傲慢与偏见论文答辩英文版

我的论文-----权衡:爱情与金钱----论《傲慢与偏见》中婚姻三重境界。（上）一、引言简·奥斯丁（Jane Austen），1775年12月生于英国汉普郡的史蒂文顿，有兄弟姐妹八人。她并不算是一位长寿的作家，在1816年初她得了重病，身体日渐衰弱，不幸于1817年7月18日死在姐姐的怀抱里；奥斯丁也算不上是位多产的作家，尽管年仅21岁就写出了她的第一部小说《最初的印象》（19年后重新改写，即《傲慢与偏见》）。但在她的创作生涯中，具有代表性的作品只有六部。可这丝毫没有减弱奥斯丁在英国文学中的地位，反而随着时间的流逝而日益重要。即使在今天，她的读者也是有增无减。她的作品被屡次改编成电影、电视剧，深受广大观众的喜爱。批评家托.巴.麦考莱就曾赞扬到：“作家中手法最接近（莎士比亚）这位大师的，无疑就要算简·奥斯丁了，这位女性堪称是英国之骄傲。她为我们创造出了一大批的人物…”二、钟情婚姻爱情描写从18世纪末到19世纪初，庸俗无聊的“感伤小说”和“哥特小说”充斥着英国文坛，而奥斯丁创作的小说则是一反常规地展现当时尚未受到资本主义冲击的英国乡村中产阶级的日常生活和田园风光。她“是第一个现实地描绘日常平凡生活中平凡人物的小说家。她的作品反映了当时英国中产阶级生活的喜剧，显示了家庭文学的可能性。她多次探索青年女主角从恋爱到结婚中的自我发现过程，这种着力分析人物性格以及女主角和社会之间紧张关系的做法，使她的小说摆脱十八世纪的传统而接近于现代的生活。正是这种现代性，加上她的机智和风趣，她的小说能长期吸引读者。”[1]尽管反映的广度和深度有限，但对改变当时小说创作中的庸俗风气起了很好的作用，因此奥斯丁的小说在英国小说发展史上有承上启下的意义。简·奥斯丁一生都是居住在乡村小镇，接触的人物以中小地主、牧师为主，观察的环境也以他们恬静、舒适的生活为主，在她的作品中，我们看不到有对重大社会矛盾的反映。有趣的是，尽管奥斯丁终身未嫁，但在她的作品中最为人津津乐道的，却是有关婚姻与爱情的描写。她以女性特有的细致入微的观察力和对细腻情感的把握，生动真实地描绘了简.奥斯丁周围世界的小天地，特别是绅士淑女之间的婚姻和爱情风波。简·奥斯丁的六部作品可以说都是以婚姻为主题的婚姻小说，虽然她的婚姻观不可避免得要打上时代的烙印，但也不是完全正统的。而比较清晰得展现作家婚姻爱情观念的作品，无疑要算《傲慢与偏见》了，这部反映婚姻问题的小说是作者最喜欢的作品，同时也是她最受欢迎的一部作品。在2007年3月1日的“世界书日”上，《傲慢与偏见》被英国读者评选为“十大不可或缺的书”之首。整部作品通过贝内特几个女儿的婚姻经历为基点，以伊丽莎白与达西的感情经历为情节主线，展示了18世纪中后期英国社会贵族阶层的婚姻状况。从某中程度上，也探讨了婚姻的内涵，因此此书也具有一定的社会意义和现实意义。文学批评家马克肖尔这样评价《傲慢与偏见》：“《傲慢与偏见》及奥斯丁后期的小说会令愚顿者震撼。如她的见解能被认同，这个由愚顿者构成的社会必将脱胎换骨。”[2]三、三段婚姻展现三重境界人们的择偶动机决定人们的择偶标准。择偶动机不同，人们的择偶标准也不会相同。自古以来，人们的择偶标准既要遵循婚姻的自然属性，又不得不受婚姻社会属性的影响。婚姻的自然属性决定了人们择偶时要考虑对方的身体、经济、宗教、道德等因素。人们在选择婚姻伴侣时不可能只有单一的动机，而是几种动机同时存在，只是侧重点不同罢了。而这种侧重点的差异表现出来便是人们择偶标准的差异。根据择偶标准的差异，历史学家劳伦斯·斯通，在其名著《1500-1800年英国家庭、性和婚姻》中将当时英国人的择偶动机分为四类：为了巩固家庭的经济、政治或社会地位；为了个人的感情、友爱和情谊；性的吸引；激情之爱。[3]在《傲慢与偏见》里，作者所塑造出的几种婚姻关系，大都可以从中找到相符合的类型。例如夏洛特和柯林斯的结合，就符合“为了巩固家庭的经济、政治或社会地位”这一类型。简·奥斯丁用一种轻松的方式对《傲慢与偏见》里的婚姻与婚姻相关的一系列活动进行了诙谐的描述。男士们如何挑选妻子，年轻的女子以及她们的母亲如何为其挑选未来的夫君，构成了这部小说许多精彩的场景。在这部探讨婚姻关系的作品中，作者着力刻画了几种不同的婚姻和爱情关系，除了上面提到的夏洛特和柯林斯的婚姻，还有几对比较重要的婚姻：莉迪亚和威克姆；伊丽莎白和达西等等。尽管他们都走进了婚姻的围城，但是婚姻的幸福度却各不相同。这是因为奥斯丁笔下的婚姻，不仅涉及到感情，而且还和经济紧密相关。“凡是有财产的单身汉必定要娶位太太，这已经成为了一条举世公认的真理。”[4]本书的第一句话就点出了影响婚姻的一个重要因素—金钱，然而果真是一条真理吗？我们对小说进行分析，可以将书中的婚姻划分为三种不同的境界，通过比较，我们就会有自己的判断。（一）莉迪亚和威克姆的婚姻：盲目的激情追求享乐在《傲慢与偏见》中，如果要选出一桩最荒诞且最不被看好的婚姻，无疑就是莉迪亚和威克姆的婚姻了。作者甚至没有正面交代二人是如何走到一起，继而出走的。只是简单的通过简和M·加德纳舅妈写给伊丽莎白的信，让读者了解情况的大概。两个人之间很难说有什么爱情，即使勉强有，也只能算是“肉欲之爱”产生的盲目激情。简·奥斯丁对他们的婚姻持一种批判的态度，莉迪亚的轻浮、卤莽和无知即使在小说的结尾也没有改变，威克姆的狡诈、野心和肤浅也使我们感到厌恶。理智、感情与道德可以说是婚姻精神层面上最重要的组成部分，而这对婚姻不具备其中的任何一项，他们婚姻的失败早已注定。婚姻的基础是婚姻最终成立的根据，决定着婚姻的特性。西方的婚姻更加注重性的因素，在他们看来男女的结合“主要报偿是性关系的满足。”长久以来，西方人有这样的观念，婚姻是为了爱情和寻求伴侣，还有的是为了性的和谐，避免孤独。莉迪亚习惯沉醉在男人的追捧中，而且一向用清不专，“只要受到人家的勾引，对谁都会上钩。”她对人的好恶，选择男人的标准，只是看对方的脸蛋漂不漂亮。当有漂亮的男人出现时，她的注意力马上就会集中过去。至于自己是不是爱上对方，她一点也不在乎，也更不会在乎对方是否真的爱她。这种以性爱为基础的带有鲜明个人性的婚姻是缺乏稳定性的。婚姻是个人的事，与别人没有直接关系，这样做出决定和采取行动就比较容易，没有什么牵制和挂碍。爱情本身是不稳定的，是人类情感中最难以捉摸的部分。[5]韦政通说：“在所有的爱中，最强烈，最令人困惑，也是最缺乏稳定性的就是性爱。”所以建立在性爱基础上的婚姻总是包含着“隐伏的危机。”[6]而人的本性中又有“喜新厌旧”的倾向，因而更加重了建立在性爱上的婚姻的不稳定性。莉迪亚和威克姆的婚姻既是个人的，又是根植于性爱的，它的不稳定性就成为必然了。加之西方社会中人与人之间的情感交流比较受限。在这种环境下夫妻间的冲突所产生的情绪障碍很难获得疏导，日积月累容易造成不和，情感上就会出现创伤、裂缝。