爱滋病传播途径及预防方法 摘要:艾滋病的医学全称为:"获得性免疫缺陷综合症",英文缩写"AIDS",是由人体感染人类免疫缺陷病毒即艾滋病毒(HIV)引起的免疫缺陷综合症. 大多数感染了艾滋病病毒的人,仍然是健康的,并能在没有症状或只有轻微疾病的情况下生活多年.即使他们看起来健康,自己也感觉健康的时候,他们仍能够将艾滋病病毒传染给其他人,终生具有传染性. HIV 具有严格的宿主特异性,可感染人类并导致AIDS.在实验条件下,HIV-1可感染黑猩猩,HIV-2可感染恒河猴,可导致病血症及血清抗体转为阳性,但不能引起动物发病.从HIV感染者外周血,精液,乳汁,脑脊液,唾液,泪液和其他体液中均可分离到病毒,不过目前尚无经泪液,唾液和汁液等感染HIV的报道.HIV一般通过血液和精液和,其传播途径主要包括: (1)性传播,通过性行为在男同性恋者之间及异性间传播,也可通过人工授精传播; (2)血液传播,通过接受HIV感染者捐献的血液或器官,使用受HIV污染的血染液制品或与HIV感染者共用注射针头而被感染,此外,接触HIV感染者体液或HIV培养物的医务人员和实验人员存在感染HIV的职业危险性; (3)母婴传播,感染HIV者的母亲,可在子宫内或在分娩时将HIV传染给新生儿(Connor,1997).除此之外,人与人的一般接触并不会导致HIV的传播,对此不必过分敏感和恐惧. 在体外,HIV可感染CD4+T淋巴细胞(T4细胞)和单核-巨噬细胞,在其中增殖并引起细胞病变中,表明CD4+T淋巴细胞和单核-巨噬细胞是HIV主要的靶细胞.此外,HIV还可感染正常B淋巴细胞,经EB病毒转化形成的B淋巴母细胞系,小胶质细胞,神经胶质细胞,中幼粒细胞及多种细胞系 (O'Brien,1997) 在体内,HIV除感染结缔组织中的CD4+T淋巴细胞,单核-巨噬细胞,B淋巴细胞,中幼粒细胞和滤泡树突状细胞外,还可感染上皮组织中的朗格汉细胞(Langerhanscell)及神经组织中的小胶质细胞,少突胶质细胞,星形胶质细胞和脑内皮细胞,其分布遍及骨骼,胸腺,脑,心,肺,肠,眼,肾,皮肤和性腺等器官(Dittmar,1997a).HIV具有如此广泛的细胞和组织嗜性,同它所引起的CD4+T淋巴细胞缺陷,淋巴腺病,卡波西肉瘤以及神经系统损伤等多脏器症状是相吻合的. 高度的变异性是HIV及其他反转录病毒所具有的显著特征.突变主要来自反转录过程,其中env和nef等基因变异幅度最大,而gag和pol等则相对保守,变异程度较低且多为沉默的点突变.根据env和gag等基因的变异, 至少可将HIV-1划分为2群,共11个亚型.其中M(main)群由10个亚型组成,即A-J亚型.欧美主要为B亚型,非洲流行A,C,D,E等亚型; 在我国B亚型占优势,其次为C亚弄和A亚型;此外,M群中还存在着各亚型之间的嵌合体(mosaic),如A/E,G/A等.O(outlier)群主要分布于西百和中非,由于成员较少,常被视为一个亚型(O亚型).根据同样的方法,可将HIV-2划分为A,B等亚型(UNAIDS,1997).不仅各地区或不同个体之间HIV存在很大的变异,即使在同一个体内部,差异同样明显.事实上,每个HIV感染者所携带的都是一个异质性的病毒群体,各种突变株共存于体内.高度变异性有助于HIV逃避宿主的免疫监视,同时也为HIV感染的预防,诊断和治疗设置了巨大的障碍. 怎样预防艾滋病 针对不同传播途径,科学家们建议应当采取以下措施: 1,预防艾滋病的性传播 洁身自爱,保持忠贞单一的性关系; 发生危险性行为时正确使用避孕套; 及时治疗性病. 2,预防艾滋病的血液传播 不使用未经检测的血液及血液制品. 不吸毒,不与别人共用针具吸毒. 穿耳或身体穿刺,文身,针刺疗法或者任何需要侵入性的刺破皮肤的过程,都有一定的艾滋病病毒传播危险. 3,母婴传播预防 艾滋病病毒可在怀孕,分娩或者孩子出生后的母乳喂养过程中传播. 感染艾滋病病毒的妇女应避免怀孕,如怀孕应人工流产. 孕,产妇在分娩前,后使用抗病毒药物,可降低母婴传播的几率. 采用人工喂养,也可减少艾滋病病毒感染的危险性.
