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英语医学论文写作问题

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英语医学论文写作问题

主题是什么,有哪些要求呢?建议你去资讯一下那些专业的机构。

随着越来越多的学术论文涌向高影响因子期刊,语言问题成了影响学术成果传播的一个重要因素,在中国,每年因为语言表述不清,用词不当等语言问题被拒稿的仍然占总拒稿量的较高比例,高水平的研究成果能得到国际同行的认可与交流,语言关是首先要通过的。

查尔斯沃思论文润色编辑在润色中国作者稿件时总结出一些普遍存在的语言问题如下:

标题冗长、不准确、书写不规范

标题的重要性以前我们在文章中已经多次提过,在此不必过多强调,主要说作者常犯的错误。首先是字数太长,不简洁,这样不仅不利于期刊检索也会导致无法突出重点,过于笼统。

不同领域的学术期刊都有对标题的字数的限制,如JAMA(美国医学会杂志)规定不得超过42个印刷字符(一个英文字母占一个印刷符号、空格和标点占一个印刷符号)。英国皇家数学学会规定标题不超过12个单词。因此不要使用无信息量词汇,尽量做到简洁。

用词不当、错别字、缩略词

还记得去年3月份查尔斯沃思发表的文章《OA期刊 赞上帝 ,英语水平是硬伤》,就是因为一篇在PLOS ONE上有中国作者发表的文章,由于用词不当,中国作者将造物主理解为大自然也许没错,不过,在英文用词上就不能直译成 God,闹了把大笑话。

用词不当包括专业术语、语法、搭配等方面的使用不当,有些作者甚至会杜撰,如蓝藻(cyanophytes)又叫蓝绿藻(blue-green algae),而有的作者会将其翻译成“blue algae”,完全是中国式英语。

另一个存在的问题是缩略词的使用,缩略词是为了方便信息的交流,但不能过度使用,有些缩略词由于存在一词多义的现象,如果使用这类缩略词往往会引起歧义,如AIS 既可表示自动识别系统也可表示会计信息系统和人工免疫系统,因此,在遇到这类缩略词时要用全称。

除了上述的几个问题外,还有许多语言方面的问题值得去说,这些我们将在以后的文章中讲解。

参考:查尔斯沃思论文润色网页链接

医学论文(medicalpapers)的定义医学论文是对整理和发表医学研究成果的一种特殊文本的总称,就其内容和文体特点而言科分为以下几种:1.医学科研论文(scientificpapers)2.调查报告(survey)3.综述(review)4.学位论文(theses)医学科研论文的格式医学科研论文必须具备以下几个部分:(1)标题(title)(2)摘要(abstract)(3)引言(introduction)(4)材料和方法(materials andmethods)(5)结果(results)(6)讨论(discussion)(7)致谢(acknowledgement)(8)参考文献(references)一、标题(一)要求1.简明扼要(short andconcise)(1)尽量控制在一行,但不是一个句子(2)不超过25个单词或120-140个字母(3)除DNA、RNA、CT等不用缩写2.信息丰富 (informative)3.便于索引(indexing)4.较长标题可采用副标题(二)标题写作中常用词组和表达方式1.用…(方法/手段)对…进行研究/分析/观察/评价:Study(analysis/observation/evaluation/assessment) of(on) … (by) using 方法 /with 工具)2.A 对 B 的作用Effort of A on BProtective effect of omeprazole on endothelin-inducedgastric mucosal injury3.A 与 B 的关系Correlation (relation/relationship) between A and BCorrelation of A with B and C常用修饰词:positively/negatively/significantly/insignificantly4.用…治疗…Use of …in the treatment of …( 病)in…(生物)Use of omeprazole in the treatment of gastric ulcer inthe elderly5.A是BA as B二、著录部分书写(一)姓名标准式:WANG Luowei,HUANGYingfeng,GUO Xiao’an(二)地址800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, (三)资助A project funded by the National “863” Program三、摘要的分类与格式摘要是作者要给读者的精华,分两大类:(一)指示性摘要(二)资料性摘要1.非结构式摘要缺点:段落不明,给编辑、审稿、阅读和计算机处理带来诸多不便2.全结构式摘要(八要素摘要)(1)目的(2)设计(3)地点(4)对象(5)处理(6)主要测定项目(7)结果(8)结论全结构式摘要的优点(1)观点更明确(2)信息量更大(3)差错更少(4)符合计算机数据库建立和使用的要求

