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emergency heart attack，上网查就可
Heart attack in Emergency. We usually think we get heart attack when we feel chest pain. We don't recognize what organs in your chest or what reasons make our pain-feelings. Actually, the most opportunities of pain-feelings from chest probably origin from lung or intercostal nerves. The characteristics of pain-feelings are such as frequency of pain, relations to breath, that's whether it disappears along with activities of breath, and so forth. The strength of pain is also a foremost recognition to Heart Attack. If you feel you will die for your chest pain, there is more probabilities in Heart attack. If you feel you can keep alive, then you will be alive.
Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseaseChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread concern of public health, the incidence increased gradually, at the same time brought about serious consequences and problems. We note that the patient's renal failure is dialysis and kidney transplantation, but few scholars concerned about CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) relationship. Now that CKD with CVD-related, and progress than acute renal failure more likely die of cardiovascular disease, CVD is the most common CKD the cause of death [1]. Recognized that CKD is a risk factor for CVD that is very important. Only in this way will it be possible to conduct an in-depth, and then search for the prevention and treatment of related measures to ensure greater benefits for these patients. CKD is defined as biopsy or the markers of renal damage confirmed> 3 months, or GFR <60ml / ()> 3 months. Cause of disease and the general based on credits for the diabetic and non-diabetic renal disease and transplantation. Renal dysfunction by renal biopsy or related markers such as proteinuria, abnormal urinary sediment, abnormal imaging to diagnose and so on. Proteinuria is not only to prove the existence of CKD, renal disease may also become an important basis for the type of diagnosis and the severity of kidney disease and cardiovascular disease-related. Urinary albumin and creatinine ratio or total protein and creatinine ratio can be used to assess proteinuria. GFR <60ml / () renal damage as a critical value, which indicates the level of GFR is often the beginning of renal failure, including increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and the degree of risk. GFR <15ml / () will need dialysis treatment. GKD especially terminal kidney disease (ESRD) patients, CVD risk of a marked increase in general through the vascular tree to achieve. ESRD with atherosclerosis may be a causal relationship to each other, on the one hand, accelerated atherosclerosis in kidney disease progress, on the other hand, ESRD is the deterioration of many of the traditional atherosclerotic risk factors [2]. In general, CVD is the basic types of vascular disease and cardiomyopathy, the two subtypes of vascular disease is atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling, and CKD are the role of these two subtypes. Atherosclerotic plaque formation and the main obstruction in the main, CKD in atherosclerosis and the high incidence of a much wider range of diffuse atherosclerosis in a marked increase in cardiovascular disease mortality and accelerated deterioration of renal function. Atherosclerosis can lead to arterial wall thickening and myocardial ischemia matrix. In CKD patients, ischemic heart disease such as angina, myocardial infarction and sudden death, and cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease and heart failure are more common. Initially that the dialysis patients may be secondary to ischemic heart disease in easy to overload, left ventricular hypertrophy and small artery disease, resulting in reduced oxygen supply. However, studies have found that EPO in the former region, the low level of hemoglobin that also may be associated with ischemia-related. CKD patients the incidence of major vascular remodeling is higher, can lead to vascular remodeling in pressure overload, through the wall and the cavity wall thickening and increased the ratio of traffic overload, or to achieve, but mainly to increase the diameter and the wall thickness of main. Vascular remodeling in arterial compliance often dropped, resulting in increased systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure increased, left ventricular hypertrophy and reduced coronary perfusion [3,4]. Decreased arterial compliance and increased pulse pressure in dialysis patients are cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors independent [5].水钠潴留period as a result of dialysis treatment by ultrafiltration, dialysis patients with the diagnosis of heart failure more difficult, but the decline in blood pressure, fatigue, loss of appetite and other signs of heart failure diagnosis can be used as an important clue; On the other hand, more水钠潴留inappropriate to reflect the ultrafiltration rather than heart failure or heart failure combined ultrafiltration inappropriate. In fact, during dialysis ultrafiltration is inappropriate for one of the reasons why high blood pressure, heart failure often prompts. Therefore, dialysis patients with heart failure is an important indicator of poor prognosis, which often prompts the patient is in progress of cardiovascular disease. 1 chronic kidney disease risk factors of cardiovascular disease Is well known that patients suffering from kidney disease increase in cardiovascular disease mortality, largely attributable to high blood pressure caused by kidney disease, dyslipidemia, and anemia, but may lead to the causes of plaque rupture is not clear. Light to moderate CKD patients significantly increased the risk of vascular events, and when GFR <45ml / () at the risk greater. Recent studies suggest that due to ACEI (such as captopril, etc.) can reduce chronic kidney disease patients after myocardial infarction risk, if there is no clear contraindication, it is recommended conventional [6]. In normal circumstances, the application of chronic kidney disease treatment of ACEI or ARBs should be careful, it is necessary to understand the benefits of the application, but also take into account blood pressure, renal function, blood electrolyte changes, and possible interactions between drugs, such as the decline in renal function occur, increased serum potassium, etc. must be stopped [1]. In CKD in CVD risk factors to be divided into two types of traditional and non-traditional, traditional risk factors are the main means