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医学论文常用英语表达方法

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医学论文常用英语表达方法

无论哪个翻译软件翻出来的都是比较生硬的,一眼就能看出来。如果非要用软件翻的话,谷歌在线翻译相对来说好一些,不过还是推荐人工来翻译,北京译顶科技那边都是人工给你翻译的

同医学专业,室友分享给我的一个翻译网站,感觉还可,网站名字叫翻译狗,平时刷文献就靠他了,以前看一篇文献,光是翻译就要花上好久,等翻完了,完全没动力去看文献内容,现在,分分钟就能翻译好

翻译软件仅供参考,不能过分依赖,想要高质量的翻译还是需要专业的翻译人士和平台,个人还是比较信赖北京译顶科技

为了帮助大家学好 医学英语 ,下面我给大家带来医学 英语口语 表达大全,希望对大家有所帮助!

医学英语口语表达:胃肠

胃肠Stomach & Bowels

(1)当空腹时,他感觉胃里不舒服。

He has a certain disagreeable felling in the stomach when it is empty.

胃不调upset stomach

消化不良have bad(impaired:defective)digestion;suffer from indigestion(dyspepsia)

胃有毛病have a disordered stomach(stomach disorder);something is wrong with one's stomach.

因过食而伤胃injure one's stomach by overeating oneself

觉食物积滞胃中feel heavy on the stomach

食物不易消化lie(sit)heavy on one's stomach

自从那时起,消化便已失常。

Thereafter,the digestion was not really good.

曾有过一时性的恶心和呕吐,但并没有食欲不振或体重减少发生。

Transient nausea and vomiting was present,but no anorexia or weight loss occurred.

欲呕feel nauseated

有晨吐have morning sickness

夜吐(饭后恶心)nocturnal(postprandial)nausea

晕船(车)be sea-(car-)sick

有点恶心have(experience)some nausea

严重的作呕have considerable retching

里急后重时发生恶心和呕吐have a spell of N & V while straining at stool

患食欲不振和恶心be anorexic and nauseated

偶而恶心和呕吐develop occasional nausea and vomiting

老是溢酸,感觉腹胀burp all the time,feel bloated

吐出清净透明的胃容物with vomiting of clear gastric contents

呕吐停了,消失了vomiting stopped(ceased),cleared

止吐settle the stomach

打噎belch(eruct;eructate)

这病人恶心,曾呕吐了含有胆汁液体数次。

The patient developed nausea and vomited bile-stained fluid on several occasions.

当要呕吐时,他发觉有严重的腹上部痛和剧烈的头痛。

With the advent of vomiting,he noted severe epigastric pain as well as severe headache.

在第2天中午,她开始呕吐,随后呕吐胆汁质物。

At noon on the following day she stared vomiting food,which was followed by bile- stained material.

在病发时呕吐2次vomit twice at the onset

极度反胃regurgitate food violently

一小时后,他吐出不含血液的水质样东西。

One hour later,he vomited watery material containing no blood.

有时这病人在发作最厉害时,呕吐1、2次。

Sometimes the patient vomited once or twice at the height of the attack.

昨天早晨的呕吐物,被形容为含有未消化的食物和绿水,无血。

The vomitus of yesterday morning was described as containing indigested food and

greenish water with no evidence of blood.

最初的呕吐物是透明的,但据说住院治疗之前的呕吐物,带有褐色。

The vomitus was initially clear but just before hospitalization was said to brownish.

他开始有多次、带泡沫和臭味的大便。

He began to have frequent,frothy,foul-smelling stools.

解大便open(relax;evacuate)the bowel;have a passage

有便意have a call of nature

有1次(2次)大便have a motion(two motions)

没有大便be constipated

平均每天大便12次averaged 12 stools daily

发觉粪便中有很多血noticed gross blood in one's stools

开始一天解8次松的多脂粪便began to pass 8 loose greasy stools per day

大便增加到一天4~5次stools increased in number to 4 or 5 daily

更换尿布时有些粪便have some stool in each diaper change

大便次数减少了,但他仍然每天继续有2~3次大量的稀大便。

The stools became fewer in number but he still continued to have 2~3 large loose stools daily.

住院前2个月,她发觉黑色大便,但却把它忽略过去了。

Two months before admission she had noticed black stools but she disregarded them.

种类ordinary,dry,hard,loose(soft),large,watery(liquid),formed,formless,frothy,mucous,bloody,rice-water,pea-soup,tarry

臭味odorless,extremely foul,sour,putrid,less offensive in odor,offensive but no excessively foul

颜色black,tarry,brownish-black,brown,red,green,yellow,light-brown,grey- white(clay-colored)

大便的粗细和硬度正常,且从未呈黑色。

The stools were of normal caliber and consistency and have never been black.

大便颜色很淡,并且软如泥。

Stools were very light in color and of mushy consistence.

他诉说间歇性腹泻与便秘交替发生。

He complained of intermittent diarrhea alternating with constipation.

便秘suffer from constipation

惯性便秘habitual constipation

时常便秘be always constipated

有便秘倾向have a tendency to be constipated

只有灌肠才能缓和严重的便秘one's severe constipation was relieved only by enemas

便秘很难治,他以前常乞灵于泻药。

The constipation was very obstinate(stubborn)and he resorted to the frequent use of cathartics.

她的便秘逐渐严重起来,同时发觉到粪便直径变细。

She became progressively more constipated and noted a narrowing in the caliber of

the stools.

晨泻,水泻,粘液性腹泻,慢性腹泻diarrhea(morning,watery,mucous,dysenteric,chronic)

腹泻diarrhea(轻症mild,拖延的protracted,无法控制的uncontrolled,难医的intractable)

患腹泻suffer from diarrhea;have(an attack of)diarrhea;have loose bowels

短期的腹泻发生了a brief episode of diarrhea occurred

开始泻腹(自然消失,于两天后消失)diarrhea commenced(spontaneously disappeared,cleared after 2 days)

偶而泻肚子have occasional diarrhea

腹泻厉害,在3~7次之间diarrhea varied in severity from 3 to 7 .

不得不服药be obliged to take physics

腹泻未因吃脱脂牛奶而转佳received skim milk without any improvement in the diarrhea

用泻药use a purgative

他患腹泻,每天有8~10次带有粘液,脓和鲜红色血的大便。

He developed diarrhea with the daily passage of 8~10 stools containing mucous,pus,and bright red blood.

Ex2:以前他患过同样的腹泻,但从来没有这么严重过。

He previously had similar attacks of diarrhea but they were never so severe.

医学英语口语表达:排尿

排尿Urination,生殖器Genitalia

(1)他诉说,在两侧鼠蹊部和睾丸有拉痛,且有夜尿,小便时有灼热感,间或放红色的尿。

He complained of a drawing pain in both groins and testicles,nocturia,burning on urination and the intermittent voiding of red-colored urine.

排便micturate;make(pass)water;void;piss

一夜有2次小便have nocturia twice nightly (a night)

这次住院时解出一个结石pass a stone on this admission

小便浑浊one's urine is thick(colored)

解出极浑浊,乳白色的尿the passage of highly turbid,milky urine

频尿frequent urination(micturition)

无法忍受的频尿intolerable frequency of urination

终末性血尿terminal hematuria

终末尿带有几滴血urine terminates with a few drops of blood

排尿痛micturition pain

解尿时左腰疼痛have pain in the left loin on micturition

小便流势良好void with a good stream

尿流细小small urinary stream

常解少量的尿pass small amounts of urine frequently

小便发生困难dysuria(inability to void)developed

小便时非常的痛piss pins and needles

变成失禁become incontinent

患便尿失禁develop urinary and fecal incontinence

把尿失禁完全治好obtain complete cure of incontinence

不能把尿尽行解出be unable to void without residual urine

小便时有强烈的烧灼感,当他工作时受到很大的困扰。

His voiding was accompanied by severe burning,and he was greatly inconvenienced at work.

他尿意频频,但每次仅出2、3滴。

He has a frequent desire to urinate,but only a few drops cone out each time.

(2)性欲减退,但仍能射精。

There was a decrease in libido but ejaculation was still present.