据学术堂了解,医学类的Essay是医者展现自己临床医学经验的一种载体.医院基本上也都以论文的发表作为医者晋升的一种要求.所以医学论文的写作很是重要.在写作过程中,我们要注重其科学性、实用性.除此之外,还有一些内容上的要求.(1)论文结论是最终的、总体的结论,不是正文中各组成部分小结的简单重复.结论应准确、完整、明确、精炼.如不能导出结论或无结论应进行必要的讨论.论文要指出研究的局限性(或不足),并提出建议或展望或尚待解决的问题.(2)论文中如有与导师或他人共同研究的成果,必须明确指出;如果引用他人的结论、观点、方法、数据或成果等必须明确注明出处,并与参考文献一致,严禁抄袭剽窃.(3)论文一般采用篇末注(尾注),如有需要,引文可用脚注.(4)论文中的图,包括曲线图、构造图、示意图、图解、框图、流程图、记录图、布置图、地图、照片、图版等.图应编排序号,每一图应有简短确切的题名,连同图号置放图下,必要时可用图例说明,横排于图题下方.曲线图的纵横坐标必须标明"量、标准规定符号、单位".坐标上标注的量的符号和缩略词必须与正文中一致.照片图要求主题和主要显示部分的轮廓鲜明,便于制版.如用放大或缩小的复制品,必须清晰,反差适中,还应有表示目的物尺寸的标度.(5)论文中表的编排,一般是内容和测试项目由左至右横排,数据依序竖排.表应有自明性.表应有编排序号.每一表应有简短确切的题名,连同表号置于表上.必要时用表注对表中的符号、标记、代码及有关事项作出说明,横排于表题下或附注于表下.表的各栏均应标明"量或测试项目、标准规定符号、单位".表中的缩略词和符号,必须与正文中一致.表内同一栏的数字必须上下对齐,不宜用"同上"、"同左"和类似词,一律填入具体数字或文字.表内"空白"代表未测或无此项."0"代表实验结果确为零.如数据已绘成曲线图,亦可不再列表.(6)论文中的公式、算式或方程式等均应编排序号.序号标注于该式所在行的最右边.较长的式,可另行居中横排,如须转行,上下式尽可能在"="号处对齐.(7)论文中的计量单位必须采用1984年2月27日国务院发布的《中华人民共和国法定计量单位使用方法》,并遵照《中华人民共和国法定计量单位使用方法》执行.使用的各种量、单位和符号,必须符合国家标准的规定.单位名称和符号的书写方式采用国际通用符号.符号与缩写词也应符合国家标准的有关规定,如非公知公用的或不易被理解的,或作者自定的,应在第一次出现时加以说明.

