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With the improvement of people's life level,various healthy problems come out one after the other,including the to prevent us from the diabetes is very should eat the cereal food and aviod having to much fat as much as keeping seated for too long,and doing some sports everyday is quite necessary,which can prevent us from growing addition,having a plenty of sleep should also be kept in 's more,having a physical examination regularly can help us find out our healthy problems earlier so that we won't miss the best chance to heal them.
High Blood Pressure Causes Memory Lapse?Public health researchers say it is largely the result of increases in obesity, smoking and high blood beer drinking seemed to be the most beneficial form of alcohol in reducing the risk of high blood lifestyle predisposed him to high blood blood pressure contributes to more excess deaths in women than any other preventable may be explained at least partly by alcohol-induced high blood pressure, the researchers say high blood pressure, heart disease, smoking, diabetes and high cholesterol all increase the risk of let's stop smoking, drinking...Let's have a healthy lifestyle.
it was in 's people was very pain. Medicine is very offices say :they blive the United State.
糖尿病作为一种代谢性疾病，其患病率随经济的发展呈逐年增加趋势。糖尿病对人体的危害主要是造成各种器官功能障碍和衰竭。下面是我带来的关于糖尿病的英文 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
关于糖尿病的英文文章1
糖尿病英文简介-What is diabetes
Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects over 150 million people in the world today.
The precentage of people suffering from diabetes is increasing rapidly, to the point where many medical authorities are referring to it as an epidemic.
So what is diabetes?
Diabetes prevents your body from turning your food into energy. Instead glucose stays in your bloodstream, and left untreated can result in a range of complications.
If you have recently been diagnosed as diabetic, don't worry. With proper treatment and care, you will lead a normal and happy life. You may need to make a few changes in your lifestyle - but then, if you are like me, you probably had plans to do that anyway and just never got round to it.
Now is the time to kick yourself into action. You cannot leave this up to your doctor alone - it needs you to take responsibility for your own treatment, and that starts with understanding what you are dealing with.
There are three types of Diabetes:
Type 1 Diabetes, (sometimes called Juvenile Diabetes) is usually found in young children and teenagers, but can also occur later in life.
In Type 1 Diabetes, your body is not producing insulin, a hormone needed to convert blood sugar into energy. Normally this hormone is produced by cells in your pancreas, but for some reason this is not happening as it should.
As the glucose in your blood can't be converted into energy and absorbed by your cells, it builds up causing high blood sugar.
Left untreated, high blood sugar can cause serious long-term health problems.
The normal treatment for people with type 1 diabetes is daily injections of insulin which keeps the blood sugar level within normal ranges.
Finding out you have diabetes can be upsetting, but it should not prevent you from living a long and happy life.
If you think this condition will prevent you leading an active life, consider Sir Steve Redgrave, one of the World's greatest Olympic athletes.
Sir Steve battled type 1 diabetes to win his record-breaking fifth Olympic Gold medal at the Sydney games in the coxless fours rowing event!
Type 2 diabetes (sometimes called mature onset diabetes) is the most common form of diabetes.
As with Type 1 Diabetes, the problem is related to insulin, a hormone needed to convert sugar into energy.
With Type 2 diabetes your body might be producing too little insulin, or it might not be reacting to the insulin correctly. Either way, the end result is that glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. Left untreated, high blood sugar can cause serious long-term health problems.
Type 2 diabetes usually appears later in life, often between the ages of 35-45 years. As it often develops slowly, many people may not recognise the symptoms, and may have diabetes without knowing it.
If you have recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, you are one of the lucky ones. Many people have diabetes without knowing it, and are at much greater risk of long term medical complications.
Finding out you have diabetes can be upsetting, but it should not prevent you from living a long and happy life. You may need to make a few changes in your lifestyle, but these changes are also good advice for non-diabetics, so probably a good idea anyway.
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes, that is only suffered by pregnant women.
In Gestational diabetes, a woman’s blood sugar is higher than normal because of the other hormones pridcued during preganancy interfere with the insulin that is produced naturally.
Gestational diabetes usually becomes apparent during the 24th to 28th weeks of pregnancy, and, in most cases, disappears of its own accord once the baby is born.
Women with gestational diabetes usually do NOT have an increased risk of having a baby with birth defects.
Generally, sufferers of gestational diabetes have normal blood sugar levels during the critical first stages of the preganancy.
Whilst there can be complications caused by gestational diabetes, these can usually be managed by careful attention to nutrition and blood sugar levels.
Approximately 3 to 5 percent of all pregnant women in the developed world suffer from gestational diabetes.
