研究生论文英文简介

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《英语学术论文写作》特点：第一，内容齐全，涵盖面广。包括论文写作的主要方面。选题、材料收集及评估、提纲、遣词造句、衔接与连贯、文献引用及其标注、论文写作、修改、定稿以及摘要写作等。第二，切合实际，针对性强。主要针对如何在国外英文期刊上发表论文的问题，充分考虑在校研究生及广大在职专业人士的现实需要。第三，练习众多，实践性强。在糅合现代写作理论的基础上，通过大量的写作练习引领读者写出符合学术规范的高质量论文。第四，注重规范，倡导标准。专辟一章论述论文写作规范，帮助读者了解学术写作的要求，避免抄袭或剽窃的陷阱。第五，行文简洁，例证丰富。《英语学术论文写作》包括大量的写作指南和策略，例证大都选自《自然》等知名刊物，立意较高。刘润清教授就《英语学术论文写作》的内容选择、结构体例等方面提供了宝贵意见。

Management of agricultural industrialization, the nature of the market economy the main form of agricultural interests of diverse communities, and to contract as the link for "benefit-sharing, risk sharing," the interests of the joint mechanism, developed from the production, processing and selling Agricultural Integration. Leading enterprises and farmers is the most direct community of interest. Leading enterprises to grow, is to adjust agricultural and rural economic structure, promote agricultural industrialization operation, build modern agriculture, the only way to increase peasant incomes has the benefit of farmers producing standardized, high-quality agricultural products, high yield, high efficiency; are conducive to rural Sheng Yu labor force to achieve specialization, the degree of organization of farmers, against market risk, increase revenue. In the agricultural industrialization process, the interests of the joint mechanism is to determine the success of industrial management of the key factors. Development of agricultural industrialization fundamental purpose is to raise the level of modern agriculture, by industrial processing of agricultural products in value-added, farmers engaged in agricultural production greater gains. In practice, establish interest has been the linking mechanism for governments, enterprises, markets, farmers, such as multi game Jiaodian: How Bao Zhang multi-interests, so that enterprises and other economic organizations and farmers Jianli become closer sound of interests, enjoy the industry of the common operating results. Interests of the association mechanism is the theme of the economy in the interests of mutual respect between the contact relationship between the interaction constraints and regulatory functions, it can be divided into interests of both the creation and distribution of benefits, the composition includes four aspects: the distribution of benefits system , safeguards the interests, the interests and the interests of the restraint mechanism regulating mechanism. From the theory of agricultural industrialization, agricultural industrialization and the actual cause of industrialization throughout the course of business in connection with the interests of the way, combined with Zhengzhou status of industrial management of agriculture, benefits linked with the main form of Zhengzhou City in promoting agriculture industrialization process, enterprises and other economic organizations and farmers association problems, to study the establishment and perfection of the agricultural industrialization in the interests of the association's strategy and give advice. Links of interest to further improve the mechanism to support growth strategies, including agricultural leading enterprises, vigorously develop rural cooperative economic organizations, establish and perfect the mechanism of regulatory constraints, the system so as to strengthen the measures. Link the interests of industrial management of agriculture can be attributed to the connotation of mechanisms: organizational system in industrial management arrangements, to various types of organizations relying on carrier, through industrial system "non-market arrangements" and combine market forces outside the system, enable the participants to the main body of the system inputs (labor, capital, products, knowledge, technology) and property rights in which they are admitted, to get acceptable returns and benefits of one kind of economic interests of the relationship. Promote agricultural industrialization from the practice of, establish and improve mechanisms for the interests of industrialized operation of agriculture, can not do without administrative intervention and macro-control. Therefore, farmers should focus safeguard the interests of the core to create a level playing field, from reality, flexible options, and study a range of participation, guidance and support policies and measures, coordination between different stakeholders. Interests through the innovative link mechanism, updating the interests of agriculture-related enterprises and the concept of farmers, government support to implement sound policies to promote industrialization of agriculture means more closely link the interests, to promote agricultural industrialization, Zhengzhou City, the healthy development of a significant increase in farmers income