这种情感上的伤痕便无法弥合而全面崩溃，当做为婚姻基础的性爱消失，那婚姻自然也没有存在的必要。《傲慢与偏见》中莉迪亚和威克姆婚姻的前景，作者在最后一章含蓄得指出：“威克姆不久便清淡爱弛，莉迪亚对他稍许持久一些。”威克姆选择莉迪亚的原因，书中并没有详细指出，不过他之所以同意与莉迪亚结婚，金钱发挥了重要的作用。威克姆是个不折不扣的花花公子，在与莉迪亚私奔前，曾经追求过金小姐和达西小姐，不是因为性，而是为了金钱。威克姆怀有这样的心态，与当时的社会风气不无关系。在18世纪时财富仍是社会中上层择偶时的重点，正如1727年丹尼尔迪福所抱怨的那样，“金钱和处女膜仍是人们考虑的目标。”同时威克姆做为地位稍底的中等阶级（lower middle classes），并没有大量的财产传承，因而更加重了他对金钱的贪婪。最终还是达西先生出面，替威克姆偿还了债务，并在莉迪亚名下的钱之外，又给了她一千英镑，并给威克姆买了个官职，最终换来了威克姆和莉迪亚的婚姻。“美貌与相貌平常的人一样，也得有饭吃，有衣穿。”可见在这段婚姻中除了盲目的激情，金钱也扮演了“关键先生”的角色。（二）夏洛特和柯林斯的婚姻：向现实妥协在《傲慢与偏见》中，金钱和爱情婚姻往往是形影不离，难分难舍的。小说里人们谈婚论嫁时总少不了金钱的影子，而阐述金钱对于婚姻的选择，一个最典型的例子就是柯林斯牧师和夏洛特·卢卡斯的结合了。柯林斯选择夏洛特做自己的妻子，显然不是因为爱上她，在柯林斯向伊丽莎白求婚时就已经详细阐述了他要结婚的理由：“第一，我认为每个生活宽裕的牧师（像我本人），理当给教区在婚姻方面树立一个榜样；第二，我相信结婚会大大增进我的幸福；第三—这一点或许应该早一点提出来，我有幸奉为恩主的那位贵妇人特别劝嘱我要结婚。”因而当柯林斯像伊丽莎白求婚遭到拒绝后，他毫不犹豫的把结婚对象转向了夏洛特小姐。柯林斯急着结婚，并不是出于个人需要，只是在完成他所崇拜的德布尔夫人（达西的姑妈）布置的一项任务，只要结婚了就算完成了任务。至于结婚对象是谁，对她是不是有感情这些并不重要。而且夏洛特小姐还算是贵族出身的小姐，也算是门当户对，这就已经足够了。柯林斯这个人并不懂得如何去爱和经营婚姻，他看上去有些笨拙可笑，缺少男子汉气概但又很自负。他的婚姻一定程度上是遵循了当时社会上流行的婚姻理念：“凡是有财产的单身汉必定要娶位太太，这已经成为一条举世公认的真理。”夏洛特·卢卡斯可以说是《傲慢与偏见》里有头脑并富有理性的一位女子，是她最先看出达西对伊丽莎白有意，并且向伊丽莎白表达她对简和宾利感情发展的担忧（事实证明她是正确的）。夏洛特的聪明伶俐令人印象深刻，可更让人感叹的是她对自己婚姻选择的那份精明。她清楚得认识到了当时英国社会中上层阶级婚姻的普遍本质：物质因素是18世纪至19世纪英国社会的婚姻生活的重要因素。卢卡斯家族也算是属于贵族阶级，在16至18世纪期间，英国贵族“婚姻并不是为了满足个人心理和生理需要的私人结合，而是一种确保家庭和其财产永存的制度性策略。”[7]贵族的婚姻很大程度上要服从家庭的利益，他们非常注重婚姻所带来的经济利益。对于许多处于经济困难的贵族来说，尤其如此。因而，属于破落贵族家庭的夏洛特没有多少可观的嫁妆，也无法攀高求贵，被迫嫁给柯林斯实际也是一种无奈的选择。而且在18世纪末、19世纪初的英国，这也是一个以男性为中心的时代，男女不平等，妇女的社会地位非常低下。法律规定，女性不拥有财产继承权，家庭生活被认为是最适合妇女的天地。妇女要生存，要获得生活上的保障和“财政保证”，婚姻是捷径也是唯一的途径。这就导致了当时的婚姻不仅仅是作为爱情的归宿，还会是“谋生”的手段，也就难免出现一些看似荒唐的事。“并且，马克思（和贝尔）曾说，妇女在和男人的关系中的地位使我们可以判断出一定特定社会自由和不自由的程度。[8]夏洛特是何等聪明的女子！她早就看出了柯林斯先生既不通情达理，又不讨人喜欢，同他相处实在令人厌烦，而且他对她的爱也一定是“镜花水月”。但是她还是选择了他做丈夫，因为夏洛特选择的这种婚姻，总归是女人最适意的保险箱，能确保她不至于挨冻受饥，也不用担心丈夫变心，至于婚姻幸福与否则就要放到次要位置了。所以在伊丽莎白拜访朋友的时，发现“柯林斯先生有时说些让夏洛特实在难为情的话”“夏洛特一般总是明智地装作没听见。”而且夏洛特也并不把他放在心上，单独带妹妹和伊丽莎白参观住宅，而且她也非常高兴。似乎如果柯林斯不存在，就真有一种舒适的气氛。这就是夏洛特和柯林斯的婚姻，很显然成就这段婚姻的关键就是金钱。对柯林斯来说，这样的生活让他很满足，婚姻的“目的”也已经实现。而夏洛特“用什么手段驾御丈夫，有多大的度量容忍他，不得不承认，事情处理得相当不错。”这样的一种靠金钱财富维持的婚姻虽然并不完美，但毕竟也是一种婚姻。在这桩婚姻里，夏洛特和柯林斯之间是没有温暖和幸福的感觉的，只是枯燥平淡的生活着。也许只有当他们孕育出下一代时，彼此才会产生一种爱—对下一代的爱，对孩子的关心呵护，到那时他们的婚姻也许便不这么乏味。奥斯丁并不欣赏这样的婚姻，透过文字可以感觉到她对这种婚姻的嘲讽之意。但以我们现代的视角来看，夏洛特做出这样的选择，也是迫于现实的无奈呵。岁月不留人，对她这样一位老姑娘来说，有一个归宿似乎才是最重要的。我们当然不会赞赏夏洛特的选择，但能否试着对她多一分的理解和宽容呢？参考文献在(下)啊~~~**************************************************硕士学位论文：论简·奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观IntroductionJaneAusten(1775一IS17)(women'seducationofhertime),allhereducationwastoreadherfather'sbooksofboththeseriousandthepopularliteratureoftheday.(Herfatherhadalibraryof500booksby1801).(Thefournovelswhichwerepublishedwhileshelived一SenseandSensibiliyt(1811)rideandPrejudice(1813);MansfieldPark(1814);andEmma(1816)一appearedwithouthernameonthetitlepage;usuallytheirauthorshipwasattributedonlyto"alady.")Austen,thegreatnarratorofcourtshipandmarriage,nevermarried,lookeduponherwritingsasher"babies",;NorthangerAbbey;MansfieldPark,';ineffect,shetransformedtheeighteenth-centurynovel,whichcouldbeaclumsyandprimitiveperformance一**************************************************《傲慢与偏见》感言其实我看的书不算太多，而且看了以后只知道说好和不好，至于为什么，大多说不出一个所以然，我忘性大，很多书看过以后只记得一个大概，所以不敢乱评论。