关于糖尿病的英文文章2
医学英语 糖尿病专业词汇
A1C –Hemoglobin A1c 醣化血色素
A-II receptor antagonist/blockers-ARA [ARB]血管张力素II 接受体拮抗剂/阻断剂
A chain,insulin, 胰岛素α链
Acanthosis nigrans, 皮肤棘状黑色素瘤
Acarbose，一种α-葡萄苷酶抑制剂 ,Acarbose [Glucobay-Bayer]
Accountability measures 质量改善度评量
ACCU-Check Compact-Roche Diabetes Monitoring Kit 一种携带型血糖机
Accupril --Quinapril [Acupril-Parke Davis]之商品名
ACEI=ACE inhibitor 血管张力素转化酶抑制剂 [ACEI 非正式名词]
ACE inhibitors 血管张力素转化酶抑制剂
ACE-K煮甜甜--Acesulfame Potassium [煮甜甜—益富]一种Sweatener 甜味矫味剂
Aceon--Perindopril [Aceon-Solvay] [Acertil-Servier]一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂
Acertil--Perindopril [Aceon-Solvay] [Acertil-Servier]一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂
Acesulfame Potassium =ACE-K [煮甜甜—益富]- 一种Sweatener 甜味矫味剂,
Adalat--Nifedipine [Adalat-Bayer] [Adalat OROS-Bayer] 一种钙离子径路阻断剂
Adalat OROS--Nifedipine[Adalat OROS-Bayer]一种钙离子径路阻断剂 长效型
Adhesion molecule 黏着分子 与动脉硬化形成有关，可被HDL抑制
Acertil --Perinodopril [Acertil-Servier]商品名,属于ACE inhibitor用于糖尿肾病变
Acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸盐 乙酰醋酸
Acetohexamide 口服降糖药物 Acetohexamide [Dymelor-Lilly]
Acetone 丙酮
Acetylsalicylic acid: [Aspirin-Bayer],乙酰水杨酸,阿司匹林
Acidosis 酸血症
Acipimox [Olbetam-Pharmacia] 烟碱酸类降脂剂
Acromegaly肢端肥大症
Action--Insulin 胰岛素之作用
Actos –Pioglitazone,Insulin sensitizer胰岛素敏感度反应性增强剂 新降血糖药物
Actrapid Human Insulin-Novo Regular, Human insulin快速作用型 人体胰岛素
Acute myocardial infarction急性心肌梗塞
ADA=American Diabetes Association 美国糖尿病学会
Additive--Insulin胰岛素制剂之添加剂
ADDQOL=Adult of Diabetes Dependent QOL成人糖尿病相应生活质量
Adhesion--Insulin 胰岛素沾粘性
Adrenergic blockers交感神经阻断剂
Aducut--Delapril [Adecut-武田] 一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂
Adult of Diabetes Dependent QOL=ADDQOL成人糖尿病相应生活质量
Adult Treatment Panel III , National Cholesterol education Program =NCEP ATP III
AER Albumin excretion rate尿液白蛋白排出率
High Blood Pressure Causes Memory Lapse?Public health researchers say it is largely the result of increases in obesity, smoking and high blood beer drinking seemed to be the most beneficial form of alcohol in reducing the risk of high blood lifestyle predisposed him to high blood blood pressure contributes to more excess deaths in women than any other preventable may be explained at least partly by alcohol-induced high blood pressure, the researchers say high blood pressure, heart disease, smoking, diabetes and high cholesterol all increase the risk of let's stop smoking, drinking...Let's have a healthy lifestyle.
it was in 's people was very pain. Medicine is very offices say :they blive the United State.
For most foreigners, their first impression about China is the food,
糖尿病作为一种代谢性疾病，其患病率随经济的发展呈逐年增加趋势。糖尿病对人体的危害主要是造成各种器官功能障碍和衰竭。下面是我带来的关于糖尿病的英文 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
关于糖尿病的英文文章1
糖尿病英文简介-What is diabetes
Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects over 150 million people in the world today.
The precentage of people suffering from diabetes is increasing rapidly, to the point where many medical authorities are referring to it as an epidemic.
So what is diabetes?
Diabetes prevents your body from turning your food into energy. Instead glucose stays in your bloodstream, and left untreated can result in a range of complications.
If you have recently been diagnosed as diabetic, don't worry. With proper treatment and care, you will lead a normal and happy life. You may need to make a few changes in your lifestyle - but then, if you are like me, you probably had plans to do that anyway and just never got round to it.
Now is the time to kick yourself into action. You cannot leave this up to your doctor alone - it needs you to take responsibility for your own treatment, and that starts with understanding what you are dealing with.
There are three types of Diabetes:
Type 1 Diabetes, (sometimes called Juvenile Diabetes) is usually found in young children and teenagers, but can also occur later in life.
In Type 1 Diabetes, your body is not producing insulin, a hormone needed to convert blood sugar into energy. Normally this hormone is produced by cells in your pancreas, but for some reason this is not happening as it should.
As the glucose in your blood can't be converted into energy and absorbed by your cells, it builds up causing high blood sugar.
Left untreated, high blood sugar can cause serious long-term health problems.
The normal treatment for people with type 1 diabetes is daily injections of insulin which keeps the blood sugar level within normal ranges.
Finding out you have diabetes can be upsetting, but it should not prevent you from living a long and happy life.
If you think this condition will prevent you leading an active life, consider Sir Steve Redgrave, one of the World's greatest Olympic athletes.
Sir Steve battled type 1 diabetes to win his record-breaking fifth Olympic Gold medal at the Sydney games in the coxless fours rowing event!
Type 2 diabetes (sometimes called mature onset diabetes) is the most common form of diabetes.
As with Type 1 Diabetes, the problem is related to insulin, a hormone needed to convert sugar into energy.
With Type 2 diabetes your body might be producing too little insulin, or it might not be reacting to the insulin correctly. Either way, the end result is that glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. Left untreated, high blood sugar can cause serious long-term health problems.
