英国饮食文化论文参考文献

only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.

油炸法国人（薯条）

饮食文化传统的英国人非常重视餐桌上的礼仪 懂得这些得人被视为有教养的人 细节很多 在这里就简略的解释一下 剩下的需要在实践中体会与英国人交流中学习刀叉的摆置用餐中为八字形，如果在用餐中途暂时休息片刻，可将刀叉分放盘中，刀头与叉尖相对成“一”字形或“八”字形，刀叉朝向自己，表示还是继续吃。如果是谈话，可以拿着刀叉，无须放下，但若需要作手势时，就应放下刀叉，千万不可手执刀叉在空中挥舞摇晃。应当注意，不管任何时候，都不可将刀叉的一端放在盘上，另一端放在桌上。刀与叉除了将料理切开送入口中之外，还有另一项非常重要的功用：刀叉的摆置方式传达出“用餐中”或是“结束用餐”之讯息。而服务生是根据这种信息判断客人的用餐情形，以及是否收拾餐具准备接下来的服务，所以希望能够记住正确的餐具摆置方式。特别要注意的是刀刃侧必须面向自己。用餐结束后，可将叉子的下面向上，刀子的刀刃侧向内与叉子并拢，平行放置于餐盘上。接下来的摆置方式又分为英国式与法国式，不论哪种方式都可以，但最常用的是法国式：尽量将柄放入餐盘内，这样可以避免因碰触而掉落，服务生也较容易收拾。出席结婚餐宴时，不论怎么将餐具摆成“用餐中”的位置，只要主要宾客用餐结束，就应立即把所有的料理收起。所以宴会时，切记皆以主要宾客为中心进行。在宴会中，每吃一道菜用一副刀叉，对摆在面前的刀叉，是从外侧依次向内取用，因为刀叉摆放的顺序正是每道菜上桌的顺序。刀叉用完了，上菜也结束了。中途需要谈话或休息时，应该将刀叉呈八字形平架在盘子两边；反之，刀叉柄朝向自己并列放在盘子里，则表示这一道菜已经用好了，服务员就会把盘子撤去。前菜或是甜点等，如果是可以直接用叉子叉起食用的料理，没有必要刻意地一定使用刀子。在家庭内的餐会或是与朋友之间的轻松聚餐，像沙拉或是蛋包饭之类较软的料理，也可以只使用叉子进餐。但是在正式的宴席上使用刀叉，能给人较为优雅利落的感觉。另外，在欧洲等地，常可看见有人右手拿叉子，左手则拿着面包用餐。不管吃得怎么利落优雅，这样用餐也只能在家庭或大众化的店中，而在高级餐厅内是绝对行不通的。没用过的刀子，就原样放在桌上即可，服务生会自动将它收走。刀叉的拿法两只一组使用刀、叉为正式的用法，右手拿刀，左手拿叉，刀用来切割食物，叉用于送食物入口。应该注意的是，叉子和勺子可入口，但刀子不能放入口中，不管它上面是否有食物。叉子的拿法是将食指伸直按住叉子的背部。刀子除了与叉子同样拿法外，还可以用拇指与食指紧紧夹住刀柄与刀刃的接合处。可依料理选择较容易进餐的方法。用拇指抵住侧边，再将食指伸直，分别按住刀叉的背部，用力夹紧。这是吃肉类料理或较硬的料理时所使用的方式。以拇指与食指捏住刀柄与刀刃的接合处，其他的手指再轻轻地扣住刀柄，叉子的拿法则与上述相同。这是吃鱼类料理或是较软的料理时所使用的方式。如果以全部手指握住的话，会破坏整体平衡，利用拇指与食指握住才是拿刀叉的要诀。