初中的时候刚刚开始对课外阅读有兴趣的时候，要好的同学在我生日的时候送了一本《傲慢与偏见》，孙致礼翻译的，算是我读的第一本名著，从此我开始看名著，然而不论哪一本名著都抵不上《傲慢与偏见》被我翻的次数频繁（虽然现在叫我讲里面的经典句子我也多半说不出来了），闭上眼睛回忆这本书的内容的时候，总会想象在舞会上达西先生说伊丽莎白的美貌尚可的时候的样子和伊丽莎白当时的脸色，可笑的的柯林斯先生，卢卡斯先生，伊丽莎白和达西针锋相对的场景，激烈争吵的场景和伊丽莎白那封戏剧化的信，以及两人在彭伯利相见的细枝末节。这些都是戏剧化的场景，在BBC95年版的迷你电视剧里面得到了很好的演绎，至今仍是我心目当中名著改编成电视剧的最佳典范之一。青春年少之时，受某些思想的毒害之深，总想着伟大的小说必定是激发你为一些Larger than life的伟大事业奋斗的的东西，因此，总会很惋惜这部作品的“小家子气”，然而还是不由自主地为它深深吸引，为“二寸象牙上面的雕刻”之精巧而折服。奥斯丁对笔下的滑稽人物的嘲笑虽然辛辣，却也十分有道理，在她笔下，人性的势利和庸俗的一面被刻画得栩栩如生，让人先是发出会心的一笑，然后忍不住拷问自己的灵魂。小说开头那句“凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。”已经是脍炙人口的名句了。这样戏剧化的故事和作者波澜不惊的人生形成鲜明对比。前段的电影Becoming Jane把奥斯丁的生平故事编排成《傲慢与偏见》故事的反面。作为一个奥斯丁迷，我和大多数粉丝一样，对此深感不以为然。据专家考究，奥斯丁终其一生未婚并不是像电影里面所说的因为无法忘记这个La Foy先生的缘故，其原因之复杂似乎她的最后一本小说《劝导》比较沾边，女主角Anne年少的时候和男主角Frank相爱，然而因为种种世俗的原因和长辈的劝告最终放弃了这段感情，多年以后相遇发现旧情仍在，只不过在奥斯定的真实人生里面，她的Frank并没有以荣归故里的海军军官身份出现，而是不幸死于一场突然爆发疾病，最终故事以无法弥补的遗憾告终，而奥斯丁也没有痛不欲生，仍然过着她平静而安宁的居家生活。难能可贵的是，从奥斯丁的6部小说里面，看不到任何的自伤情绪，不论女主人公是一个什么样的性格，我们可以看到作家对她们的人生际遇的真正的关切，这是一种普世的关切，的确，婚姻未必是一个人人生的全部，可是选择什么样的婚姻的确能对一个人的人生产生很大的影响，追求婚姻的幸福，男女双方性情的契合总是没有错的。奥斯丁的《傲慢与偏见》对许多小说和电影作品也产生了深刻的影响。凯瑟琳盖斯凯尔夫人的《南方与北方》虽然背景不同，也是以这样的方式展开。男女主人公恋爱的模式和《傲慢与偏见》如出一辙，也是突破偏见和误解通过一系列冲突慢慢了解最后达到水乳交融。一部《BJ单身日记》也是身为简迷的作家对《傲》这部作品的致敬，不光给男主角取名Mark Darcy,还特意请来了BBC95版的达西先生Colin Firth出演这个角色。为什么这样的模式受到人们的特别喜爱呢？俗语说“不是冤家不聚头”，冤家们其实多半是性格互补的，据有经验人士表示，这样的关系比较长久，看来奥斯丁深谙这个道理。写到这里，我不禁浮想联翩，也许，有时候，人和人之间的心灵碰撞的确需要以一种激烈的方式进行，人生的趣味因而增加。只有经历一些风浪，才容易看清楚你身边的人吧，或者，只有在风浪当中，你才知道要抓住什么，才知道可贵的是什么。所以呢，从某种意义上来说，伊丽莎白家里不幸的丑闻，《南方与北方》里面马格丽特的父母双亡，Bridget Jones的遭遇，就像《倾城之恋》里面香港这座城市的沦陷，是为了成全这一对对冤家。让那些道学家们摇头去吧！写得不好，建议大家去读读这篇：值得一提的是，95BBC电视剧版的编剧是英国著名的编剧Andrew Davis，本人是一个作家，也是奥斯丁迷，男的哦。他成功改编过的作品有多部，，比如乔治艾略特的Middlemarch，盖斯凯尔夫人的《妻子与女儿》。在《傲慢与偏见》里面他为Colin Firth额外添加了一个书里面没有的场景，就是在池塘里面游泳然后浑身湿淋淋地从水里出来，正巧和伊丽莎白撞了一个正着，这个场景很有现代感，并不突兀，也因此为他吸引了不少女粉丝，真是厉害！

First published in 1813, Pride and Prejudice has consistently been Jane Austen's most popular novel. It portrays life in the genteel rural society of the day, and tells of the initial misunderstandings and later mutual enlightenment between Elizabeth Bennet (whose liveliness and quick wit have often attracted readers) and the haughty Darcy. The title Pride and Prejudice refers (among other things) to the ways in which Elizabeth and Darcy first view each other. The original version of the novel was written in 1796-1797 under the title First Impressions, and was probably in the form of an exchange of Austen's own tongue-in-cheek opinion of her work, in a letter to her sister Cassandra immediately after its publication, was: "Upon the whole... I am well satisfied enough. The work is rather too