gps测速毕业论文

GPS在工程测量中的应用论文包头铁道职业技术学院毕业设计说明书(毕业论文)题目:GPS在工程测量中的应用学生姓名:徐冬学号:200921100028专业:工程测量技术班级:0901班指导教师:全志强GPS在工程测量中的应用摘要GPS技术是当今信息社会发展最快的技术之一,GPS定位技术以其速度快,精度高,全天候,不受通视条件限制、费用省、操作简便等优良特性被广泛应用于大地控制测量中。时至今日,可以说GPS定位技术已完全取代了用常规测角、测距手段建立大地控制网。我们一般将应用GPS***技术建立的控制网叫GPS网。归纳起来大致可以将GPS网分为两大类:一类是全球或全国性的高精度GPS网,其主要任务是做为全球高精度坐标框架或全国高精度坐标框架,为全球性地球动力学和空间科学方面的科学研究工作服务,或用以研究地区性的板块运动或地壳形变规律等问题。另一类是区域性的GPS网,包括城市或矿区GPS网,GPS工程网等,这类网中的相邻点间的距离为几公里至几十公里,其主要任务是直接为国民经济建设服务。本文通过利用GPS对实地进行数据采集,并得出使用GPS测量具有效率高、费用省的结论。关键词:GPS网,全球定位系统,约束平差,GPS静态定位测量目录摘要 I第一章引言 3第二章GPS测量 5 5第三章 GPS网的布设 7 8 9第四章 GPS基线解算 11 12 13第五章 GPS基线向量网平差 14 、约束平差和联合平差 14 14第六章 结论 16参考文献 17致谢 GPS简介GPS即全球定位系统(GlobalPositioningSystem)是美国从本世纪70年代开始研制,历时20年,耗资200亿美元,于1994年全面建成,具有在海、陆、空进行全方位实时三维导航与定位能力的新一代卫星导航与定位系统。经近10年我国测绘等部门的使用表明,GPS以全天候、高精度、自动化、高效益等显著特点,赢得广大测绘工作者的信赖,并成功地应用于大地测量、工程测量、航空摄影测量、运载工具导航和管制、地壳运动监测、工程变形监测、资源勘察、地球动力学等多种学科,从而给测绘领域带来一场深刻的技术革命[1]。全球定位系统(GlobalPositioningSystem)是美国第二代卫星导航系统。是在子午仪卫星导航系统的基础上发展起来的,它采纳了子午仪系统的成功经验。和子午仪系统一样,全球定位系统由空间部分、地面监控部分和用户接收机三大部分组成。按目前的方案,。21+3颗卫星均为近圆形轨道,运行周期约为11小时58分,分布在六个轨道面上(每轨道面四颗),轨道倾角为55度。卫星的分布使得在全球的任何地方,任何时间都可观测到四颗以上的卫星,并能保持良好定位解算精度的几何图形(DOP)。这就提供了在时间上连续的全球导航能力。地面监控部分包括四个监控站、一个上行注入站和一个主控站。监控站设有GPS用户接收机、原子钟、收集当地气象数据的传感器和进行数据初步处理的计算机。监控站的主要任务是取得卫星观测数据并将这些数据传送至主控站。主控站设在范登堡空军基地。它对地面监控部实行全面控制。主控站主要任务是收集各监控站对GPS卫星的全部观测数据,利用这些数据计算每颗GPS卫星的轨道和卫星钟改正值。上行注入站也设在范登堡空军基地。它的任务主要是在每颗卫星运行至上空时把这类导航数据及主控站的指令注入到卫星。这种注入对每颗GPS卫星每天进行一次,并在卫星离开注入站作用范围之前进行最后的点击阅读更多

GPS1. SpaceThe space is part of GPS satellite by 24 work [1], it is located above the surface of the 20 200km, evenly distributed in six track surface (4) each track surface, orbit for 55 ° Angle. In addition, there are four star orbiting satellites active backup. The distribution of satellite in global anywhere at any time can be observed in 4 above, and can keep good satellite positioning accuracy of geometrical image solution. This provides a continuous on time in the global navigation skills. GPS satellite produces two groups, one group called Morse code (C/A Coarse/Acquisition Code11023MHz), A group called the P (Procise Code 10123MHz), P Code for higher frequency, not suffer interference, high precision, so by the . military control, and the password, generally, mainly for folk cannot . military service. C/A code for measures to lower accuracy, and deliberately used mainly open to . The ground controlThe ground control station by a master, five global stations and 3 ground control station. There are equipped with precision of the station clock and continuous measuring cesium visible satellites to accept machine. The satellite observation stations will obtain data, including the ionosphere and meteorological data, after initial treatment, to master station. Master station from various stations, satellite tracking data calculated the orbit and clock parameters, then will result to 3 ground control station. The ground control station in each satellite run over to the navigation, master station instructions and data into a satellite. The injection of each star GPS satellite, and in every time inject stood range from satellite before finally injection. If a ground fault, so in the satellite navigation of stored information can also be used for a period of time, but the navigation precision will gradually . User equipment partsUser equipment parts namely GPS signal receiver. Its main function is to capture by certain Angle of satellite deadline to choose to follow these satellites and satellite, the operation. When the receiver to capture the satellite tracking, after receiving antenna can be measured and satellite pseudo distance and the distance change, satellite orbits parameters, such as the demodulation data. Based on these data, the receiver can handle the computer by positioning solution method and computing the user's position in the longitude and altitude geographical position, speed, time, etc. The hardware and software receivers in GPS data post-processing software package and form a complete GPS user equipment. GPS receiver unit and receiving antenna structure is divided into two parts of the unit. Receiver generally USES machine and together two kinds of dc power supply. Setting machine aims to replace the power supply without interruption continuous observation. In use within the time machine power battery charging automatically. After shutdown, machine battery power for the RAM, memory, in order to prevent the loss of data. At present various types of accept machine, weight and small volume and light, facilitate the field Ground control system (by now), the Station so the control Station (Master), so now the Antenna (Ground), the Antenna control