发布时间：
那些用机器翻译的人会为了这200分帮你翻的， 不过对于有些像我一样手工翻译的人是绝对不会费尽去翻译那10页的东西的。 只能帮你找论文。。。。
Summarized as follows Abstract Objective: To explore the P300 lie detector test for distinguishing between the true identity of income or short-term training effects of false identities to lie detection, and P300 lie detector pairs of subjects were obtained through short-term training for different levels of experience lie detection results; Were tested: the author. Methods: The study was originally sub-nine times without any understanding of a false identity in order to produce different subjects were lying experience, every time after learning P300 lie detector, through the experimental data dealing with the bootstrap method to compare the learning process corresponding to the different experiences of lying P300 amplitude changes. Results: (1) Analysis of the 1st, 5th, 9th Fz and Cz amplitude data, including three tests in three kinds of evoked P300 amplitudes were significantly different; (2) The 1st, 5th, 9th tests to detect target stimuli and irrelevant stimulus and evoked P300 amplitude of the correlation coefficient does not show an increase with the experience of lying increment or decrement rule. Conclusions: (1) P300 lie detector test can be distinguished by the identity or the real short-term training to obtain the false identity of lying; (2) P300 lie detector test can not distinguish be obtained through short-term training experience in different levels of lying. Key words: P300 lie detector bootstrap statistical analysis of the experience seems to lie How it sounds How to eat up How do I smell Feels how
心血管内科的英文是这么写的：cardiovascular medicine;Cardiology。这个写法是比较专业的，而且这样的专业名词是有专业的英文名词来代表的。因此，这个英文单词的写法就是这样写的。心血管病症其实是一种很严重的病症，如果大家得了这样的病，一定要及时治疗，这才是最重要的。
心血管内科是医院中的一个科室，因此，大家如果有类似的病症，一定要及时就医，这才是最重要的。这也是我们大家需要明白的一点。
医学论文英语摘要的写作及难句翻译发表时间：2009-6-12 9:15:21 来源：中国创新医学网推荐[摘要]根据自己在编审医学论文英文摘要工作中的实际经验，总结和归纳在翻译医学论文摘要时应注意的问题及使用的方法、策略，重点论述医学论文英文摘要的写作格式、文章标题的表达方式、语态和时态的使用、长难句翻译等。[关键词]医学论文;英语摘要;写作;翻译为繁荣医学教育，提高医疗水平，传播医学知识，促进同国外的医学交流，推动医学科学的进步，我国目前已出版发行了数百种医学期刊。为了方便论文的检索和查阅，保持同国外医学期刊的一致性，医学论文大多要求书写中、英文摘要。笔者在医学期刊的英文编辑工作中发现，相当一部分摘要的书写不够规范，部分作者在遇到长句及疑难句子时就不知从何下手，有的将检索的外文资料生搬硬抄，同自己的原文完全不对应。笔者特撰写此文，以期对提高广大医务工作者书写英文摘要的水平、提高医学论文的质量有所帮助。1 英文摘要的写作格式医学论文摘要的格式目前主要采用结构式摘要(structured abstract)，它是由加拿大Mc Master大学临床流行病学和生物统计学教授Haynes博士[1]于1990年4月首先提出的。而几乎在同年，美国《内科学纪事》(Annals of Internal Medicine'Ann Intern Med)在国际上率先应用结构式摘要[2]，随之，世界各国的医学期刊都采用了结构式摘要[3]。这些结构式摘要有8段式、7段式、6段式、5段式、4段式及3段式等，内容主要包括研究目的、研究设计、研究单位、研究对象或病人、处理方法、检测方法、结果及结论共8项。而在实际应用中，8段式结构式摘要逐渐简化为4段式。我国大多数医学期刊都采用了4段式结构式摘要，即目的、方法、结果和结论。(1)目的(objective)：简要说明研究的目的，表明研究的范围、内容和重要性，常常涵盖文章的标题内容。(2)方法(methods)：简要说明研究课题的设计思路，使用何种材料和方法，如何对照分组，如何处理数据等。(3)结果(results)：简要介绍研究的主要结果和数据，有何新发现，说明其价值及局限。此外，还要给出结果的置信值，统计学显著性检验的确切值。(4)结论(conclusion)：简要对以上的研究结果进行分析或讨论，并进行总结，给出符合科学规律的结论。为了更好地说明问题，我们来看下例：(1)目的：探讨螺旋CT(SCT)对结、直肠癌术前分期的价值。(2)方法：51例疑诊结、直肠肿瘤的患者行SCT扫描，扫描前清洁肠道，并经直肠注气，扫描范围从膈顶至耻骨联合。51例中，41例经直肠镜或手术病理证实为结、直肠癌，其中31例有手术、SCT等完整资料参与分期研究，将影像诊断与手术病理结果进行对照。(3)结果：SCT总的分期准确率为(18/31)，判断T分期的准确率为(27/32)'N分期的准确率为(19/31)。评价肿瘤浆膜外侵犯的敏感性和特异性分别为和。(4)结论：SCT扫描对结、直肠癌的术前分期有重要价值，有助于判断肿瘤浆膜外侵犯及区域淋巴结和远处转移情况。其对应的英文摘要为：(1)Objective：To evaluate spiral CT (SCT) in the preoperative staging of colorectal carcinomas. (2)Methods：Fifty?one patients suspicious of having colorectal carcinoma underwent spiral CT scans performed from the dome of the diaphragm to symphysis pubica after cleansing enema and rectal air insufflation. 41 of the 51 patients were proved to have colorectal carcinoma by colonoscopy and/or pathology. The findings of SCT of 31 patients treated with surgery were compared with the surgical pathological examination for staging.(3)Results：The overall accuracy rate of SCT staging was (18/31). For evaluation of T staging and N staging'the accuracy rates were (27/32) and (19/31). Sensitivity and specificity for serosal infiltration were and .(4)Conclusion：SCT scan'playing a significant role in the preoperative staging of colorectal carcinoma'is useful to detect the serosal infiltration'lymph node and distant metastasis.