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心外科英文论文范文

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心外科英文论文范文

Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.

顶一楼不要把别人的热心帮助当成不劳而获的有效途径哦。

Song,S., Su,M., Kang,C., Liu,H., Zhang,Y., McBride-Chang,C., Tardif,T., Li,H., Liang,W., Zhang,Z., & Shu,H. *, Tracing children’s vocabulary development from preschool to school-age years: An 8-year longitudinal study, Developmental Science, (in press)Zhang,Y., Tardif, T., Shu, H. *, Li, H., Liu, H., McBride-Chang, C., Liang, W., Zhang, Zh., Phonological skills and vocabulary knowledge mediate socioeconomic status effects in predicting reading outcomes for Chinese children, Developmental Psychology, 2013, 49(4): , Y., Zhang, L., Shu, H. *, Xi, J., Wu, H., Zhang, Y. *& Li, P., Universality of categorical perception deficit in developmental dyslexia: An investigation of Mandarin Chinese tones, Journal of Child Psychology and psychiatry, 2012, 53(8):., Li, J., Tardif, T., Burmeister, M., Villafuerte, S., McBride-Chang, C., Hong, L., Shi, B., Liang, W., Zhang, Zh., Shu, H.*, Association of the DYX1C1 dyslexia susceptibility gene with orthography in the Chinese population. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(10):., Wang,X., Shu,H. *& Zevin, J. * Task by stimulus interactions in brain responses during Chinese character processing, Neuroimage,2012. 60(2):., Pan,J., Liu,H., McBride-Chang, C., Li,H., Zhang,Y., Chen,L., Tardif,T., Liang,W., Zhang,Z., & Shu,H. * Developmental trajectories of reading development and impairment from ages 3 to 8 years in Chinese children, Journal of Child Psychology and psychiatry, 2011, 52(2), ., Shu, H. *, Zhou, F., Wang,X., & Li,P. * Common and Distinct Neural Substrates for the Perception of Speech Rhythm and Intonation. Human Brain Mapping, 2010, 31:, H., Peng, H. & McBride-Chang, C. Phonological Awareness in Young Chinese Children. Developmental Science, 2008, 11(1): , H., McBride-Chang, C., Wu. S., & Liu, H. Understanding Chinese Developmental Dyslexia: Morphological Awareness as a Core Cognitive of Educational Psychology,2006, 98 (1):., Chen,X., Anderson,R., Wu,N. & Xuan,Y. Properties of school Chinese. Child Development, 2003, 74(1), 27-47. [1]宋华,张厚粲,舒华. 在中文阅读中字音、字形的作用及其发展转换[J]. 心理学报,1995,02:139-144.[2]孟祥芝,舒华,周晓林,罗晓辉. 不同阅读水平儿童的汉字字形输出与再认[J]. 心理学报,2000,02:133-138.[3]舒华,周晓林,武宁宁. 儿童汉字读音声旁一致性意识的发展[J]. 心理学报,2000,02:164-169.[4]李嵬,祝华,BarbaraDodd,姜涛,彭聃龄,舒华. 说普通话儿童的语音习得[J]. 心理学报,2000,02:170-176.[5]舒华,唐映红,张亚旭. 汉语双音节同音词词汇歧义消解过程的研究[J]. 心理学报,2000,03:247-252.[6]舒华,张厚粲. 成年熟练读者的汉字读音加工过程[J]. 心理学报,1987,03:282-290.[7]张厚粲,舒华. 汉字读音中的音似与形似启动效应[J]. 心理学报,1989,03:284-289.[8]舒华,曾红梅. 儿童对汉字结构中语音线索的意识及其发展[J]. 心理学报,1996,02:160-165.[9]舒华,毕雪梅,武宁宁. 声旁部分信息在儿童学习和记忆汉字中的作用[J]. 心理学报,2003,01:9-16.[10]舒华,张厚粲,Richard . 阅读中自然学习生词的实验研究[J]. 心理学报,1993,02:203-210.

