工业设计导论论文范文

你好， foreknown下文从工业设计属性出发，讲到发展进程，立法权益保护还有产品设计的相关内容，字数有限，希望能多给你参考，期望能帮得上你。Industrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of mass-produced products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of form, usability, user ergonomics, engineering, marketing, brand development and term "industrial design" is often attributed to the designer Joseph Claude Sinel in 1919 (although he himself denied it in later interviews) but the discipline predates that by at least a decade. Its origins lay in the industrialization of consumer products. For instance the Deutscher Werkbund, founded in 1907 and a precursor to the Bauhaus, was a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass-production techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with England and the United of industrial design Water kettle designed by Peter Behrens in 1909 A Braun stereo Vox Phantom guitar, 1962General Industrial Designers are a cross between an engineer and an artist. They study both function and form, and the connection between product and the user. They do not design the gears or motors that make machines move, or the circuits that control the movement, but they can affect technical aspects through usability design and form relationships. And usually, they partner with engineers and marketers, to identify and fulfill needs, wants and Depth "Industrial Design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer" according to the IDSA (Industrial Designers Society of America).Design, itself, is often difficult to define to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not one made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design, "Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state." This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be to the (Chartered Society of Designers) design is a force that delivers innovation that in turn has exploited creativity. Their design framework known as the Design Genetic Matrix (TM) determines a set of competences in 4 key genes that are identified to define the make up of designers and communicate to a wide audience what they do. Within these genes the designer demonstrates the core competences of a designer and specific competences determine the designer as an 'industrial designer'. This is normally within the context of delivering innovation in the form of a three dimensional product that is produced in quantity. However the definition also extends to products that have been produced using an industrial to the ICSID, (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design) "Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles. Therefore, design is the central factor of innovative humanization of technologies and the crucial factor of cultural and economic exchange."Process of designAlthough the process of design may be considered 'creative', many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes can be chronological, or as best defined by the designers and/or other team members. Industrial Designers often utilize 3D software, Computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. Product characteristics specified by the industrial designer may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. Additionally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. However, some classic industrial designs are considered as much works of art as works of engineering: the iPod, the Jeep, the Fender Stratocaster, the Coke bottle, and the VW Beetle are frequently-cited design also has a focus on technical concepts, products and processes. In addition to considering aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement, and other concerns such as seduction, psychology, desire, and the emotional attachment of the user to the object. These values and accompanying aspects on which industrial design is based can vary, both between different schools of thought and among practicing design and industrial design can overlap into the fields of user interface design, information design and interaction design. Various schools of industrial design and/or product design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior design, to schools where aesthetic design is almost completely subordinated to concerns of function and ergonomics of use (the so-called functionalist school）。Industrial design rightsIndustrial design rights are intellectual property rights that protect the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, a WIPO-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired. Design rights started in the United Kingdom in 1787 with the Designing and Printing of Linen Act and have expanded from 's Design Act, 2000 was enacted to consolidate and amend the law relating to protection of design and to comply with the articles 25 and 26 of TRIPS agreement. The new act, (earlier Patent and Design Act, 1911 was repealed by this act) now defines "design" to mean only the features of shape, configuration, pattern, ornament, or composition of lines or colours applied to any articlewhether in two or three dimensional, or in both forms, by any industrial process or means, whether manualal or mechanical or chemical, separate or combimed, which in the finished article appeal to and are judged solely bt the eye; but does not include any mode or principle of 's industrial design act affords ten years of protection to industrial designs that are registered; there is no protection if the design is not registered. The Industrial Design Act (., c. I-8) defines "design" or "industrial design" to mean features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament and any combination of those features that, in a finished article, appeal to and are judged solely by the the existence of an exclusive right, no person can "make, import for the purpose of trade or business, or sell, rent, or offer or expose for sale or rent, any article in respect of which the design is registered." The rule also applies to kits and substantial differences are in reference to previously published KingdomIn addition to the design protection available under Community designs, UK law provides its own national registered design right and an unregistered design right. The unregistered right, which exists automatically if the requirements are met can last for up to 15 years. The registered design right can last up to 25 years subject to the payment of maintenance fees。