银行信贷论文英文文献

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关于商业银行信贷风险管理的研究论文从经济风险及银行信贷风险管理的一般理论出发，阐明经济风险是现代市场经济的基本特征之一，而银行信贷风险是整个经济风险的集中反映。风险的本质在于收益与损失的可能性并存，因而对经济主体有激励效应与约束效应。商业银行经营的本质就是在风险的这种双重效应的制衡下，回避与防范风险，使风险降到自身可接受的程度，同时获取尽可能大的利润。由于信贷业务在银行经营及经济运行中的重要地位，银行的信贷风险控制就具有了特别重要的意义。目前，西文经济学界运用信息不对称理论，对银行信贷风险产生的原因， 已取得共识，即信息不对称下的逆选择和道德风险以及信息不完全的客观风险。文章还讨论了信贷风险管理与商业银行资产负债比例管理、资本充足率管理、内部控制的关系；并澄清了信贷风险管理认识上的一些误区。以上内容构成了本文的第一章。 文章的第二章首先比较了各种外部组织形式与风险管理效率的关系，指出外部组织形式并非影响信贷管理效率的决定性因素，而内部组织结构才是其中的关键因素。设计信贷风险管理组织结构的重点在于形成各部门之间的横向牵制和各级分支机构的纵向控制机制。西方商业银行经过长期经营发展，内部组织结构逐渐固化为三大功能块：市场块、操作块、管理块，分别行使市场开拓、业务操作、集中管理的职能，三者相互牵制、相互配合。这种组织设计思想体现在信贷业务上，就是审、贷、查三程序在组织结构上的彻底分离，即公司业务部、信贷评审部、风险管理部分别实施贷前调查、贷中审查、贷后检查职能，并且三个部门分别属于不同功能块，以此实现部门间的横向牵制。纵向控制主要是通过贷款决策权在上、下级机构之间进行分配实现的，即对集权型决策与分权型决策的选择；同时也包括在同一机构内，贷款决策权在个人与集体之间的分配，即对个人决策权与集体决策权的选择。文章用运组织管理学的基本原理，详细讨论了这两组共四种决策体制的优劣，指出单纯使用上述任何一种决策机制都存在明显的缺陷，因此现代商业银行都倾向于将集体决策与个人决策、集权型与分权型结合起来，采取以个人决策及分权为主的贷款审批授权制度。这是实行贷款审批授权制度的理论依据。 本文的第三章着重讨论了信贷风险管理的制度系统及其执行效率。组织控制理论认为，制度是保证组织功能优化及发挥、组织机构稳定的必要条件，因此信贷风险管理的一个根本前提是制定并执行严格科学的管理制度，把信贷风险的控制建立在制度保证的基础上。本章首先结合我国的实际情况，介绍了基准制度——信贷政策，指出我国各商业银行应尽快建立统一、完备的信贷政策，正确划分目标市场区域，确定统一的信贷标准和贷款发放原则，以充分发挥整体竞争实力，降低贷款风险。接着，文章用巴黎国际银行和加拿大皇家银行的实例说明了如何设计相互制约的信贷程序，并讨论了实施审、贷、查三分离制度的意义及原因。其次，引用招商银行的成功范例——弹性授权制阐释了贷款决策授权的原则及审批权限划分标准的确定。在第五节“贷款风险损失责任制”中，笔者提出了一种新的责任追查顺序，即反信贷程序的责任追查顺序，以加强各部门、各环节的相互制约，降低经营风险。本章还详细介绍了贷款风险管理的稽核与评价制度的程序与内容，指出内部稽核的权威性、独立性是保证制度系统有效的一个重要因素。在本章的最后，讨论了信贷风险管理的制度效率与银行经营观念的关系，指出，彻底转变经营观念，注重经营的稳健性和利润的长期性是提高我国银行信贷管理水平的当务之急。 信贷风险管理的技术与方法是信贷风险管理中的技术因素，科学有效的决策技术、信息传输系统是现代信贷风险管理的物质基础。我国信贷风险管理的薄弱点之一就是管理技术与方法的落后，因此本文第四章的主要目的就是通过介绍西方商业银行成熟的管理技术，为提高我国信贷风险管理技术提供一些借鉴。文章着重介绍了信贷风险的主要诱因----过度融资的技术分析方法，并提出了信用限额在实际业务中的测算与分析方法，围绕借款人信用可靠性、违约可能性的评估技术和经营状况变化及破产的介绍了工商贷款资信评分模型、消费信贷的资信评分模型等。在信贷风险管理信息系统中，着重讨论了运用信贷管理信息系统的意义、信贷管理信息系统的设计思想及维护其有效性的措施。最后，本章介绍了信贷风险挽救技术与策略，指出成立专门的风险挽救机构是化解我国巨额不良信贷资产的措施之一。 在第五章中，笔者提出信贷风险管理的核心是对人员的激励与控制的观点。现代管理理论认为一切管理归根结底是对人的管理，对人的行为的管理。信贷风险管理作为一种具体管理，其本质也是对人的管理。在信贷风险管理的四个子系统中，对人员的激励与控制系统居于支配地位，其它三个子系统直接或间接地为管理信贷人员服务。在对人的管理以孰为本的问题上，制度主义与行为主义基于对人性的不同假定，两者观点截然不同。前者强调制度、控制的作用，后者强调人的能动性，认为管理的重点在于从正面诱导员工的积极性、主动性。The thesis sets out from the general theories of economic risks and banking credit risks management, to represent that economic risks are one of basic characters of modern market economy, and the banking credit risks are the focalization of the whole economic risks. The essence of risk is that the possibilities of proceeds and losses exist simultaneously, therefore encouraging meanwhile restricting the activities of main body of the market economy. The essence of commercial banks is to avoid and prevent risks under the balance of dual effects of the risk so that risks can decline to an acceptable degree while proceeds is to be taken in as much as possible. At present, western economic industry has reached a consensus on the reasons of the exposure of banking credit risks by virtue of the information non-symmetry theory that risks stem from the adverse selection under the information non-symmetry and moral risks and objective risks arising from information insufficiency. In addition, this thesis discusses the relations between credit risks management and equity-debt ratio management, capital abundance ratio management and internal control respectively. It also clarifies some misunderstanding on credit risks management. The above-mentioned contents form Chapter One of this thesis. Chapter Two of this thesis first points out that the decisive factor of the efficiency of credit management is not the external organizational form but internal organization structure by comparing the relations between various external organizational forms and the efficiency of risks management. The emphases on designing organizational structure of credit risks management should be laid on the forming of the mechanism of lateral control between different divisions and the mechanism of vertical control on different levels of subsidiaries and affiliates. After long-term development, the internal organizational structure of western commercial banks has been shaped into three functional sections: market section, operation section and administration section, which exercise the functions of marketing, business operation, and centralized administration respectively, and furthermore, control