调味料用汤匙是法国料理中较独特的餐具。虽然以前就已经存在，不过最近才逐渐普及。一段时期，法国料理中流行较浓稠的酱料，即使用刀也可以取得调味酱料，但是其后则流行较清淡的酱料，所以为了取得调味酱料，只好将调味料用汤匙再次改良。当以汤匙或调味料用汤匙代替刀时，须右手拿汤匙，左手拿叉。汤匙的握法则与握笔方法相同。用调味料用汤匙切食物时，握法与刀相同。不过在取调味酱料时，握法则须与汤匙的拿法相同。食物切好后，在盘子上将料理与酱料一起舀起食用。 可以全部切好后再以右手拿叉子吃吗？如果是家里或是气氛较轻松的店内，这是没有关系的，不过在高级餐厅内最好尽量避免。在高级餐厅内，将叉子换到右手就餐，也一样是不合时宜的。不习惯用左手拿叉子，也许会感到很困难，不过一旦能够灵活使用，就更能体会到用餐的乐趣。刀叉的用法刀叉有不同规格，按照用途不同，其尺寸的大小也有区别。吃肉时，不管是否要用刀切，都要使用大号的刀。吃沙拉、甜食或一些开胃小菜时，要用中号刀，叉或勺一般随刀的大小而变。 料理上桌后的基本动作，即是“右手拿刀切开，然后左手拿叉将料理叉起”。以叉子压住料理的左端，固定，顺着叉子的侧边以刀切下约一口大小的料理后，叉子即可直接叉起料理送入口中，简单说即是“以叉子压住后再以刀切开”。 两侧手肘过高会使刀叉角度过大，而呈直立状态；相反地，如果手肘过低将使刀叉呈倒下状态，所以没有办法好好地将料理切开。将肩膀与手腕放松，两臂不要张开，刀与餐盘的角度保持在15度左右。这里归纳成7个要点：面向料理端正坐好；肩膀与手腕放松；两臂贴着身体；手肘不要过高或过低；刀叉与餐盘呈倾斜角；以叉将料理紧紧按住；轻轻地移动刀子，压住时可用力。这样一来，不但能轻易地将食物切开，而且姿势看起来也相当地优雅。刀的移动方式也有要领。首先用力于左手的叉子，再轻轻地移动刀子。注意，将刀子拉回时不可用力，而是在往前压下时用力，这样才能利落地将食物切开。两侧手肘过高时，将会使刀与叉的角度过大，而无法利落地将食物切开。刀与叉也不可以过分倾斜。叉子可依料理的特性，自由地变换拿法以方便用餐。当叉起食用时，叉子的背面必须向上，不过，如果是舀起食用时，叉子应面向上方使用。英美人的饮食习惯不一样。吃肉菜时，英国人左手拿叉，叉尖朝下，把肉扎起来，送入口中，如果是烧烂的蔬菜，就用餐刀把菜拨到餐叉上，送入口中。美国人用同样的方法切肉，然后右手放下餐刀，换用餐叉，叉尖朝上，插到肉的下面，不用餐刀，把肉铲起来，送入口中，吃烧烂的蔬菜也是这样铲起来吃。 如有淋上调味酱的料理，也可以利用刀子刮取调味酱，再以汤匙或调味酱，用汤匙将料理与酱料一起送入口中。如以叉子叉住，再用汤匙淋上调味酱后食用，则是错误的动作，因为这样一来，在料理送往口中时，酱料会滴滴答答落得到处都是，搞得一团糟。以叉子舀起料理时，以左手持用叉子，将食物置于叉子正面的叉腹上送入口中。在与朋友聚餐的轻松场合，如果不须用到刀子，可以用右手拿叉子进餐。当盘子内的细碎食物聚集时，可利用刀子挡着，再以叉子靠近舀起。利用汤匙代替刀子也是可以的。