发觉性欲减退note decreased libido

发觉性欲渐减note gradual loss of libido

性欲有些减退have some decrease in libido

没有性欲have no libido

性冷感be frigid(unaffectionate)sexually

性欲正常libido is normal

性要求过高(太低)be oversexed(undersexed)

对于性交无热诚be unenthusiastic about intercourse

性感不快已有几个月了had dyspareunia for a few months

不起劲的性关系devitalized sexual relationship

25至35岁夫妻的正常次数normal frequency of intercourse for married couples of 25 to 35

未曾达到高潮never achieve(reach)climax

在结婚头一年时常不容易达到极致frequently have difficulty in reaching orgasm in one's marital coitus in the first year of marriage

未曾尝过情欲高潮的极致have not experienced orgasm

仅有过一次情欲高潮的极致have only had an orgasm once

享受每一动作greatly enjoy every act of sexual intercourse

节欲be continent

仍能射精,但阴茎勃起力却减退了。

Ejaculation was possible but penile erectile strength decreased.

后来月经停止了,而她对于「性」冷淡了起来。

Later,menstruation ceased and she became sexually aopathetic.

阴蒂边发痒、有刺激感itching and irritation around the clitoris

婚前的纵欲premarital sexual indulgence

婚前有过性关系engaged in premarital sexual relationship

接交过性病病人venereally exposed;venereal exposure

染淋疾,患梅毒contract gono.,get syphilis

否认与性病有染deny . contact

不能人道inability to perform sexual intercourse

交媾疼痛painful coitus(coition)

突然变成阳萎suddenly became impotent

一星期以前,他发觉在右鼠蹊部,发生无压痛的肿胀,时起时消。

He noticed a nontender swelling appearing on and off in his right groin one week ago.

这病人诉说阴茎和足底发痒,并且齿龈有不舒服感。

The patient complained of pruritus of the penis and itching in the soles of the feet,and an annoying sensation in the gingiva.

月经于13岁开始,一直到发生月经过多症以前,经期正常。

Menarche occurred at 13 years of age and the menstrual cycle remained within normal limits until the onset of menorrhagia.

月经开始(少量、中等、厚、多) (mild,moderate,frank,heavy)menses begin (start;commence;take place)

经期正常28~30日一次have normal period at 28-to 30-day intervals

月经规则,周期为28天,继续4天have regular period every 28 days that lasted 4 days

月经周期为28天have menstrual cycles of 28 days

月经开始不规则,并且长期无月经began to have menstrual irregularities with long period of amenorrhea

月经未曾失常have no previous menstrual aberrations

周期变成不定interval became variable

比平常多heavier than usual

发觉到月经持续不断并且过多noted persistent excessive menstrual flow

月经不来menses did not occur

停经已4年be 4 years postmenopausal

在46岁时停经passed(underwent;went through)the menopause at age 46

多量(块状,厚多)阴道出血加多,有几个月之久increasingly profuse (massive,frank)vaginal bleeding of several months duration.

月经过多,并且流出血块experience(develop)menorrhagia with passage of clots

有些轻微、无痛性阴道出血some slight painless vaginal bleeding

发觉经期外和性交后出血noted intermenstrual and postcoital bleeding

分泌少量厚汁物质drained a small amount of purulent material

间歇性的剧烈下腹痛intermittent,sharp,lower abdominal pains

她于13岁开始有正常的月经,周期为28~32天,有轻度的月经痛。

She began to menstruate regularly at 13 at intervals of 28~32 days with slight dysmenorrheal.

月经痛性而不规则,大约一个月发生2次。

The menstrual periods were painful and irregular,occurring approximately twice monthly.

医学英语口语表达:护理英语80句

.Receiving the patient(接待病人)

do you do?/ Good morning!您好!(初次见面时使用)/早上好!

can I do for you?/Can I help you?您需要我帮助吗?

'll bring you to your bedside, please follow me. This is your bed……

我要领您到床边去.请跟我来.这是您的床位.

toilet is over there.卫生间在那边

supply hot water.我们供应热水

wait a moment. I'll let your doctor know. /I'll inform your doctor.请等一会儿,我去通知医生.

is the nurse /doctor in charge of you.玛丽是您的负责护士/医生

let us know if you need any help.您需要帮助时,请告诉我们.

is not allowed here.这里不允许吸烟

二.information collection(收集信息)

you mind if I ask you a few questions?您介意我问您几个问题吗?

need some information from you.我们需要从您这儿收集一些信息.

your tummy still sore?您的肚子还疼吗?

your pain come on after or before meals?您的疼痛是在饭前还是饭后发作?

it hurt to pass urine?/when I press here?排尿时痛吗?/当我按压这儿时痛吗?

your back ache?您的后背痛吗?

your feet swell?您的脚肿了吗?

you have a cough/fever?您咳嗽吗?/您有发热吗?

you bring up any sputum?您咳痰吗?

there any radiation of the pain ?(to the shoulder)有放射(到肩部的)痛吗?

long have you had the pain?您的痛有多长时间了?

did the pain start?/where is your pain?疼痛从什么时候开始的/什么地方疼痛?

your periods regular?您的月经规则吗?

三.Physical examination(查体)

you please undress for medical examination?请您脱下衣服做体检好吗?

off your clothes, please.请把衣服脱下来

down on the couch, please./Just lie still on the couch and relax.请躺在治疗床上./请安静地躺在治疗床上,放松.

your knees, please.请屈膝.

your mouth and say 'ah“张开口,说:啊

deeply, please./take a deep breath, please.请深呼吸

I examine your tummy, please?我要检查下您的肚子,好吗?

up your sleeves, please.请卷起袖子.

四.communication.(交流)

am going to take your temperature./Please put the thermometer under your armpit.我要测一下您的体温/请把体温计放在您的腋下.

me feel your pulse.让我测一下您的脉搏.

'll test/take your blood pressure.我要测量您的血压.

34. I'm afraid I have to prick your finger and take a drop of blood for blood sugar level.我要取一滴指血做血糖测定,需要刺一下手指.

'll take some blood from your arm now.现在我要从您的胳膊抽血.

't take any thing by mouth after midnight until the blood is drawn tomorrow morning .半夜之后不要吃喝任何东西,明天早上抽血.

bring a specimen of your urine/stool/sputum./ please collect your mid-stream specimen of urine.请留一份尿/便/痰的标本/请收集您的中段尿.

have your blood and urine tests done.请做一下您的血和尿试验.

are going to have a CT-scan of your chest/head today.今天您要做一个胸部/头部CT.

are going to have a chest X-ray this morning.今天早上您要拍一个胸片.

are going to have a B-mode ultrasonic exam. Please keep your bladder full.您要做B超检查,请留尿,使膀胱充盈.

are going to have an gastric endoscopy tomorrow morning. please don't eat or drink

anything after 12 o'clock tonight.明天上午您要做胃镜检查,今晚12点之后,请不要吃喝任何东西。

are going to have urine catheterization now.现在您需要导尿.

'm going to do an ECG for you.我要给您做心电图.

'm going to put a gastric tube into your stomach, this is for gastrointestinal decompression.我要放胃管到您的胃内,这是胃肠减压.

We can feed you the necessary nutrients through the tube. Please swallow the tube as I put it down.我们通过胃管给您必要的营养.当我放管时,请做吞咽动作.

'm going to make your bed./ we'll change the bed linen at once.我要给您整理床铺/我们马上给您换床单.

'll apply a cold(hot)compress to your ankle.我要给您的踝部冷/热敷

operation will be done tomorrow/ an emergency operation must be done now.

Will you please sign to give your permission for your operation?明天将做手术/现在马上做急诊手术.同意手术请您签字好吗?

'm going to shave your skin. / I'm going to do skin preparation for you.我要给您做备皮/我要给您做皮肤准备。

're going to have a local/general/epidural anaesthesia.要给您做局麻/全身麻醉/硬膜外麻醉.

you allergic to any medication?/ penicillin?您对什么药物/青霉素过敏吗?

52. I'm going to do a skin test of pennicillin for you./ If you feel itchy or short of breath, please let me know at once. I'll see the result in fifteen minutes. /I'm going to do a tetanus hypersensitive test for you.我要给您做青霉素皮试.如果您感到痒或气短,请立刻告诉我./我十五分钟后看结果./我要给您做破伤风皮试.