英语论文摘要

一篇合格的英语硕士论文不仅要按要求规范撰写，还必须是内容完整的，每一部分都不可或缺。论文摘要是英语硕士论文写作必不可少的写作环节，具有高度概括性，独立完整性，自明自含性等特点，起着重要的作用，我们必须加以重视。那么英语硕士论文摘要怎么写?有哪些写作要点?下面笔者具体来讲讲，大家继续往下看。

英语论文摘要写作内容须知

一般来说，英语论文对摘要主要包括了论文所研究的目的和范围、方法和过程、结果和结论三个方面。

就目的和范围而言，主要是简明扼要地陈述撰写论文的原因，常用名词短语前置的句型表示，把重点部分置于最显著的位置加以强调，但同时要兼顾平衡，避免头重脚轻。

就其方法和过程而言。主要源于实践性的论文摘要，能简约地叙述其基本原理、操作程序，使用了哪些新方法，采用了哪些新手段，如词汇手段、语法手段和逻辑承接语等，论文不宜繁琐、沉长。

就其结果和结论而言。是英语论文的核心和焦点，需要在摘要中清楚地表述出来，能直观地表达读者最为关注的问题，也同时反映论文所研究的价值、用途以及意义。

英语论文摘要写作文体要求

英语论文摘要与其他论文摘要在叙述方法上相同，能开门见山、直截了当，用词质朴无华，按照英语论文摘要的标准，一般在200——250个单词左右，要求用语准确，语法规范，句子完整，信息准确，文字精练，逻辑性强，通俗易懂，要避免带感情色彩或广告宣传的词语，不用口语体和非规范缩写词，语句中尽量使用动词靠近主语和重要事实开头，(不得用短语和从句开头)，要减少或取消不必要的背景信息，使之缩小摘要的篇幅。

英语硕士论文摘要写作疑问解答

1. 怎样写英文摘要?

可以按照论文的逻辑结构撰写摘要，如概述、目的、方法、结果、结论、展望的顺序。

概述(30词左右)：用最简洁的语言概括论文内容。例如：This paper is… 或 This study focuses on…

目的'(30词左右)：用To…就可以了，没有必要使用 in order to 或者 for the purpose of 等较长的表述。

方法(50词左右)：尽可能具体地说明操作的步骤，其中注意时态的使用。常用的词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, analyze, measure, application 等。

结果(50词左右)：直入主题地摆出结果，如 This paper shows… 或 The results are…

结论(60词左右)：删去类似于“The result of the study showed that…” 的赘语，逐条罗列出结论。

展望(20词左右)：指出研究对未来的意义，如 This paper is of great significance in… 或指出不足。

2. 英文摘要有多长?

一般情况下用一段的篇幅完成英文摘要，特殊情况可以分成两到三段，但最好不要超过三段。长度一般为200字到300字之间。

3. 英文摘要用什么语态和人称?

规范的学术文章通常采用被动语态，突出信息。但由于主动语态的表述更为清楚，现在有些地方也要求采用主动语态。

4. 英文摘要用什么人称?

最好不要出现I，we等第一人称代词，而是使用第三人称，如the author等。

5. 英文摘要用什么时态?

摘要的时态以一般现在时为主，表示一种存在于自然界的客观规律。在特殊的情况下可以使用一般过去时或现在完成时，用来表明一定范围内的结论或是某一过程的延续性。描述具体的动作时通常用一般过去时，总结主要的结果时通常用一般现在时。

注意：用paper 做主语来描述论文概况时后面常用一般现在时：This paper aims to focus on… 而采用study 来描述相同的内容时则常用一般过去时：This study investigated…

英语论文摘要写作六大要点

1.要善于运用自己的语言来撰写。摘要是从论文中提炼而成，是一篇论文的骨干和核心，所以又高于论文，这是运用论文的新境界，让读者能一目了然地领会作者对问题的认识和见解，所以，不能在原文词语的基础上简单堆砌和重新编排，需要重新运用语言来写，形成文字上的再创造。