Type 2 diabetes usually appears later in life, often between the ages of 35-45 years. As it often develops slowly, many people may not recognise the symptoms, and may have diabetes without knowing it.
If you have recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, you are one of the lucky ones. Many people have diabetes without knowing it, and are at much greater risk of long term medical complications.
Finding out you have diabetes can be upsetting, but it should not prevent you from living a long and happy life. You may need to make a few changes in your lifestyle, but these changes are also good advice for non-diabetics, so probably a good idea anyway.
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes, that is only suffered by pregnant women.
In Gestational diabetes, a woman’s blood sugar is higher than normal because of the other hormones pridcued during preganancy interfere with the insulin that is produced naturally.
Gestational diabetes usually becomes apparent during the 24th to 28th weeks of pregnancy, and, in most cases, disappears of its own accord once the baby is born.
Women with gestational diabetes usually do NOT have an increased risk of having a baby with birth defects.
Generally, sufferers of gestational diabetes have normal blood sugar levels during the critical first stages of the preganancy.
Whilst there can be complications caused by gestational diabetes, these can usually be managed by careful attention to nutrition and blood sugar levels.
Approximately 3 to 5 percent of all pregnant women in the developed world suffer from gestational diabetes.
关于糖尿病的英文文章2
医学英语 糖尿病专业词汇
A1C –Hemoglobin A1c 醣化血色素
A-II receptor antagonist/blockers-ARA [ARB]血管张力素II 接受体拮抗剂/阻断剂
A chain,insulin, 胰岛素α链
Acanthosis nigrans, 皮肤棘状黑色素瘤
Acarbose，一种α-葡萄苷酶抑制剂 ,Acarbose [Glucobay-Bayer]
Accountability measures 质量改善度评量
ACCU-Check Compact-Roche Diabetes Monitoring Kit 一种携带型血糖机
Accupril --Quinapril [Acupril-Parke Davis]之商品名
ACEI=ACE inhibitor 血管张力素转化酶抑制剂 [ACEI 非正式名词]
ACE inhibitors 血管张力素转化酶抑制剂
ACE-K煮甜甜--Acesulfame Potassium [煮甜甜—益富]一种Sweatener 甜味矫味剂
Aceon--Perindopril [Aceon-Solvay] [Acertil-Servier]一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂
Acertil--Perindopril [Aceon-Solvay] [Acertil-Servier]一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂
Acesulfame Potassium =ACE-K [煮甜甜—益富]- 一种Sweatener 甜味矫味剂,
Adalat--Nifedipine [Adalat-Bayer] [Adalat OROS-Bayer] 一种钙离子径路阻断剂
Adalat OROS--Nifedipine[Adalat OROS-Bayer]一种钙离子径路阻断剂 长效型
Adhesion molecule 黏着分子 与动脉硬化形成有关，可被HDL抑制
Acertil --Perinodopril [Acertil-Servier]商品名,属于ACE inhibitor用于糖尿肾病变
Acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸盐 乙酰醋酸
Acetohexamide 口服降糖药物 Acetohexamide [Dymelor-Lilly]
Acetone 丙酮
Acetylsalicylic acid: [Aspirin-Bayer],乙酰水杨酸,阿司匹林
Acidosis 酸血症
Acipimox [Olbetam-Pharmacia] 烟碱酸类降脂剂
Acromegaly肢端肥大症
Action--Insulin 胰岛素之作用
Actos –Pioglitazone,Insulin sensitizer胰岛素敏感度反应性增强剂 新降血糖药物
Actrapid Human Insulin-Novo Regular, Human insulin快速作用型 人体胰岛素
Acute myocardial infarction急性心肌梗塞
ADA=American Diabetes Association 美国糖尿病学会
Additive--Insulin胰岛素制剂之添加剂
ADDQOL=Adult of Diabetes Dependent QOL成人糖尿病相应生活质量
Adhesion--Insulin 胰岛素沾粘性
Adrenergic blockers交感神经阻断剂
Aducut--Delapril [Adecut-武田] 一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂
Adult of Diabetes Dependent QOL=ADDQOL成人糖尿病相应生活质量
Adult Treatment Panel III , National Cholesterol education Program =NCEP ATP III
AER Albumin excretion rate尿液白蛋白排出率
With the improvement of people's life level,various healthy problems come out one after the other,including the to prevent us from the diabetes is very should eat the cereal food and aviod having to much fat as much as keeping seated for too long,and doing some sports everyday is quite necessary,which can prevent us from growing addition,having a plenty of sleep should also be kept in 's more,having a physical examination regularly can help us find out our healthy problems earlier so that we won't miss the best chance to heal them.
For most foreigners, their first impression about China is the food,
With the improvement of people's life level,various healthy problems come out one after the other,including the to prevent us from the diabetes is very should eat the cereal food and aviod having to much fat as much as keeping seated for too long,and doing some sports everyday is quite necessary,which can prevent us from growing addition,having a plenty of sleep should also be kept in 's more,having a physical examination regularly can help us find out our healthy problems
High Blood Pressure Causes Memory Lapse?Public health researchers say it is largely the result of increases in obesity, smoking and high blood beer drinking seemed to be the most beneficial form of alcohol in reducing the risk of high blood lifestyle predisposed him to high blood blood pressure contributes to more excess deaths in women than any other preventable may be explained at least partly by alcohol-induced high blood pressure, the researchers say high blood pressure, heart disease, smoking, diabetes and high cholesterol all increase the risk of let's stop smoking, drinking...Let's have a healthy lifestyle.