'm going to give you an intramuscular injection./intravenous infusion/hypodermic injection.我要给您做肌肉/静脉/皮内注射

'm going to give you an enema to help you pass motion.我要给您灌肠,帮助您排便

doctor will change your dressing. /The doctor will remove your stitches.医生要给您换药/医生要给您拆线.

'm going to give you oxygen now.我要给您吸氧

'm going to give you nebulization.我要给您(雾化)吸入.

58. I'm going to do bladder irrigation for you.我要给您做膀胱冲洗

have to rest in bed for at least one week您至少要卧床休息一周.

are you today? How was your sleep last night? How is your appetite?您今天怎么样?您昨晚睡得怎么样?您的食欲怎么样?

you pass motion yesterday?/Are your bowel movements normal?昨天您排便了吗?/您的大便正常吗?

color of your urine?您的尿液什么颜色?

much urine do you pass each time?您每次排尿多少?

will have skin/cervical traction.要给您做皮肤/颈部牵引

65. Take more exercises./Do some light work, have a happy outlook, avoid excitement and too much worry. Be careful not to stumble.

多做锻炼/做一些轻体力活动,保持良好的心态,避免兴奋和过度忧虑,小心不要摔倒

are going to have a blood transfusion.要给您输血

results are normal.结果正常

are suffering from ~/Your disease was diagnosed as ~您的病诊断为~

have to stop smoking and alcohol.您必须戒烟、戒酒

五.about medication and nutrition(关于药物和营养)

two tablets three times a day after/before food.饭前/饭后服,每日三次,每次两粒.

the medicine with a lot of water.服用此药,要多饮水.

'll give you an injection twice a day.我要给您注射,每日两次.

medicine is used for preventing infection/treating infection/relieving your pain/protecting your stomach/supplying nutrients/ bringing down your temperature/ intracranial pressure/stopping bleeding/

这种药是为了预防感染/治疗感染/减轻疼痛/保护您的胃/提供营养/降低体温/降低颅内压/停止出血

should have a low fat/ low salt/ light diet/high caloric diet/high protein/soft diet/liquid food.

您的进食应该是低脂/低盐/轻淡/高热量/高蛋白/软食/流食的食物

take some more nourishing food.请食营养多的食物.

六.comforting(安慰)

mind/It doesn't matter没关系

't worry不要担心

't be nervous. You are in good hands.不要紧张,操作者是高手

will recover soon.您很快就会康复的

come back to see the doctor for check-up in two weeks.请两周后来看医生复查

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医学论文常用英语表达法

医学常用的词汇英语有口腔解剖生理学Oral Anatomy and Physiology、口腔组织病理学Oral Histology and Pathology、口腔粘膜病学Diseases of the Oral Mucosa等。

其他还有:

1、牙体牙髓病学:Cariology And Endodontics。

2、牙周病学:Periodontics。

3、口腔正畸学:Orthodontics。

4、口腔修复学:Prosthodontics。

5、口腔颌面外科学:Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery。

6、影像物理学:Physics of Medicine Imaging。

7、影像设备学:Medical Imaging Equipment。

8、医用电子学:Medical Electronics。

9、超声诊断:Ultrasonic Diagnosis。

10、眼科学:Ophthalmology等。

常用药物概况:

家庭必备的常用药物包括有感冒药、止咳药物、止泻药物、消炎的药物、中药等。如果出现轻度的身体不适,可以适当地服用这些药物来帮助改善症状。除了一些口服的药物外,平时还需要准备一些外用药物。推荐储存的外用药物有红药水、紫药水、碘酒、酒精、高锰酸钾、风油精、创可贴、金霉素眼膏等。

在使用药物的时候一定要严格遵从说明书,了解药物的适应症、副作用以及禁忌证,才能够达到最佳的治疗效果。家里常备一些药品可以缓解日常出现的一些小毛病,比如感冒、头疼、发烧等等。可以在家里常备的药品包括感冒药、退烧止痛药、腹泻药、便秘药、胃药以及避孕药、外伤护理药等等,这些药品都可以在药店自行购买。

这个建议楼主多看一些医学论文的范文。或者缠一下老师什么的,总之得靠自己..哈哈

英文摘要书写技巧信 息 来 源:创 新 医 学 网 英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样,包括目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。但是,英文有其自身特点,最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长,同样内容的一段文字,若用英文来描述,其占用的版面可能比中文多一倍。因此,撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了,力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。第一,对所掌握的资料进行精心筛选,不属于上述"四部分"的内容不必写入摘要。第二,对属于"四部分"的内容,也应适当取舍,做到简明扼要,不能包罗万象。比如"目的",在多数标题中就已初步阐明,若无更深一层的目的,摘要完全不必重复叙述;再如"方法",有些在国外可能早已成为常规的方法,在撰写英文摘要时就可仅写出方法名称,而不必一一描述其操作步骤。 中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性,目前对这个问题的认识存在两个误区,一是认为两个摘要的内容"差不多就行",因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容,或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容,这样很容易造成文摘重心转移,甚至偏离主题;二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏,这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复,显得拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容,不能随意增删,但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动,具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则,符合英文专业术语规范,并照顾到英文的表达习惯。 选择适当的时态和语态,是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。通常情况下,摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的,而应根据具体内容而有所变化,否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循,其中存在着如下一些规律: 1、时态:大体可概括为以下几点。 1)叙述研究过程,多采用一般过去时。 2)在采用一般过去时叙述研究过程当中提及在此过程之前发生的事,宜采用过去完成时。 3)说明某课题现已取得的成果,宜采用现在完成时。 4)摘要开头表示本文所"报告"或"描述"的内容,以及摘要结尾表示作者所"认为"的观点和"建议"的做法时,可采用一般现在时。

医学论文翻译挺难的,没有一点的水平完全翻译不过来,建议还是找机构,让清北医学翻译帮忙把。

医学论文常用英语表达方式

无论哪个翻译软件翻出来的都是比较生硬的,一眼就能看出来。如果非要用软件翻的话,谷歌在线翻译相对来说好一些,不过还是推荐人工来翻译,北京译顶科技那边都是人工给你翻译的

翻译软件仅供参考,不能过分依赖,想要高质量的翻译还是需要专业的翻译人士和平台,个人还是比较信赖北京译顶科技

为了帮助大家学好 医学英语 ,下面我给大家带来医学 英语口语 表达大全,希望对大家有所帮助!

医学英语口语表达:胃肠

胃肠Stomach & Bowels

(1)当空腹时,他感觉胃里不舒服。

He has a certain disagreeable felling in the stomach when it is empty.

胃不调upset stomach

消化不良have bad(impaired:defective)digestion;suffer from indigestion(dyspepsia)

胃有毛病have a disordered stomach(stomach disorder);something is wrong with one's stomach.

因过食而伤胃injure one's stomach by overeating oneself

觉食物积滞胃中feel heavy on the stomach

食物不易消化lie(sit)heavy on one's stomach

自从那时起,消化便已失常。

Thereafter,the digestion was not really good.

曾有过一时性的恶心和呕吐,但并没有食欲不振或体重减少发生。

Transient nausea and vomiting was present,but no anorexia or weight loss occurred.

欲呕feel nauseated

有晨吐have morning sickness

夜吐(饭后恶心)nocturnal(postprandial)nausea

晕船(车)be sea-(car-)sick

有点恶心have(experience)some nausea

严重的作呕have considerable retching

里急后重时发生恶心和呕吐have a spell of N & V while straining at stool

患食欲不振和恶心be anorexic and nauseated

偶而恶心和呕吐develop occasional nausea and vomiting

老是溢酸,感觉腹胀burp all the time,feel bloated

吐出清净透明的胃容物with vomiting of clear gastric contents

呕吐停了,消失了vomiting stopped(ceased),cleared

止吐settle the stomach

打噎belch(eruct;eructate)

这病人恶心,曾呕吐了含有胆汁液体数次。

The patient developed nausea and vomited bile-stained fluid on several occasions.

当要呕吐时,他发觉有严重的腹上部痛和剧烈的头痛。

With the advent of vomiting,he noted severe epigastric pain as well as severe headache.

