotation more rich, translation should be more ZiZhenGouZhuo, certain translation guiding principle is necessary. To sum up, the Chinese and western names reflect the differences between Chinese and western culture differences. Names is the carrier of culture and the mirror image, names and cultural change together. In symbiosis named after people more reflects different customs. Literary works named after people usually have clew character and the connotation of destiny. In translation names to follow "name from master", "conventional", "brief" principle of literary works middleman. The name of the translation and processing according to different circumstances, follow the coexistence and free translation, "" principle and" translate "refer to the significance of names principle.