以叉子将料理聚集到汤匙上，再以汤匙将食物送入口中。 吃沙拉的时候，将大片的生菜叶用叉子切成小块，如果不好切可以刀叉并用。一次只切一块，不要一下子将整碗整盘的沙拉都切成小块。如果沙拉是一大盘端上来则使用沙拉叉。如果和主菜放在一起则要使用主菜叉来吃。如果沙拉是主菜和甜品之间的单独一道菜，通常要和奶酪和炸玉米片等一起食用。先取一两片面包放在你的沙拉盘上，再取两三片玉米片。奶酪和沙拉要用叉子食用而玉米片则用手拿着吃。 吃芦笋的时候，如果要吃的芦笋菜中有汤汁，先切成小块，再用刀叉食物。如果芦笋很大而且需要蘸汁，先把头切下，然后分开来食用，以防滴汁和掉渣。也可以用手拿着茎柄，蘸汁吃。对于小的芦笋完全可以用手拿着蘸汁食用。 土豆片和土豆条是用手拿着吃的，除非土豆条里有汁，那样的话要使用叉子。小土豆条也可拿着吃，但用叉会更好。如果土豆条太大，不好取用，就用叉子叉开，不要挂在叉上咬着吃。把番茄酱放在盘子边上，用手拿或用叉子叉着小块蘸汁吃。烤土豆在食用时往往已被切开，如果没有则用刀从上部切入，用手或叉子将土豆掰开一点，加入奶油或酸奶、奶油和小青葱、盐和胡椒粉，每次加一点。你可以带皮食用。 已设置好的餐具不可随意改变位置，不过如果你是左撇子，在吃的时候可将刀叉互相更换使用。只是在用餐完毕后，餐具必须依右撇子的人的用法放置，将刀叉的柄向右放置于餐盘上。这么做的原因，主是要为了不给服务人员造成困扰。刀与叉的拿法两只一组使用刀、叉为正式的用法右手拿刀，左手拿叉，与筷子同样的是以两只为一组，刀用来切割食物，叉用于送食物入口。应该注意的是，千万别用刀取食物送入嘴里。 叉子的拿法为将食指伸直按住叉子的背部。刀子除了与叉子同样拿法外，还可以用拇指与食指紧紧夹住刀柄与刀刃的接合处。可依料理选择较容易进餐的方法。用拇指抵住侧边，再将食指伸直，分别按住刀叉的背部，用力夹紧。这是吃肉类料理或较硬的料理时所 使用的方式。以拇指与食指捏住刀柄与刀刃的接合处，其他的手指再轻轻地扣住刀柄。叉子的拿法则与上述相同。这是吃鱼类料理或是较软的料理时所使用的方式。如果以全部手指握住的话，会破坏整体平衡，利用拇指与食指握住才是拿刀叉的要决。调味料是汤匙是法国料理中较独特的餐具。虽然以前就已经存在，不过最近才逐渐被普及。一段时期，法国料理中流行较浓稠的酱料，即使用刀也可以取得调味酱料，但是其后则流行较清淡的酱料，所以为了取得调味酱料，只好现调味料用汤匙再次改良。当以汤匙或调味料用汤匙代替刀时，须右手拿汤匙，左手拿叉。汤匙的握法则与握笔方法相同。用调味料用汤匙切食物时，握法与刀相同。不过在取调味酱料时，握法则须与汤匙的拿法相同。食物切好后，在盘子上将料理与酱料一起舀起食用。 可以全部切好后再以右手拿叉子吃吗？如果是家里或是气氛较轻松的店内，这是没有关系的，不过在高级餐厅内最好尽量避免。例如，在高级料理店内，是绝不会像在自己家里一样，把饭碗拿到嘴边，大口大口地吃饭。类似地在高级餐厅内，将叉子换到右手餐，也一样是不合时宜的。不习惯用左手拿叉子，也许会感到很困难，不过一旦能够灵活使用，就更能体会到用餐的乐趣

