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医学论文模板英文版

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医学论文模板英文版

论文摘要一般指内容提要,分为英文摘要和中文摘要,以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。下面是我为大家精心整理的医学论文英文摘要格式,仅供大家参考。 一、标点符号 1、中英文标点混用: 经常出现英文里夹有中文逗号和句号,中文标点占一个字距,英文标点占半个字距,很明显是不同的。英文中如果冒出了占地多、又很粗大的逗号、引号、括号等,可能就是错用了中文标点。如: He says,“What?” 2、英文标点后空格问题: 英文标点后都要空格,看起来是个挺简单的原则,但受中文的影响,有人打字时就总是忘了空格。更有甚者,把字打成了先空格再加标点。这些错误在外国人眼里都是很明显的,因为外国人特别注意断句。 3、英文中没有的符号: 英语中没有顿号和书名号,在表示并列时用逗号。例如red、yellow、blue and black. 应该写成red,yellow,blue and black.《Beijing Youth Daily》应该写成Beijing Youth Daily。 4、中英文省略号的区别: 中文为中六点,英文为下三点。常见的错误是英文中用了居中的三个黑点 xxx… ,即用了中文省略号的一半。 二、数字 1、在正文中,数字10 以下用英语拼出, 10 以上包括10 用 *** 数字 序数词10 以下用英语拼出,10 以上 包括10用 *** 数字,如the 10th lunar month, the second lunar month 注意: th 不做上标 。带小数点的数字全部用 *** 数字表示,如 和 等。数字超过1000,必须表达为1,000。 2、百分数范围的书写: 每个百分数后面的“%”都要重复写出,例如“50% ~70%”不能写成“50 ~70%” 3、数字与单位之间要空格,例如: km,m 和cm等与前面的数字之间要空格,例如1, 000 km,而不要连在一起。 有关推荐:

英语医学科研论文的格式和要求

I.格式

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE)

(The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997,URMSBJ)(国际——温哥华格式1979年创建, 2006年2月最新版)*, 一篇生物医学科研论文(以下简称"论文")应包括以下12个部分:

7. Acknowledgements

8. References

9. Legends

and Methods 10. Figures

11. Tables

12. Plates and Explanations

II.要求

1.标题

A. 标题的要求

Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.(告诉你的同行确切研究了什么)

(America)Journal of the National Cancer Institute: within 14 words.

The British Journal of Cancer: within 100 letters

China journals: Chinese within 20 words; English within 10 lexical words

要求:

(1) Short and concise(简明扼要):Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, . DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.; 中文标题常见的“试论”,“浅谈”,“初探”等词在英文标题中一般不用。我国的国家标准(GB-7713-87)要求将一般英文标题的实词控制在10个词以内。例:Association between Duration of Obesity and Risk of Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 肥胖期与非依赖胰岛素糖尿病之关系

(2)Informative(信息丰富):State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work;

(3)Indexing(便于索引):Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the "Key Words" section of the paper; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title. 标题是读者检索文献的重要标识,是著录题录和索引等第二次文献的重要内容。标题中所选每一个实词必须是正确通用的术语,能提供文献检索,尽量包含关键词。要求尽量把关键词(索引词)安排在标题最前面或最后面的位置上

(4)Highlighting the head word. (突出中心词): 每条标题都有中心词,它们是能高度概括论文中心内容和主题的单词,要将其放在最显著突出的位置。中心词的内容一般是研究方法,研究对象,研究目的或效果,一般为名词,名词短语,分词短语或动名词短语。

例:Knowledge-based Technology in the Service of Health 论卫生事业中的知识技术

Cognitive Impairment and Intracranial Calcification in Chronic Hyparathyroidism 鉴别力受损与颅内钙化——甲状旁腺功能逐渐减退

美国医学写作协会(American Medical Writers Association)医学论文写作要领中对于标题的说明是:

1、Introduce the article into the scientific literature

2、Most important part of the article: the part most often read and often the only part read

3、Keep precise and brief( 85-character limit is typical)

4、Must stand alone: no abbreviations

5、Avoid: “declarative” or “headline” titles; “ Our Experience” titles; asking rhetorical questions in titles:

So start with : Effect of[explanatory variable(s) ]on [ response variable] under[conditions]”

6. 不同的医学期刊对标题的书写规则要求不同, 一般有两种形式:

1). Post-transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases

2). A Successful Operation on a Pair of Female Twins With Conjoined Liver

标题中冠词的用法:

1). (The) Treatment of gram-negative shock

2). Carcinoma of the anal canal

Running title

B. 标题的结构

标题的结构一般都用名词作主干的名词短语型,这类标题结构中作为主干词的名词一般带有动词意义,有时也用完整句,以陈述句较多,偶尔也用疑问句。例:

Resolution of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Recovery from Fulminant Hepatic Failure 治疗成年人突发性肝衰竭康复后呼吸窘迫综合症

Using a Title Table to Evaluate Syncope 列表诊断晕厥

表示诊断,治疗方式或药物治疗的标题结构

这类标题中的diagnosis, treatment, therapy 等作主干的名词都带有动词意义,后跟for, in, to, with 等引导的介词短语引出病名或接受诊治的部位及所使用的药物。例:

Adjunctive Therapy with Aspirin in Vernal Conjunctivitis 用阿司匹林辅助治疗春季结膜炎

Basic Approach in the Management of Intraocular Foreign Bodies 眼内异物的基本处理方法

(药物)治疗:A治疗B(A=name of the medicine; B= name of the disease)

A in the treatment/management of B;

treatment of B with A;

use of A in the treatment of B;

A therapy/treatment of B;

你可以去创新医学网上看看,而且还有翻译服务。

Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.

医学论文模板英文版范文

去PubMed检索,列表后面有fulltext提示,部分新发布的论文免费提供全文。旧刊全文收费不便宜,一篇几美金到20多美金不等。

你可以去创新医学网上看看,而且还有翻译服务。

【关键词】  医学英语论文; 标题写作; 修辞原则; 策略Abstract:As an important component part of a medical research paper,the English title plays a crucial role in promoting international academic exchanges. Its main functions are to summarize and reveal the subject, guide reading, and to be used for storage and retrieval. This paper mainly investigates the strategies of title writing for medical English research paper and presents four principles:focuse on subject,be accurate,be concise,be words: Medical English research paper;   Title writing;   Rhetorical principle;   Strategy人们读书看报,首先要看的是标题,题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好,简练又吸引人,才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首,句文之要”,被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展,医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁,在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”,国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此,学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能,指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能[1]。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略,以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能,促进学术交流。1  突出主题原则及修辞策略    题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点,是读者最先得到的直接信息,即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此,标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求:简练和反映论文主题,英文标题应切题准确,反映文章的中心内容,便于索引,利于论文广泛流通。    好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用,还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题,在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此,在标题英译时,应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略:    在信息传递上,要充分反映论文的创新内容,重要内容前置,突出中心;准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题,在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上,多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当,重要的词放在文题的起始,如association, application, determination,effect,detection,establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。2  准确规范原则及修辞策略    准确是修辞的基本原则,也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则,因为学术研究特别强调准确,不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征[2]。医学英语除了具备以上特征外,它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此,在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行,必须忠实地传达原文的内容,保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法:    首先,格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写,其余的用小写(首字母缩略词全大写,专有名词的首字母大写);也可采用标题首字母大写,其余实词首字母大写,虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写);排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式;书名应用斜体表示。    其次,选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比,医学英语术语特征相对明显,专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此,熟知医学英语术语,选择专业词汇,避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如,“先天性皮肤并指畸形” 应译为“syndactyly of fingers”而不是“congenital skin webbed fingers”;“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和 “Salvia miltiorrhiza”,而不是“Da Hunag” 和“Dan Shen”。另一方面,科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确,忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点,在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词,如用to transmit, to convert, to obtain, to insert, to consume, to absorb, application, sufficient, superior来替代常用的to send, to change, to get, to put in, to use up, to take in, use, enough, better。    此外,用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语,应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中,对缩写词的使用非常谨慎,对非公认的缩略词语,第一次出现必须先写全名,缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人:hepatitis C virus (HCV),维甲酸:all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)。    语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中,有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配,在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意,以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式,常见的搭配如:patients with, cases of, operation on, cure for, response to, effect on, research in/into/on, approach to, observation(s) of/on/in, treatment of等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。    例: The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris (针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响)    “影响”为中心词,但它在文中的意思为“疗效”,因为“针疗”是一种治疗疾病的方法,“针疗的疗效”可译为“acupuncture effect (on)”。“左心功能状态”是表类属的定语,应紧跟“影响”。“患者patients (with)”修饰“左心功能状态”,“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词表示,译文准确而明晰。[3]3  简明有效原则及修辞策略    好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上,用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度,不可夸大其词,以偏概全,也不可缩小研究范围,以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手:    在信息处理上,遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果,即“作者应该写的都能写出来,读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”[4]。    在选词用语上,文题力求语言精炼,中心词突出,一般在10个单词以内,通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略,但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名,医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有:名词+动词不定式;名词或名词短语+过去分词;现在分词短语;介词短语结构;名词或名词短语+介词短语;以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。    由于医学英语要求客观和精确,一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是,医学英语强调注重有效的语法和词汇修辞,如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容,应注意到语法结构上的对称,即名词与名词并列,动名词与动名词并列,不要混杂使用。例如:The Role of Arthroscopy in Diagnosing and the Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children(关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用)宜改为:The Role of Arthroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children。修改后两个动名词并列,既简化了文字,符合修辞原则,而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果,不仅使主题更加突出,而且还富有美感,引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子:例1:“Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter”例2:“Socioeconomic status,standard of living,and neurotic disorder”例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感,也明确了与中心词的修饰关系,既美观又醒目;例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确,读者能很快抓住论文的中心。4  得体原则及修辞策略    一个修辞行为的有效性,还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范,是否符合言语交际环境的规定,是否符合社会交往的礼仪,是否符合文化的习俗,是否符合双方的审美倾向。[5]如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点,保持文体的严肃性,是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致,包括风格的一致,语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此,在医学论文标题英译时,要考虑其语法、修辞特点,尽可能体现出英语的固有风格,避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。    英文标题的写作可以不拘一格,但应突出主题,服从英语的表达习惯,避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如,汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊,而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值,缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料,不必谦虚客套。    汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号,而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中,在英语中大多放在副标题中,如:Post transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases (输血后肝炎60例报告)。    由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响,在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语,题名英译时应省略“Regarding …”、“Observation(s) of …”、“Investigation of …”、“Studies on …”、“Research(es) on …”、“Some thoughts on …”、“Introduction to …”等冗余套语,使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。    名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态,这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中,定语置于中心词之前,而在英语中,“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如:葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效:Effect of Glucose on Neuroblastoma in Vitro and in Vivo;心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定:Detection of Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Inheart Disease;严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择:Timing of Osteosynthesis of Major Fracture in Patients with Severe Brain Injury。    总之,标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容,提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题,作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度,还要掌握专业英语知识,熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点,熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法,在正确理解论文主旨的基础上,力求重点突出,行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。

