汽车相关论文附录外文文献翻译

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On the improvement of the current status of urban bus transport Paper Keywords: organization; planning Abstract: Urban traffic system is the urban system is an important subsystem, the city depends on the survival and development of transport, the rapid development of urban traffic and promote development. The bus transport in urban traffic is an important part of the city, it should speed up the development of urban bus transport in order to promote the rapid development of cities. Passenger traffic from the city traffic can be classified as public transport and private transport system of the two. At present, China's urban public transport characteristics are: the city public transport lanes with low coverage and low levels due to management, and other vehicles occupied by frequent public transport bus lanes caused by the low operating efficiency. Urban road unreasonable, so that local public transportation system utilization rate. Aging of the city bus a high degree of scheduling and organization of the unreasonable. Should speed up the development of urban transport system, the full development of urban transportation convenient, fast, large capacity. Therefore the following aspects should be the improvement of the urban bus transportation available. 1 city bus transport lines Urban public transport routes should be in line the city's main traffic flow, public transport in cities should be divided into the main lines and feeder lines. The main line linking the main passenger terminal and transportation hub, more than millions of people in big cities, the focus on passenger traffic hub should be set up quickly direct public transport routes. Generally by means of surveys to obtain data on a straight-line access to integrated planning and overall planning should be coordinated with the City to carry out. The use of lanes, the best rationale for a dedicated lane so that other lane segregation, isolation can be used with dedicated lanes and is equipped with monitoring systems. 2 urban public traffic density lines Urban public transport motor vehicles are usually lines of planning density, in the city center 3 ~ 4km/km2, peri-urban areas of 2 ~ , the distance between the Route 600 ~ 1000m, walking no more than 4 ~ 6min appropriate, the Town urban bus to the length of line should be advised as to the length of 8 ~ 12km. Would cause long lines of passengers waiting a long time and bus time arrival rate of a series of drawbacks such as poor. 3 bus scheduling and organization Vehicle Scheduling optimization is to determine the normal and efficient public transport operation of the important factors. Changes based on passenger flow and the specific operating conditions and other regulations, various models of vehicles and road traffic organization, such as passenger flow during peak hours to focus on the trunk of the vehicle with high-capacity organizations Station or shuttle bus from the train, in the flow large and narrow streets, small turning radius and