As a small-scale study, this study was designed to investigate some disadvantages and problems in college listening teaching and learning with the purpose of providing some suggestions for further reform. In particular, by means of questionnaire survey, the study was carried out to examine the college students’listening proficiency, the context of listening teaching and learning in universities of China. With the help of the quantitative methodology, the data in this study was collect...[1] 万中艳. Chinese Teachers' Beliefs about Their Roles in ELT (English Language Teaching) are a Main Cause to Influence Learners' Participation in Classroom Interaction: A study of College English Teachers in Sanywiang College[D]. 中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库 (硕士), 2005,(03) . 李潇.Teaching and Learning of Listening in Universities of China: Suggestions on Reform[D]. 中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库 (硕士),2005,(03)如果需要更多,私聊,下载也可以

心外科医生英文论文范文

Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.

自己去网上搜啊!谁有闲情逸致写啊

摘要:规范英语论文的格式,使之与国际学术惯例接轨,对我们从事英语教学,英语论文写作,促进国际学术交流都具有重要意义。 语言和内容是评判一篇英语论文质量高低的重要依据;但是,写作格式规范与否亦是一个不可忽略的衡量标准。因此,规范英语论文的格式,使之与国际学术惯例接轨,对我们从事英语教学,英语论文写作,促进国际学术交流都具有重要意义。由于英语论文写作规范随学科不同而各有所异,本文拟就人文类学科英语论文的主要组成部分,概述美国教育界、学术界通行的人文类英语论文写作规范,以供读者参考、仿效。 一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。 就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期;各行左边上下对齐,并留出左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。三、英语论文正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。四、英语论文的文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。 1、若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9). 这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。 2、被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开。 需要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。 3、如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。 值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。 4、如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。 5、若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。 圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。 6、如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。 7、评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。 When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(). 这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格;圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写;21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。五、英语论文的文献目录 论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点: 1、目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。 2、目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。 3、各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。 4、各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。

200分拿论文 除非百度分可以当RMB用并且汇率是1:10

心外科英文论文范文大全

Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.

英文毕业论文致谢信范文(五篇)

【第1篇】论文致谢词范文(英文版)

First of all, I would like to exPss my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms**, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the Pparation of this thesis, she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.

Second, I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically Ppared for the thesis.

Last, I should finally like to exPss my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.

【第2篇】论文致谢词范文(英文版)

I would like to exPss my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms. Sun Yanlan, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the Pparation of the thesis, she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.

I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically Ppared for the thesis.

I should finally like to exPss my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.

【第3篇】论文致谢词范文(英文版)

My study at the College of International Studies will soon come to an end and, at the completion of my graduation thesis; I wish to exPss my sincere apPciation to all those who have offered me invaluable help during the four years of my undergraduate study here atTai Zhou Institute of Nanjing university of Science and Technology.

Firstly, I would like to exPss my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Xu Guixiang, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its Psent form.

Secondly, I should give my hearty thanks to all the other faculty members of the Department of English for their patient instructions in various courses and their Pcious suggestions for my study here.

Lastly, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.

【第4篇】论文致谢词范文(英文版)

First of all, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Zhang Hong, for her instructive advice and useful suggestions on my thesis. I am deeply grateful of her help in the completion of this thesis.

High tribute shall be paid to Ms. Geng Li, whose profound knowledge of English triggers my love for this beautiful language and whose earnest attitude tells me how to learn English.

I am also deeply indebted to all the other tutors and teachers in Translation Studies for their direct and indirect help to me.

Special thanks should go to my friends who have put considerable time and effort into their comments on the draft.

Finally, I am indebted to my parents for their continuous support and encouragement.

【第5篇】论文致谢词范文(英文版)

At the very first, I am honored to exPss my deepest gratitude to my dedicated supervisor, Miss Wang Chao, with whose able guidance I could have worked out this thesis. She has offered me valuable ideas, suggestions and criticisms with her profound knowledge and rich research experience. Her patience and kindness are greatly apPciated. Besides, she always puts high priority on our dissertation writing and is willing to discuss with me anytime available. I have learnt from her a lot not only about dissertation writing, but also the professional ethics. I am very much obliged to her efforts of helping me complete the dissertation. I am also extremely grateful to Prof. Wei Xiaohong whose patient and meticulous guidance and invaluable suggestions are indispensable to the completion of this thesis.