这种比较专业性的好的免费的论文在网上很难找,就算找的应该也不是完整的,特别是免费的,建议你去学校图书馆阅览室,你不有阅览证吗?那里很多,选择性多呀,含金量也比较高.

医学论文模板英文版下载

seek68文献馆中外数据库汇总,覆盖学科全面。包括医学。包括以下数据库Pubmed是美国国家医学图书馆(NLM)所属的国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)于2000年4月开发的一个基于WEB的生物医学信息检索系统。免费Ovid(Ovid Technologies)在国外医学界被广泛应用。scintific research从事国际学术会议论文集的出版和检索,以及专业学术期刊、专著的出版发行。内容涵盖物理、化学、医学、生物、数学、通信、计算机等领域Clinical trials提供了网站临床试验注册辅导,登记了各种观察性研究和干预性研究,包括药物、器械和手术等干预方式。其注册和查询临床试验均为免费~Springer生命科学、医学、数学、化学、计算机科学、经济、法律、工程学、环境科学、地球科学、物理学与天文学。PLOS医学生的首选外文文献搜索库,这里可以搜索到世界医学领域最新、最专业的研究结果,并且免费查阅!Science美国的一个科学网站,是大型综合性、多学科、核心期刊引文索引数据库。免费!ClinicalKey临床精钥是信息分析公司爱思唯尔(Elsevier)推出的一个临床决策支持工具,帮助医生快速获取准确、简洁、世界前沿的循证医学知识。HighWire Press是全球最大的提供免费全文的学术文献出版商。涵盖生物科学、人文、医学、物理科学、社会科学等大类。标为free的可免费访问全文。

论文摘要一般指内容提要,分为英文摘要和中文摘要,以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。下面是我为大家精心整理的医学论文英文摘要格式,仅供大家参考。 一、标点符号 1、中英文标点混用: 经常出现英文里夹有中文逗号和句号,中文标点占一个字距,英文标点占半个字距,很明显是不同的。英文中如果冒出了占地多、又很粗大的逗号、引号、括号等,可能就是错用了中文标点。如: He says,“What?” 2、英文标点后空格问题: 英文标点后都要空格,看起来是个挺简单的原则,但受中文的影响,有人打字时就总是忘了空格。更有甚者,把字打成了先空格再加标点。这些错误在外国人眼里都是很明显的,因为外国人特别注意断句。 3、英文中没有的符号: 英语中没有顿号和书名号,在表示并列时用逗号。例如red、yellow、blue and black. 应该写成red,yellow,blue and black.《Beijing Youth Daily》应该写成Beijing Youth Daily。 4、中英文省略号的区别: 中文为中六点,英文为下三点。常见的错误是英文中用了居中的三个黑点 xxx… ,即用了中文省略号的一半。 二、数字 1、在正文中,数字10 以下用英语拼出, 10 以上包括10 用 *** 数字 序数词10 以下用英语拼出,10 以上 包括10用 *** 数字,如the 10th lunar month, the second lunar month 注意: th 不做上标 。带小数点的数字全部用 *** 数字表示,如 和 等。数字超过1000,必须表达为1,000。 2、百分数范围的书写: 每个百分数后面的“%”都要重复写出,例如“50% ~70%”不能写成“50 ~70%” 3、数字与单位之间要空格,例如: km,m 和cm等与前面的数字之间要空格,例如1, 000 km,而不要连在一起。 有关推荐:

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1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文:(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:a.提出-论点;b.分析问题-论据和论证;c.解决问题-论证与步骤;d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是:(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

医学论文引言英文版模板

去PubMed检索,列表后面有fulltext提示,部分新发布的论文免费提供全文。旧刊全文收费不便宜,一篇几美金到20多美金不等。

医学论文是医学科学研究工作的文字记录和书面总结,是医学科学研究工作的重要组成部分。医学论文报道医学领域领先的科研成果;是医学科学研究工作者辛勤劳动的结晶,是人类医学科学发展和进步的动力。尤其是SCI论文,能使成果向国际上展示,并有可能被人采用和传播,为人类造福,因此,更具有意义与价值,那么一篇好的英文SCI医学论文改怎么写呢?今天小编就为大家一步步分析。英文SCI医学论文应注意的几大环节:写前准备Preparation, 论文结构 Structure, 论文文题Title, 摘要Abstracts, 引言Introduction, 文章主体Body of Paper, 结论 Conclusion, 和致谢Acknowledgement。1、Preparation就是收集资料,找出灵感和方向,主要依靠的是期刊和文献journal in library。2、Structure是重点,文章的结构应该:选题要宽,研究方向要窄,然后最后的结论又发散开来。在文章主体前后都必须有声明(declarativestatement),用最少的字句表达出自己的观点,吸引读者。3、Title必须清晰简短(clear,short),以提升读者的阅读兴趣,然而文题中切记不能出现缩略语和自己的结论。4、Abstracts 是文章的一个缩影,一定要简明扼要(可为一段文字,篇幅<200字),按照文章顺序介绍主要研究对象(subject)、实验设计 (design)、实验步骤(procedures)以及最后结果(results),这种介绍必须让非专业的人员能够看懂。5、引言同样要保证简短,顺序是一般背景介绍、别人工作成果、自己的研究目的及工作简介,其中介绍别人工作时只需介绍和自己最相关的方面,而对自己的工作介绍不用说明细节,因为这个要放到文章正文中去。不要忘记在介绍自己工作之前要有一个声明。6、Body部分可以分为方法methods、讨论discussion和结果result三个部分:(1) Methods,详尽的介绍自己的实验方案以便于他人能够重复自己的实验过程,对于通用的实验方案可以简略,重点要放到自己的独创方案上面,按照实验的先后顺序介绍,为了文章的阅读方便,不要使用过多层次的副标题subheadings。(2)Discussion,这个部分是为了以后的study ,在其中提出自己的 problem 或者是hypothesis,和别人的成果进行比较,暗示自己的主要收获,为后面的conclusion做准备。(3)Result,使用text、table、figure等手段表达出来,其中table不要使用过多,而 figure必须保证图线清楚、注解明确,必要的时候还要对于自己的结论进行解释说明。7、Conclusion中不要包含文章未涉及的信息,保持简洁;如果此文章只是项目的一部分,稍做说明。在写完之后回头看看是否有逻辑上的错误,是否考虑到了读者兴趣等。8、Acknowledgement,不要忘记,这个不仅反应了一个人的个人品质,还一定程度体现了研究水平。