这是一篇关于糖尿病的科普性的文章，题目是：糖尿病是什么？怎么会引起糖尿病？因为你要求的字数较少，所以推荐这篇，如果是学术性的一般都要4～5千字以上。
journal of diabetes metabolism是糖尿病代谢杂志的意思糖尿病是一组以高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病。高血糖则是由于胰岛素分泌缺陷或其生物作用受损，或两者兼有引起。糖尿病时长期存在的高血糖，导致各种组织，特别是眼、肾、心脏、血管、神经的慢性损害、功能障碍。病因： 1．遗传因素 1型或2型糖尿病均存在明显的遗传异质性。糖尿病存在家族发病倾向，1/4～1/2患者有糖尿病家族史。临床上至少有60种以上的遗传综合征可伴有糖尿病。1型糖尿病有多个DNA位点参与发病，其中以HLA抗原基因中DQ位点多态性关系最为密切。在2型糖尿病已发现多种明确的基因突变，如胰岛素基因、胰岛素受体基因、葡萄糖激酶基因、线粒体基因等。 2．环境因素进食过多，体力活动减少导致的肥胖是2型糖尿病最主要的环境因素，使具有2型糖尿病遗传易感性的个体容易发病。1型糖尿病患者存在免疫系统异常，在某些病毒如柯萨奇病毒，风疹病毒，腮腺病毒等感染后导致自身免疫反应，破坏胰岛素β细胞。
糖尿病卫生经济学研究的意义与现状一、糖尿病卫生经济学评 价的基本方法疾病费用研究（cost-of-illness study）:是描述一种疾病对个人、卫生事业及社会的影响。有许多估计疾病直接花费和间接花费的方法。疾病研究的花费：用于解决健康问题直接的和间接的费用；直接花费是用于诊断、治疗、监测、预防和有关特殊情况研究的费用；间接花费是由于不工作、丧失劳动能力、提前退休和死亡造成的劳动力丧失的费用。费用－效果研究（cost-of-illness study）:比较达到同样效果的不同方案。这是目前应用最多的一种卫生经济评价方法。成本一般是以通用货币单位表示，效果是以某种医疗措施产生的具体结果，如延长患者生命的具体时间，避免发病或死亡的数字。具体分析时将两者联系起来，采用每一医疗效果单位所花费的成本（如延长病人1年寿命所花费的治疗成本），或每一单位货币所产生的医疗效果（如花费若干元人民币可以延长病人的生命时间）来表示。它的优点是可以在不同的医疗措施之间进行比较和决策时，用相对共同的比较单位进行评价。成本－效用分析（cost-utility study）:比较旨在达到不同效果的干预（如血糖控制、血压控制等）的效用分析。简单地评价一种医疗服务挽救患者奥运会是不够的，还应注意有否后遗症，恢复健康的程度，能否过正常生活或恢复工作，也就是注意进行生活质量的评价。特别要从社会的角度来评价医疗效果，例如一位伏案工作的专业人员和一位长跑运动员均因糖尿病而截肢，所产生的社会效果却大大不同，此时，用本成－效果或成本－收益分析均有一定困难，而应采用成本－效用分析。成本－效用分析中，效果是由社会效益来衡量，也可以说是成本－效果分析一种，或者是其发展的更高阶段。成本－收益分析（cost-benefit）:通过采用成本－受益的比率，比较单一干预的成本－受益。将不同医疗措施的结果用一定方法，换算为通用货币的方式表示，这样成本和效果均同样用货币单位表示。在具体比较时，可直接以成本效的差值，或效益与成本的比值进行。前者可看出某种措施的净效益为正值或负值，很容易与另一备选医疗措施进行比较和抉择的比值小于1，表示效益反较成本小，如产生的比值愈大，表示效益从事愈高。成本最小化分析（cost-minimisation study）:适合于当两种卫生措施的效果的效果基本相同时，评价和寻求最经济的方法。由于糖尿病是一种涉及多方面费用和后果的慢性疾病，一些作者在分析糖尿病费用和后果时，往往同时采取多种分析方法，如Gilmer等分析糖尿病患者的医疗费用与糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）水平和并发症的关系和O'Brien等评仨患者HbAlc水平与糖尿病并发症的发生率和相应的医疗费用，就采取了成本－效用、成本－收益等多种分析方法。医疗费用明显增加有多方面的原因，如临床诊断技术的提高和患者利用医疗设施的增加以及新设备、新技术的应用和推广；以往由于对糖尿病合并症不够重视和缺乏记录，容易一些费用归于其他原因，如周围血管病变。糖尿病对于偶然的病理学上与糖尿病无关的疾病也有影响。例如，对于一个因股骨颈骨折入院的糖尿病患者，其住院费用不同于无糖尿病的同类患者，前者住院时间长，检查项目多，和治疗要求都有所不同。卫生经济评价的重点是解决成本与效果间的效率关系。效率是经济评价的核心。效果可以从病人、医生和社会的角度来衡量，因而发展了不同的具体分析方法。二、糖尿病的社会经济学代价WHO和国际糖尿病联合会（IDF）提出，1999年世界糖尿病日的宣传口号是糖尿病的代价（The Cost of Diabetes），旨在引起各国政府和社会各界人士的重视。糖尿病是严重影响人民健康，并给各国政府和人民带来严重经济负担的慢性工谢性疾病。例如，1997年美国用于糖尿病的花费是980亿美元，其中440亿美元为直接医疗消费，540亿美元为间接花费，间接花费指的是由于糖尿病致残、致死所带来的经济支出。糖尿病病人的人均医疗消费是10 071美元，而非糖尿病病人的人均医疗花费则为2 699美元。糖尿病病人占美国整个人口的，而直接的医疗花费则占到整个医疗支出的。在间接花费方面，糖尿病引起的残废花费371亿美元，死亡花费约169亿美元。18～64岁的糖尿病病人人均失去了个工作日，而无糖尿病的病人则失去个工作日。