light, and bright, and sparkling; it wants [. needs] shade; it wants to be stretched out here and there with a long chapter of sense, if it could be had; if not, of solemn specious nonsense, about something unconnected with the story: an essay on writing, a critique on Walter Scott, or the history of Buonaparté, or anything that would form a contrast and bring the reader with increased delight to the playfulness and general epigrammatism of the general style".Jump to the Pride and Prejudice table of contents. Document structure:This Pride and Prejudice e-text is fairly thoroughly hypertexted, but there are no cross references from one part of the main body of the text to another part. Instead, links go into or out of the main text, either to or from one of five indexes: The list of characters, the list of events in chronological order, the comments on random topics, the index to the motifs of "pride" and "prejudice", or the list of important places (with a map).It has been pointed out that since Chapter 1 is marked up pretty much the same way as any other chapter, those who have never read Pride and Prejudice before may find a confusing plethora of links in the first few chapters -- don't feel you have to click on to use this DocumentIf you have a graphics browser, then you will see little mini-icons preceding links in some menus in the Pride and Prejudice hypertext (and elsewhere in the Jane Austen pages):A down-arrow indicates a link to the next subdocument in a series (or to a later point, often the end, in the current subdocument). An up-arrow indicates a link to the preceding subdocument in a series (or to an earlier point, often the beginning, in the current subdocument). A curvy back-arrow indicates a jump back to a superordinate document (often a higher-level table of contents). A rightwards-pointing arrow indicates all other links (. links to a subdocument subordinate to the current one, or random "sideways" links). One practical point is that when web browsers follow a link, they tend to put the text referenced by the link at the extreme top of the screen or window, which can be a little awkward for a document which includes many links which go to the middle of a paragraph, as this one does. When you have followed a link, and the promised topic of the link doesn't seem to immediately leap into prominence, look near or at the top of the window, and then scroll back a few lines if necessary to get the immediate context of the reference. On the other hand, when there is a reference to a location near the end of an HTML file, some browsers (including the most frequently used graphic browsers!) will put the end of the file at the bottom of the window, with no indication of where in the window the target location is. (Complain to the software companies about these annoying browser peculiarities.)