2.要遵循论文的写作顺序来写。对于摘要的撰写要结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切，先写什么，后写什么，应按照逻辑顺序来安排，句子之间上下连贯，互相呼应。只要不是特殊情况，比如倒序，就不得随意更改论文的内容顺序，这样更能体现论文条理清晰。

3.要突出撰写的全面性。一篇摘要应保证内容的完整，作者要慎重恰当地处理，合理加以吸收、集中做到没有大的遗漏，能让读者直观地获取信息。摘要不同于引言，引言往往可以是文章内容的一个方面。

4.要注重撰写的高度概括。摘要是论文的“眼睛”，具有画龙点睛的效果，所以要用全面的、理性的、辩证的分析提炼和升华总结出带有总概括性的观点，学会压缩文字，英语论文就要学会压缩词组词汇，只取要点，删去细枝末节，省去例子，简化描述，避免重复，慎用长句，努力压缩一些繁沉的句子，力争把短语改成字词。如下面的例子：

(1)将His courage; in battle might withoutexaggeration be called lion-like压缩为：

He Was very brave in battle.

(2)将They acted in a manner that rendered them liable toprosecution .压缩为：

They acted illegally.

(3)将John fell into the river and，beforehelp could reach him，he sank.压缩为：

John was drowned in the river.

(4)习惯用but，then，thus，yet，for等最简短的过渡词语，禁止用at，the，Same，time，on the other hand等。

5.要慎重摘要的架构选词。一方面，在针对同一个汉语词对应的英语单词可能会有几个的情况下，要选择专业领域的常用词汇，凸显论文的专业度，同时，对词汇的选择要与句型、语法对应;另一方面，在选择句型上，在不曲解汉语摘要的愿意的前提下，尽量使用复合句，这样，更符合母语使用的阅读习惯。

6.摘要需要反复修改。要对照论文再次疏理，在时态运用上也以简练为佳，常用一般现在时，一般过去时，少用现在完成时，过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用，做到该压缩的压缩，该删减的删减，该充实的充实，该补失的补失，使之形成一篇完整的短文。

综上所述，英语硕士论文摘要对于整篇论文起着不可替代的重要作用，可以毫不夸张的说，它就是论文的精华所在。因此，我们要认真对待该部分的撰写，笔者以上分享了英语硕士论文摘要的写作的相关内容和要点细节，希望对大家有所指导作用。

Class Meeting is important form of class activities, main channel and effective means of class education and the main front of moral education in the coming of internet time, people's values, world view, moral philosophy, attitudes to life and way of life are changed enormously. Educators must self-adjusting with the times and actively adapt to the network environment, the pace of new developments and requirements. At present, There are some not compatible with the network environment issues in primary and secondary class meetings. So schools must stands on the high degree of development to overall coordinate and remodel the function of class meeting and organize special training, improve class teacher professionalism, carry out research on class meeting, come up with improvement policy to increase relevance and timeliness of education and educate adolescent with modern ideological and moral article uses literature, case studies, questionnaire surveys and comparative analysis to research. At first, it analyzes the effect of internet environment on class meeting and makes overall grasp of main features, the main function of the type commonly used, theoretical basis and principles of organization in class meeting under the effect of internet environment. Then this article makes research on the current situation of class meeting and makes an conclusion that class meeting has problems of vague educational goals, subject content is removed from students practice, less creative on design, low student participation, Emotional interaction not in place, etc. At last, this article comes up with four policies of improving class meeting, that is, specific class meeting goals to improve ideological and moral system of students under the network environment; comply with characteristics of the network environment to break through the bottleneck of class meeting; carry out specific school-based training to improve the quality of class meeting; create a good atmosphere to improve the status of class meeting.看看能不能帮上你 呵呵 我自己翻译的 见笑了