澳大利亚新南威尔士州的一项调查证实，5％的住院糖尿病患者消耗了该地区10％的卫生费用。糖尿病患者的医疗费用与其血糖控制的好坏直接相关。Cilmer等发现，糖尿病患者的医疗费用与HbAlc水平正相关。HbAlc大于7%后，增加1个百分点，医疗费用就明显增加。这种增加的费用受到并发病的影响，特别是心脏病和高血压。例如，HbAlc从6%上升到7%，对于不伴有心脏病或高血压者，每例患者需多花费378美元的医疗费用；而对于并存心脏病、高血压者，则多支出医疗费用1 504美元。在无并发因素时，这种关系大致为线形关系。随着并存因素的增加，从单一的高血压到高血压、心脏病并存，非线形关系增加。在该范围上限，HbAlc 10%相比9%者，并有高血压、心脏病者需要多支出年人均4 116美元。O'Brien等通过设立如果……会怎样（what－if）调查表，来评估糖尿病患者一生中HbAlc控制在6%、8%、10%和12%水平时糖尿病并发症的发生率和相应的医疗费用。结果为HbAlc控制在6%时，背景性视网膜病变、失明、肾功能衰竭、神经病的发生率分别为、、和，相应的医疗费用为 85 697美元；HbAlc控制8%水平，这4种并发症的发生率为、、和，医疗费用为91 146美元；HbAlc控制在10%水平，并发症发生率为、 和，医疗费用 120 903美元；HbAlc控制在12%水平，这些发生率则分别、、、，医疗费用为132 253美元。解放军第306医院1995～1999年糖尿病患者住院费用的增长及分布情况初步显示，糖尿病医疗费用的支出相当高。5年内该院总计收住948例（1 509例次）糖尿病患者，年人均总住院费用1995年为2 382元；1996年为2 767元；1997年为4 429元；1998年为4 815元；1999年为4 847元。如果以1995年的费用为基数，5年内总住院费用增长了。糖尿病还明显地增加了相关疾病的医院费用。我们的资料显示，1995～1999年，糖尿病合并脑梗死、冠心病、高血压、胆囊炎和（或）胆结石、上呼吸道感染的人均医疗费用分别为4 390元、4 837元、3 560元、4 103元、2 285元，而无糖尿病的同类病变患者住院费用分别为2 175元、2 079元、1 887元、3 102元和618元，糖尿病合并上述疾病患者医疗费用分别是无糖尿病同类疾病患者的、、、、倍。鉴于糖尿病患者的年龄要大于对照者，我们将同一年龄段糖尿病合并胆囊炎和（或）胆结石的患者与对照者比较，仍然发现糖尿病患者的住院总费用是对照组的倍。目前，我国约有糖尿病患者3 500万。到2015年，根据国内外糖尿病流行病学的研究结果，我国糖尿病人群将达到6 000万。因此，在加强糖尿病及其并发症防治研究的同时，必须加强对糖尿病卫生经济学的研究。三、研究糖尿病卫生经济学的重要性就目前的医疗水平和对于绝大多数患者而言，糖尿病需要要终身治疗。这种终身治疗不仅需要药物，更需要知识，需要患者及其家庭的积极合作，要尽可能地减少患者对医院和医务人员的依赖性。将科学的武器交给患者并努力使他们合理地应用，就可以提高治疗效果和避免不合理的医陪花费。糖尿病并发症引起患者残废和死亡。长期的高血糖和慢性并发症使糖尿病患者的医疗费用急剧上涨。在美国，与无并发症的患者比较，糖尿病合并微血管病变或大血管病变以及同时合并大小血管病变的医疗费用分别增加倍、倍和倍。严重的糖尿病并发症还可使患者丧失劳动能力和生活能力，带来的经济负担难以估算。然而，糖尿病急性并发症是完全可以避免的，慢性并发症是可以预防和治疗的，关键在于尽早地发现和科学地治疗糖尿病及其并发症。美国糖尿病控制与并发症研究（DCCT）证实，良好血糖控制可以使糖尿病神经、肾脏和眼底并发症下降50%～70%。英国前瞻性糖尿病研究（UDPES）结果证实，较好地控制血糖可以使糖尿病微血管并发症明显下隆，但不能使大血管并发症明显下隆。控制高血压可以使糖尿病患者的心血管事件发生率明显下隆。糖尿病是一种涉及多方面因素的慢性复杂疾病。胰岛素抵抗是造成肥胖、2型糖尿病、高血压、心脑血管疾病等基础因素。一些因素甚至是互为因果，如肥胖可以起胰岛素抵抗和糖代谢异常，脂代谢异常又可以加重糖尿病和胰岛素抵抗，促使动脉硬化。因此，在这些危及健康的常见的非传染性慢性疾病防治中，应该强调综合防治。综合防治可以减少费用的投入而提高效益。糖尿病是一种涉及多个组织、器官的全身性疾病，共同关怀（shared care）的概念十分重要。应该让糖尿病患者在尽可能短的时间内得到高质量的多学科合作的医院服务。这种服务可以尽早发现糖尿病并发症，提高医疗和科研的效益并减少医院费用。糖尿病的研究应该注重长远的社会效益和经济效益，卫生经济学的研究非常重要，也非常适合当前的医疗改革形工。无论是患者劳动力的减少或丧失，还是糖尿病对家庭和和社会的经济影响，都需要我们进行深入的研究。我们在制定治疗方案时，应该作出经济学的评价，应该考虑患者及其家庭，甚至患者工作单位和社会的经济承受力。希望对你有帮助。
糖尿病作为一种代谢性疾病，其患病率随经济的发展呈逐年增加趋势。糖尿病对人体的危害主要是造成各种器官功能障碍和衰竭。下面是我带来的关于糖尿病的英文 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
关于糖尿病的英文文章1
糖尿病英文简介-What is diabetes
Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects over 150 million people in the world today.