在第2天中午,她开始呕吐,随后呕吐胆汁质物。

At noon on the following day she stared vomiting food,which was followed by bile- stained material.

在病发时呕吐2次vomit twice at the onset

极度反胃regurgitate food violently

一小时后,他吐出不含血液的水质样东西。

One hour later,he vomited watery material containing no blood.

有时这病人在发作最厉害时,呕吐1、2次。

Sometimes the patient vomited once or twice at the height of the attack.

昨天早晨的呕吐物,被形容为含有未消化的食物和绿水,无血。

The vomitus of yesterday morning was described as containing indigested food and

greenish water with no evidence of blood.

最初的呕吐物是透明的,但据说住院治疗之前的呕吐物,带有褐色。

The vomitus was initially clear but just before hospitalization was said to brownish.

他开始有多次、带泡沫和臭味的大便。

He began to have frequent,frothy,foul-smelling stools.

解大便open(relax;evacuate)the bowel;have a passage

有便意have a call of nature

有1次(2次)大便have a motion(two motions)

没有大便be constipated

平均每天大便12次averaged 12 stools daily

发觉粪便中有很多血noticed gross blood in one's stools

开始一天解8次松的多脂粪便began to pass 8 loose greasy stools per day

大便增加到一天4~5次stools increased in number to 4 or 5 daily

更换尿布时有些粪便have some stool in each diaper change

大便次数减少了,但他仍然每天继续有2~3次大量的稀大便。

The stools became fewer in number but he still continued to have 2~3 large loose stools daily.

住院前2个月,她发觉黑色大便,但却把它忽略过去了。

Two months before admission she had noticed black stools but she disregarded them.

种类ordinary,dry,hard,loose(soft),large,watery(liquid),formed,formless,frothy,mucous,bloody,rice-water,pea-soup,tarry

臭味odorless,extremely foul,sour,putrid,less offensive in odor,offensive but no excessively foul

颜色black,tarry,brownish-black,brown,red,green,yellow,light-brown,grey- white(clay-colored)

大便的粗细和硬度正常,且从未呈黑色。

The stools were of normal caliber and consistency and have never been black.

大便颜色很淡,并且软如泥。

Stools were very light in color and of mushy consistence.

他诉说间歇性腹泻与便秘交替发生。

He complained of intermittent diarrhea alternating with constipation.

便秘suffer from constipation

惯性便秘habitual constipation

时常便秘be always constipated

有便秘倾向have a tendency to be constipated

只有灌肠才能缓和严重的便秘one's severe constipation was relieved only by enemas

便秘很难治,他以前常乞灵于泻药。

The constipation was very obstinate(stubborn)and he resorted to the frequent use of cathartics.

她的便秘逐渐严重起来,同时发觉到粪便直径变细。

She became progressively more constipated and noted a narrowing in the caliber of

the stools.

晨泻,水泻,粘液性腹泻,慢性腹泻diarrhea(morning,watery,mucous,dysenteric,chronic)

腹泻diarrhea(轻症mild,拖延的protracted,无法控制的uncontrolled,难医的intractable)

患腹泻suffer from diarrhea;have(an attack of)diarrhea;have loose bowels

短期的腹泻发生了a brief episode of diarrhea occurred

开始泻腹(自然消失,于两天后消失)diarrhea commenced(spontaneously disappeared,cleared after 2 days)

偶而泻肚子have occasional diarrhea

腹泻厉害,在3~7次之间diarrhea varied in severity from 3 to 7 .

不得不服药be obliged to take physics

腹泻未因吃脱脂牛奶而转佳received skim milk without any improvement in the diarrhea

用泻药use a purgative

他患腹泻,每天有8~10次带有粘液,脓和鲜红色血的大便。

He developed diarrhea with the daily passage of 8~10 stools containing mucous,pus,and bright red blood.

Ex2:以前他患过同样的腹泻,但从来没有这么严重过。

He previously had similar attacks of diarrhea but they were never so severe.

医学英语口语表达:排尿

排尿Urination,生殖器Genitalia

(1)他诉说,在两侧鼠蹊部和睾丸有拉痛,且有夜尿,小便时有灼热感,间或放红色的尿。

He complained of a drawing pain in both groins and testicles,nocturia,burning on urination and the intermittent voiding of red-colored urine.

排便micturate;make(pass)water;void;piss

一夜有2次小便have nocturia twice nightly (a night)

这次住院时解出一个结石pass a stone on this admission

小便浑浊one's urine is thick(colored)

解出极浑浊,乳白色的尿the passage of highly turbid,milky urine

频尿frequent urination(micturition)

无法忍受的频尿intolerable frequency of urination

终末性血尿terminal hematuria

终末尿带有几滴血urine terminates with a few drops of blood

排尿痛micturition pain

解尿时左腰疼痛have pain in the left loin on micturition

小便流势良好void with a good stream

尿流细小small urinary stream

常解少量的尿pass small amounts of urine frequently

小便发生困难dysuria(inability to void)developed

小便时非常的痛piss pins and needles

变成失禁become incontinent

患便尿失禁develop urinary and fecal incontinence

把尿失禁完全治好obtain complete cure of incontinence

不能把尿尽行解出be unable to void without residual urine

小便时有强烈的烧灼感,当他工作时受到很大的困扰。

His voiding was accompanied by severe burning,and he was greatly inconvenienced at work.

他尿意频频,但每次仅出2、3滴。

He has a frequent desire to urinate,but only a few drops cone out each time.

(2)性欲减退,但仍能射精。

There was a decrease in libido but ejaculation was still present.

发觉性欲减退note decreased libido

发觉性欲渐减note gradual loss of libido

性欲有些减退have some decrease in libido

没有性欲have no libido

性冷感be frigid(unaffectionate)sexually

性欲正常libido is normal

性要求过高(太低)be oversexed(undersexed)

对于性交无热诚be unenthusiastic about intercourse

性感不快已有几个月了had dyspareunia for a few months

不起劲的性关系devitalized sexual relationship

25至35岁夫妻的正常次数normal frequency of intercourse for married couples of 25 to 35

未曾达到高潮never achieve(reach)climax

在结婚头一年时常不容易达到极致frequently have difficulty in reaching orgasm in one's marital coitus in the first year of marriage

未曾尝过情欲高潮的极致have not experienced orgasm

仅有过一次情欲高潮的极致have only had an orgasm once

享受每一动作greatly enjoy every act of sexual intercourse

节欲be continent

仍能射精,但阴茎勃起力却减退了。

Ejaculation was possible but penile erectile strength decreased.

后来月经停止了,而她对于「性」冷淡了起来。

Later,menstruation ceased and she became sexually aopathetic.

阴蒂边发痒、有刺激感itching and irritation around the clitoris

婚前的纵欲premarital sexual indulgence

婚前有过性关系engaged in premarital sexual relationship

接交过性病病人venereally exposed;venereal exposure

染淋疾,患梅毒contract gono.,get syphilis

否认与性病有染deny . contact

不能人道inability to perform sexual intercourse

交媾疼痛painful coitus(coition)

突然变成阳萎suddenly became impotent

一星期以前,他发觉在右鼠蹊部,发生无压痛的肿胀,时起时消。

He noticed a nontender swelling appearing on and off in his right groin one week ago.

这病人诉说阴茎和足底发痒,并且齿龈有不舒服感。

The patient complained of pruritus of the penis and itching in the soles of the feet,and an annoying sensation in the gingiva.

月经于13岁开始,一直到发生月经过多症以前,经期正常。

Menarche occurred at 13 years of age and the menstrual cycle remained within normal limits until the onset of menorrhagia.

月经开始(少量、中等、厚、多) (mild,moderate,frank,heavy)menses begin (start;commence;take place)

经期正常28~30日一次have normal period at 28-to 30-day intervals

月经规则,周期为28天,继续4天have regular period every 28 days that lasted 4 days

月经周期为28天have menstrual cycles of 28 days

月经开始不规则,并且长期无月经began to have menstrual irregularities with long period of amenorrhea

月经未曾失常have no previous menstrual aberrations

周期变成不定interval became variable

比平常多heavier than usual

发觉到月经持续不断并且过多noted persistent excessive menstrual flow

月经不来menses did not occur

停经已4年be 4 years postmenopausal

在46岁时停经passed(underwent;went through)the menopause at age 46

多量(块状,厚多)阴道出血加多,有几个月之久increasingly profuse (massive,frank)vaginal bleeding of several months duration.