the flow concentration of the body block with short bus. In addition, they can employ intelligent management tool. For example: public transport vehicle automatic threshold control system (collectively referred to international AVMcautomatic vehicle monitoring system), it can dispatch room in between efficient information access, effective communication links between the two (GIS). The main vehicles used by the GPS scheduling, dynamic target tracking and data collection on traffic flow, GIS geographic information used in traffic management and visualization of dynamic traffic information display. In addition, you can use variable message board information, broadcasting, on-street public phone, public computer network terminal, which has been in the way of public transport users on the roadside, bus stations or bus stops and on the platform, access to real-time information on bus travel services. 4 Coordination of bus and taxi operations management Door-to-door taxi service for passengers with a higher level of public transport. Utilization rate of its high energy consumption and less than a bus, air pollution is serious, complete the volume occupied by units of time and space resources, such as road defects, it should be based on the level of urban development and the actual needs of the taxi industry to strengthen the management and operation management, so that the coordinated development of the bus. 5 vehicle technologies to improve China's passenger capacity by bus at a small (60-90 passenger), and medium-sized (90-130 passengers) and large articulated vehicles (130-180 passengers) should be based on actual passenger traffic to the deployment of appropriate models to resources to reduce the rate of empty vehicles. It shall also meet the passenger demand on the city bus traveling comfort and convenience of passengers getting on or off request. The development of an independent suspension type, dedicated low-floor bus chassis and city buses, so bus and channel height of the pedal in order to reduce the vehicle center of gravity high over the estate to the requirements of comfort. It should also be a timely replacement of vehicles, the general public the best service life of 5 to 6 years. Extended active duty bus noise, and exhaust, and mechanical failure more than a series of shortcomings, with the scientific and technological development, many countries have also developed a number of the outcome of the application of modern high-tech bus. For example: the invention of the next generation of Japan's "middle-distance inter-city bus transport system of unmanned." Germany developed a city with public passenger transport vehicles, new cars can be run along the fixed-line and the traditional advantages of the bus and tram combination. 