【关键词】  医学英语论文; 标题写作; 修辞原则; 策略Abstract:As an important component part of a medical research paper,the English title plays a crucial role in promoting international academic exchanges. Its main functions are to summarize and reveal the subject, guide reading, and to be used for storage and retrieval. This paper mainly investigates the strategies of title writing for medical English research paper and presents four principles:focuse on subject,be accurate,be concise,be words: Medical English research paper;   Title writing;   Rhetorical principle;   Strategy人们读书看报,首先要看的是标题,题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好,简练又吸引人,才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首,句文之要”,被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展,医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁,在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”,国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此,学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能,指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能[1]。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略,以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能,促进学术交流。1  突出主题原则及修辞策略    题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点,是读者最先得到的直接信息,即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此,标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求:简练和反映论文主题,英文标题应切题准确,反映文章的中心内容,便于索引,利于论文广泛流通。    好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用,还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题,在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此,在标题英译时,应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略:    在信息传递上,要充分反映论文的创新内容,重要内容前置,突出中心;准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题,在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上,多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当,重要的词放在文题的起始,如association, application, determination,effect,detection,establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。2  准确规范原则及修辞策略    准确是修辞的基本原则,也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则,因为学术研究特别强调准确,不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征[2]。医学英语除了具备以上特征外,它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此,在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行,必须忠实地传达原文的内容,保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法:    首先,格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写,其余的用小写(首字母缩略词全大写,专有名词的首字母大写);也可采用标题首字母大写,其余实词首字母大写,虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写);排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式;书名应用斜体表示。    其次,选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比,医学英语术语特征相对明显,专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此,熟知医学英语术语,选择专业词汇,避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如,“先天性皮肤并指畸形” 应译为“syndactyly of fingers”而不是“congenital skin webbed fingers”;“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和 “Salvia miltiorrhiza”,而不是“Da Hunag” 和“Dan Shen”。另一方面,科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确,忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点,在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词,如用to transmit, to convert, to obtain, to insert, to consume, to absorb, application, sufficient, superior来替代常用的to send, to change, to get, to put in, to use up, to take in, use, enough, better。    此外,用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语,应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中,对缩写词的使用非常谨慎,对非公认的缩略词语,第一次出现必须先写全名,缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人:hepatitis C virus (HCV),维甲酸:all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)。    语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中,有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配,在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意,以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式,常见的搭配如:patients with, cases of, operation on, cure for, response to, effect on, research in/into/on, approach to, observation(s) of/on/in, treatment of等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。    例: The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris (针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响)    “影响”为中心词,但它在文中的意思为“疗效”,因为“针疗”是一种治疗疾病的方法,“针疗的疗效”可译为“acupuncture effect (on)”。“左心功能状态”是表类属的定语,应紧跟“影响”。“患者patients (with)”修饰“左心功能状态”,“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词表示,译文准确而明晰。[3]3  简明有效原则及修辞策略    好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上,用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度,不可夸大其词,以偏概全,也不可缩小研究范围,以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手:    在信息处理上,遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果,即“作者应该写的都能写出来,读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”[4]。    在选词用语上,文题力求语言精炼,中心词突出,一般在10个单词以内,通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略,但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名,医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有:名词+动词不定式;名词或名词短语+过去分词;现在分词短语;介词短语结构;名词或名词短语+介词短语;以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。    由于医学英语要求客观和精确,一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是,医学英语强调注重有效的语法和词汇修辞,如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容,应注意到语法结构上的对称,即名词与名词并列,动名词与动名词并列,不要混杂使用。例如:The Role of Arthroscopy in Diagnosing and the Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children(关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用)宜改为:The Role of Arthroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children。修改后两个动名词并列,既简化了文字,符合修辞原则,而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果,不仅使主题更加突出,而且还富有美感,引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子:例1:“Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter”例2:“Socioeconomic status,standard of living,and neurotic disorder”例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感,也明确了与中心词的修饰关系,既美观又醒目;例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确,读者能很快抓住论文的中心。4  得体原则及修辞策略    一个修辞行为的有效性,还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范,是否符合言语交际环境的规定,是否符合社会交往的礼仪,是否符合文化的习俗,是否符合双方的审美倾向。[5]如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点,保持文体的严肃性,是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致,包括风格的一致,语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此,在医学论文标题英译时,要考虑其语法、修辞特点,尽可能体现出英语的固有风格,避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。    英文标题的写作可以不拘一格,但应突出主题,服从英语的表达习惯,避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如,汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊,而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值,缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料,不必谦虚客套。    汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号,而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中,在英语中大多放在副标题中,如:Post transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases (输血后肝炎60例报告)。    由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响,在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语,题名英译时应省略“Regarding …”、“Observation(s) of …”、“Investigation of …”、“Studies on …”、“Research(es) on …”、“Some thoughts on …”、“Introduction to …”等冗余套语,使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。    名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态,这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中,定语置于中心词之前,而在英语中,“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如:葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效:Effect of Glucose on Neuroblastoma in Vitro and in Vivo;心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定:Detection of Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Inheart Disease;严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择:Timing of Osteosynthesis of Major Fracture in Patients with Severe Brain Injury。    总之,标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容,提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题,作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度,还要掌握专业英语知识,熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点,熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法,在正确理解论文主旨的基础上,力求重点突出,行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。