Thanks are also due to my roommates, who never failed to give me great encouragement and suggestions. Special thanks should go to Miss Dong, Miss Ma, and Miss Wei for their brainstorming with me when I failed in coming up with ideas.

At last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their support all the way from the very beginning of my study. I am thankful to all my family members for their thoughtfulness and encouragement.

这种比较专业性的好的免费的论文在网上很难找,就算找的应该也不是完整的,特别是免费的,建议你去学校图书馆阅览室,你不有阅览证吗?那里很多,选择性多呀,含金量也比较高.

Is It Right to Require Class Attendance?Required class attendance, like an old custom, is so common in Chinese colleges and universities that many teachers and even students themselves simply assume it a good practice. But is it wise to do so? It does contribute to the rise in the number of students attending class. But is there any proven correlation between attendance and performance in a course? The value of required attendance is being questioned by more and more teachers and is class attendance required? The reason seems fairly distinct and understandable. For one thing, to ensure that all the students in his or her class are attending it has been considered one of the responsibilities of the teacher in the long run. A strong sense of responsibility is acting on the teachers and making them feel lose face or even guilty if they are facing just several students in a classroom which should be filled with many more of them. Also playing a part is that teachers have to find ways to evaluate their students, and attendance, which is a perfect measurable factor, can be their good choice apart from mere paper does that make sense? Have teachers achieved their goal? Take the first glance and people may say "yes", because you can easily find that in the courses which require class attendance there are always a lot of students. But things are not just simply what they look like, however. "I'm tired of the course,but I've got to attend it. So I leave after my name is mentioned by the teacher." A college student said so and if you have experienced college life, you'll find he's not alone in saying so. In some courses attendance checking has been somewhat a burden to the students and they have developed several ways to escape classes while still retain good record on the teachers' way is to leave silently after attendance checking, and there's still other ways such as asking others to reply when his or her name is called, etc. Even just talk about the students who never escape classes. We can hardly assume they're really "taking" the course because none of the available data shows any proven correlation between attendance and performance in a course. One may be sitting in the classroom, but who knows whether he or she is just sitting there daydreaming all the time?What surprises us is that there are students who get high marks without attending many classes. So now we seem to have reached a corner: how to explain all these phenomena? Is class attendance requirement really a ridiculous thing or have we missed something important that gives us the answer?Just consider the teachers' goal again and we can get more out of the problem. The point of all the things is that we should find a better way to arouse the students' enthusiasm and efficiency to study and attendance requirement is just one of the methods. One's course performance is measured by his or her efforts and efficiency rather than the time he spends to attend class. A student may have a high rate of attendance but low study efficiency. What's more, if we make a close research about the college education we can see why college education is not welcome. A sense of being compelled to study and not being trusted is the most important factor in it. Students in colleges tend to think they are already grown-ups who're responsible for what they can do and what they want to do. The attendance checking makes them feel that they are treated like children and thus may destroy the enthusiasm of study or even cause them to cheat the teachers in different ways. Another factor that bears the same importance is the classes, or to say the teachers them selves. Why do students fail to follow the courses? One