The precentage of people suffering from diabetes is increasing rapidly, to the point where many medical authorities are referring to it as an epidemic.
So what is diabetes?
Diabetes prevents your body from turning your food into energy. Instead glucose stays in your bloodstream, and left untreated can result in a range of complications.
If you have recently been diagnosed as diabetic, don't worry. With proper treatment and care, you will lead a normal and happy life. You may need to make a few changes in your lifestyle - but then, if you are like me, you probably had plans to do that anyway and just never got round to it.
Now is the time to kick yourself into action. You cannot leave this up to your doctor alone - it needs you to take responsibility for your own treatment, and that starts with understanding what you are dealing with.
There are three types of Diabetes:
Type 1 Diabetes, (sometimes called Juvenile Diabetes) is usually found in young children and teenagers, but can also occur later in life.
In Type 1 Diabetes, your body is not producing insulin, a hormone needed to convert blood sugar into energy. Normally this hormone is produced by cells in your pancreas, but for some reason this is not happening as it should.
As the glucose in your blood can't be converted into energy and absorbed by your cells, it builds up causing high blood sugar.
Left untreated, high blood sugar can cause serious long-term health problems.
The normal treatment for people with type 1 diabetes is daily injections of insulin which keeps the blood sugar level within normal ranges.
Finding out you have diabetes can be upsetting, but it should not prevent you from living a long and happy life.
If you think this condition will prevent you leading an active life, consider Sir Steve Redgrave, one of the World's greatest Olympic athletes.
Sir Steve battled type 1 diabetes to win his record-breaking fifth Olympic Gold medal at the Sydney games in the coxless fours rowing event!
Type 2 diabetes (sometimes called mature onset diabetes) is the most common form of diabetes.
As with Type 1 Diabetes, the problem is related to insulin, a hormone needed to convert sugar into energy.
With Type 2 diabetes your body might be producing too little insulin, or it might not be reacting to the insulin correctly. Either way, the end result is that glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. Left untreated, high blood sugar can cause serious long-term health problems.
Type 2 diabetes usually appears later in life, often between the ages of 35-45 years. As it often develops slowly, many people may not recognise the symptoms, and may have diabetes without knowing it.
If you have recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, you are one of the lucky ones. Many people have diabetes without knowing it, and are at much greater risk of long term medical complications.
Finding out you have diabetes can be upsetting, but it should not prevent you from living a long and happy life. You may need to make a few changes in your lifestyle, but these changes are also good advice for non-diabetics, so probably a good idea anyway.
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes, that is only suffered by pregnant women.
In Gestational diabetes, a woman’s blood sugar is higher than normal because of the other hormones pridcued during preganancy interfere with the insulin that is produced naturally.
Gestational diabetes usually becomes apparent during the 24th to 28th weeks of pregnancy, and, in most cases, disappears of its own accord once the baby is born.
Women with gestational diabetes usually do NOT have an increased risk of having a baby with birth defects.
Generally, sufferers of gestational diabetes have normal blood sugar levels during the critical first stages of the preganancy.
Whilst there can be complications caused by gestational diabetes, these can usually be managed by careful attention to nutrition and blood sugar levels.
Approximately 3 to 5 percent of all pregnant women in the developed world suffer from gestational diabetes.