United . design patents last fourteen years from the date of grant and cover the ornamental aspects of utilitarian objects. Objects that lack a use beyond that conferred by their appearance or the information they convey, may be covered by copyright -- a form of intellectual property of much longer duration that exists as soon as a qualifying work is created. In some circumstances, rights may also be acquired in trade dress, but trade dress protection is akin to trademark rights and requires that the design have source significance or "secondary meaning." It is useful only to prevent source misrepresentations; trade dress protection cannot be used to prevent others from competing on the designProduct design can be defined as the idea generation, concept development, testing and manufacturing or implementation of a physical object or service. Product Designers conceptualize and evaluate ideas, making them tangible through products in a more systematic approach. The role of a product designer encompasses many characteristics of the marketing manager, product manager, industrial designer and design term is sometimes confused with industrial design, which defines the field of a broader spectrum of design activities, such as service design, systems design, interaction design as well as product design.[citation needed] The role of the product designer combines art, science and technology to create tangible three-dimensional goods. This evolving role has been facilitated by digital tools that allow designers to communicate, visualize and analyze ideas in a way that would have taken greater manpower in the neededProduct designers are equipped with the skills needed to bring products from conception to market. They should have the ability to manage design projects, and subcontract areas to other sectors of the design industry. Aesthetics is considered important in Product Design but designers also deal with important aspects including technology, ergonomics, usability, stress analysis and materials with most of the design fields the idea for the design of a product arises from a need and has a use. It follows a certain method and can sometimes be attributed to more complex factors such as association and telesis. Also used to describe a technically competent product designer or industrial designer is the term Industrial Design Engineer. The Cyclone vacuum cleaner inventor James Dyson for example could be considered to be in this category (see his autobiography Against The Odds, Pub Thomson 2002).ApplicationSome companies or individuals have particularly strong feel for developing new products than others. In the modern world these include especially technological companies like iRobot, Google or Nokia. Many product designers are strategic assets to companies that need to maintain a competitive edge in innovation.

工业设计 Industrial Design designIndustrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of engineering, usability, marketing, brand development and of industrial designGeneralIndustrial Designers are a cross between a mechanical engineer and an artist. They study both function and form, and the connection between product and the user. They do not design the gears or motors that make machines move, or the circuits that control the movement. And usually, they partner with engineers and marketers, to identify and fulfill needs, wants and Depth"Industrial Design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer." According to the IDSA (Industrial Design Society of America)Design, itself, is often difficult to define to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not one made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design, "Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state". This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be to the (Chartered Society of Designers) design is a force that delivers innovation that in turn has exploited creativity. Their design framework known as the Design Genetic Matrix (TM) determines a set of competences in 4 key genes that are identified to define the make up of designers and communicate to a wide audience what they do. Within these genes the designer demonstrates the core competences of a designer and specific competences determine the designer as an 'industrial designer'. This is normally within the context of delivering innovation in the form of a three dimensional product that is produced in quantity. However the definition also extends to products that have been produced using an industrial process. Industrial design is rapidly becoming an obsolete term as 'products' can now be industrially produced as 'one-offs' by the use of Rapid Prototyping Machines. In a post-industrial era and with the emergence of strategic design definitions such as this are incumbering designers and the advancement of design to the ICSID, (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design) "Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles. Therefore, design is the central factor of innovative humanization of technologies and the crucial factor of cultural and economic of designAlthough the process of design may be considered 'creative', many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes can be chronological, or as best defined by the designers and/or other team members. Industrial Designers often utilize 3D software, Computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. Product characteristics specified by the industrial designer may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. Additionally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. However, some classic industrial designs are considered as much works of art as works of engineering: the iPod, Coke bottle, and VW Beetle are frequently-cited design has no focus on technical concepts, products and processes. In addition to considering aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement, and other concerns such as seduction, psychology, desire, and the sexual or affectionate attachment of the user to the object. These values and accompanying aspects on which industrial design is based can vary, both between different schools of thought and among practicing design and industrial design can overlap into the fields of user interface design, information design and interaction design. Various schools of industrial design and/or product design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior used to describe a technically competent product designer or industrial designer is the term Industrial Design Engineer. The Cyclone vacuum cleaner inventor James Dyson for example could be considered to be in this category (see his autobiography Against The Odds, Pub Thomson 2002).Industrial design rightsIndustrial design rights are intellectual property rights that make exclusive the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Under the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, a WIPO-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired.