one another, cooperate one another. This kind of idea about organizational design is embodied by the complete organizational division of these three steps of credit examination, approval and investigation in the credit operation that means the departments of business operation, credit examination and risk management, which belong to three different functional sections, respectively perform the functions of research before loan-providing, examination of credit application, and supervision after loan-providing, thereby, the lateral control between different departments can be effected. The vertical control is exercised through both the allotment of credit decision-making power between higher levels and lower levels of business departments that means to choose centralization or decentralization of power, and allotment of credit decision-making power between individuals and collectivity in a department that represents individual or collective decision-making power. This thesis amply discusses the good and bad effect of these four kinds of decision-making systems under two groups by applying the fundamentals of organizational management, thereby indicating that solely using any one of four decision-making systems will bring on visible defects. Accordingly, modern commercial banks mostly intends to adopt the loan examining authorization system which joins the collective and individual decision-making as well as centralization and decentralization together, but giving priority to individual decision and decentralization of power. Chapter Three of this thesis puts emphases on credit risks management system and its executive efficiency. The organizational control theory deems that system is the necessary condition under which organizational functions can be optimized and exerted, meanwhile organizational institution being stabilized,(美)卡尔-约翰·林捷瑞恩(Carl-JohanLindgren)等著; 潘康等译; 银行稳健经营与宏观经济政策[M]. 中国金融出版社, 1997

第一条，宏观经济政策，特别是货币政策必须要正确和稳健，这一点对整个金融的稳定至关重要。宏观经济政策和货币政策，可以是一个非常复杂的组合，但是我更强调货币政策，比如说利率、汇率、货币供应量、金融市场、资本市场，这些大的宏观变量要协调一致，才能够保持经济和金融的稳定。观察过去六七年中美国和全球的情况，我们会发现，如果说货币供应量过多、利率过低的时间很长，有可能造就金融资产泡沫的土壤。51-51免费论文网-网-欢迎您 第二条，没有免费的午餐，违背市场规律必然要付出代价。我们知道，新增次贷贷款的时间大概是2002年到2006年这5年。次贷的余额一共也就一万亿美元，但是它对整个金融市场的冲击却非常大。51-51免费论文网-网-欢迎您 这给我们一个什么教训呢？就是该财政做的事就应该是财政做，该补助穷人的事应该是政府补助穷人，如果用一种金融的方式使不符合标准的人得到贷款，好像解决了问题又把贷款卖出去了，实际上造成的成本是很高的。所以这又一次验证了经济学上说的没有免费的午餐，我们必须要符合市场规律。51-51免费论文网-网-欢迎您 第三条，由于信息不对称，市场过度相信评级公司。监管当局应该从宏观政策的角度，应该从宏观变量的不协调上及时发现风险，但是看来(监管当局)做得不够，没有及时向市场提出警示，对这个问题我们应该共同思考能够从中学到什么。51-51免费论文网-网-欢迎您 第四条，风险暴露以后，产生了巨大的不确定性，很多人没有估计到次贷危机会有这么大的冲击力。这种冲击力的传导机制是由于不确定性损害了商业银行的资本充足率，损害了全世界中心市场的商业银行资本充足率和投资银行的经营状况。51-51免费论文网-网-欢迎您 第五条，货币当局的稳定措施不断地在防止危机和道德风险两方面权衡，非常困难。英格兰银行、欧洲央行、美联储在对待危机前后的态度、表态，以及在救助的及时性、救助的方法方面有些不一致。所有这些不一致，实际上都可以归纳为两个方面：一方面要防止危机的扩散，比如1929年到1933年就产生了大萧条、大衰退，而1987年股灾就没有(导致发生大萧条、大衰退)。51-51免费论文网-网-欢迎您 但同时在另一方面，正像英格兰银行行长所说，也要防止道德风险，防止不负责任地依赖政府的道德风险。这两者的权衡，是货币当局采取稳定措施中最困难的。51-51免费论文网-网-欢迎您 第六条，我提一个思考。从1933年到1999年60多年间，美国实行《格拉斯-斯蒂格尔法》，这个法案是1933年大危机之后提出来的，基本的思想是分业经营、分业监管。对这个法案的本质，有人说是误读，有人说是正确的总结。1933年通过60多年后一直生效，直到1999年美国国会通过了《金融服务现代化法案》取代了它。51-51免费论文网-网-欢迎您 1999年到现在还不到10年，我提出的问题是，如果《格拉斯-斯蒂格尔法》没有终止的话，会不会发生次贷危机？ 容维创富红蓝箭头明确提示买入卖出，天圆地方把握波段高低点。无论大盘急涨暴跌您手持利器，仍可安然而卧；不管您手中持有什么股票或想要买入何种股票，只要拿起您的电话拨打热线8007225555、4007225555或移动用户，联通用户，小灵通用户编辑短信8868发送至50120(元/每条,绝无包月)就将得到我们容维公司倾情提供的个股分析和由容维分析师团队给您的波段买卖操作建议。望广大投资者万勿错失良机！ b证监会研究中心研究员王欧：监管应与时而进/b 美联储的救助行动经历了上世纪80年代的储贷危机、90年代的美国长期资本管理公司(LTCM)以及次贷危机三个阶段的变迁。51-51免费论文网-网-欢迎您 在储贷危机中，陷入危机的基本上都是银行信贷机构。美国国会成立了重组信托公司(RTC)来处理银行的不良资产。51-51免费论文网-网-欢迎您 美联储，包括美国政府则动用大量的财政资金直接救助濒临破产信贷机构，因为储户的钱是不能损失的。由此美国出现了一个非常大的创新，即要求银行尽可能地降低所持有的资产潜在的风险，尤其在房贷资产不能拿这么多。51-51免费论文网-网-欢迎您 在储贷危机之前，美国银行系统大概持有70%以上房地产，大概到了1993年的时候，美国银行系统持有房贷比例大概在30%左右，到今天还在30%。随之美国资产证券化市场应运而生。华尔街银行家们通过各种创新金融工具，帮助银行把他资产负债表中这一类资产打包卖出去，这就形成了今天的证券化市场和后来的次贷市场。51-51免费论文网-网-欢迎您 而到LTCM发生危机时，LTCM实际上不是银行，而是一家大型对冲基金。但当LTCM危机爆发时，美联储不得不出面协调。LTCM后面跟着一串银行，所以格林斯潘果断出手了。51-51免费论文网-网-欢迎您 而贝尔斯登是一个清算机构，如果任由一个有清算职能非银行金融机构出现破产，对市场的影响是无法想象的。因此在这种情况下美联储不得不通过美联储会员摩根大通，收购贝尔斯登。51-51免费论文网-网-欢迎您 不仅应该思考中央银行该采取什么样的方式去应对，也应该思考证券监管者应当采取什么样的方式去应对，更要考虑证券监管者是否需要更多的引入银行监管中的审慎性原则，来对目前这样大型非银行金融机构进行日常监管。51-51免费论文网-网-欢迎您 现代金融市场发展到一定程度以后，金融机构涉及的业务越来越多，很难区别什么是信贷业务，什么是非信贷业务，什么是信贷机构，什么是非银行机构，大家做的业务越来越向中间取齐。

