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肝性脑病实验论文引言

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肝性脑病实验论文引言

2 results infections formation rates 181 examples liver cirrhosispatient merges infects 101 examples, the infection formation , in the courtyard the infection percentage is . infections has the spot 101 examples infections altogether to haveeach kind of infection example order is 133. 4 examples are 3 spotsinfect, 24 examples are 2 spots infect Other 73 examples are a spot infect. The infection spotaccording to has the frequency height is in turn: Primary peritonitis59 examples, the intestinal tract infects 15 examples, on The respiratory tract infects 12 examples, bacteriemia 9examples, the lungs infection and pleurisy each 8 examples. Thebiliary duct infects, the urine road infection and the oral cavityinfects each 5 examples The skin soft tissue infects 4 examples, infectiousness is inshock 3 examples. has the infection correlation factor infections and liver function child - pugh graduationrelational infection group 101 examples. A, B and the C level patientpopulation respectively is 11 examples, 41 examples and 49 Example. The non- infection group 80 examples, A, B and the Clevel patient population respectively is 26 examples, 39 examples and15 examples. In liver cirrhosis merge infection group child - pugh Clevel The patient counts obviously are many to the non- infectiongroup, two groups compare the difference to be extremely remarkable(x2=, P < ) see Table 1. Two groups of liver function child - pugh graduation comparison (X2) Group other A B C grand total Infection group 11 () 41 () 49 () 101 Non- infection group 26 () 39 () 15 () 81 Amounts to 378064181 Note: In the parenthesis the data is various numbers theorynumber (T) In courtyards infects with is hospitalized the timerelations to be hospitalized the time > in January, 1/2 ~ in Januaryand < 1/2 month courtyard 内感 dyes the formation rate respectivelyis , , . The liver cirrhosis patient is hospitalizedwhen > January has the opportunity which in the courtyard infectsobviously to be higher than < January (P < ) to see Table 2. In the courtyard infects with is hospitalized the time relations Is hospitalized the time infection example number infectionpercentage < 1/2 5 1/2 ~ in January 13 > In January 31 In courtyards the infection and in the attack operationrelational 133 examples infection, accepts the attack operationpatient person sequence to the first 3 distinctions is: 25 examples Before the infection accepts the deep vein to set at the tubetechnique, 14 examples abdominal cavities puncture method, 4 exampleschest cavities puncture method. Question supplement that, etiology bacilliculture examined thebacterium includes: Large intestine Egypt hopes the fungus (ascites);假单胞菌 (ascites); Smelly nose 克雷 伯氏 fungus ( The blood, the phlegm, the bedsore pus fluid), Purey Mao theSi sand mold (blood, neck vein inserts a tube), epidermis grape fungus(phlegm), white rosary fungus (phlegm, excrement, Swallows 拭子), pulls west west the peduncle the fungus(phlegm), ear grape fungus (urine). revolutions turn over to have the infection to die of illness 29examples, the mortality rate are ; Has not had the infection todie of illness 2 examples, the mortality rate . Other 72 examplesinfection The reasonable use antibiotic and guarantees treatment and soon liver, diuresis in the etiology examination foundation, maintainsthe patient oral cavity and the whole body skin cleanly in order tohelp the control infection and so on Under nurses all good extension to leave the hospital, equallyis hospitalized the number of days is days. Under has not had theinfection other 78 examples reasonably to treat and to nurse all goodextension to leave the hospital, even Is hospitalized the number of days is days. The livercirrhosis merge infection mortality rate obviously is higher than thenon- infection. (X2= P < ) see Table 3 The infection compares with the non- infection mortality rate The group other death example number change for the betterexample number equals Infection group 29 () 72 () 101 Non- infection group 2 () 78 () 80 Amounts to 31150181 Two groups of differences have 显著性 the significance