医学论文的温哥华格式为了让医学论文更好地发挥贮存和传播医学信息、促进学术交流,反映和指导临床实践、推动和促进生命科学发展的作用,自20世纪初,医学界产生了统一论文格式的要求。1978年1月,美、英、加一些生物学、医学期刊的编辑,在加拿大联合起草并发表了《对生物医学期刊文稿的统一要求》(简称《要求》),即温哥华宣言(Vancouver declaration ),之后组成了国际医学期刊编辑委员会,并对《要求》作了多次修订,至1992年公布了第4版,简称为温哥华格式[1],其推荐的生物医学论文(论著类)的主体格式为I MRaD 格式,即引言(introduction )、方法(methods )、结果(results )和讨论(discussion )。1引言(introduction )111内容①论文研究的起源、目的、范围和途径,研究的起止日期、主要结果及其意义;②研究的背景情况,国内外研究现状及进展;③研究工作的设想、研究方法和实验设计、预期结果和实际意义。可根据论文具体情况按以上某一点为主而叙述。112要求①开门见山,中心突出,精练简短,一般为200~300字,约占全文的1/10;②不要写成综述或摘要,对论文不加评论和解释;③行文须严谨。笔者日常审稿常见文稿中有“未见报道”、“首次报道”、“填补了国内空白”之类文字,如作者无确切资料作为引证,应避免采用。2资料与方法(materials and methods )211资料21111临床研究论文病例的来源、例数、性别及年龄,根据研究目的所确定的选择标准、分组方法、诊断标准及观察指标,病程分期、病因、诱因,有意义的实验室检查及特殊检查结果等。21112实验研究论文动物名称、种系、品系、数量、来源、性别、年龄、身长体重、健康状况、分组标准、手术和标本制备过程等;需用的药品、药盒、试剂、测试仪器、药品的纯度和数量、生产厂家和仪器型号等。212方法临床研究的方法概括起来不外是诊断方法、用药方法、手术方法、统计学方法等,如有分组还需分别叙述治疗组及对照组所采用的方法;所用的疗效评定标准如果是公认的,可直接引用参考文献,如为自订标准,需详细说明。实验研究的方法包括动物模型的形成方法和所涉及的具体技术方法;体外实验方法中,可有标本的取得和分离、组织切片方法、标本的处理过程及步骤、药品浓度及制备、染色和组别化学方法等。所用的研究方法如果是参阅文献、借鉴他人的,可用参考文献角注而无需详细介绍;如对他人的方法有所改进,应说明改进的部分;若研究方法为作者首创,应详细说明。3结果(results)结果是论文的核心,反映了论文水平的高低及其价值,是结论的依据,是形成观点与主题的基础和支柱。结果的书写不应引用他人资料,不展开讨论,不宜采用结论性语言。其表达方式有:①文字叙述;②表;③图[2]。311文字叙述着重阐述临床或实验研究观察的结果、测定的数据,要简明扼要、层次分明,常分设一些小标题,力求用最少的文字、最简洁的语言把研究工作中的有用数据和资料体现出来。312表、图凡能用文字说明的问题,尽量不用表和图,精确的表和图可作为文字叙述的必要补充,以减少繁琐、冗长的文字叙述。表格要求内容精练、栏目清楚、数字准确、有自明性,采用三线式表,表号、表题、各标目齐全,计量单位规范一致,表内数字必须与正文相符。图的设计应合理、易懂、线条美观、影像清晰、立体感强;标本照片应层次分明,在图内放置标记尺度;显微照片须标明放大倍数及染色方法;原始记录图片(如EEG, ECG等)用黑色绘图墨水描记,保证线条清晰。4讨论(discussion)讨论是医学论文的重要组成部分,不使用图和表,一般占全文的1/3~1/2,其目的是使抽象概念具体化、实验结果条理化、实践经验理性化[3]。411内容①对研究结果进行分析、判断和评价,可应用已有的理论解释,也可应用国内外的新学说、新见解进行分析。②运用自己的研究结果与他人的结果来比较其异同,解释其因果关系,说明是否已达到了预期目的,是否能证明提出的假说;常需引证文献资料来论证自己的观点,从理论上对研究结果的各种资料、数据、现象等进行综合分析。③说明研究结果在理论上有什么价值,对实践有何指导作用及其应用价值(经济效益与社会效益)。④对研究中某些特殊现象或新线索作必要说明,指出本研究中尚未解决的问题及拟定解决方法,提出今后的研究方向、改进方法及工作设想和建议。⑤类似问题的国内外研究进展情况,研究的结果与国际国内先进水平相比,居于何种地位。以上内容并非每篇论文都必须面面俱到,应因文而异,围绕一个或几个“小核心”进行。412写作方法①大量阅读有关文献,充分了解有关研究的历史、发展及现状。②详略得当,重点突出,着重说明新发现、新方法、新观点及新理论,切忌借题发挥,离题万里。③实事求是,掌握分寸,不得随意提出研究结果不足以支持的结论,可以提出新的假设,但一定要恰如其分。④论证方法正确,言之有物,论据充足,使论证有说服力和可信性。⑤避免重复、面面俱到、罗列文献。不应简单重复引言及结果中已有的内容,应侧重于说理和评价;不应过多引用他人的论点,以免写成文献综述。⑥切忌报喜不报忧,既要引用支持自己研究结果的文献,也要客观公正地分析和评价反面的结论[2]。5其他以上介绍的是温哥华格式的论文主体部分,尚有前置部分(包括文题、署名、摘要及关键词)及篇后附录(包括参考文献、志谢等),其中以文题、摘要、关键词及参考文献较为重要。511文题(title )医学论点的文题是信息的集中点,要简明醒目,抓住研究的中心,运用正确的术语,方便读者检索,医学论文文题的组成有五要素、四要素、三要素及二要素几种,最常见的、研究目的及研究方法组成的三要素文题[4]。尽量不用可有可无、无实质性内容的空洞文字,如“关于”、“有关”、“的临床分析”、“的临床研究”、“的体会”、“的观察”、“的报告”等,以免千篇一律。512摘要(abstract )摘要是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,是全文内容的高度浓缩、精华所在,字数以200~300字为宜,外文摘要150~250个实词。摘要不宜用第一人称叙述。1987年加拿大McMaster 大学Haynes 教授建立并倡导应用结构式摘要,并首先应用于医学期刊;1991年起,中国医学期刊相继应用4项式结构式摘要,包括目的(objective )、方法(methods )、结果(results )和结论(conclusion )四要素。一般认为,这种摘要简单明了,写作难度小,容易被广大作者接受和掌握[4]。513关键词(key w ords )关键词是一种检索语言,可为编制索引和检索系统使用,应尽量在《医学主题词表》(MeSH )或《汉语主题词表》中选用。常用较定型的名词,要用原形词而不用缩略词,概念要精确,有较强的专指性,一些未被上述词表收录的重要术语和词,亦可根据论文需要作为自由词选用。每篇论文应标引关键词3~8个,而具体标引多少,应视论文的内容和范围而定,以“精、准”为原则。514参考文献(references )参考文献可反映论文的真实科学依据,反映出作者对他人劳动的尊重,同时也表明了科学的严肃性,便于读者进行追溯性检索。中国医学论文普遍采用温哥华格式的顺序编码制,著录要求及格式如下:①必须是由作者亲自阅读过的文献,尽可能选用近3~5年内592第3期陈纪国:医学论文的温哥华格式者,以体现论文的先进程度。②采用已公开发表的文献,尽可能是一次文献,内部资料不宜作为正式的参考文献著录。③一般论著类论文引用参考文献不超过10条,综述不超过20条,要按引用先后顺序排列,并在文内相应位置注明序号。④应具有针对性,与论文有密切关系,以表明论文的学术地位、应用方法的可靠性和先进性、结论的实用性及理论价值。⑤著录格式。温哥华格式规定期刊论文为:著者(第1~3位,超过者加“等”或“et al1”)。文题1杂志名称,出版年,卷(期):起止页码。专著或书籍为:著者(同上).书名.版次(第1版可省略)。出版地:出版社,出版年.起止页码。注意,在页码之后不用加标点。

