研究中西婚恋观差异的意义的论文

自上世纪90年代以来,受西方的“性自由”、“性解放”思潮的影响,社会上鱼龙混杂的性文化泛滥,传统的爱情观、两性观、婚姻观受到了前所未有的挑战与怀疑。高等学校作为一个小社会,也受到了这种思潮的影响,对于人生观、世界观尚未完全成熟的大学生的影响尤为突出。有人曾就“大学里是否可以谈恋爱”这一问题对某校600余名学生做过问卷调查,对这一问题持肯定态度者达82%,有的大学生认为大学里要么去考研,要么去谈恋爱,更有甚者认为大学期间如果不谈恋爱,大学就等于白上了。由此可见,大学生可以谈情说爱已经得到同学们的广泛认同。诚然,爱情作为人生必不可少的组成部分,与青春一同到来,二十岁左右的大学生正处在人生的花季,青春的激情使大学生充满了对于爱情的向往与追求,希望了解异性和被异性了解。实际上,早在中学时期,他们就朦朦胧胧地产生了对爱情的憧憬,只不过在升学的压力、父母师长的严格管束下,在一定程度上被理性约束了起来。一旦进入大学,家庭的约束力度陡然降低,男女同学之间的交往迅速增加,又面临着一个相对宽松和自由的环境,“爱情”便如猛然冲开了闸门的洪水一般四处弥漫。一、当代大学生的恋爱观既然大学生谈恋爱已经成为不争的事实,那么当代大学生的恋爱观是怎样的呢?我们认为,当代大学生谈恋爱有以下两种不同的观点:(一)对待恋爱比较认真,认为恋爱应以感情为基础,他们一般心理较成熟,有一定的责任心,彼此比较了解,恋爱是在朋友的基础上,互帮互助、日久生情而建立的。因而这种恋爱比较稳固、持续,对恋爱双方的学业影响也不大,一定程度上对学习还能产生促进作用。这种恋爱即使破裂了,对彼此的伤害也不是很大,做不成恋人还可做朋友嘛!因而这种恋爱观是值得肯定的。(二)对待恋爱态度不认真,不是真心的。这类大学生认为谈恋爱就是为了玩一玩,为了满足各种欲望。他们基本上没什么责任心,恋爱双方彼此不甚了解,也没什么感情基础,因而这种恋爱是短暂的,当然恋爱导致的结果是不愉快的,甚至是可怕的。一旦双方感情破裂,恋爱关系结束,男女双方便反目成仇,很少有还继续做朋友的。这种恋爱关系的破裂对双方都造成了不良的影响,影响了正常的学习、生活,一般来说,对女性的伤害更大。女性由于心理承受能力差,一旦受到伤害,便觉得受不了,产生消极反应,有的从此看破红尘,觉得干什么都没有意义;有的精神失常,导致精神病;还有的干脆以身殉情,结束了自己年轻的生命。凡此种种,在各高校屡屡发生。既然这种恋爱观会产生如此不良、甚至严重的后果,那么我们就很有必要分析这种恋爱观产生的原因。二、错误恋爱观原因分析爱情作为人类所拥有的共同精神财富,对于每个个体来说,都是无私的、公正的。但是实际上人们对爱情的获得程度、体验和方式是不一样的,这与个体自身的素质、知识修养、能力等方面有关,并受到各自的恋爱观的制约。恋爱观由恋爱的原因、动机来决定。上述错误的恋爱观产生的原因,我认为主要有以下几点:(一)失去奋斗目标与前进的动力进入了高等学府,有些学生新的理想尚未建立起来,出现了理想真空地带,表现为混日子,得过且过。有位学生坦言:“进入大学以来,我的思想很消极,什么目的都没有,终日无精打采,仿佛人生一点意义都没有,头脑一片空白。”这一表白,反映了很多大学生的心中苦闷,缺少学习动力、目标,于是转到谈情说爱,聊以消磨时光,寻求快乐。(二)好奇,存在试一试的想法大学生处于青春期中后期,生理机能基本成熟,心理机能趋于成熟,精力充沛、渴望交往异性,在中学时学习压力较大,未充分显示出来,现在主体意识发展了,个体发展必然会在个人生活中得到具体体现。(三)排解孤独、寂寞校园文化生活单调,课余生活枯燥乏味,三点一线连成了每天的全部,再加上家庭的干预与影响较中学时大为减弱,对同学之间的人际关系适应性较差,以至感到孤独、无聊、空虚、寂寞,一些学生为了释放多余的精力、寻求精神快慰而谈恋爱。(四)追求性刺激当前社会上格调低下的性文化泛滥,尤其是随着网络的发展,网上的世界正处于无栅栏状态,黄色的信息随处可看;另外,大学生受西方的“性自由”、“性解放”思想的影响,影响了部分大学生的两性观,追求感官刺激作为与异性交往的原因与目的。有些大学生甚至认为“性这种生理需要,同人饿了要吃饭,渴了要喝水一样”。1(五)攀比心理作祟有些大学生谈恋爱纯粹是从众心理、攀比心理做祟的结果,看到别人出双入对,心里难以保持平衡,随大流,赶紧找一个,以满足虚荣心。(六)为以后的人生积累经验有的大学生认为,“大学里谈恋爱,如同种试验田,取点儿第一手经验,为以后成熟的爱情打基础”。2对恋爱的态度,“就在半梦半醒之间,我们忘了还有明天”、“跟着感觉走,紧抓住梦的手”、“不求天长地久,只求曾经拥有”等港台流行歌曲总是在校园里经久不衰,格外受到大学生的青睐,不知是这些流行歌曲影响了大学生的恋爱观,还是大学生的恋爱观在流行歌曲中寻找到了共鸣,不问结果,只问过程,已成了他们获取爱情的真实写照。三、对策建议如今,对于大学生谈恋爱现象,许多高校采取不禁止、不引导的消极不作为态度,这是不正确的。因为大学生谈恋爱的动机、目的不尽相同,错误的恋爱观对大学生是相当有害的,因此,高校里的思想教育工作者,应以积极的态度,在明晰了大学生错误的恋爱观产生的原因的基础上,积极疏导大学生感情困惑,引导学生端正学习、事业与爱情之间的关系,建立正确的恋爱观。我认为重点应从以下几方面入手:(一)开展丰富多彩的校园文化建设校园文化的职能就是通过一定的物质环境和精神氛围,使生活在其中的每个成员都有意无意地在思想观念、心理因素、行为准则、价值取向等方面与现实文化发生认同,从而实现对人的精神、心灵、性格的塑造。我们要改变以往校园文化单纯满足学生的娱乐、丰富学生的业余文化生活的状况,这些只是低层次的功能。要使大学生通过参加校园文化活动丰富知识,提高能力,更重要的是赋予大学生先进的文化意识,长期潜移默化的熏陶,使学生不自觉地形成这种文化意识和文化品格。当前,校园里中西文化在交流中碰撞,许多西方思想观念——诸如性解放、游戏人生等使学生陷入价值的迷雾,甚至误导学生的行为。这就要求学校采取灵活多样的形式拨开迷雾,满足学生思想要求,促进学生健康成长,这也是校园文化的高层次需求。(二)帮助学生保持健康的心理心理学家提出:大学生所处的青春期后期,重量发育的机体结构、形态和机能都已相当于成人水平,但从心理发育的水平看,大学生的心理虽正快速趋于成熟,但又尚未完全成熟,尚处于“半生半熟”的阶段。这就要求我们从两方面入手:(1)加强青春期教育。由于受传统思想的影响,人们羞于谈性,父母对子女更是竭力回避谈论性,学校也不开生理卫生课,即使开也往往一带而过,致使大学生缺乏生理卫生的起码知识,虽然一只脚已经跨进了高等学府的门,但另一只脚却在蒙昧和无知的道路上跋涉。大学生正处于青春期后期,性意识成熟,渴望交往异性,具有强烈的好奇心和充沛的精力,同时也存在性审美和性道德意识薄弱,还不能带着批判的观点去欣赏影视、书刊广告、画册等作品,很可能经不起性爱镜头的诱惑,在好奇心理的驱使下去模仿,导致性道德沦丧、性违法犯罪。对此,教育工作者不能回避,最好是由思想教育工作者会同校医,把青春期生理、心理知识灌输给学生,使学生不再觉得神秘、好奇。(2)重视心理咨询。大学生心理困惑很大程度上来源于爱情的烦恼,如果避开不谈没有心理辅导员来疏导,若不能得到及时清理、舒缓,这种困惑就会越积越重,影响学生的身心健康正常发展。(三)帮助学生确立大学阶段的目标目标是人们活动所追求的预期结果,是激发人的积极性使之产生自学行为的必要前提。没有目标就没有方向、没有力量、没有积极性,也就难以步入成功的殿堂。刚进入大学的学生,高中时期的奋斗目标已变成现实,新目标又未建立,不少学生感到茫然、空虚,进入“动力真空带”或称“理想间歇期。”这就需要教育者尽快帮助学生树立新的奋斗目标。