Interest rate marketability and our country State-owned Commercial bank countermeasureInterest rate marketability connotationThe so-called interest rate marketability, is refers to the money market fund supply and demand both sides independent determination interest rate level interest rate decision mechanism vicissitude process 。Says specifically, the interest rate marketability is refers to the Central Bank to need to regulate the datum interest rate according to the monetary policy, various commercial bank saves the loan interest rate according to the fund market supply and demand change independent adjustment, Finally forms take Central Bank datum interest rate as the guidance, multi-level, can manifest fund supply and demand condition and the reflection Central Bank monetary policy intention interest rate operational mechanism fully。The interest rate marketability emphasis interest rate really reflected the fund cost and the supply-demand relation, effectively display its economical leverage nimbly。一. Our country interest rate marketability reform existence questionIs opposite says in the Chinese economic reform and the opening to the outside world overall step, the interest rate marketability reform progresses slowly. Looked on the present situation that, our country not yet completely realizes the interest rate marketability, the interest rate control creates the interest rate this important price release lever to receive the serious restraint in the resources disposition aspect function, the interest rate structure distortion. Our country interest rate system marketability degree quite is also low, mainly displays in following several aspects:1. The interest rate control degree is high, the interest rate level and the structure are incompatible, and the bank independency is restricted. The current our country interest rate policy movement environment controls the interest rate primarily, the interest rate level decision, the difference interest rate policy making and so on the related interest rate each aspect policy all by the government strict control, displays the high planning and . The interest rate level determination has certain subjective blindness; the rate adjustment flexibility is insufficient. At present our country interest rate level decision is makes by the monetary policy committee, the interest rate decision-making power high degree of concentration in the central authorities, the interest rate formulation and the adjustment has the serious time lag . Lacks the effective market datum interest rate. On November 1, 2003, the NAP Standing Committee Cheng Sewer, vice chairman of the Forum, said: "The market-oriented interest rates, the key is to set the benchmark interest rate. The benchmark interest rate is determined, in order to determine the interest rate structure, risk structure. No established the benchmark rate, the interest rate market is a empty sentences. "Benchmark rate in the entire interest rate system has played a core role and prevents other interest rates, in a sense, the benchmark interest rate options and determine the interest rate market is the core of the reform steps.二．Implements the interest rate marketability state-owned commercial bank significanceFirst, is advantageous to the expansion state-owned commercial bank right of autonomous management, the enhancement competitive power. After the interest rate lets loose, the bank had the independent fixed price power, may use this kind of right to independence and its flexible full display fully. The various countries' reform experience indicated that, after the interest rate marketability, the deposit real interest rate all has the different scope raise. The real interest rate rise will have the positive influence to the deposit, the attraction fund from bank systems and so on the stock market, black market accepts the human bank system, the enhancement commercial bank's competitive power. Next, is advantageous in raises the state-owned commercial bank management level. The interest rate marketability causes the fund price to let loose truly. Price competition between the banks presents the new ball game from this. But the price competition must rise take the low cost fund as the backing. In order to gain the low cost capital source, various bank in the financial product, the marketing