.文艾防艾论坛 可以领公益试纸.
1、艾滋病对个人的危害 生理上讲,艾滋病病毒感染者一旦发展成艾滋病人,健康状况就会迅速恶化,患者身体上要承受巨大的痛苦,最后被夺去生命。 心理、社会上讲,艾滋病病毒感染者一旦知道自己感染了艾滋病病毒,心理上会产生巨大的压力。 另外,艾滋病病毒感染者容易受到社会的歧视,很难得到亲友的关心和照顾。 2、艾滋病对家庭的危害 社会上对艾滋病人及感染者的种种歧视态度会殃及其家庭,他们的家庭成员和他们一样,也要背负其沉重的心理负担。由此容易产生家庭不和,甚至导致家庭破裂。 因为多数艾滋病病人及感染者处于养家糊口的年龄,往往是家庭经济的主要来源。当他们本身不能再工作,又需要支付高额的医药费时,其家庭经济状况就会很快恶化。有艾滋病病人的家庭,其结局一般都是留下孤儿无人抚养,或留下父母无人养老送终。 3、艾滋病对社会的危害 艾滋病主要侵害那些年富力强的20-45岁的成年人,而这些成年人是社会的生产者、家庭的抚养者、国家的保卫者。艾滋病削弱了社会生产力,减缓了经济增长,人均出生期望寿命降低,民族素质下降,国力减弱。社会的歧视和不公正待遇将许多艾滋病人及感染者推向社会,造成社会的不安定因素,使犯罪率升高,社会秩序和社会稳定遭到破坏。 4、艾滋病对儿童的影响 艾滋病使千千万万的儿童沦为孤儿,使千万无辜儿童被迫承受失去亲人的痛苦,还要经常忍受人们的歧视、失学、营养不良以及过重的劳动负担。 艾滋病是我们人类共同的敌人,要消灭艾滋病需要全社会的共同努力,需要培养预防艾滋病的社会责任感,需要从"我"做起。
.文艾防艾论坛 可以领公益试纸.
1、艾滋病对个人的危害 生理上讲,艾滋病病毒感染者一旦发展成艾滋病人,健康状况就会迅速恶化,患者身体上要承受巨大的痛苦,最后被夺去生命。 心理、社会上讲,艾滋病病毒感染者一旦知道自己感染了艾滋病病毒,心理上会产生巨大的压力。 另外,艾滋病病毒感染者容易受到社会的歧视,很难得到亲友的关心和照顾。 2、艾滋病对家庭的危害 社会上对艾滋病人及感染者的种种歧视态度会殃及其家庭,他们的家庭成员和他们一样,也要背负其沉重的心理负担。由此容易产生家庭不和,甚至导致家庭破裂。 因为多数艾滋病病人及感染者处于养家糊口的年龄,往往是家庭经济的主要来源。当他们本身不能再工作,又需要支付高额的医药费时,其家庭经济状况就会很快恶化。有艾滋病病人的家庭,其结局一般都是留下孤儿无人抚养,或留下父母无人养老送终。 3、艾滋病对社会的危害 艾滋病主要侵害那些年富力强的20-45岁的成年人,而这些成年人是社会的生产者、家庭的抚养者、国家的保卫者。艾滋病削弱了社会生产力,减缓了经济增长,人均出生期望寿命降低,民族素质下降,国力减弱。社会的歧视和不公正待遇将许多艾滋病人及感染者推向社会,造成社会的不安定因素,使犯罪率升高,社会秩序和社会稳定遭到破坏。 4、艾滋病对儿童的影响 艾滋病使千千万万的儿童沦为孤儿,使千万无辜儿童被迫承受失去亲人的痛苦,还要经常忍受人们的歧视、失学、营养不良以及过重的劳动负担。 艾滋病是我们人类共同的敌人,要消灭艾滋病需要全社会的共同努力,需要培养预防艾滋病的社会责任感,需要从"我"做起。
五篇太多了、如果是一篇我还可以式一式。
World Aids Day According to UNAIDS(联合国艾滋病规划署)estimates there were million adults and million children living with HIV at the end of 2002, and during the year 5 million new people became infected with the virus. Around half of all people who become infected with HIV do so before they are 25 and are killed by AIDS before they are 35. 95% of the total number of people with HIV live in the developing world. But HIV still remains a threat to people of all ages and nationalities. Stigma and Discrimination is the theme of the 2003 World AIDS day. In many parts of the world, discrimination prevents people who are known to have HIV from securing a job or caring for their families. Discrimination can cause isolation and marginalizes(排斥)people who have HIV and AIDS. This can prevent people from being offered or seeking the treatment which could save their lives. In order for HIV to be effectively tackled on an international level, efforts need to be made to End the discrimination against people with HIV and AIDS. Educate people in safer sex and drug use, using appropriate media. Provide condoms freely to people in the developing world. Provide