什么样的目标才能转化为学生的动力呢?美国心理学家弗洛姆认为:目标对人的行为有激励力量,而激励力量的大小取决于目标对个人生活的意义和目标实现的难度两个因素。根据目标对人的行为影响的这两个特点,教育者应该帮助正在被空虚、无聊困扰着的同学,判定一个这样的目标,即经过努力能够实现的、对自己生活有意义的目标,从而战胜空虚、无聊。(四)帮助学生正确理解爱情的内涵和外延学生往往以为爱情是异性之间的纯粹的情感,这是片面的理解。学校应利用课堂教育或其它形式的活动,向学生明晰爱情的内涵与外延。伦理学认为:所谓爱情,是指在一定社会经济文化状态下,男女双方以共同的生活理想为基础,以平等的互爱和自愿承担相应义务为前提,以渴求结成终生伴侣为目标,按一定道德标准自主地结成的具有排他性和持久性的特殊社会关系。换言之,爱情有四个构成要素:只能在异性之间、它是发自内心的真挚爱慕、希望通过结婚完成双方的永久的结合,它是一方对另一方的强烈社会责任。只有正确地、全面地理解了爱情,大学生才有可能找到真正的情感寄托。(五)进行性伦理道德教育教育者应对学生进行传统道德观与西方性道德观的分析,通过对比、分析、了解,帮助学生确立正确的性道德观,明确什么样的性意识,性行为是符合我国社会道德标准的。

上面是你的绪论。那下面就该说说你的过程和结果了。

西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从开始到结束到充满了浪漫气息。新娘的礼服一般为白色,新郎是黑色的礼服,使整个婚礼显的庄重严肃.到教堂去举行结婚仪式是整个婚礼最重要的环节.首先,随着婚礼进行曲的节奏,新娘挽她的父亲的手走到新郎面前,由她的父亲将她亲手交到新郎手中.牧师会要求新郎新娘对对方作出一辈子的承诺,这也是整个婚礼的高潮.然后他们会在牧师和众人的祝福下,交换结婚戒指并亲吻对方。而新娘手中的花球也不是一般的装饰用品.在婚礼结束时,新娘就会抛给到场的女宾客,如果谁接到花球,谁就是下一个结婚的人,这就使整个婚礼在欢声笑语中结束了。二．西方人结婚时的很多习俗都是大家所熟悉的，婚庆场面既欢快热闹，又美丽浪漫。由于中国的不断开放和东西方文化交流，我国的婚俗不少方面也在受其影响，例如穿婚纱、戴钻戒等等已经成为都市婚礼不可或缺的重要内容。然而究其渊源和象征意义，并不是所有人都很清楚的。下面就简要介绍一下一些西方婚礼用品和名词的来历和含义。 三．比如以浪漫著称的法国就被称为白色婚姻，白色是浪漫的法国婚礼的住色调；在菲律宾，观礼的嘉宾会轮流与新郎跳舞，并把金钱钉在他们的衣服上，有时后候双方亲戚朋友还会比赛哪方得到的金钱多。韩国的婚礼服装也挺有特色，值得一提――“两点”，新娘韩国新郎会穿上大礼服，新娘的嫁衣则是七彩的丝织服，配以长袖子和黑丝顶冠，这以阿拉伯的婚礼服装我认为是挺相似的，因为阿拉伯的新娘会穿着华丽的土耳其长袖袍子，不同的是视礼的女士会依习俗为新娘出嫁而恸哭，所以阿拉伯的婚礼又称为“恸哭”，当然这与我所谈论的服装无关。 四．而西方的婚礼风俗则是浪漫式的，婚礼重在礼而不在乎排场。婚前礼节也没那么复杂。一切都爱轻松自在的气氛下进行。而结婚在西方国家也是各国有各国的独特的方式。如：法国的白色为婚礼的主色调。无论是布置用的鲜花，还是新娘的服饰。可以看出法国人眼中的婚姻应该是纯洁无暇的，而新人用的杯子，也有特定的名称，名为“Coupdemarriage”，意思为“婚礼之杯”。而德国人的“疯狂”与德国人一直崇高的理智与冷静不同。他们的婚礼更多呈现出疯狂的一面。德国人在婚礼中会举行party（派队），派对中，新人会被戏弄。这类似于我们中国的“闹洞房”，其中重头节目就是兴高采烈地将碟子掷碎……西方给东方人带来的最亮点大概就是举行教 回答者：anonymous首先，是在传统结婚仪式上面。中国的传统婚俗有三书六礼”三拜九叩”这些繁俗礼节。所谓三书”，就是指聘书、礼书、迎亲书。（聘书订亲之书，男女双方正式缔结婚约。纳吉（过文定）时用。 礼书过礼之书，即礼物清单，详尽列明礼物种类及数量。纳征（过大礼）时用。 迎亲书迎娶新娘之书。结婚当日（亲迎）接新娘过门时用。）而六礼”是指纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。（纳采古时婚礼之首，属意女方时，延请媒人作谋，谓之纳采，今称「提亲」。 问名男方探问女方之姓名及生日时辰，以卜吉兆，谓之问名，今称「合八字」。 纳吉问名若属吉兆，遣媒人致赠薄礼，谓之纳吉，今称「过文定」或「小定」。 纳征奉送礼金、礼饼、礼物及祭品等， 回答者： 缚灵

从婚礼的细节

Differences Between Chinese Marriage Custom and Western Marriage Custom 中西方婚俗的差异AbstractThere are many procedures in Chinese marriage custom. The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage includes six etiquettes, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal presents to the girl's family, discussing the date of marriage and meeting the bride. In western marriage, there are four procedures. They are proposal, changing surnames, choosing the day and holding the wedding. As the different religions, cultural origins, marriage concepts and geographies, there are many differences existing in the two kinds of marriage customs. In Chinese marriage custom, the matchmaker functions almost all the time and youths have no right to choose and women are not on an equal footing with men. By contrast, in western marriage custom, the priest functions and the youths have legal right to choose whom they want to marry and men and women are equal. There also exist common things in the two sides. They have been maintained for thousands of years. But in recent years (especially after the founding of modern China), people have tended to discard some of the details and advocate simplified marriage procedures and wedding WordsMarriage custom; differences; reasons摘 要中国婚俗有着许多的仪式。