used to assess symptoms of ischemic heart disease factors such as age, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and low HDL - C and so on, these factors and the relationship between cardiovascular disease and most people are the same. And define the non-traditional risk factors need to meet the following conditions: (1) to promote the development of CVD rationality biology; (2) the risk factors increased with the severity of kidney disease-related evidence; (3) reveals the CKD and the risk of CVD factors relevant evidence; (4) risk factors in the control group after treatment to reduce CVD evidence. Has been identified in non-traditional risk factors are mainly Hyperhomocysteinemia, oxidative stress, abnormal lipid levels, and atherosclerosis-related increase in markers of inflammation [7]. Recent study found that dialysis patients with oxidative stress and inflammatory markers significantly higher than the general population. Oxidative stress and inflammation may become the basic medium, while other factors such as anemia and cardiac disease, and calcium and phosphorus metabolic abnormalities and vascular remodeling and a decline in vascular compliance. Failure cardiovascular disease CVD mortality in dialysis patients than the general population 10 to 30 times, and the emergence of heart failure after acute myocardial infarction and high mortality rates, myocardial infarction within 1 to 2 years up to 59% mortality ~ 73%, significantly higher than the general crowd, and the Worcester heart Attack Study found that 3 / 4 males and 2 / 3 of women suffering from acute myocardial infarction in diabetic patients still alive after 2 years. At the same time hemodialysis patients atherosclerosis, heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy abnormally high incidence of nearly 40% of the patients of ischemic heart disease or heart failure. Cardiovascular disease after renal transplantation Renal transplant patients, 35% ~ 50% of CVD death, CVD mortality than the general population of high 2-fold, but was significantly lower than that in hemodialysis patients. The most likely reason is acceptable from a kidney transplant and dialysis-related hemodynamic abnormalities and abnormal toxins. CVD after renal transplantation is the multiple risk factors, and not only include traditional factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and have a decline in GFR of the non-traditional factors such as hyperhomocysteinemia, as well as immune suppression and exclusion. of cardiovascular disease in diabetic nephropathy Early diabetic nephropathy is mainly expressed in microalbuminuria, and progression of cardiovascular disease. Although type 1 diabetes patients with normal blood pressure, but was found in 24h at night to monitor the existence of "Nondipping" mode, may lead to microalbuminuria. "Nondipping" is identified the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, microalbuminuria with the diabetic patients are more vulnerable to dyslipidemia, blood glucose and blood pressure difficult to control. The study has confirmed that microalbuminuria with CVD have a clear relationship between the two types of diabetes in both the presence, but because of the age factor in type 2 diabetes in the more significant. Microalbuminuria is now considered that the prognosis of diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease and other factors in the risk of death indicators point of view can be explained as follows: (1) traditional microalbuminuria individual a higher incidence of risk factors; (2) micro - proteinuria can reflect the endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular permeability, abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis system; (3) and inflammatory markers related; (4) are more vulnerable to end-organ damage. Prior studies suggest that the recent high blood pressure and vascular endothelial dysfunction, and therefore these patients may further aggravate the endothelial damage. However, the mechanism is not entirely clear at present that may be related to L-arginine transport by endothelial cells to damage, which led to the cell matrix of the lack of NO synthesis. Non-diabetic renal disease cardiovascular disease We mainly albuminuria and decreased GFR as a sign of chronic kidney disease, proteinuria than at the same time that microalbuminuria is more important, because whether or not there is diabetes, nephrotic syndrome and cardiovascular disease are related to the existence of the abnormal changes, such as serious hyperlipidemia and high blood coagulation status, etc. This explains the importance of reducing proteinuria. At present, we risk groups were divided into 3 groups, has been suffering from CVD, other vascular disease or diabetes as a high-risk groups; with traditional CVD risk factors such as high blood pressure, age, etc., as the crowd in danger; the community known as the low-risk group members 翻译.. 慢性肾病是心血管疾病的危险因素慢性肾病（CKD）是值得广泛关注的公共健康，发病率逐渐上升，同时带来了严重的后果和问题。我们注意到肾衰病人的主要是透析和肾移植，但是很少有学者关注CKD与心血管疾病（CVD）的关系。现已认为CKD也与CVD有关，且比急性进展中的肾功能衰竭更容易死于心血管疾病，CVD是 CKD最常见的死亡原因〔1〕。认识到CKD是CVD的高危因素这一点，是很重要的。只有这样，才有可能进行深入，进而寻求相关的预防和治疗措施，使这些病人获得更大益处。 CKD是指由肾活检或有关的标志物证实的肾功损害＞3个月，或GFR＜60ml/（）＞3个月。一般依据病和病因学分为糖尿病性、非糖尿病性和移植后肾病。肾功能损害可通过肾活检或相关的标志物如蛋白尿、异常尿沉积物、影像学异常等来诊断。蛋白尿不仅可以证明CKD的存在，亦可成为肾病类型诊断的重要依据，并与肾脏疾病的严重程度和心血管疾病的有关。尿白蛋白与肌酐比率或总蛋白与肌酐比率可用于评估蛋白尿。GFR＜60ml/（）作为肾功损害的临界值，该水平GFR往往预示肾衰的开始，其中也包括增加心血管疾病的发生及危险程度。GFR＜15ml/（）则需要透析治疗。 GKD尤其是终末肾病（ESRD）患者，CVD危险明显增加，一般通过血管树来实现的。ESRD与动脉粥样硬化可能互为因果关系，一方面粥样硬化加速肾病进展，另一方面ESRD恶化是许多传统粥样硬化的危险因素〔2〕。一般而言，CVD的基本类型是血管疾病和心肌病，血管疾病的两种亚型是动脉粥样硬化和大血管重塑，而CKD对这两种亚型均有作用。动脉粥样硬化主要以斑块形成和闭塞为主，CKD中动脉粥样硬化发生率很高而且范围更广，弥漫的粥样硬化明显增加心血管疾病死亡率和加速肾功能恶化。动脉粥样硬化可导致动脉壁基质增厚和心肌缺血。在CKD病人中，缺血性心脏病如心绞痛、心梗和猝死，以及脑血管疾病、外周血管疾病和心衰都是比较常见的。最初认为透析病人出现缺血性心脏病可能继发于容易超载、左室肥厚和小动脉病变，导致氧供减少。但是后来的研究发现，在前促红素区域，血红蛋白水平低，说明亦可能与缺血有关。CKD病人大血管重塑发生率亦较高，血管重塑可导致压力超载，通过管壁增厚和管壁与内腔比值增高或者流量超载来实现，但主要以增加的管壁直径和厚度为主。血管重塑常常使动脉顺应性下降，导致收缩压增加、脉压增大、左室肥厚和冠脉灌注减少〔3，4〕。动脉顺应性下降和脉压增大均为透析病人心血管疾病（CVD）的独立危险因素〔5〕。由于透析期间水钠潴留可通过超滤得到治疗，透析病人心衰的诊断比较困难，但血压下降、疲劳、食欲减退等征象，可作为心衰诊断的重要线索；另一方面，水钠潴留更能反映超滤不合适，而不是心衰或心衰合并超滤不恰当。实际上，透析期间超滤不合适的原因之一就是高血压，往往提示心衰。因此，心衰是透析病人预后不良的重要指标，这往往提示病人心血管疾病正在进展。 1 慢性肾病的心血管疾病危险因素 众所周知，患肾脏疾病的病人心血管病死亡率增加，很大程度上归因于肾病所致的高血压、血脂异常和贫血，但可能导致粥样斑块破裂的原因还不是很清楚。轻到中度CKD病人血管事件危险明显增高，而当GFR＜45ml/（）时这种危险更大。近期有关研究认为因 ACEI（如卡托普利等）可降低慢性肾病病人心梗后的危险，如没有明显禁忌证，建议常规〔6〕。而在一般情况下，慢性肾病应用ACEI或ARBs治疗要慎重，既要了解应用的益处，又要考虑到血压、肾功能、血电解质变化和可能的药物间相互作用，如出现肾功能下降、血钾增高等就必须停药〔1〕。 在CKD中把CVD的危险因素分为传统和非传统两种，传统的危险因素主要指用于评估有症状缺血性心脏病的因素，如年龄、糖尿病、收缩性高血压、左室肥厚、低HDL-C等，这些因素与心血管疾病的关系与一般人是一致的。 而界定非传统危险因素需要满足如下条件：（1）促进CVD发展的生物学方面的合理性；（2）危险因素升高与肾病严重程度相关的证据；（3）揭示CKD中CVD与危险因素关系的相关证据；（4）有对照组中危险因素经治疗后CVD降低的证据。