上述摘要中英文对应准确，叙述简练，基本上概括了全文的主要内容，便于专家和编辑的审稿和校对，也便于医务工作者以及普通读者的查阅和检索。2 英文摘要写作与翻译应注意的问题众所周知，任何英文书面材料只有用英文思维、构思、写作，才可能成为比较地道的英文文章，医学论文摘要也是这样，最好直接用英文书写。然而笔者在实际工作中以及同论文作者的交流中了解到，80%以上的医务工作者不能做到这一点。他们基本上要首先写出中文摘要，再按照中文内容翻译成英文。在写作和翻译的过程中，他们不可避免地都会犯下一些错误。下面将重点讨论摘要写作与翻译中应注意的问题。 文章标题文章标题具备信息功能(提供文章的主要内容)、祈使功能(吸引读者阅读和购买)、美感功能(简单明了、新颖、醒目)和检索功能(方便读者和科技工作者检索、查阅及引用)。医学论文的标题还有它自己的特点，即有较多的专业术语和较长的字数。对于它们的翻译，要忠实于原文，一般都采用直译方法，并且要注意各成分之间的关系[3]。请看下例：“针刺对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响”翻译：The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris分析：“影响”为中心词，但它在本文中的意思为“疗效”，因为“针刺”是种治疗疾病的方法，“针刺的疗效”可译为“acupuncture effect”。“左心功能状态”是表类属的定语，应紧跟“影响”，“患者”修饰“左心功能状态”，“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词连接，译文简洁而明晰。 语态在英语中，被动语态的使用远不及主动语态广泛。然而，在翻译医学论文摘要时，却常常采用第三人称的被动语态。这是因为医学研究着重于客观事物和过程的描述，使得整项活动更显出科学性。同时，被动语态的句子在结构上有较大的调节余地，有利于采用必要的修辞手段，扩大句子的信息量，从而突出重要的概念、问题、事实、结论等内容[4]。请看下例：“采用Western blotting技术检测37例食管鳞状细胞癌组织、癌旁组织、区域淋巴结和相应正常食管组织中P73蛋白的表达，并探讨与食管临床病理特征的关系。”翻译：The expression of P73 protein was detected by Western blotting in 37 cases of esophageal tumor tissues'para?cancer tissues'regional lymphnodes and matched esophageal normal tissues'and their relation to clinical pathologic characteristics of esophageal cancer was explored.分析：(P73蛋白的)“表达”和“关系”是两个中心词，只有使用被动语态，才能突出这两个词。“检测”和“探讨”都是科学研究的过程，使用被动语态就是强调其科学性。整个译句使用被动语态达到的效果是结构紧凑，上下联贯。 时态时态是大多数作者遇到的一大难题，他们不知何时该用何种时态。有时全文从头到尾只用一种时态，或几种时态杂乱交错，给人不知所云的感觉。笔者通过多年对医学论文英文摘要的加工、翻译发现'医学论文摘要中所采用的时态主要是一般现在时和一般过去时，偶尔也会出现完成时。而它们的功能也很明确，即，一般现在时(偶尔有现在完成时)使用于摘要的目的与结论当中。对于摘要的目的，现在常常省略主语，只用不定式短语进行表达。如“to study; to evaluate; to understand”等;而一般过去时(偶尔有过去完成时)则常常用于摘要的方法和结果之中。请看下例：例1：“106例宫颈癌均行广泛性子宫切除和盆腔淋巴结清除术，其中78例行术前放疗(体外加腔内放疗)，16例采用腔内放疗加手术，12例术后放疗。”翻译：106 patients with cervical carcinoma were all treated by radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy'of whom 78 had preoperative radiotherapy'(external radiation and brachytherapy)'16 combination of brachytherapy and radical operation'12 adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy.分析：上文是摘要“方法”中的一句。主句使用了过去时，从句则使用了过去完成时。之所以使用这两种时态，是因为在撰写此文时，研究工作已经结束，研究过程中所做的一切已成过去。读者阅过就一目了然。例2：“初步结果显示肝素酶基因表达可能为肺癌细胞获得转移活性的可靠标志之一，其检测可用于辅助判断肺癌患者预后。”翻译：The preliminary results suggest that the expression of heparanase gene may be one of the reliable markers for the metastastic activity gained by the lung cancer cells and can be used clinically in predicting the prognosis of patients.分析：这是摘要“结论”中的一句，是论文作者对研究工作进行的总结，并指出其对当前实际工作的指导意义，因此使用的是一般现在时。当然，使用何种时态不能一概而论。在翻译时，要根据原文中所要表达的意思来最后确定。3 长、难句的翻译不管是英语还是汉语医学文章，都有一个共同的特点，即它们的句子通常较长，结构较复杂，有时，长长的一段文字仅由一句话组成。在医学论文摘要中更是如此，要做好它们的互译还真不容易。这是因为汉语句子建构在意念主轴(thought?pivot)上'英语句子建构在形式(或主谓)主轴(form?pivot or subject?predict?pivot)上[4]。也就是说，虽然句子是表达完整意义的语言单位，汉语强调的是意义，不太强调句子结构，许多句子没有主语，还有的句子主语不明显，但意义是明确的;而英语句子特别强调句子结构，绝大多数句子需要主语和谓语。这就要求在汉译英过程中注意句意的转换，学会抓找中心词和使用英语中的各个关联词。请看下列例子：例1：“以BPDE诱导恶性转化的人支气管上皮细胞株16HBE为模型，采用cDNA代表性差异分析方法，比较转化细胞及正常对照细胞间基因表达的差异，分离恶变细胞中差异表达的cDNA片段。”翻译：The malignant transformation of human bronchial cell line 16HBE induced by BPDE was used as a model for comparing gene expression between the transformed cells and controls. cDNA representational difference analysis was performed to isolate differentially expressed cDNA fragment in transformed cells.分析：在中文原句中，出现了“以……”、“采用……”以及“比较……”、“分离……”这两个看似并列的机构'如果按照原文翻译'就会不知所云。因此，根据句意和英语的句子结构，将原文分成两层意思，按照两个句子去翻译。在第一层意思中，“上皮细胞株”在句中是中心词，但在实际翻译中，应通过所有格形式将“恶性转化”处理为中心词。翻译时，将它们的位置颠倒过来，并且为了保持和中文“以…”结构相一致，使用了被动语态。第二层意思中，“cDNA代表性差异分析方法”是中心词。其他结构按照英文习惯出现，层次分明，出落自然，毫无累赘之感。例2：“这些感受器是神经末梢，它们嵌入血管壁，根据该血管扩张的程度发出冲动。”翻译：These receptors are nerve endings that discharge impulses according to the extent of stretch in the wall of the vessels in which they are imbedded.分析：原文虽然不是太长'但如果按照中文结构去译'就显得很幼稚。因此'就应使用英语中的各个关联词及关联结构。本句中采用的是定语分译法'即用一个主句带上一个定语从句'该定语从句又带上它自己的定语从句'这不仅符合英文习惯'而且逻辑性很强。整个译文层次明晰、流畅自然。以上是笔者在工作中的一些探索'希望能对进行医学论文英语摘要写作的医务工作者有所启发。[参考文献][1]HAYNES R informative abstracts revisited[J].Am Intern Med'1990'113:6976.[2]PENROSE A M'KATZ S B. Writing in the Sciences [M]. New York：St. Martin?s Inc.'1998:123125.[3]PICKETT N A'LASTER A A. Technical English [M]. New York：Harper Collins Publishers'1996:6568.[4]陈宏薇. 新实用汉译英教程[M] 武汉：湖北教育出版社'1996:102105.