最早记载婚礼习俗的《仪礼》云：“婚有六礼，纳采、问名、 纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。”而在西方国家主要有4个程序，即建议，改姓，选期和举行婚礼。由于宗教、文化根源、婚姻观念以及地理环境的不同在一定程度上导致了中西方婚俗的不同。在中国婚俗中，媒人起着决定性的作用，而作为婚姻当事人的青年男女却没有选择的自由和权力，而且男女在婚姻中的不平等现象也屡有出现。 在西方，是牧师在婚姻中起作用，并且青年男女有合法的权力去选择自己的夫婿或妻子。当然中西方的婚俗也存在相同的地方。它们存在了上千年之久。近年来（特别是新中国成立之后），中西结合的婚姻屡有出现。关键词婚俗；差异；原因IntroductionMarriage is formed in a long historical evolution of the marriage custom in a nation. It is the regularity of the activities that restrains people's awareness of marriage and marriage. Marriage custom’s binding does not depend on the law, and it can not rely on science tests neither, but on the force of habit, traditional culture and national psychology. During the development of human history, the institution of marriage and family system has experienced different processes of development. Human have experienced group marriage, the dual system of marriage and individual marriage system (monogamy).As a union of a man and a woman and a family formation stage, marriage includes not only marriage, but also the preparation phase for the marriage and the performance stage after the festivities. It runs through the whole process of life. These customs, as a national symbol and cultural development, plays a very important role in ethnic studies and the history of is a country with an ancient civilization and a long history, and many customs. Among so many customs, there is a particular marriage custom. This custom goes through various and long stages of development from ancient simple wedding ceremony to later complex ceremony, from feudal marriage custom to the modern free marriage custom. During these courses, people’s ideas are progressing, though we can not say that their ideas are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in all over the world at all over the time because there are still backward ideas existing in many places, in many people’s mind and they maybe will still exist for a long time. However, they are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in a certain stage of the uninterrupted development of civilization is the base of western culture. Britain plays an important role in western history and western culture, and of course marriage with each other, they are different in many aspects such as in right aspect and in freedom aspect and there are many reasons that result in these differences such as cultural reason and geographical reason. I. Chinese Marriage CustomLike other folk, marriage custom has the same development and evolving process. In the early days of humanity, the human relationship in a very long period of time still carried the irregular relations like the animal world. There was no marriage at all, if suggest some, the only "arbitrary marriage." In China, marriage has gone through for a long time. As a most grand etiquette, it has always been a high degree of attention. To control the marriage, the family and the whole society, since the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, Chinese marriage should comply with six procedures, which is the so-called "six etiquettes." And Later in Tang and Ming Dynasty in China, marriage also complied with the "six etiquettes". As time goes by, although many wedding customs experienced various changes "Six etiquettes" as