The result � Infect with 181 cirrhosises of the occurrence rate sufferer the merger infects with 101, infecting with of the occurrence rate, the infection rate inside the hospital is .� Infection occurrence the part 101 infections totally take place a time of various infection is among those exampleses infect with for 3 parts,24 the examples infect with for 2 parts, Rest 73 the examples infect with for a with the part press occurrence the 频 degree is high and low one by one in order is:At first the peritonitis 59 times of hair, the bowel way infects with 15, topBreathe the way infects with 12 times, the disease 9 times of the germ blood, an infection of lung and pleuritis 8 for each infection of 胆 , urine the road infects with to infect with 5 for each time with mouth cavity, The soft organization of skin infects with 4 times, the shock 3 times of infection.� Occurrence related factor � of the A 101 of the relation infection of the infection and the liver function child- pugh , B and the C class sufferer's numbers distinguish to 11,41 example and with 80 of set not, A, B and the C class sufferer's numbers distinguish to 26,39 examples and cirrhosis merger infects with the C class of child- pugh in setThe number of the sufferer is obvious and precious sight more to infect with the set not, two relatively differ to show the 著 ( x2=, P<) to see the table very much 1.�Two livers function child- pugh ratings compare( X2)Set do not the A B C is totalInfect with the set 11()41()49()101Infect with the set not 26()39()15()81Total 378064181Note:The data inside the brackets counts for the theories of each number( T) Hospital inside infection and hospitalization time relation hospitalization time> January,1/2-1 months and<1/ February hospital inside infection the occurrence rate is respectively, the sufferer of the cirrhosis stay in the hospital> January the opportunity of the infection inside the occurrence hospital is obvious high in< the of January sees the table 2. Hospital inside infect with and stay in the hospital the horary relationStay in the hospital the time infection number infection rate<1/ of 1/2-1 months> of Infection inside the hospital with encroach upon sex operation to relate to in 133 infections, accept to encroach upon sex to operate sufferer's number before list on 3 respectively is:25 exampleThe infection accepted the deep vein to place to take care of the 术 before,14 belly cavities wore to stab the 术 ,4 chests wore to stab the 术 .�Problem complement: The cause learns the germs that the germs development have already examine to have:Rare germ( the stomach water) of the large intestine 埃 ;False single afterbirth germ( the stomach water);Smelly nose gram thunder 伯 surname germ(Blood, phlegm, the bedsore 脓 liquid), 普 in the hair 斯 sand fungi( the blood, the neck vein puts the tube), the epidermis grape germ( phlegm), white beads germ( phlegm, muck,Swallow to wipe the son), pull the surname west germ( phlegm), the ear grape germ( urine).� The one who turn return to take place the infection dies of illness 29, the death rate is ;Don't the one who take place infection die of illness 2, death rate 72 infectionsLearn to examine the foundation in the cause up the reasonable usage antibiotics and protect the liver, the benefit urine etc. treatment, keep patient's mouth cavity and the whole body skin to sweep for the convenience of control infection descend all turn for the better the hospital discharge, the average hospitalization number is not take place the infection of other 78 example at reasonable treatment and nursing under all turn for the better the hospital discharge, evenAll stay in the hospital the day to count to merger infection death rate obvious high in not the one who infect with.( X2= Ps<) see 3 �s of tableInfect with with not infect with death rate compareThe set do not die the number amendment number to add upInfect with the set 29()72()101Infect with the set not 2()78()80Total 31150181Two differences show the 著 meaning