financial and medical assistance so that people with HIV and AIDS can be treated. Started in 1988, World AIDS Day is not just about raising money, but also about raising awareness, education and fighting prejudice. World AIDS Day is also important in reminding people that HIV has not gone away, and that there are many things still to be done. Themes for World Aids Day The theme for world AIDS day 2003 is Stigma and Discrimination. Each year there is a particular theme chosen for World AIDS Day, and for the last fourteen years the themes have been as follows: 2004 Women and AIDS 2003 Stigma and Discrimination 2002 Stigma and Discrimination 2001 I care. Do you? 2000 AIDS : Men make a difference 1999 Listen, Learn, Live: World AIDS Campaign with Children and Young People 1998 Force For Change: World AIDS Campaign With Young People 1997 Children Living in a World with AIDS 1996 One World, One Hope 1995 Shared Rights, Shared Responsibilities 1994 AIDS and the Family 1993 Time to Act 1992 Community Commitment 1991 Sharing the Challenge 1990 Women & AIDS 1989 Youth 1988 Communication The Red Ribbon The Red Ribbon is an international symbol of AIDS awareness that is worn by people all year round and particularly around world AIDS day to demonstrate care and concern about HIV and AIDS, and to remind others of the need for their support and commitment. The red ribbon started as a "grass roots" effort, and as a result there is no official red ribbon, and many people make their own. To make your own ribbons, get some ordinary red ribbon, about cms wide and cut it into strips about 15 cms long. Then fold at the top into an inverted "V" shape and put a safety pin through the centre which you use to attach the ribbon to your clothing.
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1、艾滋病对个人的危害 生理上讲,艾滋病病毒感染者一旦发展成艾滋病人,健康状况就会迅速恶化,患者身体上要承受巨大的痛苦,最后被夺去生命。 心理、社会上讲,艾滋病病毒感染者一旦知道自己感染了艾滋病病毒,心理上会产生巨大的压力。 另外,艾滋病病毒感染者容易受到社会的歧视,很难得到亲友的关心和照顾。 2、艾滋病对家庭的危害 社会上对艾滋病人及感染者的种种歧视态度会殃及其家庭,他们的家庭成员和他们一样,也要背负其沉重的心理负担。由此容易产生家庭不和,甚至导致家庭破裂。 因为多数艾滋病病人及感染者处于养家糊口的年龄,往往是家庭经济的主要来源。当他们本身不能再工作,又需要支付高额的医药费时,其家庭经济状况就会很快恶化。有艾滋病病人的家庭,其结局一般都是留下孤儿无人抚养,或留下父母无人养老送终。 3、艾滋病对社会的危害 艾滋病主要侵害那些年富力强的20-45岁的成年人,而这些成年人是社会的生产者、家庭的抚养者、国家的保卫者。艾滋病削弱了社会生产力,减缓了经济增长,人均出生期望寿命降低,民族素质下降,国力减弱。社会的歧视和不公正待遇将许多艾滋病人及感染者推向社会,造成社会的不安定因素,使犯罪率升高,社会秩序和社会稳定遭到破坏。 4、艾滋病对儿童的影响 艾滋病使千千万万的儿童沦为孤儿,使千万无辜儿童被迫承受失去亲人的痛苦,还要经常忍受人们的歧视、失学、营养不良以及过重的劳动负担。 艾滋病是我们人类共同的敌人,要消灭艾滋病需要全社会的共同努力,需要培养预防艾滋病的社会责任感,需要从"我"做起。
五篇太多了、如果是一篇我还可以式一式。
.文艾防艾论坛 可以领公益试纸.