6 Public Transport Priority Development Strategy Urban public transport as the road space point with the demand, low environmental pollution, energy consumption should be small, giving priority to the development of traffic, in addition to China's cities are mostly intensive, therefore, to public transport systems and other forms of secondary form of transport in our country the structure of urban passenger transport natural direction of development. Commonly used way of public transportation there are two types of priority: Set according to the actual situation dedicated bus lane or bus lane roads. Intersection of the first; junction bus priority measures on the main bus phase-specific, dedicated bus lane entrance, as well as other special bus priority measures in line with the movement. City bus transportation is the main urban transport system is to communicate all aspects of the social production of an important part of urban development is the decision an important foundation for the development of one, so to speed up the development of the city bus. 【【题目你可以翻译为论改善我国目前城市公共汽车交通现状，希望可以帮助你】】

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沃尔沃车标历史：In June 1915, "Volvo" name first appeared in a ball on the SFK, and formally at the Royal Swedish Patent and Trademark Registration Board registered as trade marks. Since that date, SKF companies produce go each group of automotive side of ball and roller bearings, are marked with a new Volvo Latin, "Volvere" is the verb "roll" (rolling) and infinitives, for example, a pistol with a runner is called "revolver". In the use of first person singular form, the verb "volvere" becomes "volvo", "I roll" is "I go forward" means. Therefore, Volvo means "rolling forward." At present the Chinese name of unification as "Volvo", in the past have also had the "rich" in Chinese cars marked by a graph composed of three parts: the first part of the circles represent the Roman god of war Mars, which is the ancient chemical symbol for iron - an arrow inside the circle, the arrow pointing diagonally upwards to the upper right corner. In Western civilization, this can be regarded as the oldest and most common of a trademark, which originated in the Roman Empire, is Mars, the Roman god of war and men masculine symbol of the concept of three different qualities, thus also embodies Mars and then to use to make the majority of weapons between the initial source of iron. Because of this, the flag has long been the world including Switzerland, as a symbol of the steel industry. The reason why the car on the use of the brand logo on behalf of iron is to allow people to recall the glorious tradition of the Swedish iron and steel industry, as well as a strong steely second part is diagonal, set in the radiator from the upper left to lower right in favor of a diagonal ribbons. This band was originally out of technical considerations, is used to sign fixed to the grille on Mars, then it has gradually evolved into a decorative sign and become the most obvious sign of Volvo third part is a registered trademark of Volvo company, is the font used for writing the ancient Egyptian word 1927 was successfully manufactured the first cars on display on the integrity of all of the company logo. This car marked the beginning since the first one has been in use since Volvo cars, Volvo's car as a clear sign of unusual. In addition, Volvo the center of the steering wheel can be seen the iron symbol.够吗？ 不够我再发，我已经打给你的邮箱了！ 给我分吧！