心内科的英文是cardiology。
内科学basis of internal medicine; medical jaundice; molecular medicine
内科病internal disease
内科病房internal medicine ward; medical ward
The leading subjects of medicine at the provincial level.
心内科烧伤科儿科心理学。
The construction of network education in cardiology teaching.
心内科教学中的网络教育探讨。
A heart doctor with the foundation will be one of the lead investigators.
基金会的一位心内科医生将担任考察的负责人之一。
心内科常见疾病：
心内科，即心血管内科，是各级医院大内科为了诊疗心血管血管疾病而设置的一个临床科室。
1、高血压：成年人中患病率27%，＞65岁老年人高血压患病率达50%。高血压分为原发性高血压、继发性高血压。出现血压升高应该及时到心内科就诊，明确病因；
2、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病：包括心绞痛、心肌梗死，属于心内科常见疾病；
3、血管病变：如周围血管病变；
4、心律失常：包括缓慢性心律失常、快速性心律失常。缓慢性心律失常包括窦性心动过缓、房室传导阻滞、窦性停搏等。快速心律失常包括房性心动过速、室性心动过速、心房颤动等；
5、心脏瓣膜病、心肌病变：包括扩张型心肌病、肥厚型心肌病、限制型心肌病；
6、心内膜炎、心肌炎等。
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Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseaseChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread concern of public health, the incidence increased gradually, at the same time brought about serious consequences and problems. We note that the patient's renal failure is dialysis and kidney transplantation, but few scholars concerned about CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) relationship. Now that CKD with CVD-related, and progress than acute renal failure more likely die of cardiovascular disease, CVD is the most common CKD the cause of death [1]. Recognized that CKD is a risk factor for CVD that is very important. Only in this way will it be possible to conduct an in-depth, and then search for the prevention and treatment of related measures to ensure greater benefits for these patients. CKD is defined as biopsy or the markers of renal damage confirmed> 3 months, or GFR <60ml / ()> 3 months. Cause of disease and the general based on credits for the diabetic and non-diabetic renal disease and transplantation. Renal dysfunction by renal biopsy or related markers such as proteinuria, abnormal urinary sediment, abnormal imaging to diagnose and so on. Proteinuria is not only to prove the existence of CKD, renal disease may also become an important basis for the type of diagnosis and the severity of kidney disease and cardiovascular disease-related. Urinary albumin and creatinine ratio or total protein and creatinine ratio can be used to assess proteinuria. GFR <60ml / () renal damage as a critical value, which indicates the level of GFR is often the beginning of renal failure, including increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and the degree of risk. GFR <15ml / () will need dialysis treatment. GKD especially terminal kidney disease (ESRD) patients, CVD risk of a marked increase in general through the vascular tree to achieve. ESRD with atherosclerosis may be a causal relationship to each other, on the one hand, accelerated atherosclerosis in kidney disease progress, on the other hand, ESRD is the deterioration of many of the traditional atherosclerotic risk factors [2]. In general, CVD is the basic types of vascular disease and cardiomyopathy, the two subtypes of vascular disease is atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling, and CKD are the role of these two subtypes. Atherosclerotic plaque formation and the main obstruction in the main, CKD in atherosclerosis and the high incidence of a much wider range of diffuse atherosclerosis in a marked increase in cardiovascular disease mortality and accelerated deterioration of renal function. Atherosclerosis can lead to arterial wall thickening and myocardial ischemia matrix. In CKD patients, ischemic heart disease such as angina, myocardial infarction and sudden death, and cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease and heart failure are more common. Initially that the dialysis patients may be secondary to ischemic heart disease in easy to overload, left ventricular hypertrophy and small artery disease, resulting in reduced oxygen supply. However, studies have found that EPO in the former region, the low level of hemoglobin that also may be