Results � 2 181 cirrhotic patients with the infection rate of 101 cases of infection. infection rate was , of nosocomial infection. � infection sites were 101 cases of infection times for a total of 133 cases of infection occurred. 4 cases of which three infections, 24 cases of infection of two parts, one part of the remaining 73 cases of infection. By the frequency of infection sites were as follows : 59 cases of primary peritonitis time, 15 cases of intestinal infection. 12 cases of upper respiratory tract infection, bacteremia nine cases meeting, lung infection and pleurisy meeting of the eight cases. Biliary tract infection, urinary tract infection and oral infection five times, four cases of skin and soft tissue infections time, 3 cases of septic shock. � incidence of infection-related factors causing infection and liver function grades of Child - Section 101 cases of infection. A, B and C patients respectively 11 cases, 41 cases and 49 cases. 80 cases of non-infected group, A, B and C patients respectively 26 cases, 39 cases and 15 cases. Child-C infection in patients with cirrhosis group were significantly higher than non-infected patients. significant difference between the two groups (x2=, ) is shown in Table 1. � liver function Child-grade comparison group (X2) A B C Total infected groups of 11 (20. 6) 41 () 49 () 101 non-infected group, 26 () 39 ( ) 15 () 81 Total 37 80 64 181 Note : Theoretical data for the number of brackets (T) nosocomial infection and hospital stay time "in January. Ointment and "half of those on the incidence of nosocomial infection rates were , , . Cirrhotic patients at the hospital, "hospital occurred in January were significantly higher than the chances of infection" in January (P <) in Table 2. Nosocomial infections of the relationship between length of stay and hospital infection cases of infection "half 5 1 Ointment 3 , "January 31 nosocomial infections and 133 cases of invasive operation between infection , the number of patients with invasive operation in the first three places respectively : 25 cases of deep venous catheter infection received before the operation. 14 patients with abdominal paracentesis, four cases Thoracentesis. � add : pathogenic bacteria has been detected in the culture of Escherichia coli bacteria are : (ascites); aeruginosa (ascites); Klebsiella foul nose (blood, phlegm, bedsore pus), fungal prima Sisha (blood jugular vein cannulation), grape skin bacteria (sputum), Candida albicans (sputum, feces throat), Rumsfeld Xidixi bacteria (sputum). Staphylococcal ears (urine). � vesting who died 29 cases of infection occurred, the mortality rate for infected persons died in 2002 two cases did not occur. mortality rate of . The remaining 72 cases were infected in pathogen detection based on the rational use of antibiotics and protective, and diuretic therapy, etc., maintain a clean mouth and skin care benefit under both improved infection control discharged The average hospital stay was days for the few. No infection in the other 78 cases under treatment and care are reasonable discharged improved, the average length of stay was days. Mortality was significantly higher than non-infected patients with cirrhosis infected. (X2= ) Table 3 � infected and non-infected group compared mortality improvement in the number of death cases Total number of infected cases, 29 () 72 () 101 non-infected group 2 () 78 ( ) 80 Total 31 150 181 difference between the two groups is statistically significant

3 讨论 本组肝硬化患者感染发生率,肝硬化肝功能失代偿child—pugh C级患者合并感染者明显增多。院内感染总发生例次率,住院时间超过1月者发生院人感染机会明显增加,住院期间由于诊冶需要而行各种创伤性操作也增加了医源性感染的机会。肝硬化验室患者肠道内菌群上移,而小肠段肠壁较薄,门脉压增高使肠壁淤血,淋巴流量增多,导致肠壁水肿,致使肠壁屏障被破坏〔3〕。肝硬化患者肝细胞坏死、纤维化的同时,肝脏的单核—巨噬细胞系统功能亦显著受损,使来自肠腔的细菌不能被清除,易发生肠源性感染。本资料已培养检测到的细菌以条件致病菌居多,治疗选用抗菌药物最多的是甲硝唑和头孢第三代类。本组发生感染者病死率%,明显高于无合并感染者的病死率%。提示肝硬化合并感染是造成病情加重,导致死亡的重要原因。这主要与机体免疫功能低下,高胆红素血症、白蛋白明显下降及肝功能衰竭有关。而感染又常诱发生上消化道出血,肝性脑病及肝肾综合征等严重并发症,使肝硬化进展为慢性重型肝炎、肝功能衰竭甚至多脏器功能衰竭而死亡,病死率明显增高。因此,肝硬化患者住院后应抓紧时间检诊,在诊治过程中加强消毒隔离,严格无菌操作及掌握各种侵袭性操作的适应症,尽量减少医源性感染的诱因。对肝功能child—pughC级患者采取绝对卧床休息、给予高热量、适量蛋白质(以植物蛋白为主)、丰富维生素等易消化饮食,并应细嚼慢咽,绝对戒烟酒,加强口腔及皮肤护理,病情稳定后尽早出院。发现感染征兆如不明原因的持续低热,黄疸明显升高,顽固性腹胀、腹痛、腹泻、腹水量明显增多或利尿剂无效等,应及早作细菌培养,合理应用抗菌药物,加强支持利退黄治疗,积极预防和控制感染及严重并发症的发生