傲慢与偏见》是简·奥斯丁的早期表作，也是她具有写作特色的代表作。她以日常生活为素材，以女性特有的敏锐和细腻、幽默和诙谐的笔调描绘了一系列栩栩如生的女性人物形象，特别是 对小说女主人公伊丽莎白的成功塑造体现了奥斯丁在婚姻问题上的价值取向。《傲慢与偏见》历久不衰的根本原因也许就是作者"最感兴趣而最拿手的本领：人物创造"。 一、 伊丽莎 白形象的成功塑造 1、女主人公伊丽莎白生活的社会环境 《傲慢与偏见》所描绘的18世纪末19世纪初的英国女性不论在经济、社会还是家庭地位上都依附于男性，社会等级制度森严，婚姻讲究门当户对。像伊丽莎白这样一个中产阶级出身但又财产微薄的知识女性，要想获得一种体面的生活和地位，唯一的途径就是嫁给一个好男人。正如奥斯丁所写 ："一个有钱的单身汉，每年有四五千镑的收入真是女儿们的福气 !''"总之，婚姻是人们寻求经济保障及社会地位的途径。伊丽莎白的堂兄柯林斯深知这一点所以经济殷实但庸俗不堪的他在向才貌出众的伊丽莎白求婚时，认为自己这是便宜了伊丽莎白；伊丽莎白的好友夏绿蒂也深知这一点，所以在柯林斯向好友伊丽莎白求婚未果转而向自己求婚时欣然应允。 2、伊丽莎 白的爱情婚姻之路 全书的中心人物伊丽莎白是一个聪慧、坦率、思维敏捷、风趣活泼而有教养的小姐。她的爱情是从在麦里屯碰到民兵自卫团的军官韦翰开始的，伊丽莎白立刻被韦翰一副"讨人喜欢"的仪表迷住了。韦翰跟她一见如故，滔滔不绝地表白自己中伤达西先生说道："老实说，除了在尼日斐花园以外，我到附近任何人家去都会这样说。哈福德郡根本就没有人喜欢他 ，他那副傲慢的气派哪一个见了都讨厌。你绝不会听到人家说他一句好话。"这些话破绽百出但聪明过人的伊丽莎白竟然毫无察觉，被韦翰牵着鼻子走完全被爱情冲昏了头脑 。她为他抱屈，心里责怪达西，"怎么竞如此对待像你这样 的一个青年，光凭你一副脸蛋儿人家准知道你是个和蔼可亲的人"。她与韦翰分手时"脑子里只想到他一个人"。总之，优秀的伊丽莎白现在成了被人嘲讽的"愚蠢人"了。这正是恋爱中的伊丽莎白的真实写照。由于听信了丰翰的谗言，加之伊丽莎白获悉促使姐姐吉英和彬格莱先生分离的主使人竟是达西，对达西的愤恨和对吉英幸福不可得的心痛完全控制了伊丽莎白的头脑她断定是达西的门户偏见和想把自己妹妹许配给彬格莱先生的自私想法导致了吉英和彬格莱先生分手。她深恶痛觉地指责达西毁了自己姐姐一生的幸福，剥夺了韦翰幸福生活的权利。达西的傲慢基于他不屈不挠的性格，由于他出言伤害伊丽莎白，引起她的偏见；也正由于伊丽莎白的自爱才产生了她对达西的偏见，傲慢与偏见都达到了最高峰。达西给伊丽莎白的一封信促使伊丽莎白的思想发生了重大变化。达西在信中坦承了自己之所以拆散吉英和彬格莱是因为他误认为吉英对彬格莱并无真爱；而韦翰的所作所为又是那么地令人不齿，甚至想诱使达西的妹妹和他一起私奔。这信件在伊丽莎白心中宛如一枚重型炸弹，炸毁了她先前心中的种种障碍和芥蒂。伊丽莎白重新认真、冷静地审视了自己，第一次意识到"自己以往未免太盲目，太偏心，对人存在偏见而且不近情理"，正是达西和韦翰对自己态度的不同促成了自己的偏见和无知，长期遮蔽双眼蒙蔽心智的薄纱终于被揭除新的正确的自我认识帮助伊丽莎白走出误区，消除了对达西的偏见，而达西也因伊丽莎白激昂的谴责产生了极大的震憾对自己从前的言行举止进行了新的认识和改造。再次出现在伊丽莎白面前的达西与求婚前的达西大相径庭。伊丽莎白看出他原来是个性格很柔顺的人，于是尊敬之外又添上了几分亲切，爱慕之心悄无声息地产生了。傲慢变成了谦逊，偏见变成了亲切。伊丽莎白的妹妹丽迪雅和韦约翰的私奔依仗达西的资助得以平息，更使两人在感情上越走越近，浓浓的茶香中渗出甜蜜的滋味 。咖苔琳夫人狂妄愚蠢的到访不仅没能阻挡伊丽莎白与达西结亲的趋势。反而像爱情的催化剂大大激发了西第二次求婚的勇气。性格上的共同之处和对方对性格相互欣赏是两人最终走进婚姻殿堂、走向理性幸福的一坚实基础傲慢与偏见化为浓浓的柔情蜜意 。有情人终成眷属 。 3、伊丽莎白情磨婚姻的意义 伊丽莎白与达西的情感风波很大程度上是由于主人公对自我认识的偏差造成的 ．不公正的认识导致了伊丽莎的偏见 。公正的认识帮助伊丽莎白自得到了真正的幸福。她们的婚姻既是理性的选择又有深厚的感情基 础 。伊丽莎白自身上体现着婚姻的真正价值和时代追求 。伊丽莎白对达西先后几次求婚的不同态度 ．实际上反映女性对人格独立和平等权利的追求 。伊丽莎白聪明机智，有胆识，有远见，有很强的自尊心并善于思考问题。这使她在爱情问题上有主见，并因之而获得幸福。面对情感她不像妹妹丽迪雅凭一时的冲动作决定，保持了做人 的尊严体现了思想和理性的力量；面对现实。她不像夏洛蒂那样完全放弃感情的追求伊丽莎白敢于面对阻挠她的一切力量勇敢地捍卫了自己高尚纯洁的爱情。尤其值得敬佩的是她坚持男女双方的真挚感情是缔结理想婚姻的基石，反对为了财产、金钱和地位而结婚 。这在当时妇女处 于无权地位把婚姻当作己唯一出路的社会是极具进步意义的 。 二、奥斯丁的婚姻理想 1、奥斯丁的婚姻情感经历在奥斯丁42年 的人生中婚姻生活却是一片空白，她也有过感情历程 。她创作《傲慢与偏见》之蓝本初次印象时年仅 21岁，与其偏爱的主人公伊丽莎白同岁。这年她与一位爱尔兰青年相爱，但不久这位青年离开了英格兰 ，在爱尔兰娶了位有钱的太太 。1801年 。她 26岁时在巴斯与一位标致的青年坠人情网，情感甚笃，但此人却暴病身亡1802年 27岁的奥斯丁遇到一位有产的庄园继承人向她求婚，慎重考虑之后，她毅然拒绝了。1808年 33岁的她几乎答应嫁给一个中年牧师但却没有下文 。这样的情感历程在小说中也有所体现 。 2、奥斯丁的婚姻理想小说中的伊丽莎白出身于资产阶级知识分子家庭富有个人反抗精神 。她以她的聪明才智 ，高尚的精神境界处处向瞧不起 她的上流社会挑战，并且不断取得胜利。从伊丽莎自身上我们可以看到奥斯丁的影子，而伊丽 莎自也是奥斯丁自己最喜爱的人物，她在写给姐姐的信中说："我承认她是出现在文学中的最可爱的人物，谁要是不喜欢她，我可不答应 。"从伊丽莎 白的爱情和婚姻上 ，体现了奥斯丁的婚姻观 ："结婚为钱是错误的，而结婚得不到钱则是愚蠢 的"伊丽沙白和达西的婚姻不仅是一桩有爱情的婚姻也是一桩有金钱 的婚姻。除了高雅一无所有的伊丽莎白却嫁给了最有钱 、最英俊的男 子。她母亲以商人眼光看待这桩婚姻．满意地说这是一宗不坏的买卖；而对女儿的聪明一直非常赞赏的父亲却未曾料到．他给予她的教育在婚姻市场具极高的交换价值。纵观《傲慢与偏见》可以说奥斯丁认为爱情与婚姻水乳交融、不可分割，爱情是婚姻幸福美满最基本的条件。美貌虽能给人以良好的印象 ，但唯有具备独立的个性和良好的品性才能产生恒久 的吸引力 。由于当时女性特殊的社会地位 ．每当谈论婚嫁 ．金钱和门第又脱不了干系 ．对决定婚姻关系 ．乃至人 的一 切关系的物质原因。奥斯丁可谓揭露得深刻，但这种揭露 ，在这部喜剧性的世态小说中。不是凶狠的 ．不是感伤的 ．不是道德义愤的。也不是玩世不恭的．它是嘲讽的。奥斯丁的嘲讽渗透在全书的字里行 间。在人物塑造 上起了关键作用，也是叙述中的灵魂。但这种嘲讽不是文字游戏 ．也不在抽象品格上兜 圈子 ．而是紧紧围绕对人们的现实关系的揭露。 总之，奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见 》中对伊丽莎白形象的成功塑造。深刻地揭示了当时中产阶级及贵族通过婚姻各自实现其目的这一普遍的社会现象。正如西方马克思主义批评家大卫·马克思说，在"揭示人类行为的经 济原 因"方面奥斯丁"从某种意义上可 以说在马克思以前就是马克思主义者了 。" ·

The Use of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice to Present the Nature of an Ideal Relationship With a social and cultural context where marriage was assumed to be of great importance, Jane Austen uses a number of marriages to expose and satirize societal values of the age, and to explore the nature of the ideal marriage. Austen portrays a true and ideal marriage to be one where economic and social compatibility is encompassed with love and the union of minds. In the novel, all marriages, except Elizabeth and Darcy’s, appear to be deficient in the values necessary for an ideal marriage. The marriage of the Bennets is an imprudent one, a union of a reasonably intelligent man with an inane wife. The suggestion that the initial attraction was purely physical elucidates that the relationship is based on superficial grounds. Mr. Bennet’s lack of satisfaction in his marriage leads him to shut himself from reality, failing to procure the masculine control that Austen regards as central in a successful relationship. Austen thus portrays marriage as a patriarchal institution, elucidating a perfect marriage to be one where the male takes control and the female allows for the “meeting of minds”. Like the Bennets, the marriage between Lydia and Wickham is also flawed. Their relationship is one where physical desire outweighs reason, decency and good sense, with “their passions stronger than their virtue.” Lydia’s infatuation with the “uniform” and desire for social standing, and Wickham’s desire for financial inducements leads them to marry for entirely wrong reasons. By stepping outside the social norms of her society, Lydia makes herself vulnerable to ostracism, and by breaking the rules of society (that Austen herself supports), their marriage is doomed to fail. In the novel, Charlotte Lucas presents a pragmatic view on marriage, declaring that “happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance”. Her marriage to Mr. Collins is to gain in establishment and acquire social standing and economic stability. It is through Charlotte Lucas that Austen illustrates the dire economic and social plight faced by unmarried women in the eighteenth century. The superficial nature of Collins’ love is made abundantly clear by Austen through his