毕业论文的写作要求、流程与写作技巧广义来说，凡属论述科学技术内容的作品，都称作科学著述，如原始论著（论文）、简报、综合报告、进展报告、文献综述、述评、专著、汇编、教科书和科普读物等。但其中只有原始论著及其简报是原始的、主要的、第一性的、涉及到创造发明等知识产权的。其它的当然也很重要，但都是加工的、发展的、为特定应用目的和对象而撰写的。下面仅就论文的撰写谈一些体会。在讨论论文写作时也不准备谈有关稿件撰写的各种规定及细则。主要谈的是论文写作中容易发生的问题和经验，是论文写作道德和书写内容的规范问题。一、论文写作的要求下面按论文的结构顺序依次叙述。(一)论文——题目科学论文都有题目，不能“无题”。论文题目一般20字左右。题目大小应与内容符合，尽量不设副题，不用第1报、第2报之类。论文题目都用直叙口气，不用惊叹号或问号，也不能将科学论文题目写成广告语或新闻报道用语。(二)论文——署名科学论文应该署真名和真实的工作单位。主要体现责任、成果归属并便于后人追踪研究。严格意义上的论文作者是指对选题、论证、查阅文献、方案设计、建立方法、实验操作、整理资料、归纳总结、撰写成文等全过程负责的人，应该是能解答论文的有关问题者。现在往往把参加工作的人全部列上，那就应该以贡献大小依次排列。论文署名应征得本人同意。学术指导人根据实际情况既可以列为论文作者，也可以一般致谢。行政领导人一般不署名。(三)论文——引言 是论文引人入胜之言，很重要，要写好。一段好的论文引言常能使读者明白你这份工作的发展历程和在这一研究方向中的位置。要写出论文立题依据、基础、背景、研究目的。要复习必要的文献、写明问题的发展。文字要简练。(四)论文——材料和方法 按规定如实写出实验对象、器材、动物和试剂及其规格，写出实验方法、指标、判断标准等，写出实验设计、分组、统计方法等。这些按杂志 对论文投稿规定办即可。(五)论文——实验结果 应高度归纳，精心分析，合乎逻辑地铺述。应该去粗取精，去伪存真，但不能因不符合自己的意图而主观取舍，更不能弄虚作假。只有在技术不熟练或仪器不稳定时期所得的数据、在技术故障或操作错误时所得的数据和不符合实验条件时所得的数据才能废弃不用。而且必须在发现问题当时就在原始记录上注明原因，不能在总结处理时因不合常态而任意剔除。废弃这类数据时应将在同样条件下、同一时期的实验数据一并废弃，不能只废弃不合己意者。实验结果的整理应紧扣主题，删繁就简，有些数据不一定适合于这一篇论文，可留作它用，不要硬行拼凑到一篇论文中。论文行文应尽量采用专业术语。能用表的不要用图，可以不用图表的最好不要用图表，以免多占篇幅，增加排版困难。文、表、图互不重复。实验中的偶然现象和意外变故等特殊情况应作必要的交代，不要随意丢弃。(六)论文——讨论 是论文中比较重要，也是比较难写的一部分。应统观全局，抓住主要的有争议问题，从感性认识提高到理性认识进行论说。要对实验结果作出分析、推理，而不要重复叙述实验结果。应着重对国内外相关文献中的结果与观点作出讨论，表明自己的观点，尤其不应回避相对立的观点。 论文的讨论中可以提出假设，提出本题的发展设想，但分寸应该恰当，不能写成“科幻”或“畅想”。(七)论文——结语或结论 论文的结语应写出明确可靠的结果，写出确凿的结论。论文的文字应简洁，可逐条写出。不要用“小结”之类含糊其辞的词。(八)论文——参考义献 这是论文中很重要、也是存在问题较多的一部分。列出论文参考文献的目的是让读者了解论文研究命题的来龙去脉，便于查找，同时也是尊重前人劳动，对自己的工作有准确的定位。