肝性脑病实验论文

一. 实验目的 1、学习制备肝功能不全的动物模型的方法. 2、理解苯乙胺在肝性脑病发生中的作用并探讨其抢救治疗的措施. 3、观察肝性脑病的症状. 4、学习局部麻醉手术. 二. 实验原理 肝性脑病(HE也称肝昏迷)是继发于严重的肝脏疾病和神经精神综合症.现认为主要的脑组织代谢和功能障碍所致,具体的情况还不明确,主要的假说有:胺中毒学说、假性递质学说、血浆氨基酸失衡学说、Y-氨基丁酸(GABA)学说和综合学说.本实验依据第二种假说而设计的. 食物中的芳香族氨基酸在肠道脱羧酶的作用下生成苯乙胺或酪胺.此类生物胺吸收由门静脉进入肝.肝功能正常时可由肝中的单胺氧化酶作用而被分解消毒. 当肝功能障碍时此类胺由血液进入中枢神经系统,经脑细胞内非特异性β-羟化酶作用生成苯乙胺醇或羧苯乙胺醇.它们是去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺的类似物,可竞争性取代正常的神经递质,但作用很弱,从而导致神经传导障碍,出现昏迷现象. 三. 实验药品及仪器 兔手术台 手术器械 圆形或角形缝合针 导尿管 烧杯 纱布块 注射器(2ml、10ml、50Ml)角膜刺激针瞳孔测量尺 粗棉线 动脉夹 动脉套管张力换能器、血压换能器、计算机生物信号采集处理系统 1%盐普鲁卡因溶液 1%醋酸溶液苯乙胺溶液左旋多巴溶液 乙醚 肝素(500U/ml) 四. 实验对象 家兔两只 五. 实验步骤 1. 家兔承重后,用乙醚浅麻.仰卧固定于兔手术台上.清醒后,颈部用1%盐普鲁卡因溶液进行局部浸润麻醉进行气管插管及动脉插管,通过血压换能器与生物信号系统相连,描记血压变化. 2. 剪去腹部正中兔毛,用1%盐普鲁卡因溶液进行局部浸润麻醉.从胸骨剑突起做上腹部正中切口(长约6-8cm)沿腹白线打开腹腔,用食指和中指伸至肝膈面,分置镰状韧带两侧并下压肝脏,暴露并用手指弄断肝与膈肌之间的镰状韧带,再用手指剥离肝胃韧带使肝脏成游离态. 3. 将肝胰面上翻,仔细辨别各个肝叶,用粗棉线绕左外叶、左中叶、方形叶、右中叶、尾叶(留下右外叶)等根部结扎待肝叶由红变褐后沿线上切除. 4. 剪断剑突软骨柄,游离剑突.用一弯钩勾住剑突软骨,另一端与张力换能器相连,由换能器将信号传入生物信号采集处理系统,描记呼吸运动. 5. 顺胃幽门部找出十二指肠,向小肠右方插入一根连着注射器的导尿管节扎固定,关闭腹腔. 6. 观察并记录家兔的一般情况,呼吸、血压、角膜反射、瞳孔大小以及对疼痛刺激的反应. 7. 每隔5-7min向十二指肠内注的苯乙胺溶液5ml密切观察兔的变化.如呼吸、角膜反射、瞳孔大小、对疼痛刺激的反应及肌肉张力等.直至痉挛的发生.记录此时的呼吸、血压、角膜反射、瞳孔大小、对疼痛刺激的反应,记录从给药到结束的时间及总的给药量,得出单位用药量. 8. 从而缘静脉注射的左旋多巴进行抢救,同时向十二指肠注射1%的醋酸5ml/Kg,观察效果. 9. 另取一只体重相近、性别相同的家兔作对照,不做肝结扎及切除,其余同上. 六. 实验结果预测 1. 给药量的情况下肝昏迷反应较实验组不明显,同时抢救效果好. ⒉ 左旋多巴对肝性脑病确实有治疗作用. ⒊ 苯乙胺可引起肝昏迷.从而证实肝病患者应少食动物蛋白多食植物蛋白(因为动物蛋白中BCAA/AAAA1) 七.注意事项 1.在本次实验中,大概用药量,给药后能否及时出现肝昏迷现象以及需多少时才会出现现象均不清楚. 2.第一步中用乙醚浅麻后固定,乙醚可能会对本实验造成假想,但不知有什么更好的办法,直接固定有一定的危险. 3.第三步中只是为了造成肝功能不全,所以保留哪一个以及要不要切除随便. 4.第四步中的固定可用缝荷包固定,也可像气管插管一样固定. 参考文献: 王树人 病理生理学 科学出版社 刘风 病理生理学实验指导 军事医学科学出版社 杨惠铃 潘景轩 吴伟康 高级病理生理学 科学出版社 王宇 74 例肝硬化合并肝性脑病临床分析 中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库 在“中国期刊网镜像站点”和“维普中文科技期刊全文数据库”输入“假性递质”及“苯乙胺”未能查到有用的相关资料 目前对肝性脑病的研究主要临床的治疗及病历分析和毒素的影响方面