月经过多,并且流出血块experience(develop)menorrhagia with passage of clots

有些轻微、无痛性阴道出血some slight painless vaginal bleeding

发觉经期外和性交后出血noted intermenstrual and postcoital bleeding

分泌少量厚汁物质drained a small amount of purulent material

间歇性的剧烈下腹痛intermittent,sharp,lower abdominal pains

她于13岁开始有正常的月经,周期为28~32天,有轻度的月经痛。

She began to menstruate regularly at 13 at intervals of 28~32 days with slight dysmenorrheal.

月经痛性而不规则,大约一个月发生2次。

The menstrual periods were painful and irregular,occurring approximately twice monthly.

医学英语口语表达:护理英语80句

.Receiving the patient(接待病人)

do you do?/ Good morning!您好!(初次见面时使用)/早上好!

can I do for you?/Can I help you?您需要我帮助吗?

'll bring you to your bedside, please follow me. This is your bed……

我要领您到床边去.请跟我来.这是您的床位.

toilet is over there.卫生间在那边

supply hot water.我们供应热水

wait a moment. I'll let your doctor know. /I'll inform your doctor.请等一会儿,我去通知医生.

is the nurse /doctor in charge of you.玛丽是您的负责护士/医生

let us know if you need any help.您需要帮助时,请告诉我们.

is not allowed here.这里不允许吸烟

二.information collection(收集信息)

you mind if I ask you a few questions?您介意我问您几个问题吗?

need some information from you.我们需要从您这儿收集一些信息.

your tummy still sore?您的肚子还疼吗?

your pain come on after or before meals?您的疼痛是在饭前还是饭后发作?

it hurt to pass urine?/when I press here?排尿时痛吗?/当我按压这儿时痛吗?

your back ache?您的后背痛吗?

your feet swell?您的脚肿了吗?

you have a cough/fever?您咳嗽吗?/您有发热吗?

you bring up any sputum?您咳痰吗?

there any radiation of the pain ?(to the shoulder)有放射(到肩部的)痛吗?

long have you had the pain?您的痛有多长时间了?

did the pain start?/where is your pain?疼痛从什么时候开始的/什么地方疼痛?

your periods regular?您的月经规则吗?

三.Physical examination(查体)

you please undress for medical examination?请您脱下衣服做体检好吗?

off your clothes, please.请把衣服脱下来

down on the couch, please./Just lie still on the couch and relax.请躺在治疗床上./请安静地躺在治疗床上,放松.

your knees, please.请屈膝.

your mouth and say 'ah“张开口,说:啊

deeply, please./take a deep breath, please.请深呼吸

I examine your tummy, please?我要检查下您的肚子,好吗?

up your sleeves, please.请卷起袖子.

四.communication.(交流)

am going to take your temperature./Please put the thermometer under your armpit.我要测一下您的体温/请把体温计放在您的腋下.

me feel your pulse.让我测一下您的脉搏.

'll test/take your blood pressure.我要测量您的血压.

34. I'm afraid I have to prick your finger and take a drop of blood for blood sugar level.我要取一滴指血做血糖测定,需要刺一下手指.

'll take some blood from your arm now.现在我要从您的胳膊抽血.

't take any thing by mouth after midnight until the blood is drawn tomorrow morning .半夜之后不要吃喝任何东西,明天早上抽血.

bring a specimen of your urine/stool/sputum./ please collect your mid-stream specimen of urine.请留一份尿/便/痰的标本/请收集您的中段尿.

have your blood and urine tests done.请做一下您的血和尿试验.

are going to have a CT-scan of your chest/head today.今天您要做一个胸部/头部CT.

are going to have a chest X-ray this morning.今天早上您要拍一个胸片.

are going to have a B-mode ultrasonic exam. Please keep your bladder full.您要做B超检查,请留尿,使膀胱充盈.

are going to have an gastric endoscopy tomorrow morning. please don't eat or drink

anything after 12 o'clock tonight.明天上午您要做胃镜检查,今晚12点之后,请不要吃喝任何东西。

are going to have urine catheterization now.现在您需要导尿.

'm going to do an ECG for you.我要给您做心电图.

'm going to put a gastric tube into your stomach, this is for gastrointestinal decompression.我要放胃管到您的胃内,这是胃肠减压.

We can feed you the necessary nutrients through the tube. Please swallow the tube as I put it down.我们通过胃管给您必要的营养.当我放管时,请做吞咽动作.

'm going to make your bed./ we'll change the bed linen at once.我要给您整理床铺/我们马上给您换床单.

'll apply a cold(hot)compress to your ankle.我要给您的踝部冷/热敷

operation will be done tomorrow/ an emergency operation must be done now.

Will you please sign to give your permission for your operation?明天将做手术/现在马上做急诊手术.同意手术请您签字好吗?

'm going to shave your skin. / I'm going to do skin preparation for you.我要给您做备皮/我要给您做皮肤准备。

're going to have a local/general/epidural anaesthesia.要给您做局麻/全身麻醉/硬膜外麻醉.

you allergic to any medication?/ penicillin?您对什么药物/青霉素过敏吗?

52. I'm going to do a skin test of pennicillin for you./ If you feel itchy or short of breath, please let me know at once. I'll see the result in fifteen minutes. /I'm going to do a tetanus hypersensitive test for you.我要给您做青霉素皮试.如果您感到痒或气短,请立刻告诉我./我十五分钟后看结果./我要给您做破伤风皮试.

'm going to give you an intramuscular injection./intravenous infusion/hypodermic injection.我要给您做肌肉/静脉/皮内注射

'm going to give you an enema to help you pass motion.我要给您灌肠,帮助您排便

doctor will change your dressing. /The doctor will remove your stitches.医生要给您换药/医生要给您拆线.

'm going to give you oxygen now.我要给您吸氧

'm going to give you nebulization.我要给您(雾化)吸入.

58. I'm going to do bladder irrigation for you.我要给您做膀胱冲洗

have to rest in bed for at least one week您至少要卧床休息一周.

are you today? How was your sleep last night? How is your appetite?您今天怎么样?您昨晚睡得怎么样?您的食欲怎么样?

you pass motion yesterday?/Are your bowel movements normal?昨天您排便了吗?/您的大便正常吗?

color of your urine?您的尿液什么颜色?

much urine do you pass each time?您每次排尿多少?

will have skin/cervical traction.要给您做皮肤/颈部牵引

65. Take more exercises./Do some light work, have a happy outlook, avoid excitement and too much worry. Be careful not to stumble.

多做锻炼/做一些轻体力活动,保持良好的心态,避免兴奋和过度忧虑,小心不要摔倒

are going to have a blood transfusion.要给您输血

results are normal.结果正常

are suffering from ~/Your disease was diagnosed as ~您的病诊断为~

have to stop smoking and alcohol.您必须戒烟、戒酒

五.about medication and nutrition(关于药物和营养)

two tablets three times a day after/before food.饭前/饭后服,每日三次,每次两粒.

the medicine with a lot of water.服用此药,要多饮水.

'll give you an injection twice a day.我要给您注射,每日两次.

medicine is used for preventing infection/treating infection/relieving your pain/protecting your stomach/supplying nutrients/ bringing down your temperature/ intracranial pressure/stopping bleeding/

这种药是为了预防感染/治疗感染/减轻疼痛/保护您的胃/提供营养/降低体温/降低颅内压/停止出血

should have a low fat/ low salt/ light diet/high caloric diet/high protein/soft diet/liquid food.

您的进食应该是低脂/低盐/轻淡/高热量/高蛋白/软食/流食的食物

take some more nourishing food.请食营养多的食物.

六.comforting(安慰)

mind/It doesn't matter没关系

't worry不要担心

't be nervous. You are in good hands.不要紧张,操作者是高手

will recover soon.您很快就会康复的

come back to see the doctor for check-up in two weeks.请两周后来看医生复查

医学英语口语表达大全相关 文章 :

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★ 医学英语常用口语:问诊

★ 有关挂号的医学英语口语

★ 100句最为实用的英语口语,让你的英语口语表达更加地道

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★ 10句提升英语口语的地道的口语表达句分享

★ 浅谈医学英语翻译

★ 医学英语常用口语:关于中医的谈话一

★ 快来学习!最常用的210句英语口语大合集

★ 最常用100句英语口语,有了它,再也不怕雅思口语了!