英语医学论文问题

对于不少医学工作者来说,发表医学论文其中一个难题就是翻译。由于英文水平的不足,医学工作者在翻译过程中常常遇到困境。今天我们就来谈谈医学论文翻译技巧,希望对各位同学有所启发。 一、时态问题 1、表达目的所用的时态 在医学论文中,“目的”通常指进行某项研究的原因、意图,即表明研究的目标。由于研究目标的制定通常在着手开始研究之前,故可使用过去时态;但是,在论文写作中,也通常使用一般现在时来表达目的,以表达研究目的是合理的、可重复等意义。 2、表达方法和结果所用的时态 在研究性论文中,在描述所使用的实验方法、技术时通常使用过去时,以表达相关的实验方法步骤发生在过去;对结果的报道也使用过去时,以表示已经得出了结果。 3、表达结论所用的时态 医学论文的结论部分为作者表达观点、意见,以及对研究进行总结的地方,常用时态为一般现在时,以表示研究结果的客观性,如果用一般过去时,则表示这一结论仅仅适用于该研究过程中特定的情况,不具有普遍性。 二、词首字母大小写问题 关于地名和地理学术语如何正确大写的问题。因为中文不牵涉大写问题,所以中文母语的作者可能会有点迷惑。其实大写问题对于英语母语的作者而言也不太容易理顺。 三、标点符号问题 由于语言习惯影响,不少医学工作者会错误的使用英文标点符号,导致医学论文出现语言问题。下面我们列举几个英文标点符号常见的错误。 1.顿号使用错误 由于英文中没有顿号,但有些作者由于习惯影响,会在句子中使用顿号,如错误例子:The five concentrations of nitrogen in our study were 1、5、10、50、100 mg/L,respectively. 该句作者使用顿号隔开数字,应改为逗号,在英文学术论文写作中,无论是多个并行的数字、单词和短语都是用逗号来分隔。 2.书名号使用错误 对于书名、刊物名、影片、文章名在中文表达中使用书名号无可厚非,但用英文标点符号时可就注意了,如错误例子: In the book 《Pipeline Risk Management Manual》, the authorMuhlbauer W Kenr (.) grouped pipeline risk into 4 classes. 该作者错误的将句子中的书名使用了中文的标点符号,由于英文标点符号没有书名号,所以通常使用斜体字来表示,有时也可用引号、全部大写或在书刊名下划线来表示。 3.方括号和圆括号使用错误 方括号与圆括号并用时,容易产生错误,首先举一个错误的例子:[That was the colour (blue) she preferred] ,事实上在方括号和圆括号并用时,英文句子的使用方式与中文恰恰相反,即圆括号在内外,方括号在内,因此上句应改为: ( That was the colour [blue] she preferred. )

据学术堂了解,在医学英语论文写作的过程中,主要应该注意论文的题目、摘要及引言三个部分。题目:概括性强、体现创新性、精炼题目写作注意事项:英文题目以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成,例如The fabrication of…短语型题目要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准摘要:与结论不重复,体现整个文章的结论和思想,包括研究工作的目的、方法、结果和应用等摘要写作注意事项: 摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论引言: 主要研究进展,有代表性的同行研究工作,自己与他人工作对比的优势和不足,前言的参考文献选取代表性的、重要的文献

论文是以议论为主要表达方式的一种文体。它通过列举事实材料和运用逻辑推理,来阐发,对事物的理解和认识,表明对问题的观点和态度。各行各业的人为了接受或表达思想,都需要经常阅读和写作这种文体。