earnest desire to appease his patroness, by the ease with which he is able to transfer from one marriage object to another and the absurdity of his emotions. While the Collins’ relationship has social standing and economic security, it is entirely deficient in the affection and intellectual union that Austen regards as quintessential in a true marriage. The marriage of the Gardiners is superior to that of the Collins in terms of affection, intelligence integrity as well as economic stability. However, Austen’s realistic appraisal of eighteenth century society finds their relationship inferior due to its lack of rank and status. Similarly, Jane and Bingley [at the end of the novel] come to enjoy affection, position and economic security. However, their relationship is delineated to be lacking in depth of feeling and intelligence, and is a union of less intelligent minds, less self-awareness and Bingley’s weak irresolution. By comparison with all other marriages in the novel, Elizabeth and Darcy’s is the ideal by Austen’s standards - meeting the highest criteria of love, character and fortune. Theirs is a relationship of mutual respect and love, based on moral integrity and an understanding of each other as well as themselves, while possessing economic wealth and status. The marriages in Pride and Prejudice thus portray and advocate patriarchy within the economic system, social standing and society as a whole. Jane Austen therefore portrays marriage as a patriarchal institution where economic, social and intellectual compatibility as well as love must be present for the relationship to succeed.  Marriage in Pride and Prejudice "It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife." Jane Austen provides subsequent argument with the first line of her novel, Pride and Prejudice. A statement that remains true to this very day. Austen's' first statement sets up the beginning of the novel. She states that a man, financially well off, but with no mate to accompany him to share in his wealth, is undoubtedly in search of a wife. In Pride and Prejudice, Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy play the role of the rich men. Mr. and Mrs. Bennet are the parents of five unwed daughters. Mr. And Mrs. Bennet have conflicting thoughts about the arrival of the rich neighbors. Mr. Bennet thinks nothing of it. He has no new thoughts about the arrival of Bingley and Darcy. Mrs. Bennet sees flashing lights. She views it as the perfect chance to automatically place a few of her five daughters into the rich community. Marrying off her daughters serves as the main purpose in Mrs. Bennet's life. Mrs. Bennet wants her husband to go and make a greeting to the new crowd. Her plans are to get in contact with them and make aware her five unmarried daughters. Mrs. Bennet encourages her daughter, Jane, to set her sights on Mr. Bingley. Mr. Bennet's' sarcastic comments prove his disconcert on the whole topic. When Jane is invited to meet with Mr. Bingley and his sister, Mrs. Bennet suggests that she go by horseback in hopes that she could probably get ill and extend her stay. Mrs. Bennet's' mind is always thinking of ways to marry off her daughters. Her idea works to perfection and Jane ends up staying longer. Mrs. Bennet goes to work again at the arrival of Mr. Collins, Mr. Bennet's' cousin. Mr. Collins stays at the Bennet's house for a short time. He will inherit Longbourn when Mr. Bennet dies since he will be the only, close male relative. Mr. Collins first intentions are toward Jane, but Ms. Bennet informs him of Bingley. Collins then changes his target to Elizabeth. Mrs. Bennet is astounded at the rejection from Elizabeth. She does everything in her power to try to persuade her to marry Collins. Mrs. Bennet views Collins as a successful Reverend with a prosperous future who would be a good choice for Elizabeth. Elizabeth will have no such thing, and denies Collin. Her father also supports Elizabeth's decision not to accept the proposal. Marriage serves as the main element in Austen's' novel Pride and Prejudice. Mrs. Bennet's' preconception with her daughters and their mates leads her to be almost a social misfit. Behaving irregularly at public ball and events, she constantly sets a bad name for her family. On the other side, Mr. Bennet's' traditional ways of thinking of not trying to force marriage, but let it come naturally, contrast greatly with his wife.

—浅议简·奥斯丁《傲慢与偏见》中宾利和简的婚姻 The combination based on love and similar interests results in a happy marriage —The marriage of Bingley and Jane in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice Abstract This article generally analyses the marriage of Bingley and Jane. The author thinks that Bingley and Jane have many similarities in their characters, which lead them to a successful marriage although they all lack strength in their marriage. The author also points out that Bingley and Jane married for love, not for the money, status or good looks. So the combination of them is really a blessed and happy marriage. Key words Marriage Love Interests happy Content Jane Austen (1775-1817), who was born at Steventon on December 16, 1775, was one of the greatest novelists in England. She was the youngest of seven children in her family. She received most of her education at home. Her family are all fond of reading books, which influenced her very much. Her reading extended little beyond the literature of the eighteenth century, and within that