因此这里既有技术问题，也有科学道德问题。一篇论文中几乎自始至终都有需要引用参考文献之处。如论文引言中应引上对本题最重要、最直接有关的文献;在方法中应引上所采用或借鉴的方法；在结果中有时要引上与文献对比的资料；在讨论中更应引上与 论文有关的各种支持的或有矛盾的结果或观点等。一切粗心大意，不查文献；故意不引，自鸣创新；贬低别人，抬高自己；避重就轻，故作姿态的做法都是错误的。而这种现象现在在很多论文中还是时有所见的，这应该看成是利研工作者的大忌。其中，不查文献、漏掉重要文献、故意不引别人文献或有意贬损别人工作等错误是比较明显、容易发现的。有些做法则比较隐蔽，如将该引在引言中的，把它引到讨论中。这就将原本是你论文的基础或先导，放到和你论文平起平坐的位置。又如 科研工作总是逐渐深人发展的，你的工作总是在前人工作基石出上发展起来做成的。正确的写法应是，某年某人对本题做出了什么结果，某年某人在这基础上又做出了什么结果，现在我在他们基础上完成了这一研究。这是实事求是的态度，这样表述丝毫无损于你的贡献。有些论文作者却不这样表述，而是说，某年某人做过本题没有做成，某年某人又做过本题仍没有做成，现在我做成了。这就不是实事求是的态度。这样有时可以糊弄一些不明真相的外行人，但只需内行人一戳，纸老虎就破，结果弄巧成拙，丧失信誉。这种现象在现实生活中还是不少见的。(九)论文——致谢 论文的指导者、技术协助者、提供特殊试剂或器材者、经费资助者和提出过重要建议者都属于致谢对象。论文致谢应该是真诚的、实在的，不要庸俗化。不要泛泛地致谢、不要只谢教授不谢旁人。写论文致谢前应征得被致谢者的同意，不能拉大旗作虎皮。(十)论文——摘要或提要：以200字左右简要地概括论文全文。常放篇首。论文摘要需精心撰写，有吸引力。要让读者看了论文摘要就像看到了论文的缩影，或者看了论文摘要就想继续看论文的有关部分。此外，还应给出几个关键词，关键词应写出真正关键的学术词汇，不要硬凑一般性用词。

我不是学历史的，但对秦国时期兵器标准化曾经读过一篇文章，粘过来你参考一下：两千多年前，在消灭了中原六国之后，北方的游牧民族匈奴人就成了秦军主要的对手。在秦军进行统一战争的时候，匈奴骑兵乘机南下，侵占了黄河以南大面积的土地。在帝国地都城咸阳，如何对付剽悍的匈奴骑兵就摆到了秦始皇面前。当匈奴骑手高速冲锋的时候，传统的步兵很难抵挡。从历史记录来看，一种叫弩的远射兵器很可能在秦军击溃匈奴的战斗中发挥了主导作用。在兵马俑坑，由于时间太过久远，弩的木制部分已经朽烂，但完整的遗迹仍然可以复原当初的秦弩。据此复原的秦弩，有着惊人的力量。与弓不同，秦弩必须用脚蹬、借助全身的力量才能上弦。专家估计，这种秦弩的射程应该能够达到300米，有效杀伤距离在150米之内，秦弩的杀伤力远远高于当时任何一种弓。在弩腐烂后留下的痕迹中，考古人员发现了青铜制作的小机械。这些小小的青铜构件就是弩用来发射的扳机。它的设计得非常精巧。令人不解的是，秦人为什么不把它做得更简单一些呢？假设一种最简单的方案，制造成本可以大大降低。但是，射手完全靠手指的力量把勒得很紧的弓弦推出勾牙， 就要用很大的力气，在击发瞬间，弩肯定会抖动。今天的射击训练，击发瞬间连呼吸调整不好都有可能影响射击的准确性。秦军的弩机通过一套灵巧的机械传递，让勾牙在放箭瞬间突然下沉，扣动扳机变得异常轻巧。这恰恰是弩对弓的优势之一，拉弓要用很大的力气，时间越长，越难控制瞄准的稳定。