医学论文是医学科学研究工作的文字记录和书面总结,是医学科学研究工作的重要组成部分。医学论文报道医学领域领先的科研成果;是医学科学研究工作者辛勤劳动的结晶,是人类医学科学发展和进步的动力。尤其是SCI论文,能使成果向国际上展示,并有可能被人采用和传播,为人类造福,因此,更具有意义与价值,那么一篇好的英文SCI医学论文改怎么写呢?今天小编就为大家一步步分析。英文SCI医学论文应注意的几大环节:写前准备Preparation, 论文结构 Structure, 论文文题Title, 摘要Abstracts, 引言Introduction, 文章主体Body of Paper, 结论 Conclusion, 和致谢Acknowledgement。1、Preparation就是收集资料,找出灵感和方向,主要依靠的是期刊和文献journal in library。2、Structure是重点,文章的结构应该:选题要宽,研究方向要窄,然后最后的结论又发散开来。在文章主体前后都必须有声明(declarativestatement),用最少的字句表达出自己的观点,吸引读者。3、Title必须清晰简短(clear,short),以提升读者的阅读兴趣,然而文题中切记不能出现缩略语和自己的结论。4、Abstracts 是文章的一个缩影,一定要简明扼要(可为一段文字,篇幅<200字),按照文章顺序介绍主要研究对象(subject)、实验设计 (design)、实验步骤(procedures)以及最后结果(results),这种介绍必须让非专业的人员能够看懂。5、引言同样要保证简短,顺序是一般背景介绍、别人工作成果、自己的研究目的及工作简介,其中介绍别人工作时只需介绍和自己最相关的方面,而对自己的工作介绍不用说明细节,因为这个要放到文章正文中去。不要忘记在介绍自己工作之前要有一个声明。6、Body部分可以分为方法methods、讨论discussion和结果result三个部分:(1) Methods,详尽的介绍自己的实验方案以便于他人能够重复自己的实验过程,对于通用的实验方案可以简略,重点要放到自己的独创方案上面,按照实验的先后顺序介绍,为了文章的阅读方便,不要使用过多层次的副标题subheadings。(2)Discussion,这个部分是为了以后的study ,在其中提出自己的 problem 或者是hypothesis,和别人的成果进行比较,暗示自己的主要收获,为后面的conclusion做准备。(3)Result,使用text、table、figure等手段表达出来,其中table不要使用过多,而 figure必须保证图线清楚、注解明确,必要的时候还要对于自己的结论进行解释说明。7、Conclusion中不要包含文章未涉及的信息,保持简洁;如果此文章只是项目的一部分,稍做说明。在写完之后回头看看是否有逻辑上的错误,是否考虑到了读者兴趣等。8、Acknowledgement,不要忘记,这个不仅反应了一个人的个人品质,还一定程度体现了研究水平。

医学论文英语标题写作

标题是论文中浓缩的最重要的信息点,是文章主要观点及主要论点。写出一个简明扼要、重点突出且不乏味的SCI医学论文英文题目是件较有挑战性的事情,论文作者需要有相当不错的英文写作能力,写出符合西方人胃口的文章题目,有一些情况下还要对西方文化有一定研究才可以。SCI医学论文英文题目翻译的要求是:重点突出,行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。 含糊不清的文题通常会给读者与做索引的人带来很多不必要的麻烦和不便。

简洁:文题切记不要过于复杂。字数过多削弱读者的印象。最好的方法使用几个字体现文章的中心内容,作主标题,再加一个副标题以表明区别。 文题中,将主要位置留给关键词。文题没有必要的冠词可以删除(a,an和the)和多余的说明性短语。

就这些了!

英语医学科研论文的格式和要求

I.格式

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE)

(The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997,URMSBJ)(国际——温哥华格式1979年创建, 2006年2月最新版)*, 一篇生物医学科研论文(以下简称"论文")应包括以下12个部分:

7. Acknowledgements

8. References

9. Legends

and Methods 10. Figures

11. Tables

12. Plates and Explanations

II.要求

1.标题

A. 标题的要求

Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.(告诉你的同行确切研究了什么)

(America)Journal of the National Cancer Institute: within 14 words.

The British Journal of Cancer: within 100 letters

China journals: Chinese within 20 words; English within 10 lexical words

要求:

(1) Short and concise(简明扼要):Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, . DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.; 中文标题常见的“试论”,“浅谈”,“初探”等词在英文标题中一般不用。我国的国家标准(GB-7713-87)要求将一般英文标题的实词控制在10个词以内。例:Association between Duration of Obesity and Risk of Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 肥胖期与非依赖胰岛素糖尿病之关系

(2)Informative(信息丰富):State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work;

(3)Indexing(便于索引):Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the "Key Words" section of the paper; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title. 标题是读者检索文献的重要标识,是著录题录和索引等第二次文献的重要内容。标题中所选每一个实词必须是正确通用的术语,能提供文献检索,尽量包含关键词。要求尽量把关键词(索引词)安排在标题最前面或最后面的位置上