据学术堂了解,在医学论文的翻译过程中,不少医学工作者表示中医术语翻译好难。翻译中医术语,不仅需要具备翻译功底,还须熟知中医学理论和扎实的古汉语知识。所以,难是可以理解的。为了帮助医学工作者解决烦恼,下面我们来谈谈医学术语的翻译方法。一、科技英语常用构词法。在科技英语构词中,普遍运用的是复合法、缀合法、缩合法、首字母缩略等,这些方法在中医术语翻译时均可借鉴。1、复合法这类术语在中医术语翻译中占了很大的比例,其含义大多是各个词含义的叠加。采用这种译法的优点是容易找到对应词,结构明了,易于理解。缺点是译文往往不够简洁。2、缀合法此类术语的含义为词缀与词干意义的相加,特点是简洁,专业性强,与西医术语的可比性强,便于学术交流。但在目前中医术语翻译中,这类词的使用比例并不高,如针灸。3、缩合法其含义通常是构成该词的两个部分的词语意义相加,其特点类似缀合法。例如针压。4、首字母缩略这种方法在科技英语(包括医学英语)中使用得非常广泛,但在中医英语中却很少使用。目前被普遍接受的只有”中医”一词。当然,也有学者在这方面做了有益的尝试,如将温病缩略为。首字母缩略是一种非常便捷的构词方式,可提高单位词汇的信息量。但是,如何运用这一方法使中医术语趋于简洁,规范,还有待进行深入的研究。二、其他翻译方法1、词性的转换由于中文和英文的语言结构,表达方式不同,在翻译时要将中医术语的结构进行转换。较常用的方法是将中文的主谓结构,动宾结构转换成英文中的名词性词组或非限定动词词组。例如 止痛等。对症状的描述也多采用类似的方法。由于症状表示的是一种状态,而非具体动作,其中文可采用主谓或动宾等词组来描述,而在英语中则常采用名词(词组)或动名词(词组)的形式。如盗汗等。2、结构调整中医术语大多形成于中国古代,故语言形式上保留了古汉语的特点,讲究工整对仗。但在译成英语时,往往需要对这类结构进行调整,采用符合目的语语言习惯的结构,实现意义上的忠实。如神疲肢倦,心悸怔忡等。3、音译法由于东西方文化和中西医理论之间存在很大的差异,所以有不少中医术语很难在西医(英语)中找到对应的词,用意译的方法则译文过于冗长,不符合术语简洁精练的要求。在这种情况下,采用音译不失为一种可取的选择,必要时可加以注释,以弥补音译的不足。例气一,气功一,阴阳一。气是中医理论中的一个重要概念,它既可以指人体的生命物质,也可以指人体的生理功能。用音译法来翻译,则最直接,最简洁地反映出了”气”的真实内涵。 基本上,医学工作者翻译医学术语,可以从以上两种方法出发。当然,在翻译的过程中也要注意实际的语境要求。最后,希望这两种翻译方法可以帮助到大家。

医学论文常用英语表达

医学常用的词汇英语有口腔解剖生理学Oral Anatomy and Physiology、口腔组织病理学Oral Histology and Pathology、口腔粘膜病学Diseases of the Oral Mucosa等。

其他还有:

1、牙体牙髓病学:Cariology And Endodontics。

2、牙周病学:Periodontics。

3、口腔正畸学:Orthodontics。

4、口腔修复学:Prosthodontics。

5、口腔颌面外科学:Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery。

6、影像物理学:Physics of Medicine Imaging。

7、影像设备学:Medical Imaging Equipment。

8、医用电子学:Medical Electronics。

9、超声诊断:Ultrasonic Diagnosis。

10、眼科学:Ophthalmology等。

常用药物概况:

家庭必备的常用药物包括有感冒药、止咳药物、止泻药物、消炎的药物、中药等。如果出现轻度的身体不适,可以适当地服用这些药物来帮助改善症状。除了一些口服的药物外,平时还需要准备一些外用药物。推荐储存的外用药物有红药水、紫药水、碘酒、酒精、高锰酸钾、风油精、创可贴、金霉素眼膏等。

在使用药物的时候一定要严格遵从说明书,了解药物的适应症、副作用以及禁忌证,才能够达到最佳的治疗效果。家里常备一些药品可以缓解日常出现的一些小毛病,比如感冒、头疼、发烧等等。可以在家里常备的药品包括感冒药、退烧止痛药、腹泻药、便秘药、胃药以及避孕药、外伤护理药等等,这些药品都可以在药店自行购买。

1.常用医学英语口语句子

1. I"ve got a "ve got a bad cold. 我感冒了。我感冒很严重。

2. I"ve got a runny nose is running. 我流鼻涕。

3. I"ve got a sore throat. 我嗓子疼。

4. I"ve been coughing day and night. 我一直在咳嗽。

5. I can"t stop sneezing. 我打喷嚏打个不停。

6. I"ve got a "m running a high fever. 我发烧了。我发高烧。

7. I"ve got a very bad headache is killing me. 我头很痛。我头快痛死了。

8. I feel sore and ache all over. 我觉得全身酸痛。

9. I am trembling with cold. 我冷得全身发抖。

10. I feel head is swimming.我头晕。我头昏脑胀的。

2.快速提高英语口语的技巧

1.用英语思考

有时候觉得英语口语难学不是语言本身难学,而是你不知道如何用英语思考问题,好比小时候我们是如何学好普通话的,考的就是处在一个学习环境下面,知道如何使用中文思维来思考问题,自然普通话就很流利,因此大家在学如何使用英语思维思考的时候可以多去一些英语交流场合或者日常生活中能使用英语的地方尝试用英语进行交流等等。

2.自言自语对话

很多人很难理解自言自语对话能够带来快速提升英语口语,其实大家想想如果平时在说英语口语的时候说出去的话很难记住,也不知道自己错在什么地方,但是如果大声的自言自语的话,可以通过手机录下来,然后不断的重复,不断的辩证,知道自己找到错误所在,这样可以更好的克服开口说英语的心理障碍。

3.试试学绕口令

很多同学在说英语口语的时候总会出现一种嘴巴或者舌头发音不正的问题,那么要想嘴巴和舌头形成肌肉记忆,那么学绕口令是非常不错的方式,不断的重复背诵一些绕口令,可以帮助自己纠正自己的发音,提升你在将英语过程中舌头和嘴巴在说话时候带来的不顺畅。

4.倾听并重复

通过一些专业人士英语口语教学视频教学反复听,尝试匹配声波、口音等方面的特性,不断的重复听和匹配,直到自己的完全匹配,然后尝试看看自己能否像说母语那么轻松。

5.唱英文歌曲和看美剧电影或者电视剧

英语口语学习的过程中必然是非常的枯燥无味的,自然在学习的过程中要了解如何帮助自己在学习英语口语的过程不在枯燥,因而可以通过听英文歌曲或者美剧、英文电影等帮助自己提升自己的学习趣味性。如果你的能跟的上歌手的说唱速度或者电影里面演员的讲话速度,那么你的英语口语水平就很流利了。

3.锻炼英语口语的方法

常常跟自己对话,学会用英语复述文章或者电影的内容。跟自己对话,也是练好口语的一个好方法。为什么呢?因为和自己对话,会逼着你去想下一句。自己会有个思考过程,会想着如何组织好语言来回答,也会有被卡住表达不出的时候。这是好事,这时你可以查阅字典,网上搜索,看看如何表达才比较好。这些过程都可以帮你提高英语。

你说出口的时候,可以多说几个句子,说错了也没有人笑话你,还可以从中感受到怎么样说才是妥当的。另外,每周可以抽点时间来复述三五篇因为文章,或者看过的一两部电影后复述内容。复述不是在背书,而是用自己的话去描述和概括内容,可以检查和锻炼你说话的流利性,长期锻炼非常有好处。