strategy, service method general unfolds manager respectively, this will intensify inevitably the competition intense degree, will urge the bank change management way, who will grasp is initiative who to be able to obtain market (In the new situation, the commercial bank guild cared about the interest rate market change situation and the international interest rate undulation tendency, and according to own situation, determines the cost scientifically, formulates the price reasonably, the enhancement economic accounting, strengthens its profit ability. It can be said that, the interest rate marketability reform, the interest rate production mechanism transformation, is to a commercial bank management and operation from inside to outside comprehensive forging. Is once more advantageous in creates a relatively fair competition environment. The interest rate marketability and the money market consummation is a process which complements one another. The developed money market is the interest rate marketability reliable guarantee. Because in the developed consummation money market, the financial tool type is rich, financial main body multi-dimensional, the financing way is diverse, the competition is full, the interest rate can reflect fully the fund price, can guide the resources reasonable disposition, enhances the resources use efficiency. Otherwise, the interest rate marketability can promote the money market development consummation; The money market is the interest rate marketability advancement beginning, also will be carries on the risk management to the interest rate the place, the interest rate system change promotes the money market development. Finally, is advantageous in speeds up the microscopic main body the property right reform, interest rate marketability important condition is the state-owned enterprise and the state-owned commercial bank's property right must be clear. The property right is not clear, is not strong to the interest intrinsic budget restraint, exceeds the time limit the risk responsibility to attenuate, and cannot be keen to the interest rate reflection. At present, our country State-owned Commercial bank and very big part of state-owned enterprise's property right slurred, the interest rate market changed into its reform to provide the power, on objective impelled their property right reform.三．The interest rate marketability causes the state-owned commercial bank faced with to challenge sternlyThe interest rate marketability, is the historical stage which our country Commercial bank must pass through, can impel our country State-owned Commercial bank enormously the reform. But after the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level change does not decide, Our country Commercial bank which survives under the control possibly can develop the new financial tool for a long time to dodge the interest rate risk without enough time, will certainly to face the stern challenge, this displays in:1．Has enlarged the bank rate risk. After the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level ascension and the irregular undulation enlarge, intensified the bank vulnerability, ha have enlarged the bank rate risk. After the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level ascension and the irregular undulation enlarge, intensified the bank vulnerability, have the possibility to cause the bank crisis extremely the occurrence. As a result of our country long-term interest rate control, the interest rate by artificial force down, after the interest rate is let loose, the interest rate level can elevate inevitably. The analysis indicated that, in the credit activity, along with the real interest rate enhancement, the risk borrower more will become the bank by chance the customer, But loathes the risk originally the enterprise borrowers also favor in change oneself project the nature, enable it to have a higher risk and the income level. The cause property average horizontal drop in quality, the credit risk , from looked for a long time that, the interest rate change the fund supply and demand real-time influence, can undulate frequently, but the interest rate undulation namely meant risk existence. How forecast accurately the interest rate change tendency, the reasonable