thing that can not be denied is that many classes are simply too only repeat their materials from the textbook and students feel they can gain nothing from it. For the third but not the least one, students do lack a strong desire to study and responsibility for themselves these days. Their life is filled with too many things such as PCs, TVs, and a lot of other make them impetuous and unable to sit down quietly studying."Awareness of the problem is half of the solution," Once Edison mentioned. Now that we have reached the conclusion that mere attendance requirement is not right, nor necessary, what shall teachers and students do to find the other half of the solution and end the "hide and see" game?First, maintaining students attention and interest is still a big challenge for the classroom lecturers. One way for professors to meet the challenge is to brighten the classes with anecdotes for comic relief. Another way is to integrate visuals into classroom activities. Still another way is to punctuate the classes with discussion. Through all these methods the students' enthusiasm of study may be aroused and they would have the desire to study instead of being compelled to sit in the classroom thinking how to escape themselves should take actions to solve the problems too. The essence of the problem is how to improve their study quality and students themselves, as those who benefit from all the endeavors, must give an active response to teachers and the society. Just as Newton once said, "Exploring the unknown is the happiest thing in my life."Students must develop their interest and desire to learn in classes. They should try their best to follow the courses to get knowledge from them instead of making all kinds of excuses to escape all, taking all these factors into account, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that to require class attendance is not an effective way to ensure the students' study quality and efficiency, but it stands for the endless endeavor of educators to improve the standard of education and to give students better tourscs. Awareness of the problem is the first step and other effective measures are being taken. We have strong belief that the situation in the near future will be better and students as well as the teachers will both get high efficiency and interest from the try and believe it! We cast our eyes forward because there will be a brighter future of education!它有权要求类出席?需要一流的出勤,像一个古老的习俗,是常见于我国高校,许多教师甚至学生自己承担它只是一个很好的做法。但是,明智的,它这样做?它有助于提高学生的人数上课。但没有任何证明的关系出勤率和性能的课程?所需的价值提出质疑出席正在为越来越多的教师和学生。为什么一流的出勤需要?其原因似乎相当明显的和可以理解的。一方面,以确保所有的学生在他或她的阶级参加它一直被认为是的责任,老师从长远来看。强烈的责任感是代理的教师,使他们觉得没面子,甚至如果他们有罪面临只是几个学生在课堂应该充满了更多的人。也发挥了部分教师必须找到办法来评价学生,入学,这是一个完美的衡量因素,可他们很好的选择除了单纯的文件马克。但是,这是否有意义?有教师实现其目标?采取乍一看,人们可能会说“是” ,因为你可以很容易地找到,在课程,需要有一流的出勤率一直是很多学生。但事情并不只是他们看起来像,但是。 “我已经厌倦了球场,但我必须参加它。所以,我离开后,我的名字是提到的老师。 ”大学生这么说,如果你经历过大学生活,你会发现他不是一个人这样说。在一些课程出勤率检查而得到某种程度的负担,学生和他们已经开发几种方式来逃避上课,同时仍保留良好记录的教师方式是默默离开后,出席检查,并还有其他方式,如要求别人的答复时,他或她的名字叫做等甚至只是谈论谁没有逃生的学生上课。我们也难以承担他们真正“同时”的过程,因为没有可用的数据显示任何证明关系出勤率和性能的课程。人不得坐在教室,但谁知道他或她是否只是坐在那里白日做梦吗?我们什么惊喜的是,有学生谁获得高分没有参加许多课程。因此,我们现在似乎已经达到一个角落:如何解释这些现象?是一流的出勤要求实际上是一个可笑的事情,或者我们错过了一些重要的是给我们提供了一个答案吗?只是考虑到教师的目标,我们可以再次获得更多的问题。这一点对所有的事情是,我们应该寻找更好的方式来调动学生的积极性和效率,研究和出勤率的要求是公正的方法之一。一个人的表现当然是衡量他或她的努力和效率,而不是花费的时间,他上课。一个学生可能有很高的出席率低,但学习效率。更何况,如果我们作出的密切研究大学教育,我们可以看到,为什么大学教育是不欢迎。感被迫学习和不信任的是最重要的因素了。高校学生往往认为他们已经大人谁是负责他们能做什么和什么,他们想做的事情。出席检查使他们感到他们是一样对待孩子,从而可能破坏研究的积极性,甚至导致他们作弊的教师以不同的方式。另一个因素是承担同样重要的是阶级,或说他们的老师身上。为什么学生不能按照课程?有一点不能否认的是,许多班级太只能重复其材料的教科书和学生认为他们可以从它得到任何好处。第三,但并非最不重要的,学生们缺乏强烈的愿望,研究和责任为自己这些天。他们的生活充满了太多的东西,如电脑,电视,还有很多其他使他们浮躁,无法坐下来安静地学习。“对这个问题的认识是成功的一半的解决方案, ”一旦爱迪生提及。现在,我们已经得出的结论是,仅仅出席的要求是不正确的,也没有必要,什么应做教师和学生找到另一半的解决方案和最终的“隐藏和见”的游戏?第一,保持学生的注意和兴趣仍然是一个很大的挑战的教室讲师。一种方式教授,以满足目前的挑战是良好的班级轶事的漫画救济。另一种方法是把视觉到课堂活动。还有另一种方法是点状的班级讨论。所有这些方法,通过学生的积极性,研究可能会引起他们将有希望的研究,而不是强迫坐在教室思维如何解脱出来。学生自己应采取行动来解决问题。问题的实质是,如何改善他们的学习质量和学生本身,因为这些谁从中受益的一切奋斗,必须给予积极回应教师及社会的。正如牛顿曾经说过, “探索未知是最幸福的事情在我的生命。 ”学生必须发展自己的兴趣和愿望,学习班。他们应该尽力按照课程获得的知识,他们不是使各种借口逃避班级。毕竟,考虑到所有这些因素考虑进去,我们可以安全地到达的结论是,需要一流的出勤率不是一个有效的途径,以确保学生的学习质量和效率,但它代表了无尽的教育工作者的努力,以改善标准教育,并让学生更好地tourscs 。对这个问题的认识是第一步和其他有效措施,目前正在采取。我们有坚定的信念,这种情况在不久的将来将能更好地和学生以及教师都将获得高效率和兴趣的课程。刚刚尝试,并认为它!我们把我们的眼睛向前,因为将有一个更加光明的未来的教育!