兔肝性脑病实验论文

一. 实验目的1、学习制备肝功能不全的动物模型的方法。2、理解苯乙胺在肝性脑病发生中的作用并探讨其抢救治疗的措施。3、观察肝性脑病的症状。4、学习局部麻醉手术。二. 实验原理肝性脑病(HE也称肝昏迷)是继发于严重的肝脏疾病和神经精神综合症。现认为主要的脑组织代谢和功能障碍所致,具体的情况还不明确,主要的假说有:胺中毒学说、假性递质学说、血浆氨基酸失衡学说、Y-氨基丁酸(GABA)学说和综合学说。本实验依据第二种假说而设计的。食物中的芳香族氨基酸在肠道脱羧酶的作用下生成苯乙胺或酪胺。此类生物胺吸收由门静脉进入肝。肝功能正常时可由肝中的单胺氧化酶作用而被分解消毒。当肝功能障碍时此类胺由血液进入中枢神经系统,经脑细胞内非特异性β-羟化酶作用生成苯乙胺醇或羧苯乙胺醇。它们是去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺的类似物,可竞争性取代正常的神经递质,但作用很弱,从而导致神经传导障碍,出现昏迷现象。三. 实验药品及仪器兔手术台 手术器械 圆形或角形缝合针 导尿管 烧杯 纱布块 注射器(2ml、10ml、50Ml)角膜刺激针瞳孔测量尺 粗棉线 动脉夹 动脉套管张力换能器、血压换能器、计算机生物信号采集处理系统 1%盐普鲁卡因溶液 1%醋酸溶液苯乙胺溶液左旋多巴溶液 乙醚 肝素(500U/ml)四. 实验对象家兔两只五. 实验步骤1. 家兔承重后,用乙醚浅麻。仰卧固定于兔手术台上。清醒后,颈部用1%盐普鲁卡因溶液进行局部浸润麻醉进行气管插管及动脉插管,通过血压换能器与生物信号系统相连,描记血压变化。2. 剪去腹部正中兔毛,用1%盐普鲁卡因溶液进行局部浸润麻醉。从胸骨剑突起做上腹部正中切口(长约6-8cm)沿腹白线打开腹腔,用食指和中指伸至肝膈面,分置镰状韧带两侧并下压肝脏,暴露并用手指弄断肝与膈肌之间的镰状韧带,再用手指剥离肝胃韧带使肝脏成游离态。3. 将肝胰面上翻,仔细辨别各个肝叶,用粗棉线绕左外叶、左中叶、方形叶、右中叶、尾叶(留下右外叶)等根部结扎待肝叶由红变褐后沿线上切除。4. 剪断剑突软骨柄,游离剑突。用一弯钩勾住剑突软骨,另一端与张力换能器相连,由换能器将信号传入生物信号采集处理系统,描记呼吸运动。5. 顺胃幽门部找出十二指肠,向小肠右方插入一根连着注射器的导尿管节扎固定,关闭腹腔。6. 观察并记录家兔的一般情况,呼吸、血压、角膜反射、瞳孔大小以及对疼痛刺激的反应。7. 每隔5-7min向十二指肠内注的苯乙胺溶液5ml密切观察兔的变化。如呼吸、角膜反射、瞳孔大小、对疼痛刺激的反应及肌肉张力等。直至痉挛的发生。记录此时的呼吸、血压、角膜反射、瞳孔大小、对疼痛刺激的反应,记录从给药到结束的时间及总的给药量,得出单位用药量。8. 从而缘静脉注射的左旋多巴进行抢救,同时向十二指肠注射1%的醋酸5ml/Kg,观察效果。9. 另取一只体重相近、性别相同的家兔作对照,不做肝结扎及切除,其余同上。六. 实验结果预测1. 给药量的情况下肝昏迷反应较实验组不明显,同时抢救效果好。⒉ 左旋多巴对肝性脑病确实有治疗作用。⒊ 苯乙胺可引起肝昏迷。从而证实肝病患者应少食动物蛋白多食植物蛋白(因为动物蛋白中BCAA/AAAA<=1,而植物蛋白中BCAA/AAAA>1)七.注意事项1.在本次实验中,大概用药量,给药后能否及时出现肝昏迷现象以及需多少时才会出现现象均不清楚。2.第一步中用乙醚浅麻后固定,乙醚可能会对本实验造成假想,但不知有什么更好的办法,直接固定有一定的危险。3.第三步中只是为了造成肝功能不全,所以保留哪一个以及要不要切除随便。4.第四步中的固定可用缝荷包固定,也可像气管插管一样固定。参考文献:王树人 病理生理学 科学出版社刘风 病理生理学实验指导 军事医学科学出版社杨惠铃 潘景轩 吴伟康 高级病理生理学 科学出版社王宇 74 例肝硬化合并肝性脑病临床分析 中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库在“中国期刊网镜像站点”和“维普中文科技期刊全文数据库”输入“假性递质”及“苯乙胺”未能查到有用的相关资料目前对肝性脑病的研究主要临床的治疗及病历分析和毒素的影响方面