可以推想，在与匈奴骑兵厮杀的战场上，秦军弩兵射击的情形。当瞄准远处的目标时，射手参照望山估算弩抬高的角度，弩箭沿抛物线轨迹就可以准确命中敌人。望山，很可能是步兵武器最原始的瞄准系统。在兵马俑坑，出土最多的青铜兵器是箭头，由于在坑中没有发现弓，考古人员认为，这些青铜箭头都是为弩配备的。战国时代，箭头的种类繁多，这些箭头上的倒刺和血槽让人感到阵阵杀气。而在兵马俑坑中发现的箭头，几乎都是三棱形的。秦军为什么单单选择了这种三棱箭头呢？三棱箭头拥有三个锋利的棱角，在击中目标的瞬间，棱的锋刃处就会形成切割力，箭头就能够穿透铠甲、直达人体。带翼箭头有凶狠的倒刺，但翼面容易受风的影响，使箭头偏离目标。秦军的这种三棱箭头取消了翼面，应该使射击更加精准。专家对这些箭头进行了仔细地分析。当检测数据最终摆到桌面上的时候，研究人员确实感到难以置信。检测结果发现：箭头的三个弧面几乎完全相同，这是一种接近完美的流线型箭头。这种箭头的轮廓线跟子弹的外形几乎一样。子弹的外形是为了减低飞行过程中的空气阻力。我们有理由推测，秦人设计这种三棱形箭头也是出于同样的目的。秦人凭经验接近了现代空气动力学的规律。这种古老的箭头是早期飞行器当中的范本，它和今天的子弹一脉相承。秦弩，连同它配备的弩箭，在那个时代很可能是技术含量最高的武器，它使秦军的攻击力大为加强。公元前214年，秦军发动了针对匈奴骑兵的全面战争。仅仅一年的时间，30万匈奴骑兵就被彻底击溃，黄河以南的大片土地重新回归秦国。秦军之所以能够取胜，弩的作用至关重要。可以设想，在匈奴骑兵还没冲到眼前时，强劲的秦弩就密集准确地击中战马和骑手。持弩的秦骑兵射击的准确程度是匈奴人的弓无法相比的，匈奴人的皮甲也抵挡不住弩箭强大的穿透力。对马背上的匈奴骑手而言，弩是最致命的武器。中国兵书经典《武经讲义》中说：弩是对付古代游牧部落袭击最为有效的武器。青铜弩机的设计是一个惊人的成就，对于匈奴人而言，这种机械装置太复杂了，他们很难装配或仿制。当专家们对秦军兵器的研究逐步深入时，他们又有了新的发现。铍是一种起源于短剑的长柄兵器，它的形式曾经五花八门。但是，在俑坑中发现的铍，尽管生产日期相隔十几年， 造型和尺寸却完全一致。湖北鄂洲是楚国的旧地，考古人员在这里发现了一把秦剑。细长的秦剑和当年楚国的青铜剑完全不同。但是，它的造型跟陕西兵马俑坑中的秦剑却完全相同。在兵马俑坑中发现的三棱箭头有4万多支，但它们都制作得极其规整，箭头底边宽度的平均误差只有正负毫米。北京理工大学的冶金专家对秦军箭头做了金相分析，结果发现它们的金属配比基本相同，数以万计的箭头竟然是按照相同的技术标准铸造出来的。这就是说，不论是在北方草原，还是在南方丛林的各个战场，秦军射向对手的所有箭头，都具有同样的作战质量。难道，地处秦国各地的兵器作坊都在有意识地，甚至是强制性地按照某个固定的技术标准生产兵器吗？如果真是这样的话，秦人就远远地超越了自己的时代。标准化，是现代工业的基础。标准化生产使不同的供应商生产的零部件可以组装在一起，也使大规模的生产成为可能。在两千年前农业文明刚刚开始成熟的时代，假如秦人真的有过标准化的兵器生产，他们的目的又是什么呢？秦军使用的弩机，由于制作的十分标准，它的部件应该是可以互换的。在战场上，秦军士兵可以把损坏的弩机中仍旧完好的部件重新拼装使用。秦军的其他兵器虽然也可以互换，但对于大多数古代兵器来说，互换性要求的精确度并不很高。专家推测：秦人的标准化应该还有更重要的目的。兵马俑坑中发现的各种兵器，在战场上应该有优异的表现。