人民币汇率论文参考文献英语

Exchange rateIn finance, the exchange rates (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. For example an exchange rate of 102 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (USD, $) means that JPY 102 is worth the same as USD 1. The foreign exchange market is one of the largest markets in the world. By some estimates, about 2 trillion USD worth of currency changes hands every spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future exchange rate quotation is given by stating the number of units of "term currency" or "price currency" that can be bought in terms of 1 unit currency (also called base currency). For example, in a quotation that says the EURUSD exchange rate is ( USD per EUR), the term currency is USD and the base currency is is a market convention that determines which is the base currency and which is the term currency. In most parts of the world, the order is:EUR - GBP - AUD - USD - *** (where *** is any other currency).Thus if you are doing a conversion from EUR into AUD, EUR is the base currency, AUD is the term currency and the exchange rate tells you how many Australian dollars you would pay or receive for 1 euro. Cyprus and Malta which were quoted as the base to the USD and *** were recently removed from this list when they joined the euro. In some areas of Europe and in the non-professional market in the UK, EUR and GBP are reversed so that GBP is quoted as the base currency to the euro. In order to determine which is the base currency where both currencies are not listed (. both are ***), market convention is to use the base currency which gives an exchange rate greater than . This avoids rounding issues and exchange rates being quoted to more than 4 decimal places. There are some exceptions to this rule . the Japanese often quote their currency as the base to other using a country's home currency as the price currency (., EUR = $ in the US) are known as direct quotation or price quotation (from that country's perspective) ([1]) and are used by most using a country's home currency as the unit currency (., £ = $ in the US) are known as indirect quotation or quantity quotation and are used in British newspapers and are also common in Australia, New Zealand and the quotation: 1 foreign currency unit = x home currency units indirect quotation: 1 home currency unit = x foreign currency units Note that, using direct quotation, if the home currency is strengthening (., appreciating, or becoming more valuable) then the exchange rate number decreases. Conversely if the foreign currency is strengthening, the exchange rate number increases and the home currency is looking at a currency pair such as EURUSD, the first component (EUR in this case) will be called the base currency. The second is called the term currency. For example : EURUSD = , means EUR is the base and USD the term, so 1 EUR = pairs are often incorrectly quoted with a "/" (forward slash). In fact if the slash is inserted, the order of the currencies should be reversed. This gives the exchange rate. . if EUR1 is worth , euro is the base currency and dollar is the term currency so the exchange rate is stated EURUSD or USD/EUR. To get the exchange rate divide the USD amount by the euro amount . = convention from the early 1980s to 2006 was that most currency pairs were quoted to 4 decimal places for spot transactions and up to 6 decimal places for forward outrights or swaps. (The fourth decimal place is usually referred to as a "pip.") An exception to this was exchange rates with a value of less than which were usually quoted to 5 or 6 decimal places. Although there is no fixed rule, exchange rates with a value greater than around 20 were usually quoted to 3 decimal places and currencies with a value greater than 80 were quoted to 2 decimal places. Currencies over 5000 were usually quoted with no decimal places (. the former Turkish Lira). . (GBPOMR : - EURUSD : - GBPBEF : - EURJPY : ). In other words, quotes are given with 5 digits. Where rates are below 1, quotes frequently include 5 decimal 2006 Barclays Capital broke with convention by offering spot exchange rates with 5 or 6 decimal places. The contraction of spreads (the difference between the bid and offer rates) arguably necessitated finer pricing and gave the banks the ability to try and win transaction on multibank trading platforms where all banks may otherwise have been quoting the same price. A number of other banks have now followed or peggedMain article: Exchange rate regimeIf a currency is free-floating, its exchange rate is allowed to vary against that of other currencies and is determined by the market forces of