心外科英文论文范文模板

Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.

自己去网上搜啊!谁有闲情逸致写啊

论文英文参考文献格式

在社会的各个领域,大家对论文都再熟悉不过了吧,通过论文写作可以培养我们的科学研究能力。如何写一篇有思想、有文采的论文呢?下面是我收集整理的论文英文参考文献格式,希望能够帮助到大家。

英文文献采用“APA格式”:

单一作者著作的书籍:

姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.

Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.

两位作者以上合著的书籍:

姓,名字首字母., & 姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.

Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.

文集中的文章:

Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.

期刊中的文章(非连续页码):

Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.

期刊中的文章(连续页码):

姓,名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期,页码.

Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.

月刊杂志中的文章:

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

php论文英文参考文献

[1]冯国良.基于Web及VRML网络教学平台的设计与实现[D].西安电子科技大学,2010.

[2]赵胜.基于B/S架构的Moodle网络教学平台的设计与实现[D].河北科技大学,2012.

[3]晏榆洋.基于web的在线网络教学平台的设计与实现[D].电子科技大学,2013.

[4]王逾西.动态网页的数据库连接技术[J].天津市财贸管理干部学院学报,2010,12(1):41-43.

[5]徐一菲,陈光柱,沈春丰等.基于PHP网站的远程控制系统研究[J].微计算机信息,2010,26(15):135-136,115.

[6]丁鲁南,康梅娟.基于WAMP的红色文化动态网站的设计[J].科技资讯,2012,(26):20-20.

[7]滕文.基于MVC模式的PHP程序开发[J].科技视界,2012,(28):262.

[8]郭雪清,肖飞,黄正东,王光华,宋莉莉,张伟.医院绩效管理信息系统的设计与实现[J].中国数字医学,2014,13(15)03:12-14+17.

[9]袁永革.试析医院管理信息系统的设计思想及其实施[J].计算机与信息技术,2014,16(18),03:91-94.

财务论文英文参考文献

[1]Adams, M. and Hardwick, P. An Analysis of Corporate Donations: UnitedKingdom Evidence [J], Journal of Management Studies, 1998,35 (5): 641-654.

[2]Aronoff,C.,and J Ward. Family-owned Businesses: A Thing of the Past or Model of the Future. [J]. Family Business Review, 1995,8(2); 121-130.

[3]Beckhard,R“Dyer Jr.,. Managing continuity in the family owned business [J]. Organizational Dynamics, 1983,12 (1): 5-12.

[4Casson, M. The economics of family firms [J]. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 1999' 47(1):10 - 23.

[5]Alchian,A.,Demsetz, H. Production, information costs, and economic organization. American Economic Review [J]. 1972,62(5): 777-795.

[6]Allen, F,J, Qian and M, J. Qian. Law,Finance and Economic Growth in China [J], Journal of Financial Economics, 2005,77: .

[7]Amato,L. H.,& Amato,C. H. The effects of firm size and industry on corporate giving [J]. Journal of Business Ethics,2007,72(3): 229-241.

[8]Chrisman, ., Chua,., and Steier, L. P. An introduction to theories of family business [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2003b, 18(4): 441-448

动画论文英文参考文献范例多则

[1]程曼丽、王维佳:《对外传播及其效果研究》[M],北京大学出版社,2011年,36页.