医学论文答辩模板英文版

虽然推荐的网站能高效地解决翻译问题,但如果时间充裕和追求高质量论文的话,推荐配套论文润色网站,比如Quillbot。我会专门写一篇润色网站的文章,需要可看。1、搜狗翻译网址:首推首推首推,学术人必知道。一般博主首推的是deepl,但翻着翻着突然崩掉就很抓马(听说被墙了,可以将定位改为香港获日本能解决)。搜狗翻译支持三个领域的翻译,金融财经、医学、通用领域。如果在参考商科论文,可以在翻译时选择金融。有博主亲身体会到同样的原文搜狗翻译出来的更专业。我是学环境专业的,所以写论文用的专业名称都选择生物医学选项,确实体验感超级好。(翻译质量比deepl好,而且还有修改语句的功能,将句子升级,非常非常非常值得推荐。)亲身经历:本来我个人是喜欢Medpeer的,但是medpeer只支持七天免费。我用过搜狗翻译配套quillbot润色英文论文,最后老师跟我说论文文章用句进步很大,十分有成就感嘻嘻嘻。2、Atman网址: 成立于 2016 年,专注于医学领域的人工智能技术和产品的研发。此网站是一个宝藏,翻译的质量要高于deepl,但每日翻译限额为万字。这个网站也很多博主都推荐,就是字数有限制我不太喜欢,一般我翻译一篇论文是一万多中文一起翻译,对我来说字数还是太少。3、MedPeer网址:(需要vip了,请看第一个推荐:搜狗翻译)MedPeer是基于人工智能技术的医学科研创新平台,为医学科研工作者提供全方位的科研服务,包括科技情报、药学数据、文献库、科研绘图等。主打医学领域,翻译质量比deepl好很多,但相比deepl没有在线同义替换的功能。亲身经历:第一次写论文用的deepl,导师说句子过于直译,但之后我用MedPeer翻译配套Quillbot润色获得老师夸奖。但是七天免费,之后就需要VIP了,我放弃了,感谢那位提醒我的小伙伴。4、Deepl网址:亲测,虽然总是崩,但大多数情况下翻译还是可用的。但有时是中式英语,比较符合国人说话的语境,一些细节翻译怪怪的,特别是在线同义替换过度修改后简直是灾难,但这确实有我自己的原因。不过在线替换也是它的优点,翻译和润色功能同时使用,这是其他网站所欠缺的功能。5、有道翻译网址:留学生几乎人手必备的翻译网站和软件,尤其适合长句翻译。最重要的是没有卡顿,你完完全全不会出现其他网站需要等待结果的焦急心理。有分人工翻译,虽然质量高但是要钱,个人感觉有点贵。有问题可以评论区回复,有错误我会更改,对你有帮助的话就点个喜欢、收藏或者赞同吧,我会继续更新的。