Diet idea the Europeans said that in the world has three big good food, in each edition has China and France, only then actually had different explanations about third, has said that was Italy, also had said that was countries' and so on Turkey, Tunisia or Morocco. Although reaches a stalemate, but everybody has a mutual recognition, the diet often can reflect the different nationality aspect and so on habits and customs and cultural thought differences. one time hosts the banquet in the Chinese restaurant, on the hotel vegetable very slowly, unconscious has passed for nearly two hours, but the vegetable has as if only then gotten up half. Is first time attends the Chinese meal banquet near a place woman, cannot bear asks me, your Chinese treats on these many vegetables? I said that must be many in China, usually is above 10. She is very surprised, including said that China's banquet too has been really rich, China's good food is very no wonder famous. But after a while, she also asks me, has a phenomenon to be very strange: The Chinese eats meal each time on that many vegetables, can be why long so thinly. But France enters the vegetable to be very each time few, but is why fatter than the Chinese? I am at a loss for words for a while, but thought that she asks how many truth a little, because that day shares a table several Chinese appear quite emaciated, but several French are all tall and sturdy. Thinks that spoke an own idea with her: China is a hospitable nationality, only then on a table vegetable had only then thought that has not neglected the visitor. Sometimes moreover the Chinese pays great attention the form, therefore in China's cooking, the vegetable style is ever changing, makes concrete is fastidious about the color fragrance to each vegetable matching. But European as if some, are inferior to China obviously actually in the vegetable variety change high and low free time, what but is fastidious is its nutrition matching and the protection. This is, the French diet idea important difference, how many also reflected the French chemical property standard difference. each people have the color which to color understanding oneself like, a country and the nationality are also same, likes to the different color being possible to reflect a national or the national esthetic appeal and the likes and dislikes tendency overall. has one time bumps into an EU commission's pair of professor husbands and wives, mentions China national dress which in the Shanghai APEC conference various countries' leader puts on, they said are attractive, but has a point to be not too clear, why do the Asian leaders mostly put on red, but the Western leader has chosen the blue color. I said that the color is leader designates. The Asian country has the same cultural context probably, red in the Chinese culture, is also possibly representing lucky, the wealth in the entire Asian culture and propitious pleasant, therefore the Asian leaders as if by prior agreement have chosen red. I ask in reply them, what does the blue color represent in the Western culture? They said the westerner to believe that the blue color represents is calm and is calm. thinks that I also said the East and West cultural difference was really too big, for example the dragon in China was nationality's symbol, but had one in Belgium's Mongolian Si Shize to hit the dragon festival, the dragon is regarded as the devil, has been massacred by fable in protection sacred · Michelle, therefore did specially hits the dragon festival to congratulate that eliminated the disaster shortcoming to thank Michelle. Professor husbands and wives also approves the East and West cultural difference hugeness, and approves the culture to need to exchange. in thinking mode West's cultural difference also displays in many aspects, but simple summarizes is not actually complex: Reflected that to the thinking mode in is abstract and the embodiment difference, reflected that to the life manner in as if may understand