目前已确定的非传统危险因素主要有高同型半胱氨酸血症、氧化应激、异常脂血症、与粥样硬化有关的增高的炎症标志物〔7〕。近来研究发现，透析病人氧化应激和炎症标志物水平明显高于一般人群。氧化应激和炎症有可能成为基本的介质，而其他因素如贫血与心肌病有关，钙磷代谢异常与血管重塑和血管顺应性下降有关。 肾衰中心血管疾病 透析病人中CVD死亡率比普通人群高10～30倍，而出现急性心梗和心衰后致死率很高，心梗后1～2年死亡率达59%～73%，明显高于一般人群，而Worcester heart Attack研究发现，有3/4男性和2/3女性糖尿病病人患急性心梗后仍存活2年以上。同时血液透析病人动脉粥样硬化、心衰和左室肥厚发生率异常增高，有接近40%的病人出现缺血性心脏病或心衰。 肾移植后心血管疾病 肾移植病人中有35%～50%因CVD死亡，CVD死亡率比普通人群高2倍，但明显低于血液透析病人。最可能的原因是接受肾移植后免除了与透析有关的血流动力学异常和毒素异常。肾移植后CVD的危险因素是多重的，既包括传统因素如高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、左室肥厚，亦有与GFR 下降有关的非传统因素如高同型半胱氨酸血症以及免疫抑制和排斥。 糖尿病肾病的心血管疾病 糖尿病肾病的早期主要表现为微量白蛋白尿，与心血管疾病进展有关。尽管1型糖尿病病人血压正常，但在24h监测中发现夜间存在 “Nondipping”模式，可能导致微量白蛋白尿。“Nondipping”是已确认的心血管疾病的危险因素，伴有微量白蛋白尿的糖尿病病人也更易出现血脂异常、血糖难以控制和血压升高。有关研究已证实微量白蛋白尿与CVD有明确关系，在两种类型糖尿病中均存在，但由于年龄因素在2型糖尿病中更显著。现已认为微量白蛋白尿是糖尿病病人心血管疾病预后和其他致死因素的危险指标，可通过如下观点来解释：（1）微量白蛋白尿个体传统危险因素发生率更高；（2）微量白蛋白尿能反映内皮功能异常、血管渗透性增加、凝血纤溶系统异常；（3）与炎症标志物有关；（4）更易出现终末器官损害。最近Prior研究认为高血压与血管内皮功能异常有关，因此在这类病人中可能进一步加重内皮损害。但有关机制不完全清楚，目前认为可能与L-精氨酸转运至内皮细胞受到损害有关，进而导致细胞内合成NO的基质缺乏。 非糖尿病性肾病的心血管疾病 我们主要把蛋白尿和GFR下降作为慢性肾病的标志，同时认为蛋白尿比微量白蛋白尿更重要，因为无论是否存在糖尿病，肾病综合征均存在与心血管疾病有关的异常改变，如严重高脂血症和高凝血状态等，这就说明降低蛋白尿具有重要意义。目前我们把危险人群分为3组，已经患CVD、其他血管病或糖尿病作为高危人群；具有CVD传统的易患因素如高血压、年龄等作为中危人群；将社区人员称为低危人群
当今,由于人类社会的发展,生活节奏的加快,对于中年人群体老年疾病提前到来。中年人由于疾病的缠身,生活质量的下降等原因,给家庭和社会带来了很大的负面影响。下面是我带来的医学类英语 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
医学类英语文章1
指甲油、发胶或增加糖尿病风险
Chemicals commonly found in beauty products such as nail polishes, hair sprays andperfumesmay increase risk of diabetes for some women, new research suggests.
Chemicals commonly found in beauty products such as nail polishes, hair sprays andperfumesmay increase risk of diabetes for some women, new research suggests.
Researchers analyzed urine samples from 2,350 women who participated in the long-runningNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative sampleof Americanwomen. They were looking for concentrations of chemicals known as phthalates,which are oftenfound in personal care products and in adhesives, electronics, products used tomanufacture cars, toys, packaging and even some coatings for medications.
Phthalates are considered "endocrine-disrupting" because they can alter normal regulationofcertain mechanisms in the body, including hormone regulation, and have been tied inpreviousresearch to diabetes and obesity risk, Dr. Kenneth Spaeth, director of theOccupational andEnvironmental Medicine Center's department of population health at NorthShore UniversityHospital in Manhasset, ., told HealthPop. He was not involved in the study.
The researchers found that women with the highest concentrations of two types of phthalates -mono-benzyl phthalate and mono-isobutyl phthalate - were nearly two times more likely tohavediabetes compared to women with the least amounts of these chemicals. Women withmoderatelyhigh levels of the phthalates mono-n-butyl phthalate and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalatewere 70 percent more likely to have diabetes compared to their counterparts.
The findings were published in Environmental Health Perspectives, a journal published bythegovernment's National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
"This is an important first step in exploring the connection between phthalates and diabetes,"saidDr. Tamara James-Todd, a researcher in women's health at Brigham and Women's HospitalinBoston, said in a press release. The researchers could not prove that phthalates causeddiabetes orhaving diabetes increased concentrations of the chemicals in a person's body.
"We know that in addition to being present in personal care products, phthalates also existincertain types of medical devices and medication that is used to treat diabetes and this couldalsoexplain the higher level of phthalates in diabetic women," she added. "So overall, moreresearch isneeded."
One of the problems is that chemicals like phthalates are practically unavoidable, accordingtoSpaeth.
"These chemicals are unfortunately ubiquitous," Spaeth explained. "It's pretty clear fromstudiesthat we're exposed all day long to these various household or personal care products."
Spaeth says it's a real challenge to reduce phthalate exposure because sometimes thechemical is ametabolic byproduct of another ingredient or a product label may not say itcontains phthalatesonly for phthalates to be found in the packaging the product came in, whichdoes not need to bementioned on a product label.
"It's really hard to make informed decisions about these kinds of things," he said. "Maybe we'llgetto a point when the health effects are more widely recognized, that there will be incentivetochange how products are made and packaged."
However Spaeth did say research has shown phthalates can find their way into householddustand people sometimes ingest them that way, so simple steps like frequent vaccuming anddusting, or washing your hands regularly before eating may decrease risk.
医学类英语文章2
西方快餐与亚洲人患心脏病风险存在联系
Even relatively clean-living Singaporeans who regularly eat burgers, fries and other staplesof fast food are at a raised risk of diabetes and more likely than their peers to die ofheart disease, according to an international study.
at a raised risk of diabetes：提高患糖尿病的风险
But Asian fast foods, such as noodles or dumplings, did not bear the same risk, the studypublished in the journal Circulation said.
bear the same risk：承受同样的风险
the journal Circulation：《循环》杂志
With globalization, fast food has become commonplacein East and SoutheastAsia. The study looked at more than 60,000 Singaporeans of Chinese descent.
"Many cultures welcome (Western fast food) because it's a sign they're developing theireconomics," said Andrew Odegaard, from the University of Minnesota School of Public Health,who led the study.
the University of Minnesota School of Public Health：明尼苏达大学的公共卫生学院
"But while it may be desirable from a cultural standpoint, from a health perspective theremay be a cost," he told Reuters Health.
a cultural standpoint： 文化 角度
The study participants were interviewed in the 1990s, then followed for about a decade.
Participants were between 45 and 74 years old at the outset. During the study period, 1,397 died of cardiac causes and 2,252 developed type 2 diabetes.
died of cardiaccauses：死于心脏病
Those who ate fast food two or more times a week had 27 percent greater odds ofdiabetes and 56 percent higher risk of cardiac death than those who ate little or no fast food,the researchers found.
greater odds of：更大的几率
Among 811 subjects who ate Western-style fast food four or more times a week, the riskof cardiac death rose by 80 percent.