associated with ischemia-related. CKD patients the incidence of major vascular remodeling is higher, can lead to vascular remodeling in pressure overload, through the wall and the cavity wall thickening and increased the ratio of traffic overload, or to achieve, but mainly to increase the diameter and the wall thickness of main. Vascular remodeling in arterial compliance often dropped, resulting in increased systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure increased, left ventricular hypertrophy and reduced coronary perfusion [3,4]. Decreased arterial compliance and increased pulse pressure in dialysis patients are cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors independent [5].水钠潴留period as a result of dialysis treatment by ultrafiltration, dialysis patients with the diagnosis of heart failure more difficult, but the decline in blood pressure, fatigue, loss of appetite and other signs of heart failure diagnosis can be used as an important clue; On the other hand, more水钠潴留inappropriate to reflect the ultrafiltration rather than heart failure or heart failure combined ultrafiltration inappropriate. In fact, during dialysis ultrafiltration is inappropriate for one of the reasons why high blood pressure, heart failure often prompts. Therefore, dialysis patients with heart failure is an important indicator of poor prognosis, which often prompts the patient is in progress of cardiovascular disease. 1 chronic kidney disease risk factors of cardiovascular disease Is well known that patients suffering from kidney disease increase in cardiovascular disease mortality, largely attributable to high blood pressure caused by kidney disease, dyslipidemia, and anemia, but may lead to the causes of plaque rupture is not clear. Light to moderate CKD patients significantly increased the risk of vascular events, and when GFR <45ml / () at the risk greater. Recent studies suggest that due to ACEI (such as captopril, etc.) can reduce chronic kidney disease patients after myocardial infarction risk, if there is no clear contraindication, it is recommended conventional [6]. In normal circumstances, the application of chronic kidney disease treatment of ACEI or ARBs should be careful, it is necessary to understand the benefits of the application, but also take into account blood pressure, renal function, blood electrolyte changes, and possible interactions between drugs, such as the decline in renal function occur, increased serum potassium, etc. must be stopped [1]. In CKD in CVD risk factors to be divided into two types of traditional and non-traditional, traditional risk factors are the main means used to assess symptoms of ischemic heart disease factors such as age, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and low HDL - C and so on, these factors and the relationship between cardiovascular disease and most people are the same. And define the non-traditional risk factors need to meet the following conditions: (1) to promote the development of CVD rationality biology; (2) the risk factors increased with the severity of kidney disease-related evidence; (3) reveals the CKD and the risk of CVD factors relevant evidence; (4) risk factors in the control group after treatment to reduce CVD evidence. Has been identified in non-traditional risk factors are mainly Hyperhomocysteinemia, oxidative stress, abnormal lipid levels, and atherosclerosis-related increase in markers of inflammation [7]. Recent study found that dialysis patients with oxidative stress and inflammatory markers significantly higher than the general population. Oxidative stress and inflammation may become the basic medium, while other factors such as anemia and cardiac disease, and calcium and phosphorus metabolic abnormalities and vascular remodeling and a decline in vascular compliance. Failure cardiovascular disease CVD mortality in dialysis patients than the general population 10 to 30 times, and the emergence of heart failure after acute myocardial infarction and high mortality rates, myocardial infarction within 1 to 2 years up to 