土木工程论文英文文献综述

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英文文献综述范文

How to Write a Literature Review ?

I. The definition of Literature Review

文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components

A. The Purposes

On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.

On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused

research question.

B. Its Components

There are six parts in a complete Literature Review.

标题与作者(title and author)

摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)

引言(introduction)

述评(review)

结论(conclusion)

参考文献(references)

III. Classification of Source Materials

How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.

A: Background sources:

Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and

encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.

B: Primary sources

Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,

biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too

many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.

C: Secondary sources

Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book

reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or

writers and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writing

in college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,

but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and

will help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, you

need to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need to

analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.

D: Web sources

The sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellent

resource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Web

sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. You

may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s a

good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its

own way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the

authorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you use

information. The currency of website information should also be taken into

account. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.

IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review

A. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources

If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and

the other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paper

on a topic without reading the original source.

B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis

Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.

Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.

C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth

Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William

Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic

in depth. Choose those.

D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts

If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on

Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,

Choose the article by the expert.

E. Choosing the most current sources

If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a

scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all the

books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in

periodicals.

V. Writing a literature Review

A. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:

1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.

2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.

3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.

4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.

5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.

6. Criticism of the work in the area.

B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:

1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.

2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.

C. Some tips for writing the review:

1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.

2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most

related references last.

3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.

4. Start writing your review early.

VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项

英文文献主要部分细节提示：

引言(Introduction)

引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围

和内容。提出问题时，作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和

分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时，作者应使用简明扼要

的语句加以概括。

引言的内容和结构具有以下特点：

(1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和

范围;

(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识，使用现在完成时叙述他人成果，使用一般将来时或一

般现在时简介本文内容;

(3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了，多用简单句，并列成份较为常见;

(4)以第三人称主语为主，间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。

述评(Review)

述评是文献综述的核心所在，是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围，

作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析，在此基础上列出与主题有关的

所有重要学术观点，然后分别加以论述，以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究，以时间

为序，由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能，叙前人研究，议其结果、探其原因、

究其不足。

分析评论，特别是表达作者自己的观点时，要客观、谨慎，因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测

的语言形式。

综述的结论(Conclusion)

结论不仅是作者对全文的总结，也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分，一般有标题Conclusion 或

Summary，较短的综述如果没有小标题，则往往有As mentioned above，To sum up，To

conclude，Inshort，In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括：对述评的归纳、对各种问

题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。

二.注意事项

⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述，甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。

⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。

⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。

⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略，但文献综述绝对不能省略，而 且应是文中引用过的，能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。

5.文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍，而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此，文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。

6.文献综述要文字简洁，尽量避免大量引用原文，要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚，从原始文献中得出一般性结论。

7. 文献综述不是资料库，要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”，确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关，其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起，既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势，又能反映研究内容的各个方面。

8. 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观，用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献，尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。

VII. A Sample of Literature Review

A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations

Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions. Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92～94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ～ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102～105).

Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear. Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration. Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101～107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ～ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16～18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity

and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests. Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).

After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer. Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles. The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations.