Western-style fast food：西式快餐
The findings held even after the researchers adjusted for other factors that could influencehealth, including age, sex, weight, smoking status and education level.
In fact, the Singaporeans who ate Western fast food often were more likely to be younger,educated and physically active, and were less likely to smoke, than those who stuck to a moretraditional diet.
physically active：体力活动
Odegaard's team found that Eastern fast foods, such as dim sum, noodles and dumplings,were not associated with more cases of type 2 diabetes and cardiac deaths.
dim sum：中式点心
be not associated with:与……无关
"It wasn't their own snacks that was putting them at increased risk, but American-style fastfood," he said.
The profile of the fast food eaters differs markedly from that of the average fast foodconsumer in the United States, he added, with eating fast food in countries like Singapore astatus symbol and a way of "participating in American culture".
a status symbol：身份象征
The findings hold serious implications for recently developed and emerging countries, saidSara Bleich, an assistant professor of health policy at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of PublicHealth in Baltimore.
hold serious implications for：对……有严重影响
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health：约翰霍普金斯大学彭博公共卫生学院
"The big multinational fast food companies are increasingly looking to maximize profitoutside the United States, and they're looking to emerging economies like Singapore to dothat," she said. "So at the global level, the health implications are very strong."
maximize profit：追求利润最大化
emerging economies：新兴市场国家
医学类英语文章3
胖子的 记忆力 思考力下降快
Fatter people are more likely to lose their memories and brain power quicker than thosewho are thinner, according to British research.
据英国某一研究，相比瘦子，胖子的记忆力和脑力下降得更快。
Those who are obese, and have other health problems such as high blood pressure andhigh cholesterol, lose their memory and thinking skills almost a quarter faster, foundresearchers at University College London.
英国伦敦大学学院的一份研究表明，那些患有如高血压高胆固醇等健康问题的胖子和那些一般的胖子，比起瘦子来说，他们的记忆力和脑力下降速度要快四分之一。
Their study was based on almost 6,500 Whitehall civil servants, whose health wasmonitored between the ages of 50 and 60.
这份研究以将近6,500名年龄在50岁到60岁之间的白厅(英国)公务员的健康状况为研究对象。
They were weighed and measured, their blood pressure and cholesterol levels were taken,and they were also asked what medication they were taking.
研究人员对他们称了体重，做了测量，记录了他们的血压和胆固醇含量，同时还了解了他们目前在做哪些药物治疗。
In addition, they were asked to perform mental tests three times during the decade,which were used to assess memory and other cognitiveskills.
此外，研究对象在这十年时间里还要参加三次智力测验，这些测验结果将作为评估记忆和 其它 认知技能的依据。
Of the 6,401 civil servants in the study, nine per cent (582) were obese. Of those, 350 werealso classed as “metabolicallyabnormal”- meaning they had two additional risk factors such ashigh blood pressure, high cholesterol, were taking medication for either condition, or werediabetic.
在参与这项研究的6,401名国家公务员中，9%(即582人)是胖子。有350人的新陈代谢存在异常现象，这也意味着他们将面临双重危险，高血压和高胆固醇。他们需要服用治疗高血压和高胆固醇的药物。除此以外还有糖尿病患者。
The researchers found the obese tended to lose their mental powers faster than theirthinner colleagues, while those who also had additional conditions lost their memory andthinking skills fastest of all.
研究人员发现胖子比起他们的瘦子同事更容易失去大脑思考能力，而这个人群中最容易失忆和失去思考能力的是这些还有其它健康问题的胖子。
The latter group experienced a percent faster decline on their cognitive test scoresover the decade than those who were healthy.
比起健康的胖子，后一组研究对象(指还有其它健康问题的胖子)在过去的十年时间里在认知测试中得分下降高达。
Archana Singh-Manoux, of the Paris research institute Inserm, who contributed to thestudy, said their results indicated the idea that people could be obese but still healthy wasflawed.
巴黎研究机构Inserm的辛格-曼诺(Archana Singh-Manoux)负责这项研究。他说，他们的研究结果表明胖子是健康的这一看法是站不脚的。
Shirley Cramer, chief executive of Alzheimer’s Research UK, said: “We do not yet know whyobesity and metabolic abnormality are linked to poorer brain performance, but with obesitylevels on the rise, it will be important to delvea little deeper into this association.
英国老年痴呆症研究所的主管雪莉·克莱默(Shirley Cramer)说：“目前我们还不知道为什么肥胖与新陈代谢异常这两方面会和脑力衰弱有联系。但是随着肥胖程度的增加，进一步深入探究它们之间的关联将变得很重要。”
“While the study itself focuses on cognitive decline, previous research suggests that ahealthy diet, regular exercise, not smoking and controlling blood pressure and cholesterol inmidlife can also help stave off dementia."
“虽然这项研究本身关注的是认知能力的减弱，但先前的研究表明在中年时期，健康的饮食、定期锻炼、不吸烟、控制血压和胆固醇等有助于减缓痴呆症的产生。”
WASHINGTON Heart Institute in Sydney, Australia, Victor, a new study shows that simply injecting a needle hormone (G-SCF), it is possible to control the symptoms of severe heart disease, reduce them to a lot of pain relief drugs dependencies. 华盛顿在澳大利亚的悉尼，维克托心脏研究所的一项新研究显示，只需注射一针激素（G - SCF），就有可能控制严重心脏病的症状，减少他们很多缓解疼痛的药物依赖关系。
Negative Effects of Television
Television is one of the most popular forms of entertainment in the world. It can provide us with information, education, entertainment and relaxation. However, watching too much television can also have negative effects on our health, behavior and cognition. In this essay, I will discuss some of the negative effects of television based on scientific research.
One of the negative effects of television is obesity. According to a study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association, adults who watch television for three or more hours daily are at a two-times higher risk of premature death than those who watch TV for an hour or less TV is a sedentary activity that reduces physical activity and increases calorie intake. Obesity can lead to various health problems such as diabetes, heart disease and cancer.
Another negative effect of television is psychological distress. Studies in psychology have shown that watching intense emotions on television leaves a long-lasting impression on one’s mind. Horror scenes or other frightful scenes on television have a negative impact on the minds of people watching. Verbal, physical, or any other form of abuse shown on TV has a psychological effect on the viewers. These negative emotions can cause anxiety, depression, aggression and low self-esteem.
A third negative effect of television is cognitive decline. A study conducted by researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health suggests that greater amounts of TV viewing can lead to reduced amounts of cranial gray matter—home to the neurons that perform the bulk of our mental processing. The study found that those engaging in hours of additional daily viewing, or more, had a half percent reduction in gray matter on the MRI scan performed at age 50. Gray matter is responsible for memory, language, reasoning and other cognitive functions.
In conclusion, television can have negative effects on our health, behavior and cognition if we watch it excessively. We should limit our TV time and choose high-quality programs that can enrich our minds and lives. We should also balance our TV viewing with other activities such as reading, exercising and socializing.