59% mortality ~ 73%, significantly higher than the general crowd, and the Worcester heart Attack Study found that 3 / 4 males and 2 / 3 of women suffering from acute myocardial infarction in diabetic patients still alive after 2 years. At the same time hemodialysis patients atherosclerosis, heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy abnormally high incidence of nearly 40% of the patients of ischemic heart disease or heart failure. Cardiovascular disease after renal transplantation Renal transplant patients, 35% ~ 50% of CVD death, CVD mortality than the general population of high 2-fold, but was significantly lower than that in hemodialysis patients. The most likely reason is acceptable from a kidney transplant and dialysis-related hemodynamic abnormalities and abnormal toxins. CVD after renal transplantation is the multiple risk factors, and not only include traditional factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and have a decline in GFR of the non-traditional factors such as hyperhomocysteinemia, as well as immune suppression and exclusion. of cardiovascular disease in diabetic nephropathy Early diabetic nephropathy is mainly expressed in microalbuminuria, and progression of cardiovascular disease. Although type 1 diabetes patients with normal blood pressure, but was found in 24h at night to monitor the existence of "Nondipping" mode, may lead to microalbuminuria. "Nondipping" is identified the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, microalbuminuria with the diabetic patients are more vulnerable to dyslipidemia, blood glucose and blood pressure difficult to control. The study has confirmed that microalbuminuria with CVD have a clear relationship between the two types of diabetes in both the presence, but because of the age factor in type 2 diabetes in the more significant. Microalbuminuria is now considered that the prognosis of diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease and other factors in the risk of death indicators point of view can be explained as follows: (1) traditional microalbuminuria individual a higher incidence of risk factors; (2) micro - proteinuria can reflect the endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular permeability, abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis system; (3) and inflammatory markers related; (4) are more vulnerable to end-organ damage. Prior studies suggest that the recent high blood pressure and vascular endothelial dysfunction, and therefore these patients may further aggravate the endothelial damage. However, the mechanism is not entirely clear at present that may be related to L-arginine transport by endothelial cells to damage, which led to the cell matrix of the lack of NO synthesis. Non-diabetic renal disease cardiovascular disease We mainly albuminuria and decreased GFR as a sign of chronic kidney disease, proteinuria than at the same time that microalbuminuria is more important, because whether or not there is diabetes, nephrotic syndrome and cardiovascular disease are related to the existence of the abnormal changes, such as serious hyperlipidemia and high blood coagulation status, etc. This explains the importance of reducing proteinuria. At present, we risk groups were divided into 3 groups, has been suffering from CVD, other vascular disease or diabetes as a high-risk groups; with traditional CVD risk factors such as high blood pressure, age, etc., as the crowd in danger; the community known as the low-risk group members 翻译.. 慢性肾病是心血管疾病的危险因素慢性肾病（CKD）是值得广泛关注的公共健康，发病率逐渐上升，同时带来了严重的后果和问题。我们注意到肾衰病人的主要是透析和肾移植，但是很少有学者关注CKD与心血管疾病（CVD）的关系。现已认为CKD也与CVD有关，且比急性进展中的肾功能衰竭更容易死于心血管疾病，CVD是 CKD最常见的死亡原因〔1〕。认识到CKD是CVD的高危因素这一点，是很重要的。只有这样，才有可能进行深入，进而寻求相关的预防和治疗措施，使这些病人获得更大益处。 CKD是指由肾活检或有关的标志物证实的肾功损害＞3个月，或GFR＜60ml/（）＞3个月。一般依据病和病因学分为糖尿病性、非糖尿病性和移植后肾病。肾功能损害可通过肾活检或相关的标志物如蛋白尿、异常尿沉积物、影像学异常等来诊断。蛋白尿不仅可以证明CKD的存在，亦可成为肾病类型诊断的重要依据，并与肾脏疾病的严重程度和心血管疾病的有关。尿白蛋白与肌酐比率或总蛋白与肌酐比率可用于评估蛋白尿。GFR＜60ml/（）作为肾功损害的临界值，该水平GFR往往预示肾衰的开始，其中也包括增加心血管疾病的发生及危险程度。GFR＜15ml/（）则需要透析治疗。 GKD尤其是终末肾病（ESRD）患者，CVD危险明显增加，一般通过血管树来实现的。