肝性脑病的实验论文

一. 实验目的 1、学习制备肝功能不全的动物模型的方法. 2、理解苯乙胺在肝性脑病发生中的作用并探讨其抢救治疗的措施. 3、观察肝性脑病的症状. 4、学习局部麻醉手术. 二. 实验原理 肝性脑病(HE也称肝昏迷)是继发于严重的肝脏疾病和神经精神综合症.现认为主要的脑组织代谢和功能障碍所致,具体的情况还不明确,主要的假说有:胺中毒学说、假性递质学说、血浆氨基酸失衡学说、Y-氨基丁酸(GABA)学说和综合学说.本实验依据第二种假说而设计的. 食物中的芳香族氨基酸在肠道脱羧酶的作用下生成苯乙胺或酪胺.此类生物胺吸收由门静脉进入肝.肝功能正常时可由肝中的单胺氧化酶作用而被分解消毒. 当肝功能障碍时此类胺由血液进入中枢神经系统,经脑细胞内非特异性β-羟化酶作用生成苯乙胺醇或羧苯乙胺醇.它们是去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺的类似物,可竞争性取代正常的神经递质,但作用很弱,从而导致神经传导障碍,出现昏迷现象. 三. 实验药品及仪器 兔手术台 手术器械 圆形或角形缝合针 导尿管 烧杯 纱布块 注射器(2ml、10ml、50Ml)角膜刺激针瞳孔测量尺 粗棉线 动脉夹 动脉套管张力换能器、血压换能器、计算机生物信号采集处理系统 1%盐普鲁卡因溶液 1%醋酸溶液苯乙胺溶液左旋多巴溶液 乙醚 肝素(500U/ml) 四. 实验对象 家兔两只 五. 实验步骤 1. 家兔承重后,用乙醚浅麻.仰卧固定于兔手术台上.清醒后,颈部用1%盐普鲁卡因溶液进行局部浸润麻醉进行气管插管及动脉插管,通过血压换能器与生物信号系统相连,描记血压变化. 2. 剪去腹部正中兔毛,用1%盐普鲁卡因溶液进行局部浸润麻醉.从胸骨剑突起做上腹部正中切口(长约6-8cm)沿腹白线打开腹腔,用食指和中指伸至肝膈面,分置镰状韧带两侧并下压肝脏,暴露并用手指弄断肝与膈肌之间的镰状韧带,再用手指剥离肝胃韧带使肝脏成游离态. 3. 将肝胰面上翻,仔细辨别各个肝叶,用粗棉线绕左外叶、左中叶、方形叶、右中叶、尾叶(留下右外叶)等根部结扎待肝叶由红变褐后沿线上切除. 4. 剪断剑突软骨柄,游离剑突.用一弯钩勾住剑突软骨,另一端与张力换能器相连,由换能器将信号传入生物信号采集处理系统,描记呼吸运动. 5. 顺胃幽门部找出十二指肠,向小肠右方插入一根连着注射器的导尿管节扎固定,关闭腹腔. 6. 观察并记录家兔的一般情况,呼吸、血压、角膜反射、瞳孔大小以及对疼痛刺激的反应. 7. 每隔5-7min向十二指肠内注的苯乙胺溶液5ml密切观察兔的变化.如呼吸、角膜反射、瞳孔大小、对疼痛刺激的反应及肌肉张力等.直至痉挛的发生.记录此时的呼吸、血压、角膜反射、瞳孔大小、对疼痛刺激的反应,记录从给药到结束的时间及总的给药量,得出单位用药量. 8. 从而缘静脉注射的左旋多巴进行抢救,同时向十二指肠注射1%的醋酸5ml/Kg,观察效果. 9. 另取一只体重相近、性别相同的家兔作对照,不做肝结扎及切除,其余同上. 六. 实验结果预测 1. 给药量的情况下肝昏迷反应较实验组不明显,同时抢救效果好. ⒉ 左旋多巴对肝性脑病确实有治疗作用. ⒊ 苯乙胺可引起肝昏迷.从而证实肝病患者应少食动物蛋白多食植物蛋白(因为动物蛋白中BCAA/AAAA1) 七.注意事项 1.在本次实验中,大概用药量,给药后能否及时出现肝昏迷现象以及需多少时才会出现现象均不清楚. 2.第一步中用乙醚浅麻后固定,乙醚可能会对本实验造成假想,但不知有什么更好的办法,直接固定有一定的危险. 3.第三步中只是为了造成肝功能不全,所以保留哪一个以及要不要切除随便. 4.第四步中的固定可用缝荷包固定,也可像气管插管一样固定. 参考文献: 王树人 病理生理学 科学出版社 刘风 病理生理学实验指导 军事医学科学出版社 杨惠铃 潘景轩 吴伟康 高级病理生理学 科学出版社 王宇 74 例肝硬化合并肝性脑病临床分析 中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库 在“中国期刊网镜像站点”和“维普中文科技期刊全文数据库”输入“假性递质”及“苯乙胺”未能查到有用的相关资料 目前对肝性脑病的研究主要临床的治疗及病历分析和毒素的影响方面