(4)Highlighting the head word. (突出中心词): 每条标题都有中心词,它们是能高度概括论文中心内容和主题的单词,要将其放在最显著突出的位置。中心词的内容一般是研究方法,研究对象,研究目的或效果,一般为名词,名词短语,分词短语或动名词短语。

例:Knowledge-based Technology in the Service of Health 论卫生事业中的知识技术

Cognitive Impairment and Intracranial Calcification in Chronic Hyparathyroidism 鉴别力受损与颅内钙化——甲状旁腺功能逐渐减退

美国医学写作协会(American Medical Writers Association)医学论文写作要领中对于标题的说明是:

1、Introduce the article into the scientific literature

2、Most important part of the article: the part most often read and often the only part read

3、Keep precise and brief( 85-character limit is typical)

4、Must stand alone: no abbreviations

5、Avoid: “declarative” or “headline” titles; “ Our Experience” titles; asking rhetorical questions in titles:

So start with : Effect of[explanatory variable(s) ]on [ response variable] under[conditions]”

6. 不同的医学期刊对标题的书写规则要求不同, 一般有两种形式:

1). Post-transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases

2). A Successful Operation on a Pair of Female Twins With Conjoined Liver

标题中冠词的用法:

1). (The) Treatment of gram-negative shock

2). Carcinoma of the anal canal

Running title

B. 标题的结构

标题的结构一般都用名词作主干的名词短语型,这类标题结构中作为主干词的名词一般带有动词意义,有时也用完整句,以陈述句较多,偶尔也用疑问句。例:

Resolution of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Recovery from Fulminant Hepatic Failure 治疗成年人突发性肝衰竭康复后呼吸窘迫综合症

Using a Title Table to Evaluate Syncope 列表诊断晕厥

表示诊断,治疗方式或药物治疗的标题结构

这类标题中的diagnosis, treatment, therapy 等作主干的名词都带有动词意义,后跟for, in, to, with 等引导的介词短语引出病名或接受诊治的部位及所使用的药物。例:

Adjunctive Therapy with Aspirin in Vernal Conjunctivitis 用阿司匹林辅助治疗春季结膜炎

Basic Approach in the Management of Intraocular Foreign Bodies 眼内异物的基本处理方法

(药物)治疗:A治疗B(A=name of the medicine; B= name of the disease)

A in the treatment/management of B;

treatment of B with A;

use of A in the treatment of B;

A therapy/treatment of B;