is more practical for the westerner, but Chinese how many stresses some mental feeling. For instance compares French word and Chinese writing, this point is very obvious. The Chinese writing makes the word to pay great attention the image much, what but in the French more pays great attention to consider is the use value. Looks like in Chinese the name card, in the French translates literally is the card which the visit uses, but the aircraft carrier calls in the French to carry airplane's warship and so on, is embarks from the actual uses makes the word. But presses the glass plate which likely the picture uses, we are also the words which makes from its use value angle, but the French has been more direct-viewing, the literal translation is “places above the picture”. reflects to the drawing in is so. Everybody knew that the traditional Chinese painting greatly opens big he, splashes ink enjoyably the human body proportion which and optics principle is fastidious with the European oil painting and so on completely belongs to the technical category which two have nothing to do with one another, is as if very difficult to have the common language. Sometimes the European not too can understand that sometimes we too abstract art expression means that we also will think European's artistic skill too practical duty, deficient divine and wonderful spirit. Looked that sometimes in many European drawing history has been presented for the classics religious theme painting, the Chinese while sighs its technique practical exquisite, also will sigh with emotion European master the imagination the deficiency: In order to explain that the angel is flying, must give these lovable young and clevers to add on a pair of wing. But our ancestor has not also drawn several thousand years, how many white clouds adds on nearby these beautiful female celestial, they have not flown? Has the ideal condition, has the imagination space. this is the cultural difference. But, the difference brings not always the difference, it gave culture masters of art to leave behind the broad creation space exactly, if could find an accurate combining site, not only that will give two nationalities, will also give the entire world to bring one kind to have forgives the significance the harmony and beautiful, for instance Zhao Wuji's painting manifested the inexhaustible charm which the culture blended 饮食观念 欧洲人都说世界上有三大美食，每一个版本里都有中国和法国的，只有关于第三家却说法不一，有说是意大利的，也有说是土耳其、突尼斯或摩洛哥等国的。尽管相持不下，但大家都有个共识，饮食常能反映出不同民族的生活习惯和文化思维等方面的差异。 一次在中餐馆举行宴会，饭店菜上得很慢，不知不觉中过去了近两个小时，但菜似乎才上了一半。临座的一位女士是第一次参加中餐宴会，忍不住问我，你们中国人请客都上这么多菜吗？我说，在中国还要多，通常是10道以上。她很惊讶，连说中国的宴会实在太丰富了，难怪中国的美食很有名。但过了一会儿，她又问我，有个现象很奇怪：中国人吃饭每次都上那么多菜，可为什么都长得那么瘦。而法国入每次菜很少，但为什么都比中国人胖呢？ 我一时语塞，但又觉得她问得多少有点道理，因为那天同桌的几个中国人都显得比较瘦弱，而几个法国人个个人高马大。想了想，和她讲了自己的一点想法：中国是个好客的民族，只有上了一桌子菜才觉得没怠慢客人。另外中国人有时候更注重形式，所以在中国的烹调里，菜的样式千变万化，具体到每一道菜又非常讲究色香味的搭配。而欧洲人似乎更实际一些，在菜的花色变化上下的工夫显然不如中国，但讲究的是其营养的搭配和保护。这是中、法饮食观念的重要差异，多少也反映出了中法文化性格的不同。 对色彩的认识 每个人都有自己喜欢的颜色，一个国家和民族也一样，对不同颜色的喜好从整体上可以反映出一个民族或者国家的审美情趣与好恶倾向。 有一次碰到欧盟委员会的一对教授夫妇，谈起上海APEC会议上各国领导人穿的中国民族服装，他们都说非常好看，但有一点不太明白，为什么亚洲领导人大多穿红色，而西方领导人则多选择了蓝色。我说颜色都是领导人自己选定的。大概亚洲国家有着相同的文化背景，红色在中国文化里，也可能在整个亚洲文化中都代表着幸运、财富和吉祥如意，所以亚洲领导人都不约而同地选择了红色。我反问他们，蓝色在西方文化里代表什么?他们说西方人认为，蓝色代表冷静和沉着。 想了想，我又补充说东西方文化差异实在是太大了，比如说龙在中国是民族的象征，而在比利时的蒙斯市则有一个打龙节，龙被视作恶魔，被传说中的保护神圣·米歇尔杀掉了，因此特意搞打龙节来庆贺除灾弊感谢米歇尔。教授夫妇也非常认同东西方文化差异的巨大，并认可文化需要交流。 思维方式 中西方的文化差异还表现在诸多方面，但简单加以概括其实并不复杂：反映到思维方式上是抽象和具象的差别，反映到生活态度上则似乎可以理解为西方人更加实用，而中国人则多少更偏重一些精神感受。比如把法语单词和中文文字加以比较，这一点就很明显。中国文字造词多注重形象，而法文里更多地注重考虑的是实用价值。像中文里的名片，法文里直译就是访问用的卡片，而航空母舰在法文里叫载飞机的军舰等等，都是从实际用途出发来造词的。而像压照片用的玻璃板，我们也是从其使用价值角度来造的词，但法国人就更加直观了，直译就是“放在照片上面的”。 反映到绘画上更是如此。大家都知道中国画的大开大阖、泼墨写意和欧洲油画讲究的人体比例和光学原理等完全是属于两个风马牛不相及的技术范畴，似乎很难有共同语言。欧洲人有时不太能够理解我们过于抽象的艺术表现手法，我们有时也会认为欧洲人的艺术技巧过于写实本分，缺乏灵气。看多了欧洲绘画史上被奉为经典的宗教题材画作，中国人有时在感叹其技法写实细腻的同时，也会感慨欧洲大师们想象力的贫乏：为了说明天使在飞，就非得给那些可爱的小精灵们加上一双翅膀。而我们的祖先不也画了几千年了吗，在那些美丽的仙女旁边加上几朵白云，她们不就飞起来了吗?多有意境，多有想象空间啊。 这就是文化的差异。但是，差异带来的并不总是分歧，它恰恰给文化艺术大师们留下了广阔的创作空间，如能从中找到一个准确的结合点，那不仅会给两个民族，而且也会给整个世界带来一种更具包涵意义的和谐与美丽，比如赵无极的画作就体现出了文化交融的无尽魅力。