很可能是秦军从几百年的战争实践中优选出来的。专家推测，秦人很可能将优选兵器的技术标准固定，国家再通过法令将这些技术标准发放到所有的兵工厂。尽管按今天的工业标准看，这些兵器的标准化仍旧是比较粗糙和初步的，但是，在两千多年前，秦人执著于统一标准，肯定是为了保证所有秦军战士使用的都是当时最优秀的兵器。秦军的兵器制作得相当精致。在青铜剑上有三条90多厘米长的棱线，将细长的剑身分成八个面，手工要完成这样的表面加工有很大的难度。戈的圆弧部分加工得十分规整，箭头上三个流线型的表面也完全对称。让专家迷惑的是，某些天才的工匠制造出几件这样的兵器是可能的，但实际情况是，兵马俑坑中几万件兵器几乎都是同样的质量。根据司马迁的记载，秦军的数量超过了100万。不仅如此，这支军队高度专业化，装备极其复杂的武器系统。在差不多同一时期的欧洲，亚历山大的军队是5万人左右，最为强盛时的罗马军团也不过几十万人。为一支100万的军队提供兵器，是一个可怕的任务，在十年统一战争的岁月里，秦国的兵器作坊肯定是全世界最繁忙的地方，他们必须开足马力，日以继夜。问题在于，怎样才能既保证标准，又大批量生产呢？仔细观察这只戈的圆弧处，打磨的痕迹还清晰可见，手工打磨，会有交错的磨痕，那是锉刀往返摩擦造成的。奇怪的是，这些磨痕没有交错的痕迹。专家推测，秦军青铜兵器的表面加工很可能是用砂轮实现的。两千多年前是否有砂轮还有待考古证据，即便是用砂轮，靠手的感觉来完成这些弧形表面的加工，要让成千上万件兵器达到同一个标准也是不可能的。在兵马俑坑中的兵器上面，刻着一些文字。这些文字和今天的汉字很相像。研究人员发现，它们大多是人名，其中出现次数最多的一个人是“相邦吕不韦”。吕氏春秋是秦国最重要的一本历史文献，它的编撰者就是吕不韦。吕不韦是当时秦国的丞相，相当于今天的国家总理。吕氏春秋上说：物勒工名，意思是，器物的制造者要把自己的名字刻在上面。对于历史学家来说，这些看似普通的文字透露的是秦国军事工业的管理机密。吕不韦作为内阁总理，是兵器生产的最高监管人。他的下面是工师，就是各兵工厂的厂长，监制这只戈的厂长叫“蕺”。在厂长的下边是丞，类似车间主任，这位主任的名字叫“义”。而亲手制作这只戈的工匠，叫“成”。专家由此推断：秦国的军工管理制度分为四级。从相帮、工师、丞到一个个工匠，层层负责，任何一个质量问题都可以通过兵器上刻的名字查到责任人。我们已经无法知道管理的细节，但秦国的法律对失职者的惩罚是非常严酷的，这就是物勒工名的用意。透过这些冰冷的青铜铭文，我们或许还能看到那个遥远年代中一些普通人的命运。这个叫Zhe的人做了好多年兵工厂的厂长，ZHE每天都要检查兵器生产，他得向丞相吕不韦负责。如果兵器质量有问题，按照秦国的法律，厂长首先遭受处罚。为了自己和一家老小，他必须尽职尽责。处在这个金字塔式的管理体系最底层的，是数量庞大的工匠。专家在铭文中一共发现了16个工匠的名字。在秦国的手工工场，工人一般都是终身制。无论如何，这个叫DIAO的工匠一生都得在工场度过了。16年的劳作，“窵”不知道经历过多少次的坎坷。就是这些像“窵”一样的普通人，制造出了留到今天的这些精良兵器，从一丝不苟的加工痕迹上，我们至今还能感受到他们粗糙的双手和专注的目光。秦国众多的兵工厂能够按照统一的标准大批量地制作高质量的兵器，金字塔式的四级管理制度是根本保证。当世界上大部分地方仍然被荒蛮和蒙昧包围的时候，而秦人就以他们独特的思维方式和智慧，创造出了那个时代最强大的兵器制造业。