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【论文摘要】 随着中国汽车产销量不断的提高，一些实力不断壮大企业不再满足把眼光只停留在国内市场，纷纷摩拳擦掌欲在国际市场上大展拳脚。本文引入SWOT分析法，从战略管理角度对我国汽车产品出口竞争力进行分析。通过对我国汽车企业的优势和劣势分析，以及对外部环境存在的机遇和挑战的分析，以此来提示我国汽车生产企业在走向国际市场时既不能盲目冒进，也不能裹足不前，应根据自己企业的实际情况制定本企业的出口发展战略。 【论文关键词】 汽车 出口 优势 劣势 机遇 挑战 2006年是中国汽车产品出口的丰收年，中国汽车企业产品出口相比2005年又有了大幅度的增加，出口量较上年增长一倍，达到创纪录的34万辆。其中轿车超过9万辆，3倍于2005年的数字，各种利好消息也不断出现，如华晨汽车与欧洲HSO汽车贸易公司签订了3000辆中华轿车出口欧洲的协议，HSO汽车贸易公司将在未来几年内为华晨赢得5万欧洲用户、吉奥1000辆皮卡出口到伊拉克、奇瑞公司接到美国一家公司采购的5000台发动机的订单等等。如此高的产品出口势头，充分体现出了中国供应海外汽车市场的潜力，以及中国对全球汽车制造商构成的潜在竞争压力。虽然我国汽车产品出口呈现出如此可喜局面，但在出口过程中，亦暴露出诸多问题，需要我们进行客观、系统地分析与思考。 一、优势分析 1.低成本优势巨大 中国出口产品的低成本是一个被广泛认可的事实，其中中国的劳动力成本大大低于国外，几乎所有的本土企业都享用着这样的廉价资源。据统计吉利造车的平均劳动力成本是每小时美元，而如果把医疗卫生福利、退休金等考虑进去，通用汽车的平均每小时劳动成本是美元。即使人民币对美元升值一倍，吉利的每小时劳动成本也只有7美元，仍不到通用汽车的十分之一。” 在俄罗斯，长城赛弗SUV售价比同类亚洲产品要低35%左右，陆风SUV在欧洲市场的售价仅为万欧元，奇瑞曾宣称，其将要进入美国市场的产品会比同类产品的价格低30%。 2.企业产品出口意识在不断加强 中国汽车企业的出口意识正在不断地加强，究其原因主要有二:一方面是国家的政策支持，由于国内汽车市场竞争日益激烈，多数企业采取低价竞争策略，所以导致产品利润日益降低，而出口可以得到可观的出口退税和国家给予的出口创汇奖励，通常出口所获利润要高于国内销售利润；另一方面由于各汽车生产厂家纷纷增添新设备、新生产线使得各生产厂家的产量大幅度的提高，出现了产能过剩的情况，要消化这些过剩的产能，就必须采取出口策略。 二、劣势分析 1.产品质量、安全性的差距 我国汽车产业在加入世贸后得到了快速发展，但是与世界知名汽车制造企业的产品相比较在质量和安全性方面还存在着较大差距。这些差距很多是基础层面上的，比如说原材料、特殊工艺的水平、安全性、制造设备和产品设计。国产汽车的质量在国内市场的表现就可见一斑，在出口产品没有大的改进和提高的情况下，投放国际市场与洋品牌一较高低，更是相形见绌。如陆风在出口欧洲200台汽车后，在经过欧洲—民间汽车组织以时速64公里对陆风汽车进行正面碰撞试验后得出的结论是:驾驶人员将受到严重损伤，甚至“有可能威胁生命”。华晨公司在欧洲的BS6产品介绍会上就承认，BS6型轿车按欧洲标准进行撞车试验时仅达到五星中的二星标准。 2.缺乏复合型人才 复合型人才是近来比较流行的词语，即拥有多方面专业知识和多种技能的人才，具体到汽车出口领域，是指熟练掌握至少一门外语、精通国际贸易业务、对汽车产品和业务链有相当了解的人才。由于我国汽车出口是从近几年开始大规模发展的，很多企业从2003年才正式启动“走出去”战略，将国际市场提到与国内市场同等重要的战略地位。所以人才储备不足，缺少独当一面的复合型人才，成为制约出口业务大发展的主要因素。 3.品牌知名度不高 目前中国汽车在世界汽车市场上的品牌认知度与日本和欧美汽车在当地多年经营已确立的品牌知名度还存在着较大的距离。从国际汽车品牌竞争力的综合指数看，我们仅仅是美国的，日本的，德国的，韩国的。我国汽车产业要想大举进军国际市场，只能依靠自主品牌和自主创新来担当重任。有一句话说得好，三流企业卖产品，二流企业卖服务，一流企业卖品牌。中国企业在开拓国际市场过程中，必须加强品牌建设的力度。售后服务和广告宣传等工作则是其中必须花大力气解决的重要问题。 4.售后服务网络不健全 我国大部分汽车出口企业尚未建立售后网点和体系，很多企业根本就谈不上售后服务，而出口量较大的企业在海外所谓售后体系离方便、快捷、多网点、高标准等要求还相差甚远。以丰田公司为例，他们开发市场，先以售后服务开始，前期运行的是配件和服务的准备工作。我国汽车出口达到了40个国家和地区，但是我们目前尚无一家出口企业的客服系统设置了中东、非洲等国家语言的专职服务人员。再反观一下，上海大众的客中心设置了德语服务，北京现代设置了韩语服务。我国相当多的汽车企业抱着出口一辆是一辆的心态，根本不考虑售后服务问题，结果造成了只管“生”不管“养”的局面，一旦车子出现问题，消费者根本找不到相应的维修站。这样不仅损害了自身的利益，也影响了整个中国汽车业在海外的声誉，限制了中国汽车业在海外市场的发展。 5.市场开发工作显得薄弱 我国汽车产品出口，给人的印象就是说的多做得少。诸如一些企业象放卫星一样的出口计划根本没有实现，一些企业的出口计划中途搁浅。这说明，我们企业在国外市场开发工作方面，缺乏系统的规划。我们对国外市场真正的需求还是缺乏针对性的了解。我们前期的市场调研工作也没有深入。如果把国外市场看作一个大的细分市场对待，把4P、4C、4R等相关工作落到实处，出口自会有别样的天地。 三、存在的机遇 1.中国汽车产品的海外需求不断增长 中国汽车的海外需求不断增长，尤其是轻型载货汽车，而本土生产的高端车型正在逐渐取代某些进口。另外，一向被认为缺乏竞争力的自主品牌轿车已经批量地进入国际市场，雄心勃勃的中国汽车企业正在积极尝试海外扩张，出口产品到欧美主流汽车市场。 在汽车产品出口中，汽车零件、附件及车身占有很大比重，2005年出口金额达到85亿美元，同比增长51%，占汽车产品出口的43%。中国汽车零部件出口市场比较集中，按照顺序分别为：美国、日本、加拿大、德国、韩国，其中，向美、日两国出口汽车零部件的金额占出口总金额的近50%。出口企业以外商独资和中外合资企业为主，这两类企业出口金额占出口总金额的56%。值得注意的是，2005年轿车产品出口迅速增加，数量达到31125辆，同比增长 224%，其中绝大多数是自主品牌轿车，出口市场也从发展中国家向发达国家主流汽车市场转移。 2.政府大力支持汽车产品出口 国家政策鼓励发展汽车出口贸易。早在1985年国务院发表的128号文件中，一些与汽车有关的产品就被列入国家重点支持出口的机电产品，在外汇分成、原材料进口、出口奖励、补贴等方面就享有与其他产品不一样的优惠政策。近20年来，虽然机电产品出口鼓励政策不断调整，但有关政策一直鼓励汽车出口贸易的发展。