supply and demand. Exchange rates for such currencies are likely to change almost constantly as quoted on financial markets, mainly by banks, around the world. A movable or adjustable peg system is a system of fixed exchange rates, but with a provision for the devaluation of a currency. For example, between 1994 and 2005, the Chinese yuan renminbi (RMB) was pegged to the United States dollar at RMB to $1. China was not the only country to do this; from the end of World War II until 1966, Western European countries all maintained fixed exchange rates with the US dollar based on the Bretton Woods system. [2]Nominal and real exchange ratesThe nominal exchange rate e is the price in domestic currency of one unit of a foreign currency. The real exchange rate (RER) is defined as , where P is the domestic price level and P * the foreign price level. P and P * must have the same arbitrary value in some chosen base year. Hence in the base year, RER = e. The RER is only a theoretical ideal. In practice, there are many foreign currencies and price level values to take into consideration. Correspondingly, the model calculations become increasingly more complex. Furthermore, the model is based on purchasing power parity (PPP), which implies a constant RER. The empirical determination of a constant RER value could never be realised, due to limitations on data collection. PPP would imply that the RER is the rate at which an organization can trade goods and services of one economy (. country) for those of another. For example, if the price of a good increases 10% in the UK, and the Japanese currency simultaneously appreciates 10% against the UK currency, then the price of the good remains constant for someone in Japan. The people in the UK, however, would still have to deal with the 10% increase in domestic prices. It is also worth mentioning that government-enacted tariffs can affect the actual rate of exchange, helping to reduce price pressures. PPP appears to hold only in the long term (3–5 years) when prices eventually correct towards recent approaches in modelling the RER employ a set of macroeconomic variables, such as relative productivity and the real interest rate vs effective exchange rateBilateral exchange rate involves a currency pair, while effective exchange rate is weighted average of a basket of foreign currencies, and it can be viewed as an overall measure of the country's external competitiveness. A nominal effective exchange rate (NEER) is weighted with trade weights. a real effective exchange rate (REER) adjust NEER by appropriate foreign price level and deflates by the home country price level. Compared to NEER, a GDP weighted effective exchange rate might be more appropriate considering the global investment interest rate paritySee also: Interest rate parity#Uncovered interest rate parity Uncovered interest rate parity (UIRP) states that an appreciation or depreciation of one currency against another currency might be neutralized by a change in the interest rate differential. If US interest rates exceed Japanese interest rates then the US dollar should depreciate against the Japanese yen by an amount that prevents arbitrage. The future exchange rate is reflected into the forward exchange rate stated today. In our example, the forward exchange rate of the dollar is said to be at a discount because it buys fewer Japanese yen in the forward rate than it does in the spot rate. The yen is said to be at a showed no proof of working after 1990s. Contrary to the theory, currencies with high interest rates characteristically appreciated rather than depreciated on the reward of the containment of inflation and a higher-yielding of payments modelThis model holds that a foreign exchange rate must be at its equilibrium level - the rate which produces a stable current account balance. A nation with a trade deficit will experience reduction in its foreign exchange reserves which ultimately lowers (depreciates) the value of its currency. The cheaper currency renders the nation's goods (exports) more affordable in the global market place while making imports more expensive. After an intermediate period, imports are forced down and exports rise, thus stabilizing the trade balance and the currency towards PPP, the balance of payments model focuses largely on tradable goods and services, ignoring the increasing role of global capital flows. In other words, money is not only chasing goods and services, but to a larger extent, financial assets such as stocks and bonds. Their flows go into the capital account item of the balance of payments, thus, balancing the deficit in the current account. The increase