五篇太多了、如果是一篇我还可以式一式。
3 艾滋病健康知识教育对收容教育女性艾滋病乐观偏差的效果评价及启示 陈静; 蒋索; 陈月凤 温州医学院学生处; 温州医学院环境与公共卫生学院 【期刊】中国医学伦理学 2009-10-05 27 4 贫困地区艾滋病社会救助机制构建的对策探讨——对安徽阜阳地区艾滋病的调研 叶良均; 俞宁; 黄邦汉 安徽农业大学人文学院; 安徽农业大学人文学院 安徽合肥; 安徽合肥 【期刊】医学与哲学(人文社会医学版) 2006-02-08 4 121 17 受艾滋病影响的儿童受教育权状况调查研究——对受艾滋病影响儿童受教育权的社会控制与反歧视对策分析 刘玉强; 窦云云 云南大学法学院; 云南大学国际关系研究院 【期刊】法制与社会 2009-11-25 1 87 18 艾滋病感染孕产妇接受预防艾滋病母婴传播措施情况及对策分析 王爱玲; 乔亚萍; 苏穗青; 王临虹 中国疾病预防控制中心妇幼保健中心 【期刊】中国妇幼保健 2006-07-28 15 103 19 浅谈AIDS防治难点及对策——附HIV感染者和AIDS病人5例 杨绪红; 刘伯雁; 崔峰 山东省淄博市卫生防疫站; 山东省淄博市卫生防疫站 淄博市 【期刊】中国热带医学 2003-05-28 0
艾滋病的保健教育 你可以把它简化, 把要点抽出AIDS Education One important aspect of a comprehensive AIDS policy is education. Many in our society are ignorant of the facts and need more information. A study of young people in San Francisco revealed that 30 percent believed AIDS could be cured if treated early, and one-third did not know that AIDS cannot be transmitted merely by touching someone with AIDS activists, however, have seen education as the primary or even the sole means of fighting the AIDS epidemic. And while education is certainly important, information alone is not a sufficient means of fighting AIDS. Indeed, there are some serious concerns surrounding AIDS problem is that AIDS information is often dispensed in a so- called value neutral environment. Educators and counselors try to discuss AIDS and human sexuality in an amoral framework. But in attempting to be amoral, they often end up being immoral. Teaching the facts about subjects like condoms and homosexuality without teaching the moral values associated with them is tantamount to encouraging second concern about AIDS education is that it sometimes misrepresents the facts. Various medical and governmental reports, for example, have touted the condom as an effective means of reducing the risk of contracting AIDS. But while it is true that condoms reduce the risk of contracting AIDS, they by no means eliminate used for contraceptive purposes fail about 10 percent of the time over the course of a year. Former Surgeon General C. Everett Koop warned of the "extraordinarily high" failure rate of condoms among homosexuals. And a study done at the University of Miami Medical School showed that 17 percent of women married to men with AIDS became infected within a year despite the use of , AIDS education is frequently used to promote the homosexual lifestyle. While AIDS is not exclusively a gay disease, it has often been used by gay activists to promote acceptance of homosexuality. Although we should reach out to AIDS victims with compassion, we should not compromise the biblical teaching that homosexuality is unnatural (Rom. 1:26-27) and an abomination (Lev. 18:22).Fourth and last, there is some question about the general effectiveness of AIDS education. While educating people about AIDS may provide them with the basic facts, we should not be so naive as to believe that information alone will necessarily change their behavior. If it did, then our country's massive anti-smoking education programs would have been followed by a precipitous drop in smoking and lung cancer, and the numerous venereal-disease education programs would have substantially reduced the number of sexually transmitted inadequacy of education became evident through a survey that asked students at the University of Maryland about their knowledge of AIDS and their subsequent sexual behavior. Seventy-seven percent said they knew condoms can be used to limit the risk of infection of AIDS, but only 30 percent reported increased use of condoms. Eighty-three percent of the male students who said they have homosexual relations said they had made no change in their hasn't AIDS education been more effective? One reason is that people use selective perception to screen out most of the messages they receive. We do not, for example, pay much attention to lawnmower commercials unless we are in the market for a lawnmower. If people do not think they are at risk for AIDS, AIDS information may not get through their perceptual the problem of selective perception is emotional denial. High-risk groups often ignore messages they do not want to hear, and those at risk for AIDS are no and perhaps most important, human sin nature frequently keeps us from doing what is right and leads us to practice evil (Rom. 7:15-19). All have sinned (Rom. 3:23) and fall short of the glory of God, so we should not be surprised that people engage in dangerous sexual behavior even when they are armed with the facts.