[2]冯捃、何春耕:《《功夫熊猫》的跨文化传播分层解读》[J],《电影评介》,2014年第5期37-40页.

[3]范文杰、戴雪梅:《无意识一内隐认知理论的演变历程回顾及展望》[J],《重庆工商大学学报》,2009年第6期,596-601页.

[4]管文虎等:《国家形象论》[M],电子科技大学出版社,1999年,23页.

[5]郭秀艳、崔光成:《内隐学习本质特征的实验研究》[J],《心理科学》,2002年第1期,43-46页.

[6]陈晓云:《动画电影:叙事与意识形态》[J],《上海大学学报(社会科学版)》,2010年第5期,54-60页.

[7]黄国文、徐裙:《语篇分析与话语分析》[J],《外语与外语教学》,2006年第10期,2-6页.

[8]李德顺:《普遍价值与其可观基她》[J],《中国社会科学》,1998年第6期,5-14 页.

[9]刘丽英:《国家形象研究文献述评及营销视角分析一基于CSSCI(2001-2011)的研究》卬,《学术探索》,2014年第2期,120-123页.

学术论文英文参考文献注入格式

一、学术论文英文参考文献标注格式。

按照现行规定,学术期刊中论文参考文献的.标注采用顺序编码制,即在文内的引文处按引用文献在论文中出现的先后顺序以阿拉伯数字连续编码,序号置于方括号内。同一文献在一文中被反复引用者,用同一序号标示。这一规定使得所列文献简洁明了,应该引起论文作者注意。英文参考文献和中文参考文献一样,按在文中出现的先后顺序与中文文献混合连续编码着录;英文文献用印刷体;英文书名、期刊名和报纸名等用斜体;所列项目及次序与中文文献相同,但文献类型可不标出;忌用中文叙述英文。其格式为:

专着、论文集、学位论文、报告-[序号]主要责任者。文献题名。出版地:出版者,出版年。起止页码(任选)。

示例:[1]Day,C.,Veen, Walraven,G. Children and youth at risk and urban education. Research,policy and prac-tice. Leuven/Apeldoorn:Garant. 1997.

期刊文章-[序号]主要责任者。文献题名。刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码。

示例:[2] Driessen,G.,& Van der Grinten,M. Home language proficiency in the Netherland:The evaluation of Turkish andMoroccan bilingual programmes- A critical review,Studies in Educational Evaluation,1994,20(3):365- 386.

论文集中的析出文献-[序号]析出文献主要责任者。析出文献题名。原文献主要责任者(任选)。原文献题名。出版地:出版者,出版年。析出文献起止页码。

示例:[3] Driessen,G.,Mulder,L.,& Jungbluth,P. Structural and cultural determinants of educational opportunities in theNetherlands. In (Ed.),Root and migration in global perspective. Jerusalem:Magnes . 104.[5]

报纸文章-[序号]主要责任者。文献题名。报纸名,出版日期(版次)。

示例:[4] Lgnatieff,M. Keeping an old flame burning brightly. The Guardian,1998- 12- 20(12)。

电子文献-[序号]主要责任者。电子文献题名。电子文献的出处或可获得的地址,发表或更新日期。

示例:[5] Baboescu,F. Algorithms for fast packet classification. .

二、关于英文人名的标注。

现行编排规范对英文人名如何标注未作明确要求,英文人名的标注较为混乱,有标注全名的,有标注时将名缩写、姓不缩写、保持原来顺序的,还有在姓、名之间加圆点的,后者是我国翻译作品中,中文书写外国人名经常采用的一种方式。其实,标注英文人名是有章可循的,在国外学术着作的参考文献中,关于人名的标注已约定俗成为一种统一的格式,即英文参考文献标注作者姓名时,要求姓在前、名在后,姓与名之间用逗号隔开,姓的词首字母大写,其余字母不大写;名用词首大写字母表示,后加缩写符号圆点,缩写符号不可省略。由于欧美国家人的姓名排列一般是名在前、姓在后,在标注时必须加以调整。如Georg Paghet Thomson,前面两个词是名,最后一个词是姓,应标注为Thomson,G. P为什么要如此标注呢?笔者认为有以下原因。