the basic pattern has not changed much. It is still essential and core in marriage has changed much today, but in many places, there still remains traditional marriage feudal society, a marriage would be decided not by the youths’ love, but by their parents' desires. Only after a matchmaker's introduction and when parents considered the two family conditions were similar and could be matched, would the marriage procedures went forward. Conditions that should be taken into consideration included wealth and social status. If a boy's family was well-off or an official family, his parents would never permit him to marry a girl from a poor family. Essential to the marriage process were the commonly recognized 'three Letters and six etiquettes'. The three letters were the betrothal letter, the gift letter with a gifts list and the wedding letter used on the day the bridegroom met his bride at her home. The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage, usually, involves six necessary procedures, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal present to girl's family, discussing date of marriage and meeting the . Proposing:Proposing is the first etiquette in marriage and is the first meet between the members in the two families. Thus, it is very important. Using a common expression, it is making an offer of marriage to another family on behalf of the son or the parents thought that the girl could be the daughter-in-law in old times, they would ask a matchmaker for sending the gifts and bring the son and the girl together. If the girl’s parents also agreed on the marriage, they would accept the gifts. People usually used a wild goose when sending the gifts. Because the wild gooses could fly to the south or the north according to the seasons and they would never change it which implied the woman would be punctual and also because when the wild gooses flied they were in a row and when they stopped they were in a line which implied that woman should comply with the marriage rules and arrange in order that one should not breach . Asking the NameIt aims to ask for girl’s name and ancient times the girl’s name would not be known by other people until the girl was in an age of marriage. First, one must have the matchmaker and inform of the man’s family through a card. And the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Thus it can be seen that “asking the name” not only meant that the man’s family wanted to know the girl’s name, but also wrote down the woman’s birthday and Eight-characters (in four pairs denoting the time, date, month and year of a person’s birth, each pair consisting of one Heavenly Stem and one Earthly Branch, used in fortune-telling). If the birthday and Eight-characters were not harm the man, the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Sometimes the woman’s parents also wrote down the official position of the woman’s great-grandpa, grandpa and father and the dowry that could be supplied. What’s interesting is that during this progress it was the matchmaker that functioned, not the man’s family or the woman’s family. Matchmaker was also important in the other procedures. In traditional Chinese marriage, people believed “behest of the parents and proposal of a