电视的负面影响
电视是世界上最受欢迎的娱乐形式之一。它可以为我们提供信息，教育，娱乐和放松。然而，过度观看电视也会对我们的健康，行为和认知产生负面影响。在这篇文章中，我将根据科学研究讨论一些电视的负面影响。
电视的一个负面影响是肥胖。根据《美国心脏协会杂志》发表的一项研究，每天观看三个小时或更长时间的电视的成年人比每天观看一个小时或更少时间的电视的成年人死亡的风险高出两倍。看电视是一种久坐不动的活动，它减少了体力活动并增加了热量摄入。肥胖会导致各种健康问题，如糖尿病，心脏病和癌症。
电视的另一个负面影响是心理压力。心理学的研究表明，观看电视上的强烈情绪会给人的心灵留下长久的印象。电视上的恐怖场景或其他可怕的场景对观看者的心理有负面影响。电视上展示的言语，身体或其他形式的虐待对观众有心理影响。这些负面情绪会引起焦虑，抑郁，攻击性和自尊心低下。
电视的第三个负面影响是认知能力的下降。约翰斯·霍普金斯彭博公共卫生学院的研究人员进行的一项研究表明，更多的电视观看时间会导致颅内灰质的减少——这是神经元执行大部分心理处理的地方。该研究发现，每天多看小时或更长时间的电视的人在50岁时进行的MRI扫描中灰质减少了百分之零点五。灰质负责记忆，语言，推理和其他认知功能。
总之，如果我们过度观看电视，电视会对我们的健康，行为和认知产生负面影响。我们应该限制我们的电视时间，并选择可以丰富我们的思想和生活的高质量节目。我们还应该用其他活动如阅读，锻炼和社交来平衡我们的电视观看。
自己去网上搜啊！谁有闲情逸致写啊
1 虽然他们可能不是世界上最快的还是最强的运动员，在2005年世界冬季特殊奥运会在长野举行的1830年奥运会比赛，日本的竞争与所有他们的心。在闭幕仪式上，日本公主Takamado发表了讲话，她说：“过去一周是所有关于微笑，温柔与和平。我真的希望在我的心，整个世界在这里可以学到一些东西。我们都可以借鉴这些特殊运动员表明我们的例子。“ 特奥会的目标是明确的。这是鼓励智障人士成为身体健康。他们还鼓励是社会生产力和尊重成员通过体育训练和比赛。如果一个运动员在比赛获胜，这是一个奖金。然而，在某种程度上每个人都赢。百合库恩，12日，与美国队的滑雪者，难以抑制的在家信她的热情。她告诉她的父母：我为自己感到骄傲。我不只是为了得奖感到高兴，但赢得诚实，爱竞争，工作的时间最长最难的该节结束的比赛是值得记住。它也不是没有完成的拥抱。一个事件的志愿者，而拥抱和派运动衫的运动员举起大拇指一些，说：“这些运动员都超强！我不能去任何地方在这里没有得到一个拥抱。我祈祷这一类的事情更多。我希望，精神与他们有竞争可能触摸整个世界。看着这些在过去一周开花年轻人已经真正打动了我的生活。“在本节结束时，为上海，这将主办2007年夏季奥运会，城市的副市长接受认捐认为，“上海城市将开放其武器给世界和特奥会的特殊奥运会标志“。 2 吉姆Fixx曾是老烟枪，体重214磅当他于20世纪60年代运行。他很快就收获运行的好处。他的体重下降了60磅由他的书，运行完全书，出版时间。他的书启发了千百万人。在他的书和电视访谈节目，他赞美体育锻炼的好处，以及它如何大大增加了的人平均寿命。他的读者和观众变得更加健康意识。然而，他们的冲击，Fixx去世，享年52岁后，他的日常运行。许多谁反对他的信仰表示，这是证据，运行是有害的。然而，他的支持者透露，Fixx死亡的真正原因是心脏病发作。他出身于一个家庭中，男性的健康状况不佳的故事。他的父亲因在35岁以下心脏病发作和一人死亡，42。鉴于Fixx的不健康的生活方式，直到他拿起运行时，许多主张，运行增加了很多年，他的生命。 “运行确有其不足之处，”心脏病专家保罗托马斯承认，在最近的医学杂志。“这个影响可能很难在你的膝盖。参赛者更在训练过程中的风险，尤其是当他们跑马拉松。然而，对运动员的消息并不全是坏事。的证据表明，尽管它的缺点，适量的跑步锻炼实际上可以导致更长的时间，改善生活。“ 麦克唐纳，经过认证的强度和空调专家曾概括说，与所有的体育事业“的讨论，运行带有两个重大的报酬和内在风险。超过60％的运动员将受到伤害，导致他们采取休息时间磨合每年！“他还表示，改善人的平衡可以减少受伤的可能性。 3 海德成立于1966年的基础上，提供个性发展的教育，而不是学业成绩。它是一个地方，富裕的家庭可以做送孩子谁在其他教育环境中的困难。许多学生都在那里，因为他们的父母面前表现的人格教育理论认为。 虽然海德通常是作为一个大学预科学校类别，学校就为生活准备的主要目的。海德帮助学生学习，拥抱，并采取一个字符指南针，将指导他们的生活休息的。 重点放在表演艺术和体育活动。海德认为，人们需要公开为自己的成长过程的一部分，以小组及社区互动。竞技体育是发挥一年四季，并导致许多冠军。有典型的高中班和学者。许多大学先修课程，提供和鼓励。大多数学生都接受了四年制学院和大学。 还有“组发现”会议，每周几次。鼓励学生互相律师当他们认为另一名学生的行为或想法不符合学校的理念。这些会议着眼于个别学生和他们目前的问题和在学校所面临的问题。鼓励学生分享亲密的秘密，怀疑和对自己和家人的遗憾。这些会议扩展到父母。这些会议的目的是要涉及到海德社区的社会结构中的整个家庭。 真理是强调了和谐。谁的学生有以下的校规困难分配给草坪进行维护工作，为学校的照顾。这种做法是不完全的惩罚，但也足以说明了犯错已脱离社区以自己的行为他/她。其背后的想法是赚取组验收，并工作到了社会的信任回来。 4 当亨利福特宣布他要生产汽车，将可以负担的总人口中，他可能没有意识到有什么了不起的影响他的成就将在美国的生活，并最终世界。福特的大规模生产策略来制造T型车开始了个人交通的新时代。因此，公路建成为汽车着想，人流动性较大。随着汽车和道路，有一个人对自己的业务成为了很多更为可行。每个类型的企业如雨后春笋般涌现。客户可以方便地到达商店无论身在何处，他们在城里人，只要有一条路，让企业不再需要在一个镇的中心位置。 什么关于家庭度假？家庭装进自己的汽车和全国驱车前往探索新领域，在每一个可能的停在路边的吸引力的方式。有没有地方可以去，哪些是你可以看到限制。该车提供了独立意识，正如美国人特别讨厌受到限制，他们爱上了汽车爱瞬间。平均而言，每一个美国家庭拥有两个或更多的汽车。随着世界变得越来越复杂，开车大约可以帮助人们应付现代生活的需求。 如果你问人们什么样的素质定义的美国人，他们可能会说，这两个是美国主导的特点，创造性和独立性。美国是真正的汽车和汽车文化的土地。How to"类议论文模板： 导入：现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。
那些用机器翻译的人会为了这200分帮你翻的， 不过对于有些像我一样手工翻译的人是绝对不会费尽去翻译那10页的东西的。 只能帮你找论文。。。。
200分拿论文 除非百度分可以当RMB用并且汇率是1：10
cardiologyAny disorder or disease of the heart. In addition to heart disease of inflammatory origin, there are arteriosclerotic cardiopathy, due to arteriosclerosis, fatty cardiopathy, due to growth of fatty tissue, hypertensive cardiopathy, due to high blood pressure, nephropathic cardiopathy, due to kidney disease, thyrotoxic cardiopathy, due to thyroid intoxication, toxic cardiopathy, due to the effect of some toxin and valvular cardiopathy, due to faulty valve action.