Station, colo springfield, Colorado (are). The ground control station is responsible for collecting information by satellite, and alex, relative to star satellite data from the atmosphere correction. Secondly, the existing users receiver for two and two, double-frequency due to price factor, general user buys more for single-rate at the application of GPS road engineeringThe application of GPS in road construction, is mainly used to establish various road engineering control network and determination of the control points electricity, etc. Along with the rapid development of the highway to survey technology, puts forward a higher request, due to long, known points less, therefore, with the conventional measure method not only, and the net difficulties are hard to meet the requirement of high precision. At present, China has gradually establish lines using GPS technology, then head high precision control network layont wires with conventional methods. Practice has proved, in a few tens of kilometers within the scope of the point error only 2 centimeters, reached the conventional method to realize the accuracy, but also greatly ahead of time. GPS technology also applied to the control measure of large bridge. Since it is unnecessary to tong, can form strong nets, improve accuracy of inspection, via conventional measure fulcrum is effective. GPS technology in the measurement of the tunnel has broad prospect of application, GPS, reduced need through conventional method, the intermediate links, therefore, high speed, high accuracy, significant economic and social GPS navigation and traffic management in automotive applicationsThree-dimensional navigation is the primary function, GPS, ships, aircraft and ground vehicles pacers can use GPS navigation device for navigation. Car navigation system is in the global positioning system (GPS developed on the basis of a new technology. Car navigation system by GPS navigation, self-discipline, navigation and microprocessor, speed sensor, gyro sensor and cd-rom drives, LCD display. GPS navigation systems and electronic map, radio communication network, computer vehicle management information system, combining can achieve vehicle tracking and traffic management and many other GPS in long-distance passenger vehicle management application (for example),In the first set of professional long-haul GPS vehicle management system, and long-distance communication GPS intelligent management system, for example, it is combined with the satellite positioning technology, GPRS/CDMA communications business, GIS, image collection technology, computer network technology, and database in the company to build a passenger control (C/S structure and B/S structure combining), and the other for points, the public security bureau and control YunGuan departments and departments of the control system, established by the control center system, wireless communication system platform (GPRS/CDMA), global positioning system (GPS), four parts and trackside equipment all-weather, a full range of driver and vehicle tracking management platform, System can be registered vehicle dynamic tracking and monitoring implementation, pictures, driving record, management, data analysis and so on the function, monitoring vehicles in electronic map, and display of vehicles running track data, Operating terminal optional internal network or the Internet server to visit and through the center to provide online IE browser integrated passenger management data analysis of the control system (B/S structure), And the capacity of the system software available according to the center of the hardware configuration and operating terminal server, the most greatly expanded, net vehicles 500,000 can not only is long, can the passenger vehicles such social vehicles. And the system still can use group management, different types of vehicles into different groups, facilitate the operation technology application examples in the navigatorGPS navigators international leading brand: Ahada YiHang (of) -- from silicon valley, now login China!The core products function:1) map queryA penny saved is a penny gained in operation on a terminal search your destination penny saved is a penny gained can record you always want to place, and retain information, also can be Shared with others and the location penny saved is a penny gained fuzzy query your attachment or a location near the station, hotel, such as ) route planningA penny saved is a penny gained GPS navigation system will be set according to the starting point and destination, automatic programming penny saved is a penny gained planning routes whether can be set to pass some penny