SCI医学英文写作的格式和技巧,对于是否能不能论文发表成功起到很大的作用;因此,怎样写出高水平的SCI医学论文,是摆在每个医务工作者面前的一个重要课题。 要写好SCI医学英语论文,总体分两步走:充分准备和论文结构。 充分准备就是指收集资料,看文献,从中找出灵感和方向,需比较全面地阅读本领域文章,总结其观点,密切关注国际研究动态,有关领域学术动态,对领域外的东西或交叉学科也可以借鉴、从而产生新的观点,多参加座谈会,研讨会,和同行探讨,从中获得启示,找出切入点,完善自己的观点。 论文结构是重点,医学英语论文写作有着自己的一套规则和格式,在文章结构和文字表达上都有其特点,只有严格遵循国际标准和相应刊物的规定,才能提高所投稿件的录用率。 整体规划论文,有一个方法值得借鉴,即剑桥大学爱席比教授提出的概念图:先把文章大框写好,从整体考虑文章结构,分类整理,随时记录出现的新想法,采用这个方法,不论正式下笔时是从哪一部分写起,都能够做到大局不乱。 医学英语论文的基本格式包括 Title-论文题目Author(s)-作者姓名Affiliation(s)andaddress(es)-联系方式Abstract-摘要Keywords-关键词Body-正文Acknowledgement-致谢References-参考文献Appendix-附录,可空缺Resume-作者简介视刊物而定Coveringletter投稿信其中正文为论文的主体部分,包括以下五部分: Introduction-引言/概述,MaterialsandMethods-材料和方法,Results-结果,Discussion-讨论,Conclusion-结论/总结。医学英语论文写作格式分析,Title-论文题目应该恰当、光鲜、醒目,简明扼要地概括论文的基本思想,突出新的观点,有新见解,重点突出,一目了然,必须吸引读者。 由名词词组或名词短语构成,也可用陈述句。在必须使用动词的情况下,一般用分词或动名词形式,介词、冠词小写。 国际尺度化组织(ISO/215号文件)规定除各国通用的缩写词和特殊符号外,标题内不得使用缩写词和特殊符号,10-20个词。 Author(s)-作者姓名按照欧美国家的习惯,名字(firstname)在前,姓氏(surname/familyname/lastname)在后,逐一写出各自的姓名,以下几种写法都可以。 LuxinYang/YangLuxin/ZHANGhong-jun论文的署名是一个很重要的问题。署名一则是分享成果的荣誉,二则是一种责任。 实验的实施者和执笔者为第一作者。实验的设计者(指导者)等(如导师或科研团队的领队)可为通讯作者,列在排名的最后一位。 Affiliation(s)andaddress(es)-联系方式在作者姓名的下方还应注明作者的工作单位,邮政编码,电子邮件地址或联系电话等。 Abstract-摘要是对论文内容的简短陈述,为读者阅读、信息检索提供方便,不宜太详尽,也不宜太简短,100~250个英文单词。 摘要主要有两大类 说明性摘要只向读者指出论文的主要议题是什么,不涉及具体的研究方法和结果。一般适用于综述性文章,也用于讨论、评论性文章,以介绍某学科近期发展动态的论文居多。 资料性摘要多用于专题研究论文和实验报告型论文,尽量完整和准确地体现原文的具体内容,强调指出研究的目的,材料,方法和结果、结论等四要素。 随着信息科学和电子出版物的发展,近年来又出现了一种新的摘要形式即结构性摘要。先用短语归纳要点,再用句子加以简明扼要的说明。 Keywords-关键词 关键词是论文主题的浓缩,3-8个关键词。读者从中可以判断论文的主题、研究方向、方法等。是为了满足文献标引或检索工作的需要,可从论文中选出的词或词组,以名词或名词短语居多,如果使用缩略词,则应为公认和普遍使用的缩略语。 Introduction引言 用简短的文字介绍写作背景和目的,主要内容包括:介绍相关研究的历史、现状、进展,目前研究的热点和存在的问题,说明自己对已有成果的看法,以往工作的不足之处,以及自己所做研究的创新性或重要价值,意义和前景。 要保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性,这两点紧密结合,在符合逻辑性的基础上建立层层递进的关系。 