关于糖尿病的英文文章2
医学英语 糖尿病专业词汇
A1C –Hemoglobin A1c 醣化血色素
A-II receptor antagonist/blockers-ARA [ARB]血管张力素II 接受体拮抗剂/阻断剂
A chain,insulin, 胰岛素α链
Acanthosis nigrans, 皮肤棘状黑色素瘤
Acarbose，一种α-葡萄苷酶抑制剂 ,Acarbose [Glucobay-Bayer]
Accountability measures 质量改善度评量
ACCU-Check Compact-Roche Diabetes Monitoring Kit 一种携带型血糖机
Accupril --Quinapril [Acupril-Parke Davis]之商品名
ACEI=ACE inhibitor 血管张力素转化酶抑制剂 [ACEI 非正式名词]
ACE inhibitors 血管张力素转化酶抑制剂
ACE-K煮甜甜--Acesulfame Potassium [煮甜甜—益富]一种Sweatener 甜味矫味剂
Aceon--Perindopril [Aceon-Solvay] [Acertil-Servier]一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂
Acertil--Perindopril [Aceon-Solvay] [Acertil-Servier]一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂
Acesulfame Potassium =ACE-K [煮甜甜—益富]- 一种Sweatener 甜味矫味剂,
Adalat--Nifedipine [Adalat-Bayer] [Adalat OROS-Bayer] 一种钙离子径路阻断剂
Adalat OROS--Nifedipine[Adalat OROS-Bayer]一种钙离子径路阻断剂 长效型
Adhesion molecule 黏着分子 与动脉硬化形成有关，可被HDL抑制
Acertil --Perinodopril [Acertil-Servier]商品名,属于ACE inhibitor用于糖尿肾病变
Acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸盐 乙酰醋酸
Acetohexamide 口服降糖药物 Acetohexamide [Dymelor-Lilly]
Acetone 丙酮
Acetylsalicylic acid: [Aspirin-Bayer],乙酰水杨酸,阿司匹林
Acidosis 酸血症
Acipimox [Olbetam-Pharmacia] 烟碱酸类降脂剂
Acromegaly肢端肥大症
Action--Insulin 胰岛素之作用
Actos –Pioglitazone,Insulin sensitizer胰岛素敏感度反应性增强剂 新降血糖药物
Actrapid Human Insulin-Novo Regular, Human insulin快速作用型 人体胰岛素
Acute myocardial infarction急性心肌梗塞
ADA=American Diabetes Association 美国糖尿病学会
Additive--Insulin胰岛素制剂之添加剂
ADDQOL=Adult of Diabetes Dependent QOL成人糖尿病相应生活质量
Adhesion--Insulin 胰岛素沾粘性
Adrenergic blockers交感神经阻断剂
Aducut--Delapril [Adecut-武田] 一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂
Adult of Diabetes Dependent QOL=ADDQOL成人糖尿病相应生活质量
Adult Treatment Panel III , National Cholesterol education Program =NCEP ATP III
AER Albumin excretion rate尿液白蛋白排出率
以间充质干细胞 (MSC) 为基础的治疗糖尿病相关代谢紊乱的方法受到细胞存活不足和高葡萄糖应激下治疗效果有限的阻碍。 2021年7月2日，清华大学杜亚楠团队在 Science Advances 在线发表题为“ Exendin-4 gene modification and microscaffold encapsulation promote self-persistence and antidiabetic activity of MSCs ”的研究论文，该研究 使用 Exendin-4（MSC-Ex-4）（一种胰高血糖素样肽 1（GLP-1）类似物）对 MSC 进行基因工程改造，并证明了它们在 2 型糖尿病 (T2DM) 小鼠模型中增强的细胞功能和抗糖尿病功效。 从机制上讲，MSC-Ex-4 通过 GLP-1R 介导的 AMPK 信号通路的自分泌激活实现了自我增强并提高了在高葡萄糖应激下的存活率。同时，MSC-Ex-4 分泌的 Exendin-4 通过内分泌作用抑制胰腺 β 细胞的衰老和凋亡，而 MSC-Ex-4 分泌的生物活性因子（例如，IGFBP2 和 APOM）则通过旁分泌增强胰岛素敏感性并通过 PI3K-Akt 激活减少肝细胞中的脂质积累。此外，该研究将 MSC-Ex-4 封装在 3D 明胶微支架中用于单剂量给药，以将治疗效果延长 3 个月。