病生实验肝性脑病论文

一. 实验目的 1、学习制备肝功能不全的动物模型的方法. 2、理解苯乙胺在肝性脑病发生中的作用并探讨其抢救治疗的措施. 3、观察肝性脑病的症状. 4、学习局部麻醉手术. 二. 实验原理 肝性脑病(HE也称肝昏迷)是继发于严重的肝脏疾病和神经精神综合症.现认为主要的脑组织代谢和功能障碍所致,具体的情况还不明确,主要的假说有:胺中毒学说、假性递质学说、血浆氨基酸失衡学说、Y-氨基丁酸(GABA)学说和综合学说.本实验依据第二种假说而设计的. 食物中的芳香族氨基酸在肠道脱羧酶的作用下生成苯乙胺或酪胺.此类生物胺吸收由门静脉进入肝.肝功能正常时可由肝中的单胺氧化酶作用而被分解消毒. 当肝功能障碍时此类胺由血液进入中枢神经系统,经脑细胞内非特异性β-羟化酶作用生成苯乙胺醇或羧苯乙胺醇.它们是去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺的类似物,可竞争性取代正常的神经递质,但作用很弱,从而导致神经传导障碍,出现昏迷现象. 三. 实验药品及仪器 兔手术台 手术器械 圆形或角形缝合针 导尿管 烧杯 纱布块 注射器(2ml、10ml、50Ml)角膜刺激针瞳孔测量尺 粗棉线 动脉夹 动脉套管张力换能器、血压换能器、计算机生物信号采集处理系统 1%盐普鲁卡因溶液 1%醋酸溶液苯乙胺溶液左旋多巴溶液 乙醚 肝素(500U/ml) 四. 实验对象 家兔两只 五. 实验步骤 1. 家兔承重后,用乙醚浅麻.仰卧固定于兔手术台上.清醒后,颈部用1%盐普鲁卡因溶液进行局部浸润麻醉进行气管插管及动脉插管,通过血压换能器与生物信号系统相连,描记血压变化. 2. 剪去腹部正中兔毛,用1%盐普鲁卡因溶液进行局部浸润麻醉.从胸骨剑突起做上腹部正中切口(长约6-8cm)沿腹白线打开腹腔,用食指和中指伸至肝膈面,分置镰状韧带两侧并下压肝脏,暴露并用手指弄断肝与膈肌之间的镰状韧带,再用手指剥离肝胃韧带使肝脏成游离态. 3. 将肝胰面上翻,仔细辨别各个肝叶,用粗棉线绕左外叶、左中叶、方形叶、右中叶、尾叶(留下右外叶)等根部结扎待肝叶由红变褐后沿线上切除. 4. 剪断剑突软骨柄,游离剑突.用一弯钩勾住剑突软骨,另一端与张力换能器相连,由换能器将信号传入生物信号采集处理系统,描记呼吸运动. 5. 顺胃幽门部找出十二指肠,向小肠右方插入一根连着注射器的导尿管节扎固定,关闭腹腔. 6. 观察并记录家兔的一般情况,呼吸、血压、角膜反射、瞳孔大小以及对疼痛刺激的反应. 7. 每隔5-7min向十二指肠内注的苯乙胺溶液5ml密切观察兔的变化.如呼吸、角膜反射、瞳孔大小、对疼痛刺激的反应及肌肉张力等.直至痉挛的发生.记录此时的呼吸、血压、角膜反射、瞳孔大小、对疼痛刺激的反应,记录从给药到结束的时间及总的给药量,得出单位用药量. 