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土木工程建设是人类最早开展的生产生活活动，他不仅仅是工程建设这么简单，更重要的是凝聚了人类的建筑智慧，人类在历史发展的长河中也不断的总结出了工程建设的技巧和经验。 为了更加形象地为大家阐释土木工程硕士专业论文文献综述的写作技巧，我们为大家分享了，下面这篇文献综述范例，以供大家参考。 建筑是人类最早的生产活动之一，是在一定的历史条件下，随着社会生产力发展而形成发展的。由于经济的发展、土地的减少，现代建筑趋向于多高层建筑，而砌体结构存在自重大、砌筑工作相当繁重、抗拉抗弯性能低、粘土砖用量很大，往往占用农田，影响农业生产等缺点，现代建筑多采用框架结构、框剪结构、框筒结构等结构体系。而框架结构是多高层建筑的一种主要结构形式框架结构有钢筋混凝土框架和钢框架，而钢筋混凝土框架在教育建筑中较为常用。随着建筑行业迅速发展，我国混凝土行业已与世界混凝土技术进程同步。从干性混凝土到大流动性混凝土，再到混凝土建筑砌块。高强混凝土，混凝土外加剂发展，各种性能更优混凝土，绿色混凝土发展，混凝土行业前景一片光明。混凝土的各种优越性已充分体现。框架结构内部可用轻型材料分隔，许多轻型、隔热、隔音材料不断出现，绿色建材不断涌现。 框架结构由梁、柱构件通过节点连接构成。按施工方法的不同,框架结构可分为现浇式、装配式和装配整体式三种。在地震区,多采用梁、柱、板全现浇或梁柱现浇、板预制的方案;在非地震区,有时可采用梁、柱、板均预制的方案。 在竖向荷载和水平荷载作用下,框架结构各构件将产生内力和变形。水平荷载作用下框架结构的侧移限值通常控制梁、柱截面尺寸。框架结构的侧移一般由两部分组成:由水平力引起的楼层剪力,使梁、柱构件产生弯曲变形,形成框架结构的整体剪切变形;由水平力引起的倾覆力矩,使框架柱产生轴向框架结构的变形,形成框架结构的整体弯曲变形。当框架结构房屋的层数不多时,其侧移主要表现为整体剪切变形,整体弯曲变形的影响很小。我的毕业设计是做框架结构,需要对该结构具有较为深入的了解。该办公楼的建筑要求设计4200平米左右，四层。建筑设计要求建筑物功能分区合理，房间布置适宜，满足各项使用功能要求;结构设计要求结构布置合理，构件设计安全经济合理。 一：框架结构体系的特点: 1、结构自重较轻。 2、建筑立面容易处理。 3、计算理论比较成熟。 4、设计时要控制高宽比。 5、建筑平面布置灵活，能获得较大空间空间,也可按需要做成小房间。 6、整体侧向刚度较小，水平荷载作用下侧移较大,有时候影响正常使用。 二、框架结构体系选择的因素及适用范围: 1、考虑建筑功能的要求。例如多层建筑空间大、平面布置灵活时。 2、考虑建筑高度和高宽比、抗震设防类别、抗震设防烈度、场地条件等因素。 3、非抗震设计时用于多层及高层建筑。抗震设计时一般情况下框架结构多用多层及小高层建筑。 4、框架结构体系是介于砌体结构与框架-剪力墙结构之间的可选结构体系。框架结构设计应符合安全适用、技术先进、经济合理、方便施工的原则。5、框架结构由于其抗侧刚度较差，因此在地震区不宜设计较高的框架结构。在7度设防区，对于一般民用建筑，层数不宜超过7层，总高度不宜超过28米。在8度设防区，层数不宜超过5层，总高度不宜超过20米。超过以上数据时虽然计算指标均满足规范要求，但是不经济。 三：框架结构结构布置原则： 1、结构平面形状和立面体型宜简单、规则，使各部分均匀对称，减少结构产生扭转的可能性。 2、控制结构高宽比，以减少水平荷载下的侧移。 3、尽量统一柱网及层高，以减少构件种类规格，简化设计及施工。 4、厂房的总长度宜控制在温度伸缩缝间距内，当厂房长度超过规定值时，可设伸缩缝将厂房分成若干温度区段。 四：框架结构的承重方案：根据承重框架布置方向的不同，框架承重体系可分为： 1、横向框架承重方案：在横向上布置主梁，在纵向上设置联系梁。楼板支撑在横向框架上，楼面竖向荷载传给横向框架主梁。由于横向框架跨数较少，主梁沿框架横向布置有利于增加房屋横向抗侧移刚度。由于竖向荷载主要通过横梁传递，所以纵向联系梁往往截面尺寸较大，对于给定的净空要求使结构层高增加。 2、纵向框架承重方案：在纵向上布置框架主梁，在横向上布置联系梁。楼面的竖向荷载主要沿纵向传递。由于联系梁截面尺寸较小，这样对于大空间房屋，净空较大，房屋布置灵活。不利的一面是进深尺寸受到板长度的限制，同时房屋的横向刚度较小。 3、纵横向框架混合承重方案：框架在纵横两个方向上均布置主梁。楼板的竖向荷载沿两个方向传递。柱网较小的现浇楼盖，楼板可以不设井字梁直接支撑在框架主梁上。由于这种方案沿两个方向传力，因此各杆件受力较均匀，整体性也较好，通常按空间框架体系来进行内力分析。 五:变形缝的设置。在框架结构总体布置中,考虑到沉降、温度变化和体型复杂对结构的不利影响,可用沉降缝、伸缩缝和防震缝将结构分成若干独立的部分。框架结构设缝后,给建筑、结构和设备的设计和施工带来一定的困难,基础防水也不容易处理.因此,目前的总趋势是避免设缝,并从整体布置或构造上采取相应的措施来减小沉降、复杂温度变化或体型复杂造成的不利影响。当必须设缝时,应将框架结构划分为独立的结构单元。 该毕业设计是综合应用我们四年来所学基础知识、专业知识和技术知识来解决具体的土木工程问题，使我能够在指导老师的指导下，比较独立地完成办公楼的设计，可以熟悉相关的设计规范、手册、标准图集，掌握AutoCAD、Office、PKPM等办公软件技术，为我以后工作打下坚实的基础。 主要参考文献： [1] 梁兴文 史庆轩 主编《土木工程专业毕业设计指导》 科学出版社出版 [2] 国家基本建设委员会建筑科学院主编《建筑设计资料集》(1～10) 中国建筑工业出版社 1994年 [3]《现行建筑设计规范大全》 中国建筑工业出版社出版 发行 2002年