saved is a penny gained planning routes whether can avoid high-speed etc. ) automatic navigationA penny saved is a penny gained speech navigation:To provide drivers advance in speech, navigation condition intersection traffic information, such as a way to understand the wizard tells you how to drive to the destination. Navigation in one of the most important function, make you need, through watching operation terminal voice prompt can safe penny saved is a penny gained picture navigation:In the end, will display operate maps and position of the car now, driving speed, the destination of the route, planning, crossing the road to penny saved is a penny gained redesign line:When you have the line planning, or go wrong when crossing, GPS navigation system according to your present position, for you to plan a new route to the principleGPS navigation system is the basic principle of measuring the satellite to known position of the distance between the user receiver, and then integrated satellite data can know the location of the receiver. To achieve this objective, the position of the satellite can according to record the clock time on satellite star found in a calendar. Visible GPS navigation system is part of the satellite launch navigation ceaselessly. However, due to the use of the user to accept machine with satellite space-borne clock clock synchronization, may not always except user 3d coordinate x, y, z, will also introduce a Δ t is the difference between the satellite and the receiver as unknown, then use four equations will these four unknown. So if you want to know, the receiver's place at least four satellites can receive the receiver can receive the GPS clock can be used to accurately on the two levels of second time information, Used to forecast the next few months in the general position of satellite prediction star alex, Can be used to calculate the location for the satellite radio star alex, the coordinates for a few meters to dozens of accuracy of each different, rice (change) satellite, And the GPS system information, such as receiver to code measurement can get satellite receiver, because of the distance to the clock contains receiver satellite transmission error, error and the atmosphere is called pseudorange. 0A yards of measured pseudorange called UA yards pseudorange and accuracy for about 20 meters of P yards, measured pseudorange called P yards pseudorange and accuracy for about 2 receiver of received signal, decoding technology, or other information on the carrier modulation in removed, can restore carrier. Strictly speaking, the carrier phase should be called the carrier frequency phase, it is patted the received by doppler frequency influence of satellite signal receiver carrier phase and machine generated signal phase difference oscillations. General bell in the epoch receiver determined to keep time measurement, satellite signal, it can track record of phase change, but start when the value of the receiver and satellite observations of the oscillator is not know the initial phase of the epoch, also don't know phase integers, namely the fuzzy degrees, only in data processing as parameters. Phase observations of high precision and mm, but the premise is a whole week, so only in fuzzy relative positioning, and a continuous observation can use phase observations, and to achieve superior level meters positioning accuracy of also only using phase to the localization way, GPS positioning and relative into single point positioning (difference). According to a single point positioning receiver is the observation data to determine the position of the receiver, it only USES pseudorange observation, can be used as a compendium of navigation and positioning vehicles. Relative location (difference) is based on the observation data of two above receiver to determine the relative position between the observation methods, it can be adopted pseudorange observation may adopt phase observation and geodesy or engineering measurement shall be made phase observation value relative the GPS observation satellite and the receiver is contained in the clock, atmospheric propagation delay, the multipath effect etc, in the positioning error when calculating by satellite radio star alex, the influence of error in relative positioning error when most public offset or weakened by positioning accuracy, so will greatly improve, double-frequency receiver can according to the observation of two frequency offset the atmosphere, the main part of the error of the ionosphere, high accuracy in the distance between the receiver when significant difference (air), should choose double-frequency receiver.