2011年国家下调了许多产品的出口退税额度，但汽车的原有的出口退税率在一定程度上得以维持。 3.中国正在进入一个准完全竞争时期 高速增长的中国汽车市场已经成为全球汽车市场的一个重要组成部分。2005年中国汽车产销量分别达到575万辆和585万辆，占全球汽车总销量的9%和全球汽车消费增量的23%。2000年～2005年，中国乘用车市场销售复合增长率达到37%。今年1～5月累计销量已经达到207多万辆，超过去年同期。 迅速扩容的市场成就了自主品牌汽车的发展及成长，市场份额越趋分散，自主品牌汽车2005年市场份额合计达到25%。汽车零部件行业的发展同样迅猛，2005年中国汽车零部件行业销售收入达到2168亿元，2000年～2005年平均复合增长率达到15%。汽车零部件在汽车行业所占比重也不断上升，2005年已接近40%，中国汽车市场正在进入一个准完全竞争的时期。 四、面临的挑战 1.低价政策带来的副作用 由于近几年中国汽车的出口量增速极快，而出口平均价格又逐年递减，所以马来西亚、俄罗斯、美国等国家都提出了“中国汽车威胁”论。美国人明确提出:中国汽车进入美国市场的速度将比日韩快，中国出口汽车将在5年～10年内对美国产生威胁。美国和日本在汽车制造业领域的争端从来没有停息过，当年日本汽车进入美国也曾受到百般刁难，丰田对美国作出了一定的妥协，最终在美国市场扎根。中国汽车如果一味地利用低价冲击国际市场，并拿出一副以低价冲垮对手的架势，而不给自己留丝毫回旋余地，无异于为自己树立起众多强大的敌人，丧失良好的出口环境。 2.管理落后、出口产品价格竞争混乱 目前我国的出口产品由于出现严重同质化倾向，所以难免恶性竞争，自相残杀。据悉，2005年全国出口整车万辆，出口企业却多达1025家，其中出口额1亿美元以上的企业仅有两家，出口额在1亿美元以下、3000万美元以上的也只有8家；而出口不到10辆汽车的企业有600多家，一年出口仅一辆汽车的“企业”竟然达到160家！这恐怕是全世界都绝无仅有的稀罕事。低价无序的恶性竞争将直接导致国外反倾销调查的增多，目前中国汽车行业遭遇的反倾销案例已有8起之多。业内人士分析认为，虽然汽车行业目前还不会过多地遭遇反倾销，从长远来看，随着出口规模的扩大，未来中国汽车及零部件产品很可能面临反倾销风险。 3.壁垒森严 目前，世界一些国家为了保护本国汽车产业，纷纷设置关税和非关税壁垒障碍，如俄罗斯经贸发展部对外洽谈委员会副总经理安德烈·库什尼连卡表示：俄罗斯的市场上已经出现了亚洲国家生产的低档汽车，一旦俄罗斯面对大量来自东南亚国家低档汽车进口冲击，将会“立即提高相应的汽车进口关税”。更值得关注的是，奇瑞和吉利正将俄罗斯作为下一个重点开拓的海外市场目标。马来西亚的关税从早期的100%下降到目前的50%，在国内售价3万元左右的吉利豪情，在马来西亚的报价达到10万余元之高。如果说东南亚、俄罗斯国家的高关税贸易壁垒，尚难以阻止中国廉价汽车大批量涌入的话，欧美市场实施的排放、安全、环保等严格法规标准，则是中国整车打开市场空间的最大障碍。美国交通部的安全标准、联邦空气污染控制标准和平均燃油经济标准，都比20年前日本车进军美国时的要求严格得多，而目前大部分中国产汽车还不能达到美国标准。 4.知识产权纠纷 近两年来中国汽车企业和国外一些汽车企业的有关知识产权的纠纷不断出现，如丰田汽车起诉吉利、通用汽车起诉奇瑞、本田汽车起诉双环和丰田汽车调查比亚迪F3等多宗国外汽车企业起诉国内汽车厂家侵权的事件发生。这些知识产权纠纷不仅损害了中国汽车企业的形象，还会使中国汽车走向国际市场道路变得举步维艰。 5.人民币汇率升值 由于从2005年开始美元兑人民币汇率不断在下跌，人民币汇率不断在升值，对于中国出口产品影响较大，汽车产品出口也不例外。由于中国的汽车企业出口车型都集中在经济型轿车领域。和其他行业国际市场相比，在汽车领域，中国仍然是廉价路线。显然，人民币升值，必然引起汽车出口价格上涨，无益于国际竞争。 中国汽车企业要想走向国际市场，和国际市场上的一些知名跨国公司同场竞技，就必须要不断修练内功，提高自身竞争实力，同时还要全面了解国际市场中的各种环境因素，力争做到“知己知彼，方能百战不殆”。一旦出击国际市场，就要战必胜，攻必克，这样才能树立起良好的企业形象，这不仅关系到出口企业本身的长远利益，更关系到中国汽车产业的长远利益。 参考文献: 白明:入世后中国汽车出口贸易成长分析，世界机电经贸信息2011年，10期 复合型人才缺乏影响我国汽车产品出口，中国汽车报，2006年7月7日 金学军:也门汽车市场在调研，商务部网站【 abstract 】 with the improvement of China's automobile production constantly, some strength growing enterprise no longer meet the eye only stay in the domestic market, are manoeuvring to make in the international paper USES the SWOT analysis, from the perspective of strategic management, our country automobile products export competitiveness is the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of China's automobile enterprises, as well as the opportunities and challenges existing in the external environment analysis, in order to prompt the auto production enterprises in our country can not blindly aggressive when towards the international market, also can't rush in where angels fear to tread, should according to the actual situation of their enterprises make the export of this enterprise development strategy.【 key words 】 auto export advantages disadvantages opportunities challenges in 2006, is China's auto products export crops, compared to Chinese automobile enterprise's products export has increased dramatically in 2005, exports year-on-year growth, a record 340000 more than 90000 cars, 3

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