ESRD与动脉粥样硬化可能互为因果关系，一方面粥样硬化加速肾病进展，另一方面ESRD恶化是许多传统粥样硬化的危险因素〔2〕。一般而言，CVD的基本类型是血管疾病和心肌病，血管疾病的两种亚型是动脉粥样硬化和大血管重塑，而CKD对这两种亚型均有作用。动脉粥样硬化主要以斑块形成和闭塞为主，CKD中动脉粥样硬化发生率很高而且范围更广，弥漫的粥样硬化明显增加心血管疾病死亡率和加速肾功能恶化。动脉粥样硬化可导致动脉壁基质增厚和心肌缺血。在CKD病人中，缺血性心脏病如心绞痛、心梗和猝死，以及脑血管疾病、外周血管疾病和心衰都是比较常见的。最初认为透析病人出现缺血性心脏病可能继发于容易超载、左室肥厚和小动脉病变，导致氧供减少。但是后来的研究发现，在前促红素区域，血红蛋白水平低，说明亦可能与缺血有关。CKD病人大血管重塑发生率亦较高，血管重塑可导致压力超载，通过管壁增厚和管壁与内腔比值增高或者流量超载来实现，但主要以增加的管壁直径和厚度为主。血管重塑常常使动脉顺应性下降，导致收缩压增加、脉压增大、左室肥厚和冠脉灌注减少〔3，4〕。动脉顺应性下降和脉压增大均为透析病人心血管疾病（CVD）的独立危险因素〔5〕。由于透析期间水钠潴留可通过超滤得到治疗，透析病人心衰的诊断比较困难，但血压下降、疲劳、食欲减退等征象，可作为心衰诊断的重要线索；另一方面，水钠潴留更能反映超滤不合适，而不是心衰或心衰合并超滤不恰当。实际上，透析期间超滤不合适的原因之一就是高血压，往往提示心衰。因此，心衰是透析病人预后不良的重要指标，这往往提示病人心血管疾病正在进展。 1 慢性肾病的心血管疾病危险因素 众所周知，患肾脏疾病的病人心血管病死亡率增加，很大程度上归因于肾病所致的高血压、血脂异常和贫血，但可能导致粥样斑块破裂的原因还不是很清楚。轻到中度CKD病人血管事件危险明显增高，而当GFR＜45ml/（）时这种危险更大。近期有关研究认为因 ACEI（如卡托普利等）可降低慢性肾病病人心梗后的危险，如没有明显禁忌证，建议常规〔6〕。而在一般情况下，慢性肾病应用ACEI或ARBs治疗要慎重，既要了解应用的益处，又要考虑到血压、肾功能、血电解质变化和可能的药物间相互作用，如出现肾功能下降、血钾增高等就必须停药〔1〕。 在CKD中把CVD的危险因素分为传统和非传统两种，传统的危险因素主要指用于评估有症状缺血性心脏病的因素，如年龄、糖尿病、收缩性高血压、左室肥厚、低HDL-C等，这些因素与心血管疾病的关系与一般人是一致的。 而界定非传统危险因素需要满足如下条件：（1）促进CVD发展的生物学方面的合理性；（2）危险因素升高与肾病严重程度相关的证据；（3）揭示CKD中CVD与危险因素关系的相关证据；（4）有对照组中危险因素经治疗后CVD降低的证据。目前已确定的非传统危险因素主要有高同型半胱氨酸血症、氧化应激、异常脂血症、与粥样硬化有关的增高的炎症标志物〔7〕。近来研究发现，透析病人氧化应激和炎症标志物水平明显高于一般人群。氧化应激和炎症有可能成为基本的介质，而其他因素如贫血与心肌病有关，钙磷代谢异常与血管重塑和血管顺应性下降有关。 肾衰中心血管疾病 透析病人中CVD死亡率比普通人群高10～30倍，而出现急性心梗和心衰后致死率很高，心梗后1～2年死亡率达59%～73%，明显高于一般人群，而Worcester heart Attack研究发现，有3/4男性和2/3女性糖尿病病人患急性心梗后仍存活2年以上。同时血液透析病人动脉粥样硬化、心衰和左室肥厚发生率异常增高，有接近40%的病人出现缺血性心脏病或心衰。 肾移植后心血管疾病 肾移植病人中有35%～50%因CVD死亡，CVD死亡率比普通人群高2倍，但明显低于血液透析病人。最可能的原因是接受肾移植后免除了与透析有关的血流动力学异常和毒素异常。肾移植后CVD的危险因素是多重的，既包括传统因素如高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、左室肥厚，亦有与GFR 下降有关的非传统因素如高同型半胱氨酸血症以及免疫抑制和排斥。 糖尿病肾病的心血管疾病 糖尿病肾病的早期主要表现为微量白蛋白尿，与心血管疾病进展有关。尽管1型糖尿病病人血压正常，但在24h监测中发现夜间存在 “Nondipping”模式，可能导致微量白蛋白尿。“Nondipping”是已确认的心血管疾病的危险因素，伴有微量白蛋白尿的糖尿病病人也更易出现血脂异常、血糖难以控制和血压升高。有关研究已证实微量白蛋白尿与CVD有明确关系，在两种类型糖尿病中均存在，但由于年龄因素在2型糖尿病中更显著。现已认为微量白蛋白尿是糖尿病病人心血管疾病预后和其他致死因素的危险指标，可通过如下观点来解释：（1）微量白蛋白尿个体传统危险因素发生率更高；（2）微量白蛋白尿能反映内皮功能异常、血管渗透性增加、凝血纤溶系统异常；（3）与炎症标志物有关；（4）更易出现终末器官损害。最近Prior研究认为高血压与血管内皮功能异常有关，因此在这类病人中可能进一步加重内皮损害。但有关机制不完全清楚，目前认为可能与L-精氨酸转运至内皮细胞受到损害有关，进而导致细胞内合成NO的基质缺乏。 非糖尿病性肾病的心血管疾病 我们主要把蛋白尿和GFR下降作为慢性肾病的标志，同时认为蛋白尿比微量白蛋白尿更重要，因为无论是否存在糖尿病，肾病综合征均存在与心血管疾病有关的异常改变，如严重高脂血症和高凝血状态等，这就说明降低蛋白尿具有重要意义。目前我们把危险人群分为3组，已经患CVD、其他血管病或糖尿病作为高危人群；具有CVD传统的易患因素如高血压、年龄等作为中危人群；将社区人员称为低危人群
你好!Inthispaper,.
楼上的大多都是网络翻译过来的。语法都不正确！此论文涉及到专有名词，只有请你的同行高手翻译了。我用软件翻译了一下，效果一样很糟。我们是在无能为力！Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have become a high incidence, Xuesaitong injection in a hospital clinical treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases one of the main drugs. Xuesaitong major components for the PNS, with Huoxue casual addiction, Tongmai active effectiveness. Pharmacological studies confirm that the goods have increased coronary blood flow, the expansion of blood vessels, lowering blood pressure, reducing myocardial oxygen consumption, inhibiting platelet aggregation, lower blood viscosity role. For cerebral vascular diseases, including acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease, cerebral vascular hemorrhage after-effects, paralysis and diseases such as retinal vein occlusion treatment. Through research Xuesaitong injection of pharmacological properties, clinical applications, adverse reactions and control measures, in order Xuesaitong injection provide a basis for rational drug use for clinical drug safety guarantee.
肾内科 nephrology department肾内科医生： néphrologue；nephrologue例句吴开木：主任医师，教授，著名内分泌、肾内科专家，血液净化肾移植中心主任。Wu Binghuang: Famous expert of acupuncture in our country, former dean, professor, professor of treatment of the Acupuncture &Massage Department of Fujian college of traditional Chinese medicine.首先，在我刚接触肾内科的时候，就对它很感兴趣。俗话说，兴趣是第一任老师。First of all, when I first came into Nephrology at the time, I became interested in it right away.昨日，武汉市中医院肾内科医生王建华提醒说，服用过问题奶粉的宝宝可以试试中药促进排尿。Yesterday, the Chinese medicine hospital in Wuhan renal physician Wang Jianhua said that the issue had taken the baby milk powder can try traditional Chinese medicine to promote urination.