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告诉你扣号是1135开头的，中间是452，结尾是139。就等你去体验了。他们能帮你写的。
Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseaseChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread concern of public health, the incidence increased gradually, at the same time brought about serious consequences and problems. We note that the patient's renal failure is dialysis and kidney transplantation, but few scholars concerned about CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) relationship. Now that CKD with CVD-related, and progress than acute renal failure more likely die of cardiovascular disease, CVD is the most common CKD the cause of death [1]. Recognized that CKD is a risk factor for CVD that is very important. Only in this way will it be possible to conduct an in-depth, and then search for the prevention and treatment of related measures to ensure greater benefits for these patients. CKD is defined as biopsy or the markers of renal damage confirmed> 3 months, or GFR <60ml / ()> 3 months. Cause of disease and the general based on credits for the diabetic and non-diabetic renal disease and transplantation. Renal dysfunction by renal biopsy or related markers such as proteinuria, abnormal urinary sediment, abnormal imaging to diagnose and so on. Proteinuria is not only to prove the existence of CKD, renal disease may also become an important basis for the type of diagnosis and the severity of kidney disease and cardiovascular disease-related. Urinary albumin and creatinine ratio or total protein and creatinine ratio can be used to assess proteinuria. GFR <60ml / () renal damage as a critical value, which indicates the level of GFR is often the beginning of renal failure, including increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and the degree of risk. GFR <15ml / () will need dialysis treatment. GKD especially terminal kidney disease (ESRD) patients, CVD risk of a marked increase in general through the vascular tree to achieve. ESRD with atherosclerosis may be a causal relationship to each other, on the one hand, accelerated atherosclerosis in kidney disease progress, on the other hand, ESRD is the deterioration of many of the traditional atherosclerotic risk factors [2]. In general, CVD is the basic types of vascular disease and cardiomyopathy, the two subtypes of vascular disease is atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling, and CKD are the role of these two subtypes. Atherosclerotic plaque formation and the main obstruction in the main, CKD in atherosclerosis and the high incidence of a much wider range of diffuse atherosclerosis in a marked increase in cardiovascular disease mortality and accelerated deterioration of renal function. Atherosclerosis can lead to arterial wall thickening and myocardial ischemia matrix. In CKD patients, ischemic heart disease such as angina, myocardial infarction and sudden death, and cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease and heart failure are more common. Initially that the dialysis patients may be secondary to ischemic heart disease in easy to overload, left ventricular hypertrophy and small artery disease, resulting in reduced oxygen supply. However, studies have found that EPO in the former region, the low level of hemoglobin that also may be associated with ischemia-related. CKD patients the incidence of major vascular remodeling is higher, can lead to vascular remodeling in pressure overload, through the wall and the cavity wall thickening and increased the ratio of traffic overload, or to achieve, but mainly to increase the diameter and the wall thickness of main. Vascular remodeling in arterial compliance often dropped, resulting in increased systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure increased, left ventricular hypertrophy and reduced coronary perfusion [3,4]. Decreased arterial compliance and increased pulse pressure in dialysis patients are cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors independent [5].水钠潴留period as a result of dialysis treatment by ultrafiltration, dialysis patients with the diagnosis of heart failure more difficult, but the decline in blood pressure, fatigue, loss of appetite and other signs of heart failure diagnosis can be used as an important clue; On the other hand, more水钠潴留inappropriate to reflect the ultrafiltration rather than heart failure or heart failure combined ultrafiltration inappropriate. In fact, during dialysis ultrafiltration is inappropriate for one of the reasons why high blood pressure, heart failure often prompts. Therefore, dialysis patients with heart failure is an important indicator of poor prognosis, which often prompts the patient is in progress of cardiovascular disease. 1 chronic kidney disease risk factors of cardiovascular disease Is well known that patients suffering from kidney disease increase in cardiovascular disease mortality, largely attributable to high blood pressure caused by kidney disease, dyslipidemia, and anemia, but may lead to the causes of plaque rupture is not clear. Light to moderate CKD patients significantly increased the risk of vascular events, and when GFR <45ml / () at the risk greater. Recent studies suggest that due to ACEI (such as captopril, etc.) can reduce chronic kidney disease patients after myocardial infarction risk, if there is no clear contraindication, it is recommended conventional [6]. In normal circumstances, the application of chronic kidney disease treatment of ACEI or ARBs should be careful, it is necessary to understand the benefits of the application, but also take into account blood pressure, renal function, blood electrolyte