period she admired Dr. Johnson particularly. And later she was delighted with both the poetry and prose of Scott. She died on July 18, 1817, and was buried in the cathedral in Winchester. She totally wrote six novels in her life. Among the six novels, Pride and Prejudice has been valued as the most successful and popular masterpiece. In this novel, Jane Austen mainly described the ordinary life of the Bennets . She told us four different marriages to show the readers that different people have different attitudes towards love. And also she expressed her own viewpoints on marriage that a combination based on love and similar interests is a happy and perfect marriage. In her opinion, the money-oriented marriage and sex-oriented marriage are not successful although the people can live together. The theme is narrow, but she showed us a beautiful tableau of the England people’s life of her own time. It seems that she had a talent to describe the ordinary life of people. “Read again, and for the third time at least, Miss Austen's very finely written novel of Pride and Prejudice. That young lady has a talent for describing the involvements and feelings and characters of ordinary life which is to me the most wonderful I ever met with.”1 Because of the lack of her experiences and knowledge, the characters in Pride and Prejudice are all of her own social class: The ladies and gentlemen of the landed gentry. And also, in every conversation, there was at least one lady. “The conversations of ladies with ladies, or of ladies and gentlemen together, are given, but no instance occurs of a scene in which men only are present.”2 Most parts of the story are the intricacies of courtships and marriages between the members of her class, which are great attraction to many readers. Among all the marriages in this novel, the combination of pleasant Bingley and mild Jane is the most blessed and happy one. The couple has similar interests and they insisted on pursuing their true love, which lead them to a happy and perfect marriage. Mr. Bingley was a good looking and gentlemanlike person whose revenues were about 5,000 pounds a year. As a young man who had good breeding, he was cordial and simple with easily-led disposition. With this character, he never appeared dissatisfied. He was easy to approach and constant in love although he was very rich. However, he lacked strength and independence in his marriage, which was a grievous defect of him. In the novel, Bingley was popular with almost everybody in everywhere. He had a pleasant countenance and easy unaffected manners. It is easy to find that he was agreeable both in appearance and character. The first appearance of Bingley was the time when he “returned Mr. Benner’s visit, and sat about ten minutes with him in his library.”3But the exact time when the readers began to know him was some days later. At the first ball at Netherfield, he was shown to everybody and the readers began to make acquaintance of his personality through his behavior. “ Mr. Bingley had soon made himself acquainted with all the principal people in the room; he was lively and unreserved, danced every dance, was angry that the ball closed so early, and talked of giving one himself at Netherfield. Such amiable qualities must speak for themselves.”4 Of course these personal strength won Jane’s admiration. She thought that he was just what a young man ought to be. In her eyes, Mr. Bingley was a sensible, good-humored, lively young man. And she had never seen anyone who had so many advantages with perfect good breeding! He was just her Mr. Right! At that ball, “Bingley’s attentions to Jane had given rise to a general expectation of their marriage. He spoke of it as a certain event, of which the time alone could be undecided.”5 Mr. Bingley also noticed Jane at that night. He fell in love with Jane at their first ball and their romance flourished quietly and steadily. His affection towards Jane was obviously sincere andunaffected. It was obvious that when Jane suffered a trifling cold, he was worried about her. His anxiety and attention to her was evident. For example, when Elizabeth said that she couldn’t leave her sister because Jane’s illness was worse, “Bingley urged Mr. Jones’s being sent for immediately.”6 and “Bingley was quite uncomfortable.”7 The following sentences also are the evidences: “ but diffuseness and warmth remained for Bingley’s salutation. He was full of joy and attention. The first half hour was spent in piling up the fire, lest she should suffer from the change of room; and she removed at his desire to the other side of the fire-place, that she might be farther from the door. He then sat down by her, and talked scarcely to anyone else.”8 It is not difficult for the readers to find Bingley’s real concern and affection towards Jane from these details. He was cordial and constant in his love. As a pleasant and modest person, Mr. Bingley was far from the man who was strong and determined. This is his merit but also his demerit. His cordial and simple character leads to his quiet romance with Jane. But his weak and easily-led character leads to his parting with Jane. So when their romance went smoothly, he suddenly departed from Jane, which nearly ends his happy love and marriage. Generally speaking, his departure from Jane was caused by the relationship between him and Darcy. They were good friends although they were different in character. Between them there was a very steady and constant friendship. Bingley was endeared to Darcy by the easiness, openness and ductility of his temper. It is no doubt for Darcy that Bingley had the firmest reliance. For Darcy, he wanted to help his friend. In his opinion, it is impossible for Jane to love Bingley. So he persuaded Bingley not to take Jane in marriage. This point can be found from his letter to Elizabeth: “Her (Jane) look and manners were open, cheerful, and engaging as ever, but without any symptom of peculiar regard, and I remained convinced from the evening’s scrutiny, that though she received his attentions with pleasure, she did not invite them by any participation of sentiment.” 