在前言的结尾必须明确提出本文研究的范围:时间尺度,研究区域等,明确提出你所关心的某一特定区域。 引言的篇幅大小,两三百字左右为宜。 MaterialsandMethods材料与方法 这个部分如果是介绍实验为主,需要文字配合图表介绍实验流程,按实验步骤写出实验过程和方法,实验所用的材料和其特性、一些工艺条件也需简单或重点介绍。 还要叙述测量设备和测量方法,包括设备名称、型号、测试什么参数、测量量程或范围等。 方法部分可按实验对象、实验设备、实验材料、实验记录、实验分析方法等来组织行文。 实验对象一般是人、动物或一些组织等,他们的基本信息要描述明白。 实验设备,要对仪器型号、生产厂家、实验过程中的用途等作详细说明。 实验材料,不同学科有不同要求。对为什么要选择这种材料以及材料选择的必要性,最好有一定的说明。 实验过程,清楚描述实验的整个操作流程,一般要附以实验流程图进行说明。 Results结果有人把结果和讨论放在一起写,但是大多数论文都是分开的。这两种做法取决于文章的类型。 结果要求真实准确,不能伪造和篡改,不要故意隐瞒或遗漏某些重要结果,有迷惑或出现了什么问题都要说明。 结果部分一般要求提供表和图。文字,图,表相对独立,但避免重复。 建议大家在提供图时,尽量用最少的图提供最多的信息,最多不超过8个,图片格式的要求每个杂志各不相同。 Discussion讨论 讨论是最难写的部分,因为这里面最能够显示一个作者研究问题的深度和广度,突出本研究的创新及重要性。从深度和广度两个方面进行论述,深度就是论文对于提出问题的研究达到了什么样的程度,广度指是否能够从多个角度来分析解释实验结果。 要突出自己研究的创新性,实验的独特性,并体现出显着区别于他人的特点,区别无论大和小,有区别就是创新。其他研究中没有得到的,那么这个结果就是重点讨论的对象,探讨它有什么实际意义,参考价值和使用前景,从深度方面探讨。 其次要系统阐述为什么会有这样的结果,从广度的角度论述:从实验设计角度,从理论原理角度,从分析方法角度,或借鉴别人分析方法等。 Conclusion结论 对全文进行总结,对研究的主要发现和成果及其普遍性进行概括总结,有什么理论与实践上的意义,让读者对全文的重点有一个深刻的印象,行文要保持简洁。 在本部分也可提出当前研究的不足之处,本论文尚难以解决的问题,对研究的前景,后续工作和进一步研究进行展望,提出建议。 如果此文章只是某项目的一部分,稍做说明。 Acknowledgement-致谢 致谢主要分为两部分 : 表明研究的基金来源,写基金时一般要标注清楚基金号码(GrantNumber)。 对参与人员(没有列在作者中的研究人员)和单位表示感谢,如果通过一审和最终接受发表,还要加上对editor和anonymousreviewers的感谢。 References-参考文献 不同杂志对参考文献格式要求不一样,参考文献和引用一定要规范,格式要统一,人名的拼写一定不能出现错误,一般要求必须引用阅读过的重要的、近年的文献。 参考文献的选择是一项极为严肃的事医学。它关系到论文的可信度和作者的声誉,文献发表的刊物、年代、卷号、标题、页码同样应核实无误。 参阅所投刊物的投稿须知中对参考文献的要求,注录格式,使论文的文献列举和标注方法与所投刊物相一致。 其余部分 Appendix-附录,可空缺。Resume/CV-作者简介,视刊物而定。Coveringletter附信,投稿信,也是必备。 结语论文被SCI收录,学术水平是基础,编排格式是条件,投稿途径是关键。 由于篇幅有限,文章的结构,逻辑关系就变得非常重要。就象其他任何出版物一样,被SCI收录的期刊也在不停地开发自己的市场,作为国际性的科学刊物,在欧美有很大的影响,这与历史、语言和经济发展程度等因素有关。随着中国和亚洲各国经济、科学的不断发展,一些刊物也希望开拓这一巨大的市场,这给中国科技人员带来了更好的机遇。可以预见中国科技研究的结果将会更多的出现在国际科学刊物上。 Editideas(辑思编译)--源自美国华盛顿的母语编辑品牌,上千名母语专家为您服务。 Editideas(辑思编译)为科研学者提供SCI/SSCI/EI论文润色、学术翻译、投稿预审、目标期刊选择和学术推广等科研服务。