changes, and possible interactions between drugs, such as the decline in renal function occur, increased serum potassium, etc. must be stopped [1]. In CKD in CVD risk factors to be divided into two types of traditional and non-traditional, traditional risk factors are the main means used to assess symptoms of ischemic heart disease factors such as age, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and low HDL - C and so on, these factors and the relationship between cardiovascular disease and most people are the same. And define the non-traditional risk factors need to meet the following conditions: (1) to promote the development of CVD rationality biology; (2) the risk factors increased with the severity of kidney disease-related evidence; (3) reveals the CKD and the risk of CVD factors relevant evidence; (4) risk factors in the control group after treatment to reduce CVD evidence. Has been identified in non-traditional risk factors are mainly Hyperhomocysteinemia, oxidative stress, abnormal lipid levels, and atherosclerosis-related increase in markers of inflammation [7]. Recent study found that dialysis patients with oxidative stress and inflammatory markers significantly higher than the general population. Oxidative stress and inflammation may become the basic medium, while other factors such as anemia and cardiac disease, and calcium and phosphorus metabolic abnormalities and vascular remodeling and a decline in vascular compliance. Failure cardiovascular disease CVD mortality in dialysis patients than the general population 10 to 30 times, and the emergence of heart failure after acute myocardial infarction and high mortality rates, myocardial infarction within 1 to 2 years up to 59% mortality ~ 73%, significantly higher than the general crowd, and the Worcester heart Attack Study found that 3 / 4 males and 2 / 3 of women suffering from acute myocardial infarction in diabetic patients still alive after 2 years. At the same time hemodialysis patients atherosclerosis, heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy abnormally high incidence of nearly 40% of the patients of ischemic heart disease or heart failure. Cardiovascular disease after renal transplantation Renal transplant patients, 35% ~ 50% of CVD death, CVD mortality than the general population of high 2-fold, but was significantly lower than that in hemodialysis patients. The most likely reason is acceptable from a kidney transplant and dialysis-related hemodynamic abnormalities and abnormal toxins. CVD after renal transplantation is the multiple risk factors, and not only include traditional factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and have a decline in GFR of the non-traditional factors such as hyperhomocysteinemia, as well as immune suppression and exclusion. of cardiovascular disease in diabetic nephropathy Early diabetic nephropathy is mainly expressed in microalbuminuria, and progression of cardiovascular disease. Although type 1 diabetes patients with normal blood pressure, but was found in 24h at night to monitor the existence of "Nondipping" mode, may lead to microalbuminuria. "Nondipping" is identified the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, microalbuminuria with the diabetic patients are more vulnerable to dyslipidemia, blood glucose and blood pressure difficult to control. The study has confirmed that microalbuminuria with CVD have a clear relationship between the two types of diabetes in both the presence, but because of the age factor in type 2 diabetes in the more significant. Microalbuminuria is now considered that the prognosis of diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease and other factors in the risk of death indicators point of view can be explained as follows: (1) traditional microalbuminuria individual a higher incidence of risk factors; (2) micro - proteinuria can reflect the endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular permeability, abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis system; (3) and inflammatory markers related; (4) are more vulnerable to end-organ damage. Prior studies suggest that the recent high blood pressure and vascular endothelial dysfunction, and therefore these patients may further aggravate the endothelial damage. However, the mechanism is not entirely clear at present that may be related to L-arginine transport by endothelial cells to damage, which led to the cell matrix of the lack of NO synthesis. Non-diabetic renal disease cardiovascular disease We mainly albuminuria and decreased GFR as a sign of chronic kidney disease, proteinuria than at the same time that microalbuminuria is more important, because whether or not there is diabetes, nephrotic syndrome and cardiovascular disease are related to the existence of the abnormal changes, such as serious hyperlipidemia and high blood coagulation status, etc. This explains the importance of reducing proteinuria. At present, we risk groups were divided into 3 groups, has been suffering from CVD, other vascular disease or diabetes as a high-risk groups; with traditional CVD risk factors such as high blood pressure, age, etc., as the crowd in danger; the community known as the low-risk group members 翻译.. 慢性肾病是心血管疾病的危险因素慢性肾病（CKD）是值得广泛关注的公共健康，发病率逐渐上升，同时带来了严重的后果和问题。我们注意到肾衰病人的主要是透析和肾移植，但是很少有学者关注CKD与心血管疾病（CVD）的关系。现已认为CKD也与CVD有关，且比急性进展中的肾功能衰竭更容易死于心血管疾病，CVD是 CKD最常见的死亡原因〔1〕。认识到CKD是CVD的高危因素这一点，是很重要的。只有这样，才有可能进行深入，进而寻求相关的预防和治疗措施，使这些病人获得更大益处。 CKD是指由肾活检或有关的标志物证实的肾功损害＞3个月，或GFR＜60ml/（）＞3个月。一般依据病和病因学分为糖尿病性、非糖尿病性和移植后肾病。肾功能损害可通过肾活检或相关的标志物如蛋白尿、异常尿沉积物、影像学异常等来诊断。蛋白尿不仅可以证明CKD的存在，亦可成为肾病类型诊断的重要依据，并与肾脏疾病的严重程度和心血管疾病的有关。尿白蛋白与肌酐比率或总蛋白与肌酐比率可用于评估蛋白尿。