determination has the competitive advantage price water; how assigns scientifically saves, the loan deadline layout, maintains the best advantage bad level;How forecast accurately the interest rate change tendency, the reasonable determination has the competitive advantage price water � How assigns scientifically saves, the loan deadline layout, maintains the best advantage bad level; How adjusts the property debt structure nimbly,Enhances prepares pays the level, the active control interest rate forms fluid wind �? How will supervise perfectly restricts the mechanism, prevented has human sentiment interest rate risk and so on, these will all cause the commercial bank faced with the stern ．Leads the service to the commercial bank to have the huge impact. Along with the interest rate marketability, various bank launches the intense contention superiority customer to save the loan war inevitably, the keen competition will cause to save the loan advantage difference large scale deflation. At the same time, the interest rate marketability impetus money market development, the massive enterprise temporary fund no longer rises in value through the deposit form, but is in the capital market, the money market puts in obtains the short-term to receive；Whether there is does the inhabitant also no longer excessively regard as important only contains the risk value deposit interest rate, pays attention contains the risk value the money market to receive �? The bank leadership service will be under the huge can be said, after interest rate marketability, bank true competition magic weapon instead outside interest rate method. Because the monetary fund is highly the homogeneity commodity, the grade of service is more important, highly effective, the low cost manages finances the service enable the customer to have a higher income, has the attraction to the ．Proposed the challenge to the bank management and interest rate control system, regardless of is the interest rate level or counts the rest method all to have the country to decide, regardless of how the country does adjust saves the loan interest rate, all fully considered commercial bank actual situation, maintains the reasonable advantage bad level throughout. Commercial bank's interest rate management is extremely simple, so long as gives according to the People's Bank the fluctuation scope carries out the national interest rate level then, the interest rate change is limited, the interest rate risk is controllable. In such situation, the bank management is inevitably passive. But in under the interest rate marketability condition, the intense market competition forces the bank either to use the price method, through raises the deposit interest rate, reduces the loan interest rate to attract the customer; Either depends upon the high quality service, through the function innovation, the product innovation, the technological innovation satisfies the customer. But this request commercial bank changes present the management, the method and the organization ．Proposed the challenge to the commercial bank staff quality. Along with interest rate marketability reform advancement quickening, the interest rate risk enlarge, will strengthen to the future interest rate trend analyzes and forecast oneself will be very urgent. The state-owned commercial bank seeks the financial professional who needs one batch of this aspect high quality, not only these people must have the deep theory foundation of basic skills, but also must have the rich commercial bank practice experience, Both must thoroughly understand the domestic interest rate change the undulation condition, and must be skilled in the forecast interest rate change tendency. But the present state-owned bank lacks generally can promptly effectively the control and the circumvention interest rate risk tool and the interest rate risk management professional, to the interest rate trend development forecast, the risk recognition and control is weak.四．The state-owned commercial bank should to strategyAlong with the interest rate marketability advancement, the interest rate is more and more big to the state-owned commercial bank's influence, in this situation, the state-owned commercial bank should seek positively should to the ．