9 For Bingley, he had an easily-led temper. He was so modest and pliable that he had no opinion about his own marriage. No matter how obvious his attachment to Jane was, he believed Darcy’s representation of Jane’s indifference was true. Because Mr. Bingley’s two sisters didn’t like Jane, they thought Mr. Bingley should choose Georgiana(Darcy’s sister) as his wife. So they also disagree with Bingley about his marriage with Jane. Under the influences of his sisters and Mr. Darcy, Bingley began to doubt Jane’s affection to him. Finally, he thought Jane didn’t love him, so he left her without saying good-bye. Later, when all the misunderstandings clarified, he came back to Jane at Darcy’s assistance. Bingley’s indecisive character determines his happiness and results that his life was controlled by others. Jane was the first children in her family. She was a kind and mild girl who was the most beautiful one among her sisters. As an introverted girl, she is constant in her love but lacks strength and self-confidence. She didn’t want others to know her love to Mr. Bingley, so she pretended that she had nothing to do with him. Compared with other girls, she was the most mild, kind, modest and almost perfect girl in this novel. Sometimes she was a little innocent. In her eyes, everybody is perfect. She never saw the ugly fact of life even she was deceived. Her character is vividly showed in many parts of the novel. “Compliments always take you (Jane) by surprise, and me (Elizabeth) never”10 and “Oh, You (Jane) are a great deal too apt you know, to like people in general, you never see a fault in anybody, all the world are too good and agreeable in your eyes. I (Elizabeth) never heard you speak ill of a human being in my life.” 11 According to this, readers can find that how kind and innocent Jane was. And also it is quite natural for Jane to fall in love with the pleasant and simple Bingley. She met him at the ball, and after then, she adored Bingley very much. But with her introverted and tranquil disposition, Jane controlled her passion too much, which nearly consumed her felicity. Although she loved Mr. Bingley after the ball, she had no courage to express it. She cherished her feelings towards him, but she chose to conceal it. She didn’t display her true feelings. On the contrary, she controlled her passion to the best of her ability, lest anyone find it. She only showed genteel pleasure and politeness although her heart was fluttering with romantic passion. In a sense, her attitude towards love was passive. According to the above, Darcy thought that though Jane was pleased with Bingley, she didn’t love him. He thought Jane’s “countenance and air was such as might have given the most acute observer a conviction that, however amiable her temper, her heart was not likely to be easily touched.”12 In his eyes, Bingley was involved in an unavailable love. So after then, he made great efforts to separate Bingley from Jane. After Bingley’s departure, Jane suffered great distress. She was very depressed. But because of the defect of her character, she pretended to be all right and said nothing about her sadness. Here, readers can find that her weakness and obedience had been thoroughly exposed. In the novel, Bingley and Jane never stopped pursuing their true love although there were so many obstacles between them. Fortunately, with the help of Darcy and Elizabeth, they finally got married and had a happy life. Bingley and Jane had many similarities in their characters, which is the main reason to the success of their marriage. They possessed personal attractiveness and dignity, social graces, and a measure of good sense. They all had good breeding, but lacked insight, strength, and self-confidence. They didn’t show their insides easily to the publics because they cared the social criticism too much. For Jane, she always concealed her true feelings, which gave others a illusion that she didn’t love Bingley. For Bingley, he yielded easily to criticism of Jane’s social position and easily accepted the suggestions of his sisters and Darcy, which almost consumed the felicity between Jane and him. In manner of speaking, the outside forces facilitated their marriage. According to the relationship between Bingley and Jane, love and similar interests are the basic factors of a successful and happy marriage. With many similarities in character, people can understand each other easily. Most important of all, the couple with similar interests can live together with a happy life, because there are understandings, helps and supporting between them. They don’t care the defects of their partners and even they don’t see any faults in each other. Just as the old saying going, “Birds of a feather flock together, people of a mind fill into the same group.”