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英语医学论文写作题目

这个简单啊。你可以到PubMed中下载。输入关键词,然后检索即可。

s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.

If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.

First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.

Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.

Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy

Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog

All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。

有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。

人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。

其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.

令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.

在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。

Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文

Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?

Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.

As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.

范文二:

My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。

标题是论文中浓缩的最重要的信息点,是文章主要观点及主要论点。写出一个简明扼要、重点突出且不乏味的SCI医学论文英文题目是件较有挑战性的事情,论文作者需要有相当不错的英文写作能力,写出符合西方人胃口的文章题目,有一些情况下还要对西方文化有一定研究才可以。SCI医学论文英文题目翻译的要求是:重点突出,行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。 含糊不清的文题通常会给读者与做索引的人带来很多不必要的麻烦和不便。

简洁:文题切记不要过于复杂。字数过多削弱读者的印象。最好的方法使用几个字体现文章的中心内容,作主标题,再加一个副标题以表明区别。 文题中,将主要位置留给关键词。文题没有必要的冠词可以删除(a,an和the)和多余的说明性短语。

就这些了!

关于英语专业的论文题目,学术堂整理了十五个好写的,供大家参考:1.《红字》中海丝特 白兰不理智的一面(The Irrational Side of Hester Prynne of The Scarlet Letter)2. 《董贝父子》中的矛盾冲突(The Conflict in Donbey and Son)3. 论文化不同对联想意义及翻译的影响(On Influence of Cultural Differences on Associative Meanings and Translation)4. 美国教育的衰弱(The Drop of American Education)5. 19世纪欧洲移民对美国工业化的积极影响(The Positive Impacts of European Immigration on American Industrialization in the 19th Century。6. 朱丽叶之人物分析(Character Studies in Juliet)7. 主述理论在文学中的运用(The Application of the Thematic Theory in Literature)8. 语用学中的会话含义理论(Conversational Implicature Theory in Pragmatics)9. 英语语音简析及对提高初学者口语的指导(A Brief Analysis of English Phonetics as well as a Guide to Improve Learners’ Oral English)10. 比较两种对于哈姆雷特复仇的评论(Comparison on Two Kinds of Comments on Hamlet’s Revenge)11. 英语语言中的性别歧视 (Sexism in English Language)12. 英语的学与教 (English Learning and Teaching)13. 由美国2004年总统选举所想到的 (More than 2004 Presidential Election)14. 论腐朽世界中的纯洁品质——关于《雾都孤儿》的赏析 (The Purity in a Corrupt World—An Analysis of Oliver Twister)15. 论理智与情感之关系——对《理智与情感》的人物分析

英语医学论文写作试题

包括有:英语医学科技论文中分词、合成词作定语以及名词连缀的使用英语医学科技论文写作中的常见错误英文医学科技论文中数词的用法及数字的写法外文斜体的使用方法 希望能帮助到你,望采纳!

据学术堂了解,在医学英语论文写作的过程中,主要应该注意论文的题目、摘要及引言三个部分。题目:概括性强、体现创新性、精炼题目写作注意事项:英文题目以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成,例如The fabrication of…短语型题目要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准摘要:与结论不重复,体现整个文章的结论和思想,包括研究工作的目的、方法、结果和应用等摘要写作注意事项: 摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论引言: 主要研究进展,有代表性的同行研究工作,自己与他人工作对比的优势和不足,前言的参考文献选取代表性的、重要的文献

s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.

If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.

First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.

Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.

Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy

Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog

All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。

有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。

人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。

其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.

令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.

在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。

Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文

Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?

Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.

As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.

范文二:

My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。

标题是论文中浓缩的最重要的信息点,是文章主要观点及主要论点。写出一个简明扼要、重点突出且不乏味的SCI医学论文英文题目是件较有挑战性的事情,论文作者需要有相当不错的英文写作能力,写出符合西方人胃口的文章题目,有一些情况下还要对西方文化有一定研究才可以。SCI医学论文英文题目翻译的要求是:重点突出,行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。 含糊不清的文题通常会给读者与做索引的人带来很多不必要的麻烦和不便。

简洁:文题切记不要过于复杂。字数过多削弱读者的印象。最好的方法使用几个字体现文章的中心内容,作主标题,再加一个副标题以表明区别。 文题中,将主要位置留给关键词。文题没有必要的冠词可以删除(a,an和the)和多余的说明性短语。

就这些了!

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