8. 从而缘静脉注射的左旋多巴进行抢救,同时向十二指肠注射1%的醋酸5ml/Kg,观察效果. 9. 另取一只体重相近、性别相同的家兔作对照,不做肝结扎及切除,其余同上. 六. 实验结果预测 1. 给药量的情况下肝昏迷反应较实验组不明显,同时抢救效果好. ⒉ 左旋多巴对肝性脑病确实有治疗作用. ⒊ 苯乙胺可引起肝昏迷.从而证实肝病患者应少食动物蛋白多食植物蛋白(因为动物蛋白中BCAA/AAAA1) 七.注意事项 1.在本次实验中,大概用药量,给药后能否及时出现肝昏迷现象以及需多少时才会出现现象均不清楚. 2.第一步中用乙醚浅麻后固定,乙醚可能会对本实验造成假想,但不知有什么更好的办法,直接固定有一定的危险. 3.第三步中只是为了造成肝功能不全,所以保留哪一个以及要不要切除随便. 4.第四步中的固定可用缝荷包固定,也可像气管插管一样固定. 参考文献: 王树人 病理生理学 科学出版社 刘风 病理生理学实验指导 军事医学科学出版社 杨惠铃 潘景轩 吴伟康 高级病理生理学 科学出版社 王宇 74 例肝硬化合并肝性脑病临床分析 中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库 在“中国期刊网镜像站点”和“维普中文科技期刊全文数据库”输入“假性递质”及“苯乙胺”未能查到有用的相关资料 目前对肝性脑病的研究主要临床的治疗及病历分析和毒素的影响方面

分析讨论1.分析各组所得的结果,分别复制了何种动物模型?可得出什么结论?共复制三个模型:(1)生理盐水对照组:结扎肝脏大部分血管,小肠注射生理盐水(2)肝性脑病组: 结扎肝大部分血管,小肠注射氯化铵(3)假手术组:未作任何结扎,小肠注射氯化铵结论:(1)血氨升高会对脑有毒性影响,诱发肝性脑病 (2)肝脏具有解毒功能,可部分清除血液中氨离子2.在肝性脑病的发生过程中血氨为什么会增加?(1)血氨清除不足(2)血氨生成增多:①肠道产氨增多 ②肝性脑病伴随的肾功能减退,导致肾脏排氨减少 ③肝性脑病患者躁动,肌震颤导致肌肉产氨增多3.血氨增加在肝性脑病发生中的机制?(1)干扰脑细胞的能量代谢(2)脑内神经递质的改变:谷氨酸,乙酰胆碱等兴奋性神经递质减少;谷氨酰胺,γ-氨基丁酸等抑制性神经递质增多。(3)对神经细胞膜有抑制作用。4.本实验中为什么NH4Cl要用NaHCO3溶液配制? NH3 = NH4+ 相似相溶原理,NH3分子容易通过细胞膜 ① 促进肠道吸收NH3 ② 促进NH3入血脑屏障 ③ 减少尿中排出NH4+ 上述①②③诱发肝性脑病刚刚做完这个实验,这就是我们要求的实验结论写作模式,第一次回答问题,说的不好的地方请见谅。

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