in capital flows has given rise to the asset market market modelSee also: Capital asset pricing model The explosion in trading of financial assets (stocks and bonds) has reshaped the way analysts and traders look at currencies. Economic variables such as economic growth, inflation and productivity are no longer the only drivers of currency movements. The proportion of foreign exchange transactions stemming from cross border-trading of financial assets has dwarfed the extent of currency transactions generated from trading in goods and asset market approach views currencies as asset prices traded in an efficient financial market. Consequently, currencies are increasingly demonstrating a strong correlation with other markets, particularly the stock exchange, money can be made or lost on the foreign exchange market by investors and speculators buying and selling at the right times. Currencies can be traded at spot and foreign exchange options markets. The spot market represents current exchange rates, whereas options are derivatives of exchange in exchange ratesA market based exchange rate will change whenever the values of either of the two component currencies change. A currency will tend to become more valuable whenever demand for it is greater than the available supply. It will become less valuable whenever demand is less than available supply (this does not mean people no longer want money, it just means they prefer holding their wealth in some other form, possibly another currency).Increased demand for a currency is due to either an increased transaction demand for money, or an increased speculative demand for money. The transaction demand for money is highly correlated to the country's level of business activity, gross domestic product (GDP), and employment levels. The more people there are unemployed, the less the public as a whole will spend on goods and services. Central banks typically have little difficulty adjusting the available money supply to accommodate changes in the demand for money due to business speculative demand for money is much harder for a central bank to accommodate but they try to do this by adjusting interest rates. An investor may choose to buy a currency if the return (that is the interest rate) is high enough. The higher a country's interest rates, the greater the demand for that currency. It has been argued that currency speculation can undermine real economic growth, in particular since large currency speculators may deliberately create downward pressure on a currency in order to force that central bank to sell their currency to keep it stable (once this happens, the speculator can buy the currency back from the bank at a lower price, close out their position, and thereby take a profit).In choosing what type of asset to is officially pegged, synthetic markets have emerged that can behave as if the yuan were floating).汇率在经济学上，汇率定义为两国货币之间兑换的比例。通常会将某一国的货币设为基准，以此换算金额价值他国几元的货币。在英文使用方面，有时简写为FX，此为外国货币Foreign Exchange的简写。通俗的说，是一国货币单位兑换他国货币单位的比率，也可以说是用一国货币表示的另一国货币的价格。汇率的特性在于它多半是浮动的比率。只要货币能够透过汇率自由交换，依交换量的多寡，就会影响隔天的汇率，因此，有人也以赚汇差营利，今日以较低的比率购进某一外币，隔日等到较高的比率出现时，再转手卖出。所以有时汇率也能看出一个国家的经济状况。了解外汇也能看出这个国家的出口贸易状况。交叉汇率所谓交叉汇率是指两种不同货币之间的价格关系，两个国家之间的货币汇兑是利用各自对美元的汇率套算得出。举例来看，若一美元可分别兑换欧元、日圆，则欧元兑日圆的交叉汇率为（= ）。

5月25日，第二轮中美战略与经济对话在北京闭幕，在这个对话中，人民币升值预期退后，那么人民币升值对中国的经济有什么影响呢？ 人民币升值问题确实是一个复杂而现实的问题，是一把双刃剑。只有审时度势，把握好利弊，才能有理有力有节地从容应对。 人民币汇率升值给我国经济增长造成的负面影响不容忽视。 第一，抑制出口增长，人民币汇率升值将对我国出口企业特别是劳动密集型企业造成冲击。第二，将导致外债规模进一步扩大。第三，不利于我国引进境外直接投资。第四，影响金融市场的稳定。第五，巨额外汇储备将面临缩水的威胁。第六，增加就业压力。在当前我国就业形势极其严峻的情况下，人民币汇率升值将可能恶化就业形势。 但同时人民币升值也给我们带来许多有利的方面。一是人民币汇率升值，将会降低进口成本，从而使得进口量增加；二是有利于改善吸引外资的环境，人民币汇率升值，可使已在华投资的外资企业的利润增加，从而增强投资者的信心，促使其进一步追加投资或进行再投资。三是有利于减轻外债还本付息压力。 权衡利弊来看、人民币汇率还是不宜升值 对于目前的国际货币体系现状，《环球财经》总编辑、中国人民大学国际货币研究所副所长向松祚先生用三句话概括国际货币体系的现状：美元依然主导、欧元面临挑战、人心向往多元。此次由美国次贷危机衍生而来的国际金融危机，暴露了国际货币体系的一系列缺陷： 一、现行国际货币体系与国际金融合作机制，严重滞后于经济全球化和金融一体化的过程二、国际货币体系中缺少信息预警体系；三、对衍生金融工具市场疏于监管；四、IMF鼓励推行金融自由化与资本市场开放政策，新兴市场国家不适当地加速这一进程；五、IMF行动迟缓，提供资金的能力有限，贻误将金融危机消灭于初期阶段的有利时机 目前国际货币体系存在诸多的问题，那么它未来的改革趋势将是怎么样的呢？我们可以从三个视角看未来的国际货币体系改革。（一）从国际储备货币视角看未来的国际货币体系改革。1.重新修复以美元为主导的国际储备体系，但是，这种格局并没有改变此次金融危机中所呈现出来的一系列国际货币体系的缺陷。 2.美元逐步失去中心地位，国际储备货币多元化 3.创造一种新的超主权国际储备货币（二）从国际收支不平衡的调整机制看未来国际货币体系安排 1.全球储蓄率结构“再平衡”2.新兴市场经济发展模式“再平衡”（三）从国际资金流动与全球治理看未来国际货币体系安排已经高度全球化的金融市场，客观上需要一个更能够同时体现发达国家和发展中国家利益、更公平、更合理的治理结构。

代码 名称 中间价 钞买价 汇买价 钞/汇卖价 涨跌额 涨跌幅↓ 日期 AUD 澳大利亚元 2010-12-31 CAD 加拿大元 2010-12-31 CHF 瑞士法郎 2010-12-31 DKK 丹麦克朗 2010-12-31 EUR 欧元 2010-12-31 GBP 英镑 2010-12-31 HKD 港币 2010-12-31 JPY 日元 2010-12-31 KRW 韩国元 2010-12-31 MOP 澳门元 2010-12-31 NOK 挪威克朗 NZD 新西兰元 2010-12-31 PHP 菲律宾比索 2010-12-31 SEK 瑞典克朗 2010-12-31 SGD 新加坡元 2010-12-31 THB 泰国铢 2010-12-31 USD 美元 2010-12-31