GFR＜60ml/（）作为肾功损害的临界值，该水平GFR往往预示肾衰的开始，其中也包括增加心血管疾病的发生及危险程度。GFR＜15ml/（）则需要透析治疗。 GKD尤其是终末肾病（ESRD）患者，CVD危险明显增加，一般通过血管树来实现的。ESRD与动脉粥样硬化可能互为因果关系，一方面粥样硬化加速肾病进展，另一方面ESRD恶化是许多传统粥样硬化的危险因素〔2〕。一般而言，CVD的基本类型是血管疾病和心肌病，血管疾病的两种亚型是动脉粥样硬化和大血管重塑，而CKD对这两种亚型均有作用。动脉粥样硬化主要以斑块形成和闭塞为主，CKD中动脉粥样硬化发生率很高而且范围更广，弥漫的粥样硬化明显增加心血管疾病死亡率和加速肾功能恶化。动脉粥样硬化可导致动脉壁基质增厚和心肌缺血。在CKD病人中，缺血性心脏病如心绞痛、心梗和猝死，以及脑血管疾病、外周血管疾病和心衰都是比较常见的。最初认为透析病人出现缺血性心脏病可能继发于容易超载、左室肥厚和小动脉病变，导致氧供减少。但是后来的研究发现，在前促红素区域，血红蛋白水平低，说明亦可能与缺血有关。CKD病人大血管重塑发生率亦较高，血管重塑可导致压力超载，通过管壁增厚和管壁与内腔比值增高或者流量超载来实现，但主要以增加的管壁直径和厚度为主。血管重塑常常使动脉顺应性下降，导致收缩压增加、脉压增大、左室肥厚和冠脉灌注减少〔3，4〕。动脉顺应性下降和脉压增大均为透析病人心血管疾病（CVD）的独立危险因素〔5〕。由于透析期间水钠潴留可通过超滤得到治疗，透析病人心衰的诊断比较困难，但血压下降、疲劳、食欲减退等征象，可作为心衰诊断的重要线索；另一方面，水钠潴留更能反映超滤不合适，而不是心衰或心衰合并超滤不恰当。实际上，透析期间超滤不合适的原因之一就是高血压，往往提示心衰。因此，心衰是透析病人预后不良的重要指标，这往往提示病人心血管疾病正在进展。 1 慢性肾病的心血管疾病危险因素 众所周知，患肾脏疾病的病人心血管病死亡率增加，很大程度上归因于肾病所致的高血压、血脂异常和贫血，但可能导致粥样斑块破裂的原因还不是很清楚。轻到中度CKD病人血管事件危险明显增高，而当GFR＜45ml/（）时这种危险更大。近期有关研究认为因 ACEI（如卡托普利等）可降低慢性肾病病人心梗后的危险，如没有明显禁忌证，建议常规〔6〕。而在一般情况下，慢性肾病应用ACEI或ARBs治疗要慎重，既要了解应用的益处，又要考虑到血压、肾功能、血电解质变化和可能的药物间相互作用，如出现肾功能下降、血钾增高等就必须停药〔1〕。 在CKD中把CVD的危险因素分为传统和非传统两种，传统的危险因素主要指用于评估有症状缺血性心脏病的因素，如年龄、糖尿病、收缩性高血压、左室肥厚、低HDL-C等，这些因素与心血管疾病的关系与一般人是一致的。 而界定非传统危险因素需要满足如下条件：（1）促进CVD发展的生物学方面的合理性；（2）危险因素升高与肾病严重程度相关的证据；（3）揭示CKD中CVD与危险因素关系的相关证据；（4）有对照组中危险因素经治疗后CVD降低的证据。目前已确定的非传统危险因素主要有高同型半胱氨酸血症、氧化应激、异常脂血症、与粥样硬化有关的增高的炎症标志物〔7〕。近来研究发现，透析病人氧化应激和炎症标志物水平明显高于一般人群。氧化应激和炎症有可能成为基本的介质，而其他因素如贫血与心肌病有关，钙磷代谢异常与血管重塑和血管顺应性下降有关。 肾衰中心血管疾病 透析病人中CVD死亡率比普通人群高10～30倍，而出现急性心梗和心衰后致死率很高，心梗后1～2年死亡率达59%～73%，明显高于一般人群，而Worcester heart Attack研究发现，有3/4男性和2/3女性糖尿病病人患急性心梗后仍存活2年以上。同时血液透析病人动脉粥样硬化、心衰和左室肥厚发生率异常增高，有接近40%的病人出现缺血性心脏病或心衰。 肾移植后心血管疾病 肾移植病人中有35%～50%因CVD死亡，CVD死亡率比普通人群高2倍，但明显低于血液透析病人。最可能的原因是接受肾移植后免除了与透析有关的血流动力学异常和毒素异常。肾移植后CVD的危险因素是多重的，既包括传统因素如高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、左室肥厚，亦有与GFR 下降有关的非传统因素如高同型半胱氨酸血症以及免疫抑制和排斥。 糖尿病肾病的心血管疾病 糖尿病肾病的早期主要表现为微量白蛋白尿，与心血管疾病进展有关。尽管1型糖尿病病人血压正常，但在24h监测中发现夜间存在 “Nondipping”模式，可能导致微量白蛋白尿。“Nondipping”是已确认的心血管疾病的危险因素，伴有微量白蛋白尿的糖尿病病人也更易出现血脂异常、血糖难以控制和血压升高。有关研究已证实微量白蛋白尿与CVD有明确关系，在两种类型糖尿病中均存在，但由于年龄因素在2型糖尿病中更显著。现已认为微量白蛋白尿是糖尿病病人心血管疾病预后和其他致死因素的危险指标，可通过如下观点来解释：（1）微量白蛋白尿个体传统危险因素发生率更高；（2）微量白蛋白尿能反映内皮功能异常、血管渗透性增加、凝血纤溶系统异常；（3）与炎症标志物有关；（4）更易出现终末器官损害。最近Prior研究认为高血压与血管内皮功能异常有关，因此在这类病人中可能进一步加重内皮损害。但有关机制不完全清楚，目前认为可能与L-精氨酸转运至内皮细胞受到损害有关，进而导致细胞内合成NO的基质缺乏。 非糖尿病性肾病的心血管疾病 我们主要把蛋白尿和GFR下降作为慢性肾病的标志，同时认为蛋白尿比微量白蛋白尿更重要，因为无论是否存在糖尿病，肾病综合征均存在与心血管疾病有关的异常改变，如严重高脂血症和高凝血状态等，这就说明降低蛋白尿具有重要意义。目前我们把危险人群分为3组，已经患CVD、其他血管病或糖尿病作为高危人群；具有CVD传统的易患因素如高血压、年龄等作为中危人群；将社区人员称为低危人群
逐句翻译：体内的荷尔蒙Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. 到20世纪初,神经系统的所有通信被认为控制身体内而产生的集成的行为。Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. 科学家们已证实神经就跑开了,从本质上说,在电脉冲。These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. 这些电脉冲被认为是发动机的思想、情感、运动和内部过程,如消化。However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. 然而,由威廉Bayliss实验和恩尼斯特secretin什么奇怪的化合物,它是产生于小肠当食物进入胃,最终挑战那个观点的。From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. 由小肠,secretin穿过血液循环到达胰腺组织。There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. 在那里,它可以刺激释放消化的化学物质。In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas. 以这种方式,肠道细胞浸润secretin最终调整生产不同的化学物质在不同的器官,胰腺。Sucha coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. 这样一个协调的过程被认为需要控制的神经系统,Bayliss和什么奇怪的事情是会发生的显示,通过化学独自一人。This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.这一发现什么奇怪货币刺激这个术语指的secretin激素,把它从希腊单词确诊时,意思是“冲动”或“启动。” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere. “一个激素是一个组织产生的一种化学物质使事情发生的地方。Asmore hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. 随着越来越多的激素被发现后,他们被分类,主要根据过程在身体上做了一次手术。Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. 有些腺体(的内分泌系统)分泌荷尔蒙直接进入血液。Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. 这种腺垂体甲状腺,包括。The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. 系统的进展包括器官和腺体产生的物质,用外血液,主要是为消化。The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system. 胰脏是一个这样的器官,尽管它分泌一些化学物质进入血液,因此也是内分泌系统的一部分。Muchhas been learned about hormones since their discovery. 已经知道了很多关于激素,因为他们的发现。Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. 一些扮演这样的关键角色规范的行为或过程,他们身体缺乏会导致他们立即死亡。The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. 最丰富的荷尔蒙有明显影响,但可以减少紧急更深远的,难以追踪:他们修改的情绪,影响着人类的行为,甚至一些行为我们通常认为是自愿的。Hormonal systems are very intricate. 荷尔蒙系统非常复杂。Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. 即使微量的正确的化学物质可以抑制食欲、沉着冷静的攻击,以及改变态度的父母对一个孩子。Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics. 一种特定的激素加快发展身体、调节生长和形式;另外一些人可能甚至个人的个性特征定义。The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging. 的数量和比例的荷尔蒙随着年龄的变化,所以科学家给大量的研究内分泌系统变化随着时间的推移,希望缓解与衰老有关的疾病。Infact, some hormone therapies are already very common. 事实上,一些激素治疗已经很常见的。A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. 结合雌激素与孕激素都被开了数十年来,女性想要减少情绪波动,突然变化,体温、和其他不适造成的激素水平较低的自然进入中年。Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. 被称为激素替代疗法(HRT)的治疗,防止弱化也被认定的骨头。At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. 至少有一项研究考虑与激素替代治疗心脏病的风险和某些类型的癌症。HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. 激素替代疗法也可能会增加血的可能性,因为他们可以clots-dangerous穿过血液和血液vessels-will块主要形式。Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives. 但在一些激素替代疗法有锻炼了自己的热情,在面对这一新的证据,推荐病人的症状只妨碍其能力过正常生活。Humangrowth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. 人类生长荷尔蒙也会给患者分泌异常是少量的他们自己的。Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. 由于复杂的影响生长激素已经在身体上,这样的治疗通常会限制孩子病理矮小没有它。Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. 生长激素不仅仅影响物理尺寸也消化的食物和衰老的过程。Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits. 研究人员和家庭医生往往会同意,这是个愚蠢的分配它的情况并不明显超过风险得到的好处。可能不太标准~
200分拿论文 除非百度分可以当RMB用并且汇率是1：10
告诉你扣号是1135开头的，中间是452，结尾是139。就等你去体验了。他们能帮你写的。
顶一楼不要把别人的热心帮助当成不劳而获的有效途径哦。
200分拿论文 除非百度分可以当RMB用并且汇率是1：10
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