总之， 该研究结果提供了对 Exendin-4 介导的 MSCs 自我持续性和抗糖尿病活性的机制见解，为 T2DM 提供更有效的基于 MSC 的治疗。 迄今为止，全世界有超过 亿人患有糖尿病，预计到 2045 年这一数字将达到 7 亿。 2 型糖尿病 (T2DM) 约占糖尿病病例的 90%，其特征是胰岛素抵抗和高血糖，这是由肥胖、缺乏运动、不健康饮食和遗传引起的。当肝脏、肌肉和脂肪组织中的细胞对胰岛素无反应并导致葡萄糖摄取失败时，就会发生胰岛素抵抗。胰腺 β 细胞将通过增加胰岛素产生来补偿胰岛素抵抗，最终导致 β 细胞衰竭和不可逆的高血糖。因此， 长期暴露于慢性高血糖会抑制增殖并诱导 β 细胞凋亡，从而导致 β 细胞量减少和 β 细胞功能障碍。 此外， T2DM 与肝功能障碍密切相关，超过 90% 的 T2DM 肥胖患者患有代谢相关性脂肪肝 (MAFLD) 。 肝细胞通过将营养物质以糖原和甘油三酯 (TG) 的形式储存起来，在葡萄糖和脂质稳态中发挥着重要作用。在肝脏胰岛素抵抗状态下，胰岛素不能抑制糖异生，但会加速肝细胞中的脂肪酸合成，从而增加肝脏葡萄糖的产生和 TG 的积累。尽管存在 β 细胞和肝细胞功能障碍，但高血糖和高甘油三酯血症会加剧肌肉和脂肪组织的胰岛素抵抗状态，同时引起其他器官和组织的功能障碍。因此， T2DM 与多种并发症密不可分，包括冠心病、中风和视网膜病变。 除了改变生活方式外，还需应用降糖药物以更好地维持 T2DM 患者的正常血糖水平 。胰高血糖素样肽-1 (GLP-1) 是一种肠促胰岛素激素，通过与 GLP-1 受体 (GLP-1R) 相互作用来增加胰岛素和抑制胰高血糖素分泌，从而帮助控制血糖波动。然而，GLP-1 因其半衰期短而很少用于 T2DM 治疗，它会在几分钟内被二肽基肽酶-4 迅速降解。第一个获批用于 T2DM 治疗的 GLP-1R 激动剂 Exendin-4 是一种 39 个氨基酸的肽，是一种 GLP-1 类似物，半衰期较长，为 小时。它通过抑制细胞凋亡和促进细胞增殖来增强 β 细胞质量，从而增加胰岛素分泌量。此外，已证明 Exendin-4 是一种有效的候选药物，可减轻体重，改善糖尿病和 MAFLD。尽管 Exendin-4 在调节血糖和胰岛素反应方面有所改善，但由于肾脏消除，其血浆半衰期仍然有限。 因此，需要每天给药两次，这会导致血浆浓度的意外波动和 GLP-1R 的间歇性激活。 尽管上述降糖药物治疗带来了益处，但仍有部分患者无法恢复正常血糖或出现低血糖、腹泻、恶心、呕吐等多种副作用。 近年来，基于细胞的疗法已成为对抗包括 T2DM 在内的多种难治性疾病的替代方法。特别是，间充质干/基质细胞 (MSCs) 在一些临床前和临床尝试中已证明其对改善由 T2DM 引起的高血糖、胰岛素抵抗和全身炎症的治疗作用，从而为治疗 T2DM 提供了一种新方案。同时，技术进步仍然迫切需要将基于 MSC 的疗法成功转化为 T2DM 的临床治疗。 要克服的主要障碍之一是体内给药后 MSC 的增殖和存活率降低 。 因此，已 经研究了多种策略，例如生物材料封装、基因工程和 MSC 预处理 ，以提高存活率、延迟清除动力学和维持体内 MSC 分泌因子。 此外，优化 MSCs 的给药途径至关重要，因为静脉内给药的 MSCs 主要滞留在肺部和随后的组织中，导致治疗效果减弱。此外，对 MSCs 在 T2DM 中的治疗机制的全面了解仍然难以捉摸。MSCs 被证明可以促进内源性胰岛素的产生并刺激 β 细胞的增殖。此外， MSC 以其调节免疫反应的能力而闻名，这对于改善由 T2DM 引起的全身炎症至关重要 。 鉴于 Exendin-4 和 MSCs 在治疗 T2DM 方面的上述缺陷， 研究人员已经探索了如何协同 Exendin-4 和 MSCs 的治疗益处。 MSC 也已用 GLP-1 进行基因修饰，在 T2DM 治疗中显示出优于野生型 MSC 的治疗功效。然而，应该强调的是，这些组合疗法继承了许多缺陷。例如，当与 MSC 一起给药时，单剂量游离 Exendin-4 的治疗效果和持续时间是有限的。此外， 考虑到 GLP-1 的半衰期只有 2 分钟，而且治疗 T2DM 需要高有效剂量，预计 GLP-1 修饰的 MSCs 很难显著提高 MSCs 的治疗效果。 在这里，在发现人MSCs表达GLP-1R的基础上，该研究通过慢病毒转导系统构建了Exendin-4基因工程MSCs（MSC-Ex-4）来验证MSC-Ex- 4 分泌的Exendin-4可以通过 GLP-1R 介导的自分泌激活 AMPK 信号通路，从而通过延长其在高糖应激下的存活时间和增强抗糖尿病功效来潜在地促进自我持久性。该研究还探索了有关 MSC-Ex-4 保护胰腺 β 细胞的内分泌作用和 MSC-Ex-4 改善肝细胞功能的旁分泌作用的潜在机制。除了 MSC-Ex-4 分泌的 Exendin-4 外，推测 MSC-Ex-4 的其他分泌组可以减少细胞衰老和凋亡，同时促进胰腺 β 细胞的增殖，以及提高胰岛素敏感性和减少脂质积累。最后，该研究系统地提供了 多剂量的游离 MSC-Ex-4，并用可注射的三维 (3D) 明胶微支架 (GMs) 作为细胞封装和递送载体来辅助 MSC-Ex-4，以实现长效治疗效果单剂量局部给药。 总之， 该研究结果提供了对 Exendin-4 介导的 MSCs 自我持续性和抗糖尿病活性的机制见解，为 T2DM 提供更有效的基于 MSC 的治疗。 WOSCI沃斯编辑，耶鲁大学博士团队匠心打造，专注最新科学动态并提供各类科研学术指导，包括：前沿科学新闻、出版信息、期刊解析、SCI论文写作技巧、学术讲座、SCI论文润色等。
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