3 艾滋病健康知识教育对收容教育女性艾滋病乐观偏差的效果评价及启示 陈静; 蒋索; 陈月凤 温州医学院学生处; 温州医学院环境与公共卫生学院 【期刊】中国医学伦理学 2009-10-05 27 4 贫困地区艾滋病社会救助机制构建的对策探讨——对安徽阜阳地区艾滋病的调研 叶良均; 俞宁; 黄邦汉 安徽农业大学人文学院; 安徽农业大学人文学院 安徽合肥; 安徽合肥 【期刊】医学与哲学(人文社会医学版) 2006-02-08 4 121 17 受艾滋病影响的儿童受教育权状况调查研究——对受艾滋病影响儿童受教育权的社会控制与反歧视对策分析 刘玉强; 窦云云 云南大学法学院; 云南大学国际关系研究院 【期刊】法制与社会 2009-11-25 1 87 18 艾滋病感染孕产妇接受预防艾滋病母婴传播措施情况及对策分析 王爱玲; 乔亚萍; 苏穗青; 王临虹 中国疾病预防控制中心妇幼保健中心 【期刊】中国妇幼保健 2006-07-28 15 103 19 浅谈AIDS防治难点及对策——附HIV感染者和AIDS病人5例 杨绪红; 刘伯雁; 崔峰 山东省淄博市卫生防疫站; 山东省淄博市卫生防疫站 淄博市 【期刊】中国热带医学 2003-05-28 0
忘记了是从那一天起,爱滋病这个略带西方色彩的字眼闯如了我们的生活.它惊醒了沉睡中的我们.让我们认识了爱滋,了解了爱滋,惧怕了爱滋,远离了爱滋病人. 人性就在这时体现了.普存忻这个我不太熟知,但是他是有名的爱滋病大使.也许我连他的名字都不会写,可是我从心里崇拜他,因为他有一颗剔透的心,高尚的灵魂.其实我心里也知道,爱滋病是靠性传播,血液传播,母婴传播的.可是就是人性的自私,我也保护我自己,如果有一个人他站在我面前说要和我握手,而且告诉我他是爱滋病人,恐怕我也会胆怯,我也会踌躇.可是他呢!毅然的和他们握手,吃饭,交流.也许这些在正常人与正常人之间太微不足道了.可是如果是一个正常人和一个爱滋病人之间,那么是多么的崇高的一种气节.是多么的伟大.他们做到了,可是今天的我真的做不到. 人之初,性本善.也许是自私抹杀了我的善良.也许是自己保护的意识让我收起了善良.今天我只能在这里高唱凯歌,百般称赞那些能做到和爱滋病人平等的人,对不起,今天的我依然做不到~ 艾滋病是一种有艾滋病病毒、即人类免疫缺陷病毒入侵人体后破坏人体免疫功能,使人体发生多种不可治愈的感染和肿瘤,最后导致被感染者死亡的一种严重传染病。天猫爱卫唾液收集器不用抽血在家取样,保护隐私。 全球艾滋病20年来造成2800万人死亡,目前还有4300万患者,并且每天新增病人万人。我国现有65万艾滋病感染者,去年每天新增192人。 艾滋病传染途径主要有三种:一是性接触传播;二是血液传播;三是母婴传播。 目前,艾滋病仍然是不治之症。它威胁着每个人和每个家庭,预防艾滋病是全社会的责任。 ]1、洁身自爱。遵守性道德是预防经性途径传染艾滋病的根本措施。2、使用避孕套。正确使用避孕套不仅能避孕,还能减少感染艾滋病、性病的危险。3、治疗性病。及早治疗并治愈性病可减少艾滋病的感染。正规医院能提供正规、保密的检查、诊断、治疗和服务咨询,必要时可借助当地性病、艾滋病服务热线进行咨询。4、远离毒品。避免共享针头,禁止吸毒,减少血液接触。处理伤口时,一定要注意避免皮肤、眼睛、口腔接触到别人的血液。5、防止交叉传染。避免不必要的输血、注射、使用没有严格消毒的不安全拔牙和美容等,使用经艾滋病病毒抗体检测的血液和血液制品。 只要按照预防艾滋病的方法去做就不会感染到这种病。就可以不让自己的生命白白浪费掉。
五篇太多了、如果是一篇我还可以式一式。