GPS在工程测量中的优化与应用探讨 摘要］鉴于GPS相对于全站仪等传统测量技术具有全天候、高精度、自动化、高效益等优势，本文通过对几个工程测量实例的实 施、对比及分析，就工程测量中如何对GPS技术进行优化与应用进行了探讨，并得出了相关结论。 ［关键词］GPS静态定位动态定位工程测量 定位技术的特点和优势 全球定位系统具有性能好、精度高、应用广的特点，是迄今最好的 导航定位系统。随着全球定位系统的不断改进，硬、软件的不断完善，应 用领域正在不断地拓宽，目前已遍及国民经济各种部门，并开始逐步深 入人们的日常生活。经过近10年我国测绘等部门的使用表明，GPS以 全天候、高精度、自动化、高效益等显著特点，赢得广大测绘工作者的信 赖，并成功地应用于大地测量、工程测量、航空摄影测量、运载工具导航 和管制、地壳运动监测、工程变形监测、资源勘察、地球动力学等多种学 科。GPS卫星全球定位系统的全面建成和发展，必将给导航和测绘行业 带来深刻影响。 定位技术在实际测量工作中的对比分析 自2003年单位引进4套美国TRIMBLE(天宝)5700 GPS双频接收 机（静态定位精度5mm+×D）以来，笔者一直从事GPS的定位和 测量工作。分别完成了朝阳区温榆河河道改造工程控制测量、海淀区莲 西商务楼竣工控制测量、顺义残疾人培训中心控制和数字地形测量、燕 山石化控制和数字地形测量、大安山矿区控制和数字地形测量、天津塘 沽滨海旅游度假村控制和数字地形测量、天津地铁勘察定位、京沪高速 铁路勘察定位、沈大客运专线勘察定位、外交部职工住宅楼勘察定位等 大小数十项工程的控制和测量工作。在近几年来的工程测量中，通常都 是天宝3602DR全站仪(测量精度±2''，±（2mm+2ppm×D））和天宝 5700GPS联合进行，两者相互配合，取长补短，弥补对方的不足，从而更 有效发挥各种仪器的使用价值。全站仪测量具有精度高，速度快等优 势，但是受通视条件影响较大，遇有障碍物时需多次转点，使其优势得 不到充分发挥；而GPS测量对通视条件则没有要求，但由于测量数据都 是通过接收卫星信号得来，只有保证仪器能够接收到足够的卫星信号， 才能保证测量成果，因此，它对仪器周边的建筑、构筑物要求较高。全站 仪测量经过几十年的发展，现在各个方面已经是十分成熟，而GPS测量 在国内刚开始不久，好多技术都在试验阶段，各方面都有待完善。虽然 这两种测量技术广泛运用在日常生活中，但两者在实际工程测量中应 用时，在满足国家规范的同时两者之间相对测量精度能达到多少，特别 是GPS测量相对业已成熟的主流的全站仪测量之间的测量误差，笔者 多方查询，各方面文献均未作出相关报道。我们一直试图通过各种方法 和手段，对两种测量之间的关系进行一些研究，希望能对今后的测量工 作起到一个指导和借鉴作用。通过多年的工程实践和试验，笔者选取了 几个比较有代表性的工程实例，对GPS测量和全站仪测量在测量成果 精度上作了一些对比、总结和探讨。 GPS静态定位（四等）和全站仪定位工程对比 静态定位基本上都是用在测量控制上，故本研究分别是朝阳区温 榆河河道改造工程控制测量和海淀区莲西商务楼竣工控制测量的控制 测量数据进行比较，主要比较两种定位方面的坐标成果数据，具体测量 数据如表1、表2所示。通过以上工程实例，可以看出现在的GPS静态 定位（四等）和全站仪定位精度已经很接近，平面和高程误差都能控制 在10mm之内，测距相对误差在7万分之一以上，都能够满足3等以下 导线测量和3等以下水准测量的测量规范和生产要求，但是GPS静态 定位比全站仪定位更高速、高效，应用范围更广阔，经济效益更加明显。 在市场竞争激烈的今天，GPS测量已经成为工程测量的首选手段。 GPS动态测量(RTK)和全站仪测量 动态测量一般用在精度要求较低的测量工程。如地形测量、勘察定 位等方面，本研究选用天津塘沽滨海旅游度假村控制，沈大客运专线勘 察定位和数字地形测量和外交部职工住宅楼勘察定位成果进行比较， 相关测量数据及比较结果如表3、表4和表5所示。