Establishment finance product fixed price system. In the interest rate marketability situation, whether does the commercial bank draw up a science reasonable fixed price system, has the nimble effective quoted price ability, the realization risk �? Between 20 income balances,Is key which whether it does develop continually. In this process, must establish the effective comprehensive income reckoning system, the overall evaluation customer comprehensive income which brings to the commercial bank，The customer credit risk size, the loan deadline length is the interest rate risk size, as well as commercial bank's collection fund cost and the operation cost share and so on the aspect questions。2．Increases the middle service product development ability, the adjustment profit structure. After the interest rate marketability, the bank saves, the loan favorable difference reduces, the profit level reduces, and this request state-owned commercial bank must develop the middle service vigorously. The bank may while develop positively receives on another's behalf, pays on another's behalf and so on service, uses the commercial bank market main body qualifications fully, positively provides the proxy for other financial organ to distribute the bond, the silver card account transfer, the proxy insures, the fund trust, the broker manages finances, The property management, financial consultant, the investment consultation and so on, enhances the middle service to buy a girl child, on own initiative develops the low risk, the high income middle service new variety positively, promotes the bank large scale by this profit ability, promotes the bank sustainable ．Establishes nimbly, the highly effective interest rate management organization, trains the interest rate managerial talent vigorously. According to the Bethel bank supervising and managing committee about the bank effective supervising and managing core principle request, under the interest rate marketability environment, various commercial bank must set up the specialized interest rate risk management department, manages and instructs the entire good interest rate work, Coordinates and coordinates inside and outside the bank to be connected the work. The interest rate control section's most important task is carries on the comprehensive interest rate sensitive tube on the bank asset debt level ; Exterior determination, internal advantage � The definite general headquarters to branch office's interest rate authorization, are responsible for staff interest rate risk management training and so on. In addition, but also should establish the high interest rate information communication channel, after the interest rate marketability, the commercial bank interior enhances greatly about the interest rate information transmission effectiveness, guarantees can transmit promptly general headquarters formulation each interest rate to commercial bank's any business mesh point, guarantees the commercial bank interest rate policy the ．Speeds up the state-owned commercial bank the property right reform. Stipulated according to "Law of corporation" that, the commercial bank belongs to the competitive profession, does not need to adopt the state-owned sole ownership property right, and does not have the legal barrier to its joint stock system transformation. To the state-owned commercial bank's property right reform, its concrete transformation form establishes the joint stock system commercial bank. The reality in China, in accordance with international practice, and gradually achieve solely by the state to transform the state-owned holding company, and ultimately joint-stock limited companies, and establish corporate system of corporate governance institutions, the establishment of the right to operate, ownership and the right to supervise the separation of the framework, China's commercial banks to become real significance of commercial banks, do business operations.字太多，发布下，你再见个问题吧，我回答。率市场化与我国国有商业银行对策利率市场化的内涵所谓利率市场化，是指金融市场资金供求双方自主确定利率水平的利率决定机制的变迁过程。具体讲，利率市场化是指中央银行根据货币政策的需要调控基准利率，各商业银行根据资金市场的供求变化自主调节存贷款利率，最终形成以中央银行基准利率为引导，多层次、能够充分体现资金供求状况和反映中央银行货币政策意图的利率运行机制。利率市场化强调利率真实地反映资金成本与供求关系，灵活有效地发挥其经济杠杆作用.

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商业银行营销Commercial Banks marketing