The heart cerebrovascular disease has become the high morbidity, the thrombosis passes the inoculation fluid is one of hospital clinical care heart cerebrovascular disease's main medications. The thrombosis passes the principal constituent is 37 total soap glucoside, has invigorates the blood to disperse the hobby, promotes blood circulation the detachable effect. The pharmacology research confirmed that this has the enhancement crown arteries blood stream quantity, the expansion blood vessel, to reduce the arterial blood pressure, to reduce the cardiac muscle oxygen consumption capacity, to suppress the blood platelet accumulation, to reduce the blood viscosity function. Uses in the cerebrovascular disease including the acute anemic cerebrovascular disease, the blood vessel of brain hemorrhage sequela, the paralysis and disease's and so on retina the vein blocking treatments. passes the inoculation fluid through the research thrombosis the pharmacology property, the clinical practice, aspects and so on untoward effect and prevention measure, pass the inoculation fluid for the thrombosis the reasonable medication to provide the basis, provides the guarantee safely for the clinical medication. key word: The thrombosis passes the inoculation fluid, clinical practice, untoward effect, prevention measure
Department of nephrology
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而答辩就是一群老师（答辩组）对你进行的评价，说白了论文不仅要过指导老师这一关，更重要的是过答辩组的这一关。找北京译顶科技，性价比高，我就是在那边做的。 终身满意。
翻译：...have published some papers in the journal【详释】在期刊上：in the journal，地点状语放在句尾发表了：have published，谓语动词，根据语境用了现在进行时论文：（some） papers，宾语，英语语言习惯加上some，也可以用a paper表示单一的论文。
对于不少医学工作者来说，发表医学论文其中一个难题就是翻译。由于英文水平的不足，医学工作者在翻译过程中常常遇到困境。今天我们就来谈谈医学论文翻译技巧，希望对各位同学有所启发。 一、时态问题 1、表达目的所用的时态 在医学论文中，“目的”通常指进行某项研究的原因、意图，即表明研究的目标。由于研究目标的制定通常在着手开始研究之前，故可使用过去时态；但是，在论文写作中，也通常使用一般现在时来表达目的，以表达研究目的是合理的、可重复等意义。 2、表达方法和结果所用的时态 在研究性论文中，在描述所使用的实验方法、技术时通常使用过去时，以表达相关的实验方法步骤发生在过去；对结果的报道也使用过去时，以表示已经得出了结果。 3、表达结论所用的时态 医学论文的结论部分为作者表达观点、意见，以及对研究进行总结的地方，常用时态为一般现在时，以表示研究结果的客观性，如果用一般过去时，则表示这一结论仅仅适用于该研究过程中特定的情况，不具有普遍性。 二、词首字母大小写问题 关于地名和地理学术语如何正确大写的问题。因为中文不牵涉大写问题，所以中文母语的作者可能会有点迷惑。其实大写问题对于英语母语的作者而言也不太容易理顺。 三、标点符号问题 由于语言习惯影响，不少医学工作者会错误的使用英文标点符号，导致医学论文出现语言问题。下面我们列举几个英文标点符号常见的错误。 1.顿号使用错误 由于英文中没有顿号，但有些作者由于习惯影响，会在句子中使用顿号，如错误例子：The five concentrations of nitrogen in our study were 1、5、10、50、100 mg/L,respectively. 该句作者使用顿号隔开数字，应改为逗号，在英文学术论文写作中，无论是多个并行的数字、单词和短语都是用逗号来分隔。 2.书名号使用错误 对于书名、刊物名、影片、文章名在中文表达中使用书名号无可厚非，但用英文标点符号时可就注意了，如错误例子： In the book 《Pipeline Risk Management Manual》, the authorMuhlbauer W Kenr (.) grouped pipeline risk into 4 classes. 该作者错误的将句子中的书名使用了中文的标点符号，由于英文标点符号没有书名号，所以通常使用斜体字来表示，有时也可用引号、全部大写或在书刊名下划线来表示。 3.方括号和圆括号使用错误 方括号与圆括号并用时，容易产生错误，首先举一个错误的例子：[That was the colour (blue) she preferred] ，事实上在方括号和圆括号并用时，英文句子的使用方式与中文恰恰相反，即圆括号在内外，方括号在内，因此上句应改为： ( That was the colour [blue] she preferred. )