Dear teachers, good morning! My name is xx, is 08 levels of English this regular professional training students, I dissertation5 topic is "the cultural differences between Chinese and western communication". Papers are in the x professor of meticulous coaxed completion, here I asked my tutor our deepest thanks to all the teacher pains to attend my thesis heartfelt thanks for three years, and I have a chance to listen to all teachers teaching our heartfelt tribute. Below I will this paper designed and main content to each teacher makes a report, kindly fellow teachers criticized of all, I want to talk about the graduation thesis of purpose and China's social and economic development, world various nationalities between commercial frequent communication and cooperation. People in different cultures in the process of communication is cross-cultural communication. To understand the cultural differences between Chinese and western communication can better promote the national economy, cultural exchange between and communication. This paper with the relationship between language and culture of Chinese and western culture by listing from daily communicative language communication to the understanding of the euphemism, taboo language and posture language differences in learning English analysis how to foster intercultural communication competence, avoid in our daily communication appear misurclerstanding was discussed in the , I want to talk about this essay structure and its main mainly divided into five first part is the introduction. Summary of Chinese and western culture communication system in today's social second part is the relationship between language and culture. Through the description of the relationship between language and culture, explains the relationship between language and culture are inseparable, deep influence culture, different language caused the cultural third part is the cultural differences between Chinese and western communication. For example demonstrated through communication between China and the west in everyday language used in the course, euphemism, taboo language and posture language is different, thus explain that communication between Chinese and western cultural fourth part is of the cultivation of intercultural communication competence. Lists related to foster intercultural communication competence methods, in order to avoid people in our daily communication appear erroneous fifth part is summarized and Suggestions. In order to succeed in cross-cultural communication, will realize our national culture and western culture, the differences between in communication right choice accords with western cultural norms expression in order to achieve the aim of communication. Foreign language learners should not only try to master the accurate and fluent and natural English language, learn to decent, naturally transmitted and received communicative message, Also want to understand and grasp of English countries cultural background knowledge and customs, learn to overcome in communication barriers produced cultural differences. Meanwhile, foreign language learners but must take the culture differences, trying to broaden their perspective of culture, to learn more about English culture of the country, in a solid foundation of language application ability at the same time, develop their intercultural consciousness, improve their ability to cross-cultural , I want to talk about this essay and system essay writing and modification process, also is the more I realize his lack of experience and knowledge of the process. Although, I will try to collect materials, we try our best to use their own knowledge thesis paper writing, but there are still many shortcomings, needs to be improved. Please, judges much criticism and corrections, let me in the future learn you可能有些错误。。。。呵呵

毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版(通用6篇)

转眼间充满意义的大学生活就即将结束,我们都知道毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文,毕业论文是一种、有准备的检验大学学习成果的'形式,那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢?下面是我整理的毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。

Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation.

I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.

So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.

The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.

So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.

Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices. OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions。

Good morning,

Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) : I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere grat-itude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.

My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts.

The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.

In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.

Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Thank you!

good evening, all the appraiser committee members. i come from hust, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. i am and my supervisor is prof.***. with her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year"s hard work, i have finished my paper. finally, it is the show time. this evening i will present my efforts to you all and i gratefully welcome any correction.

the title of my paper is a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. firstly, i am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. secondly, i am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and i have taught this text for more than 3 times . last but not the least ,as a female , i am keen on the study of feminism. for the above facts, i select the subject of a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective as the title of my paper.

i hope by studying this short story we can know more about american southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

next , i will present it to you. here is an outline of my presentation. they are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

this paper consists of six parts. part one presents an introduction to the author william faulkner and a rose for emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and emily s attitude towards love. finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

ok, that"s all. now you may raise your questions ! i am ready! thank you !

today, the title of my paper is on the network novels. in recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. network novel is one of the fast of them. in the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels" addicts. for the above facts, i select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper.

the last part, the forecast. looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. if each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.

not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.

good morning, all appraiser committee members. i am **** and my supervisor is ***. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of on transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.

i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.

The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.

Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.

With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.

Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.

Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.

Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.

Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.

Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.

Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

首页论文题目,自己的名字,结尾是致谢,其他的你把自己的论文讲清楚就行,随你怎么安排内容,可以参考你写的论文格式安排内容

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