自己整理好相关的话题,把每个话题常见的表达,句型烂熟于心。通过一定量的学习,以及和别人交流之后,这个时候的你要静下心来总结一些东西。把日常交流常见的话题,还有常常遇到的场景都记录下来,分门别类地系统总结。

比如要谈论电影,常常用到什么词汇,是不是要说到好莱坞,要说到奥斯卡金像奖?导演怎么说,男主角怎么说,取得好的票房怎么说等等。不同的话题,总会需要到不同的词汇。一点一滴地积累相关方面的内容,下次和别人谈论相关话题的时候,你就有很多话可以说了,并且会十分流利。我的建议就是,大家要准备好一本笔记本,或者在个人电脑上建立不同的文件夹,把相关的话题的内容整理好,作为自己的一个口语文库,时常去温习。

大家坚持练习半年,口语肯定有所进步,一年口语有大成,和老外进行一般日常交流和商务交流都没有问题。为了让自己学到一口流利标准的英语,你有必要制定好计划,坚持去执行,相信你也可以练好一口流利的英语口语。

4.英语口语练习方法

1、话题练习法

话题练习法的集体做法是针对某一个话题发表自己的看法,这种练习方法也同样应用广泛。学生们在任何新闻媒体上看到或听到评论性的言论后,都可以针对这个话题用英语提出自己的观点,并组织论据支撑自己的观点。学生们也可以使用话题作文书来练习,把作文题目当成口语练习的话题,在反复进行口语话题练习法之后再整理成书面形式的话题作文,这样就不仅提高了口语能力,还大大提高了英语写作能力。

2、“自问—自答”法

对于一般的课文和其它一些普通的阅读资料,大学生可采取“自问—自答”法进行练习。具体做法是先看课文的标题,或是一篇新闻的标题,或是一篇散文的题目,之后针对这个题目在自己可想到的范围内先预设几个问题,或是关于主题的,或是关于写作目的的,或是针对其结构安排的,然后在阅读过程中练习者肯定会发现文章与自己预设的内容有不一样的地方,这就要随时更改预设的问题。练习者可以一边进行英文阅读,一边用英语自己解答自己预设的问题,这样不仅可以练习英语口语表达的流利性,更能有效地学习所阅读的文章,因为带着问题阅读使阅读更有针对性,而实时用英语回答自己的问题,就有效地使读和说有机地结合了起来,使记忆更牢固,也使书本上的知识成功地转化为了自己灵活运用的能力。整个过程像是练习者与英文材料作者的模拟对话,这就不再是枯燥的死记硬背,而是灵活地练习如何使用英语。

5.英语口语训练重点

1、要想把英语口语练习好,首先从基础的英语语法上要引起重视,认真学习语法,通过语法,练习发音,从一开始就要养成发音准确的好习惯,发音准确。

2、每天都要进行英语口语的练习,这个要坚持下去,从每个单词到每个句子,再到一篇文章,一点一点的用标准的发音来要求自己。

3、可以成立一个英语口语小组,和几个志同道合的伙伴一起用英语口语进行交流,期间有什么问题,可以随时讨论,及时解决,有外国朋友的话,可以通过与外国朋友交流来提高自己的英语口语表达水平。

4、现在每人都有一部手机,我们可以下载一些英语发音资料,通过多听一些外国人的发音,进而提高自己的英语口语表达能力。

5、在学习英语口语渠道是非常的多的,在电视上我们可以看到很多的中英互译的影视,我们不妨多看一些,这样可以学到很多自己不知道的英语表达,还可以学习到用感情表达出英语口语的发音。

医学论文常用英语表达式

若被我碰见,哼耗子药煮面!