学术堂整理了医学硕士论文的写作心得，希望对大家日后的写作有所帮助。撰写医学硕士论文过程中，除了预备充沛的原始材料与数据外，领会熟悉撰写过程中的一些技巧与要求，对于写作势必会去的事半功倍的结果，下面将从医学论文撰写的标题问题的选择，内容要求，还有格局形成这三面来详细阐述怎么写好一篇规范完整的医学硕士论文。一、医学论文标题问题的选择1、 医学论文的命题医学论文标题问题应是文章内容的集中归纳综合。作者写论文，一是科技经验，二是为晋升需要。所以，要求命题既能归纳综合全文内容，又能惹人瞩目，便于回忆和援用，做到得当、切当、简短、明显，起到一种画龙点睛的感化，以惹起读(编)者的留意与乐趣。文题应与文章内容相符，一忌泛，二忌繁，同时还应具备可检索性、专指性、消息性，需要时可加副题，要给人一种“非看一下不成”的魅力。2、摘要与环节词摘如果注释的高度浓缩，是医学论文内容不加正文的评论和简短陈述。便于读(编)者领会全文的要点，便于做文摘和检索。因而，摘要应力图简明简要，字数一般为200字摆布，摘要能够利用，不外简亦不外繁，不要一般的套套空活，但也不要照搬图表、公式，不成用非沿用编写符号。有的期刊要求列出环节词，即选出3-5个代表论文次要内容的单词或术语，另起一行列于摘要后。医学论文环节词的选用应尽可能的用《医学主题词表》中的术语。、综述、病案会商、误诊教训、临床报道能够晦气用。3、医学论文的签名医学论文签名要用真名(学术论文)而不消笔名，并写明工作单元和邮政编码，以便联系和供读者征询。本刊编排挨次为工作单元、邮政编码，尔后是作者。集体创作应在文末署上执笔人或拾掇者的姓名，以明义务，便于覆按。签名不成过多，应本实在事求是的准绳，必需加入全数或部门次要工作，或加入本文章撰写，对文章内容担任并能进行答辨的人。二、医学论文的内容要求医学论文写作多是有感而发，多是本人切身履历的熟悉工作。如何写医学论文呢?根基要求应是客观地、实在地反映事物的素质，反映事物内部的纪律性。要完成如许一项工作，就必需以庄重的立场、科学的方式、严谨的学风去当真看待。医学论文虽然都源于临床，但决不是临床工作的平铺直叙，应是从中取其精髓，内容必需有材料、有概念、有判断、有概念，合乎逻辑，顺理成章，且材料确实(经得起考据)、概念明白、判断得当，概念准确，不含水分。即应具有适用性、科学性、先辈性(独创性)、可读性等内容。1、科学性、实在性从医学论文的命题起就必然要合适科学性的准绳。取材靠得住、客观实在，有打算、有设想、有对照，并通过计较，对象选择、分组处置，评定应是双盲、随机、客观。如许的成果无力，科学性强。因而，从选题、设想、察看研究到结论，每一步都要有庄重的立场、严酷的要乞降严密的方式。选题要有足够的科学根据，设想要有充实的靠得住性、可比性和需要的随机性，察看研究要实在、精确和全面，强调推理的逻辑性和结论的严谨性。成果应忠于现实和原始材料，会商的内容不夸张、不失实。即数据精确、引文精确、用词精确，内容概念准确无误。避免概念不清、论据不足、言行一致、条理不合理、概念不明白。不肆意选择，不摒弃偶尔现象。2、适用性科学成长敏捷，学问不竭更新。临床医学文要做到为医学科学的成长堆集材料，又要指点临床实践，就得亲近凝视消息，才能使医学论文兼具适用性和先辈性。医学是一门使用科学，除了少量纯理论研究，绝大大都医学论文应连系临床、防止的现实，也便是对临床工作有无现实的指点感化，现实指点感化越好，适用性越强，价值越大。3、可读性言不在多，而在于精。文字表达精确、精练、通畅，论点明显、论据充沛、逻辑性强、术语规范、格局合适、结论靠得住贴题，并有必然的活泼性，使读(编)者以起码的精神，获得最多的收成，且爱不释手。4、新鲜性、先辈性(也称立异性)科学的生命在于立异，没有创培养没有成长，一篇医学论文要有新意，有新内容、新概念、新方式、新经验等等。如许对别人(阅读者)才会有所，有所收成。所以要求论着的学术内容有别于过去已颁发过的文献，应有所独创、有所发觉或发现。“创”，多指前人没做过或没颁发过的，即“有所发觉，有所发现，有所缔造，有所前进”。凡达到国际程度、国内初创，即合适缔造性。“新”，指非公知公用，非仿照抄袭。若是是仿照和反复已有的，要仿中有创，推陈出新，即从新的角度阐明新的问题(如老药新用、古方今用)。有程度的医学论文必需是先辈的经验或有新的看法。如许的论文投寄后被采用的机遇就大的多。三、医学论文的格局形成1、医学论文的注释医学论文由媒介(引言)、临床材料(材料与方式)、成果、会商等构成。各部门应妥帖放置，即明白分工，避免反复，又互相共同，防止脱漏。注释内的小题目条理分派国内各刊利用纷歧，本刊要求为1,、、(1)、①，能够跳档利用。本刊注释亦次要分为媒介、临床材料(材料与方式)、成果、会商等四个条理，也即为四个段式的格局。相当一部门医学论文都有参考文献，其附在全文竣事后，挨次应以右上角码的形式标注在文内相印处(即援用文献处)。2、引言(媒介)是医学论文开篇的一段短文，次要引见本文的布景、理论根据、论文的范畴目标与工作的收成、成果、意义等。可按照论文的需要或长或短。要求言简意赅，点明主题。3、临床材料(材料与方式)是论着的次要内容，包罗尝试对象、器具、采用什么方式、几多病例(男几多、女几多)、若何分组、诊断手断、根据、医治方式(用药)、疗效尺度、察看及随访时间等等。应申明材料来历的时限、春秋、性别、职业的可比性。因而，描述材料和方式以使读者能进行反复为度，过度简单虽然不可，过度详尽也无需要。4、成果医学论文的核心部门。即尝试研究、临床研究、阐发察看、查询拜访的各类材料和数据，进行阐发、归纳，经需要的统计学处置后所得的成果。这是决着质量能否严谨，数据能否精确靠得住，要求高度实在和精确，脚踏实地的撰写。失败就是失败，成功就是成功，不要报酬地强调成功率，且要覆灭统计方面的误差。5、会商即将所得结论或研究成果，从理论长进一步当真阐发。科学的推论和评价，所得成果的靠得住性，阐明具有科学性、先辈性的论据，从而取得大师的。当然，一篇文章凡是只会商此中的某些方面，不成能面面俱到。主要的是，会商必需紧紧扣住该文的研究成果，凸起本人的新发觉与新认识。有的医学论文会商部门只是反复过去的文献，以至抄袭某些专着和教科书的内容，这就得到了会商的意义。会商的深浅、准确与否，很大程度上取决于控制文献的几多和阐发能力。因而，必需领会本专业的现状及动向，才能比力客观的得出准确的结论。6、医学论文的参考文献只限于本人阅读过并援用的文献(必需是公开辟行的刊物)，按文内援用挨次陈列写在文后，文内按挨次在援用途标出右上角码，如在右上角标注[1]或[1-3]或[1,4]最好是着重援用近年的(3-5年)期刊文献。医学论文参考文献的书写格局多采用式。
那就多看下医学类的文献吧，像（生物医学、临床医学进展、医学诊断）
我觉得吧，SCI论文对语言要求太高了，自己翻译根本不靠谱，累死了最后审稿人还是提出语言问题，还不如找专门的公司翻译。我们实验室以前也是自己翻译的，最后都得找公司润色，没少花钱还耽误时间，我们实验室现在都是找公司翻译，推荐清北医学翻译工作室，他们做的挺好的，价格也还可以，我们实验室大都在那翻译的