matchmaker”. That’s why many marriages in the past were arranged by parents and matchmakers. Matchmaker’s proposal was the marriage’s valid basis in Tang has been simplified today. Many marriage does not need this . Asking for Fortune After asking the name, the bridegroom’s side had got the woman’s birthday and Eight-Characters and they went to consult a fortune-teller then which was called “asking for fortune”. It included two aspects of contents. One was consult the female virtues. Ancient people regarded female virtues as the most important one in the gospel of three obedience that were obedience to one’s father before marriage, to one’s husband after marriage, and to one’s son after one’s husband’s death and four virtues that was morality, proper speech, modest manner, and diligent work for a woman according to Confucian lichun, Zhuge Liang’s wife (Zhuge Liang was a statesman and strategist in the period of the Three Kingdoms, now a symbol of wisdom in Chinese folklore) was famous for her ugliness, wisdom and high female virtues. A man in old times always had many wives. In order to solidifying and stead in the family, people paid much attention to female virtues. Hence there was the saw “Marry wife is marrying virtues and take a concubine is marrying appearance”.The other one was consult good or bad luck. If they were not fit for each other in Eight-Characters according to the birthday and what’s more, the woman would harm the man, the result was that this marriage would not be held and would be cancelled. If the result was fit for each other and moreover the woman would make the man prosperous, the man’s side would inform the woman’s side through the matchmaker and send the betrothal gifts and exchange cards. Thus the marriage was actually decided to be . Sending Betrothal Presents to the Girl’s FamilyThe book propriety and ceremony wrote by the scholars in Han dynasty regards it as sending money. If there is no receipt of gifts, there is no marriage. Hence whether receipt the gifts or not is the implication of the agreement of the marriage by the woman’s significance of it includes two aspects of meaning. One is the thanks for the woman’s parents because the parents feed up her. The other is help the woman’s family prepare for . Discussing the Date of MarriageIn the past, the bridegroom’s side decided the lucky day and sent the matchmaker to inform of the woman’s family. People paid much attention to the marriage time. They usually had a person looked at the almanac or asked for fortune. They liked having marriage in spring or autumn because spring was the time that everything comes back to life and time when spring was changing into summer and was favor to pregnant with new life; autumn was the season of harvest. After the labor for a year, people had enough money to hold the , it is also an important event. People pay many attentions to . Meeting the BrideThe marriage is finally held after the five procedures. In the past, the bridegroom wore wedding suit, riding on a horse, and guided the bridal sedan chair to marry the bride on the day. And the bride wore a red cheongsam waiting for the bridegroom. Now, the bridegroom wares western suit, and the bride wares wedding dress and usually in a car.待续