前段时间文章被接收后编辑校对后反馈给我,满屏都是关于the的改动,由于没有请人润色,增加了别人的工作量自感羞愧。现在仍被(医学)文章写作中冠词、单复数的使用所困扰,特此再次学习。本文整理自网络数篇相关文章,感谢原作者(已无法知晓最初来源)。(以下from周豪Stanley) 前几天导师返给我修改稿的时候,说了一句:“你那冠词的问题如果解决了,在学术领域基本上就是一个母语写作者了。”我听了受宠若惊,但同时又很羞愧,因为这个问题已经折磨他三年了:每次给我改文章,返回来的批注里大多是各种a变the、the变an、删the、加the…… 那天我看他的眼神,似乎在说:你去看看语法书吧我真求你了。 作者推荐书籍: 1. Wallwork, A. (2013). English for Research: Usage, Style, and Grammar. , A. J. (1986). A Practical English Grammar (4th ed.) New York, NY: Oxford University Press.用a/an: 1.用于单个可数名词之前,表示第一次提到(无特定指代) 2.用于单个可数名词之前,指代整个类属里的任一(相当于any)不用a/an:   3.复数之前不用 4.不可数名词之前不用用the: 5.用于特殊事物(the sky, the sun, the earth…) 6.用于第二次提到的事物 7.当有短语或从句将某事物特定化的时候(the girl I met) 8.当某事物在语境中被地点限定的时候 9.用于序数词之前 10.用于单个可数名词之前,指代整个类属里的全部(相当于all) 11. 用于某一特定人群里的某一个(the small shopkeeper)  不用the:   12.抽象事物之前(除非该抽象事物被赋予了特定含义) 13.特定词汇加the后意义可能改变,如:nature,自然;the nature,本质。 14.非特定地点的的地点名词之前(at home, at school, at prison)==========复杂的来了==========  a/an 与the   用于第一次出现的事物,the用于继续出现的事物  用于类属里某的任一事物(any),the用于类属里的全部事物(all) 17.用the对某一事物做普遍性的陈述   =========更复杂的来了=========  零冠词(即不用冠词)与a/an   18.在概念层面上的事物,即使是单数可数名词,也不用冠词。  零冠词 与the   19.复数名词,且用于泛指,用零冠词 20.不可数名词,且用于泛指,用零冠词 21.抽象名词,无论可数或不可数,都用零冠词 22.论文标题的第一个词,如果是名词,通常省略the 23.图表标题的名词,通常省略the   ========以我的句子举例========   以下这些句子都是我曾经写过然后被导师修改的,这些类型的错误我犯了无数次。  我的:The multiple factors influence children’s evaluation of scientific claims. 修改:Multiple factors influence children’s evaluation of scientific claims.    反思:这里的multiple factors是上文没有出现过的,且是泛指某些factors(下文才会具体地谈到它们是什么),所以不能用冠词。我的:The news article may contain a chart of CO2 emissions by gasoline-powered cars. 修改:A news article may contain a chart of CO2 emissions by gasoline-powered cars.   反思:首先,article是单个可数名词,所以不能用零冠词;其次,这个article并没有被短语或从句限定住,所以读者并不知道是“哪个”article,它是指news article这个类属里的任一个,所以要用a。  我的:How can an argument-oriented instruction play a role in students' reasoning? 修改:How can argument-oriented instruction play a role in students' reasoning?   反思:此处的argument-oriented instruction是一个概念层面的事物(可以理解为术语),而既不是泛指某类属,也不是instruction类属里的某一个,所以用零冠词。我的:Another data source is the videotaped observation of classroom instruction.   修改:Another data source is videotaped observations of classroom instruction.   反思:此处的observation不需要用the特指,因为之前并没有出现过,用零冠词的复数名词更符合学术写作惯例。(不过我还没完全理解清楚。)   --------- 我的:One camera will be fixed at the front of the classroom to capture the whole-class interaction. 修改:One camera will be fixed at the front of the classroom to capture whole-class interactions.   反思:同上。   ---------  我的:The analysis of observation protocols and video-based interaction analysis were conducted. 修改:Analysis of observation protocols and video-based interaction analysis were conducted.   反思:首先,这个analysis之前并未出现过,也不是泛指整个类属,所以不能用the;其次,analysis在此处是一个概念层面的术语,所以比an analysis要更符合学术写作惯例。   反思:或许也可以用analyses of observation protocols and...   =============又及=============   晚上跟一个朋友吃饭,她在进博士班之前,在州立大学里当了十多年的TESOL(Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages),现在也是学校的writing center的老师。我满脑子a/an/the,就正好和她讨论。其间说到一个句子:   ... because of the financial situation.   我问:为什么要用the呢?   她说——   首先,这是一个可数名词,没有用复数形式,而且不是术语,所以必须加冠词(即不能用零冠词)。然后,如果用a financial situation,这个句子严格来说是没有结束的,因为我用a的话,是向你传达一个意思:这个situation是你之前不知道的,我也没有提到过的,现在我要告诉你了,这个situation是这个那个……所以如果不接完,就显得非常奇怪。最后,如果这确实是个新situation,但我并不准备告诉你具体是个什么situation,那怎么说呢?就应该说:...because of a CERTAIN financial situation.   我又问:那用the怎么就行了呢?这又不是在指代整个situation类属里的全部,也不是我们之前提到的某个特定situation呀。   她说——   因为在我们谈话的这个语境中,其实是有从句被省略了的,我们想表达的完整句子其实是:...because of the financial situation that we've been facing for years. 说话者默认双方都知道这是个特定化的事物(见第7条),只是没有说出来而已,所以仍然要用the。(以下from启德张老师: 雅思写作语法--从冠词和单复数说起)名词,可以分为“可数名词”与“不可数名词”两种。如果是可数名词,可首先考虑使用复数形式。例如:Today many students use computers to do homework.其次,如果语境是想表达一个,并且任何一个都可以,则用不定冠词 a 或 an。例如:Many parents choose to buy a computer as a birthday gift for their children.如果语境是想表达特定的那一个,则用不定冠词 the。例如:You can use the computer in the sitting room to surf the Internet.切记,可数名词一般不能“裸奔”,要有冠词或者用复数形式。例如This policy has positive effect on companies这样的句子就是错误的,因为effect是可数名词,这里出现了“裸奔”的情况。可以改成:This policy has a positive effect on companies. 或This policy has positive effects on companies.需要注意的是,可数名词有时会出现在介词后面,有可能是词组搭配,此时该名词前不需要加冠词。例如:at university/school; by car等等。另外,可数名词复数的前面通常不需要加定冠词,除非是特指。有些小“烤鸭”们喜欢这样做,觉得冠词和复数都用上,就能“万无一失”,实则是很有问题的。例如:Learning can be personalised to help the students.这个句子里的the students就是不恰当的,因为这里所说的学生并非特指哪一些学生。可以改成:Learning can be personalised to help students.或Learning can be personalised to help the students with learning difficulties.改正的第二个句子里的students因为后面有了介词短语做修饰,指那些“有学习障碍的学生”,是特指,因此前面加上定冠词the才比较准确。说完了可数名词的情况,我们再来看看不可数名词是怎样的呢?首先,不可数名词不用复数形式。例如句子Some young people can receive trainings就是错的,因为training是不可数名词,应改为Some young people can receive training.其次,不可数名词不加不定冠词 a 或 an。例如句子It is difficult to find a full-time employment就是不对的,因为employment是不可数名词,应改为It is difficult to find full-time employment或It is difficult to find a full-time job,job是可数名词,前面可以加不定冠词a。最后,不可数名词一般不用定冠词 the。例如句子We can acquire the knowledge by reading books,这句话里的knowledge并不特指是哪些知识,什么知识,所以不用加the来特指,可以改为We can acquire knowledge by reading books. 当然,如果特指是什么knowledge,可以在前面加定冠词the,例如:We can acquire the knowledge about history by reading books.(以下from美伦论文网: 医学论文写作冠词使用解析)在英文论文写作中,冠词的使用特别讲究,我们必须根据英语的习惯加上必要的冠词,例如:新术式对防止术后腰痛有积极的作用(The new surgical procedure plays a positive role in the prevention of postoperative back pain)。本文例举英语医学论文中冠词的一些习惯用法,供医学专业的留学生们参考。1.器官、组织和解剖部位名称 器官、组织和解剖部位名称的单数形式前一般要用定冠词: the mall intestine(小肠),the adrenal gland(肾上腺),the internal thoracic artery(胸廓动脉),the dentate line(齿状线),the diaphragmatic surface of the liver(肝膈面),the urinary system(泌尿系统)。这类名称并列出现时,可以只保留第一个而省略其他的定冠词:the heart, (the) lung and (the) kidney。2.疾病名称 疾病名称前一般不用冠词: biliary fistula,adenoma(瘤),groinhernia(腹股沟疝),intestinal obstruction(肠梗阻)。Syndrome一词与专有名词合用时不用冠词:Cushing's syndrome(柯兴氏综合征),与非专有名词合用时习惯上要用定冠词: the adrenal cortical syndrome(肾上腺皮质综合征)。3.手术名称 手术名称前一般不用冠词: hysterectomy(子宫切除术),laparoscopy(腹腔镜术),liver transplant(肝脏移植),urinary diversion(尿路分流术).有approach、technique、method等表示技术方法的单词的词组前习惯上要用冠词the或a/an:(1)the transsphenoidal approach(经蝶手术径路),the immunohistochemical technique(免疫组化技术),the sequence-based-typing method(直接测序法);(2)a modified approach(一种改良径路),a new technique(一种新技术),a relatively simple and convenient method(一种相对简便的方法)。4.药物名称 药物名称前不用冠词: gentamicin(庆大霉素),dicynone(止血敏),cephalosporin(先锋霉素),cyclosporinA (环孢素A)。5.缩略词 缩略词前一般不用冠词:GERD(gastroesophageal reflux disease胃食管返流病),LapUS(laparoscopic ultrosonography腹腔镜超声技术),CHPS(congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄),FNAB(fine needle aspiration biopsy细针抽吸活检)。6.序数词和基数词 含序数词的词组前要用定冠词,而名词加基数词的词组前则不用任何冠词:(1)the first group,the first stage,the first step, the first 2 weeks,the first costae;(2)Group 1,Stage 1,Step 1, Table 1,Figure 1。7.重复出现的名词 研究对象或方法第一次出现在摘要或论文中时,视其单复数形式或是否可数名词等情况采用不定冠词或不用任何冠词,再次或重复出现时要用定冠词修饰: (1)A patient with olfactory groove meningioma received microsurgical treatment. … Follow-up studies showed that the patient recovered well (2)Nineteen patients underwent the modified Madigan prostatectomy. … Of the 19 cases,17 showed no complications.  (3)Microsurgery was performed on 12 patients.… After the operation, improvement was observed in .标题中的研究对象 英文中可数名词泛指一般事物有三种方法:加定冠词the,加不定冠词a/an或使用复数。以下论文标题中rat既无冠词又无复数s的用法是错误的:Effect of somatostatin on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rat(生长抑素对大鼠部分肝切除后肝再生的影响)。研究对象出现在标题中时,为了达到简洁的目的,最好采用不加冠词的名词复数形式: for cancer patients,in rabbits。9.论文作者单位 论文作者的单位(科室、院系、附属医院、大专院校、研究机构等)名称前的定冠词可以省略,以求简洁,并且同一期刊应采用统一的用法: (the) Department of General Surgery, (the) Fourth Military Medical University, (the) Institute of Cancer Research。以专有名词命名的单位名称前不用冠词: Sun Yet-sen University of Medical Sciences,Bethune International Peace Hospital,Hunan Children's Hospital。对于医学专业的留学生们来说,要掌握好英语冠词的用法,比较可行的办法是在了解英语冠词基本用法的基础上,多阅读英语医学文献。如果实在拿不准,可以将各种情况加引号在google学术中搜索,看哪种情况返回的结果多,在搜索时可以指定特别的期刊,如Nature、BMJ、Lancet等,这样结果更加准确。

并列用or;叠加用and;需要的话加()。专利检索就是根据一项或数项特征,从大量的专利文献或专利数据库中挑选符合某一特定要求的文献或信息的过程。网上中国专利的检索可以通过多个网站进行,有收费网站也有免费网站。1、中国国家知识产权局网站;2、佰腾网专利检索系统;3、专利之星-专利检索系统;4、RAINPAT专利搜索引擎。例如登陆公众专利查询网站,可以通过发明名称、专利号、申请人等的任何一个,进行查询;点击申请信息或者审查信息或者法律状态等,一般都能找到你需要的信息。

医学论文翻译挺难的,没有一点的水平完全翻译不过来,建议还是找机构,让清北医学翻译帮忙把。

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