通过以上工程实例， 可以看出GPS动态测量(RTK)与全站仪的平面误差基本上在250mm之 内，高程误差在50mm之内。能够满足工程勘察初勘平面误差 m，高 程误差5cm，详勘平面误差，高程误差5cm的规范要求，同时还 能满足常规地形测量1∶500比例尺以上地形测量的工程测量规范要求。 GPS动态测量可以很好避免全站仪测量时繁琐复杂的分级控制过程， 能够很好克服测量点之间的通视问题，能减少一半的测量人员，从而节 约大量工作时间、大幅提高测量工作效率。 在工程测量中的优化经验与思路 通过对以上的测量数据对比和经验总结，我们对GPS测量定位技 术的性能、精度和使用条件有了更进一步的了解，这对我们后续的许多 工程施工提供了很好的依据，我们可以针对不同的工程技术要求，制定 不同的施测方案，在确保工程质量的同时，最大限度降低生产成本，使 单位的经济效益得到大幅提高。后来进行的大兴黄 村动车段勘察定位工程中，施工场地建筑密集，通 视条件极差，我们根据设计规定平面误差不超过1米、高程误差不超过 10cm的技术要求，利用RTK动态定位技术，有效克服了测量点之间通 视不畅的问题，测量人员也从两个测量组减少到一个组，五百多个钻孔 定位在三天时间就全部完成。同样的工作量如果要使用常规全站仪定 位，在如此困难的施测条件下，两个测量组估计七天才能完成。 团河行宫数字地形测量工程也是利用前面的理论成果，我们因地 制宜的制定出相应的施测方案。根据场地位于交通条件极不便利的郊 区且场地附近没有控制点的情况，利用GPS静态定位从6公里外把城 区的控制点引测过来，然后再用RTK动态技术进行数字地形测量，一 个测量组两天时间就完成了1平方多公里的地形测量。如果用全站仪 测量，仅控制测量一项就需一个测量组工作四~五天，加上地形测量至 少要花费一周的时间。利用以上的测量结论，沈大客运专线勘察定位、 外交部职工住宅楼勘察定位等工程都在较短时间内快速、高效地完成， 充分验证了上述经验总结的正确性。 3.结论 通过多年来对GPS定位技术的应用，可以总结出以下几点： （1）测量成果相对精度高，质量可靠。点位范围可以方便地控制在 米之内，并且点与点之间误差均为随机误差，不会产生累积误差。 （2）定位系统可以全天候作业，不受视线通视影响。 （3）可实时提供定位点的坐标及其点位精度，方便快捷，定位情况 一目了然。 （4）野外作业简单，效率高，自动化程度高，大大减小了劳动强度， 可节约大量的人力物力资源。 （5）作业过程中的一些注意事项： a.测量定位前应该做好作业地区的星历预报分析，明确测量的最 佳时段，通常卫星数量少于6颗时，不宜进行作业。因为卫星数量过少， 会对观测结果产生较大影响，测量成果精度不高不说，还会给内业解算 带来许多麻烦。 b.静态观测时，对于空旷、无干扰的地区，至少要连续观测30分钟 以上；对于城市建筑密集、干扰众多地区，最少要观测1个小时以上，才 能确保外业观测质量。 动态测量(RTK)时一定要在初始化完成后，在卫星fixed(固 定)情况下测量，如果在float(浮动)情况下测量，结果差别很大，少则几十 公分，多的有近十米。 （6）有待进一步研究之处： GPS实时静态定位在变形测量（位移、沉降）中的应用，它和全站仪 定位之间的关系。 不同的解算软件对GPS定位结果的影响。 参考文献 ［1］中国有色金属工业协会主编《.工程测量规范》（GB50026-2007） ［M］.北京：中国计划出版社，2008. ［2］北京市测绘设计研究院主编《.全球定位系统城市测量技术规 程》（CJJ73-97）［M］.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1997. ［3］李天文.GPS原理及应用［M］.北京：科学出版社，2003. ［4］胡伍生，高成发.GPS测量原理及其应用［M］.北京：人民交通出 版社，2002.