你可以从以下几点着手：一．餐桌礼仪概述1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用。二. 各国间不同的饮食文化1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成。2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成。3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异。4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点。5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源。

in Food Culture – Traditions & University，, Barbara. Taste of Southeast Asia. Tucson, AZ: HPBooks, Inc., , Gwenda L. Cuisines of Southeast Asia: A Culinary Journey Through China,Thailand, Myanmar,Japan. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993. , Constance M. Fun and Festival from East Asia. New York, NY: Friendship Press, 1968.

么么，分都没有

1、苦啤酒

苦啤酒是英国最具代表性的啤酒，起源于18世纪，起初作为英国传统麦芽酒的替代品，最大的特点是酒精度数低，以窖藏温度供应，仅需几日便可发酵。

2、维多利亚海绵蛋糕

英国社会有一个久负盛名的传统——下午茶会。维多利亚海绵蛋糕，是英国下午茶点的经典必备。它因维多利亚女王最喜爱海绵蛋糕的吃法（一层奶油一层果酱）而得名。

3、下午茶

下午茶是餐饮方式之一，用餐时间介乎午餐和晚餐之间，可以追溯到英国17世纪时期，绵延至今，渐变成现代人休闲习惯。由于下午茶并不是每天的正餐，所以不是每天都会有下午茶。

近代的下午茶发展自英国维多利亚时代的英式下午茶(afternoon tea)，一边吃着西式糕点一边喝茶。其在中国逐渐流行，随着各地餐饮文化的融合，悄然在世界各地发展起来。

4、烹饪方式

一般较喜爱的烹饪方式有：烩、烧烤、煎和油炸。

对肉类、海鲜、野味的烹调均有独到的方式；对牛肉类有特别的偏好，如烧烤牛肉（ROASTED BEEF），在食用时不仅附上时令的蔬菜、烤土豆，还会在牛排上加少许芥末酱；在佐料的使用上喜好奶油及酒类；在香料上喜好肉寇、肉桂等新鲜香料。

5、哈吉斯

哈吉斯是一道菜肴名称，用羊胃、羊心、羊肺、羊肝等制作而成，被称为苏格兰“国菜”，一般认为是受到了苏格兰民族诗人罗伯特·彭斯1787年创作的 Address to a Haggis一诗的影响。

目前最早有关哈革斯的记录出现于在英格兰兰开夏郡西北部发现的一本食谱《Liber Cure Cocorum》，大概可以追溯到1430年左右。

参考资料来源：百度百科-英国

参考资料来源：百度百科-下午茶