1.在应用计算机等信息工具进行英文文献检索时,以英文作者姓名中的姓作为依据之一,即以姓作为检索目标之一。

2.在欧美人姓名表达含义里,姓比名的重要性更强、更正式。用姓而不是名来代表作者,还有尊重、礼貌的意味。名缩写后加缩写符号圆点,也含有正式、尊重和礼貌的意味,缩写符号不可省略。

3.表示与平常书写姓名的不同,体现学术论文重要性、简约性和准确性的要求,符合科研论文文体风格。这种标注在英文学术着作、科技文献中已广泛采用,也容易被广大读者、作者理解、接受。

对于复姓情况,如Jory Albores-Saavedra等,在引用标注时,应将复姓全部写出,即Albores-Saavedra, J对于姓前带有冠词或介词的情况,如带有Mac,Le,Von,Van den等,标注时不能省略,应同姓一起提到前面标注,如Mac Donald,La Fontaina,Von Eschenbach,Van den Bery等。这里有个有趣的现象,对于北欧人常见的姓Van den Bery,如Van的词首字母大写,表示它是姓的一部分,标注时应与姓一起前置;如果作者姓名书写为Graham van den Bery,其中van的词首字母v没有大写,则表示它不是姓的一部分,姓Bery前置时,van den仍留在原来的位置,并且不可缩写或省略,标注为Bery,G. van den.另外,对于“姓名+学位”的情况,标注时一般把“学位”删去,不要将其误认为姓或姓的一部分.

一个参考文献有两位或两位以上作者时,标注时除按上述要求将每位作者的姓提前书写外,作者与作者之间用逗号分开,最后一位作者前加&符号,如示例[1],也可仅保留前三位作者,之后加etc.表示。

三、关于英文参考文献发表(出版)时间标注到年的问题。

发表(出版)时间是参考文献的一项重要内容,标示引用文献发表的历史时间位置,是判断引用文献新旧的一个根据,不可遗漏。国外学术论着中参考文献的发表(出版)时间标注到年,这与我国学术论着中参考文献的标注规定相同。国外学术论着中参考文献的发表(出版)时间的标注位置有标注在作者后的情况,并加圆括号,这是因为采用了“着者-出版年”制。我国学术期刊编排规范参考文献的标注采用“顺序编码”制,发表(出版)时间标注靠后,如示例[1]、[3],应按此要求标注为是。

四、英文析出文献名和原文献名的标注。

由于现行编排规范对英文析出文献和原文献的标注书写要求不够明确,目前有把析出文献名排成斜体,而把原文献名(论文集名或期刊名等)排成正体的情况。这种标注方式是不对的,混淆了析出文献名和原文献名的效力,正确的编排要求与此相反,国外的普遍作法与我国学者的论述[4]要求一致,因此这一现象值得编辑同行注意。

英文书名在英文文章中出现有排成斜体的习惯,论文集名、期刊名或报纸名与书名效力相同,故排成斜体,析出文献名相当于书中的章节标题,不具有书名的分量,故不可排成斜体。

在标注原文献名及作者时,原文献多指论文集或与之类似的著作,英文标注习惯上在编着者名前加词首字母大写的介词In,作者姓名前后次序不作调整,名缩写为词首大写字母,后加缩写符号圆点,姓完整标出,不缩写。作者后加编者一词的缩写形式及缩写符号圆点,词首字母大写,外加圆括号,如标注为In S. Weil(Ed.),如示例[3].然后斜体标注原文献题名,后加注出版年,起至页码的缩写形式pp.和析出文献的起至页码。当原文献有两位或两位以上作者时,作者姓名同上述情况一样,前后次序不作调整,分别标出,编者一词缩写用复数形式Eds.,如In L. Eedering,& P. Leseman(Eds.)。

文献类型不宜标出。文献类型是我国编排规范制定的标注要求,国外并未采用。在中文中标注醒目、自然,在英文中此一项目的标注容易产生误解和干扰。如果是为方便计算机在检索或统计时辨识,是技术上的要求,那么就应当统一要求标注,从“可不标出”来看,尚未有技术上的要求。因而,文献类型在英文参考文献中不作标注为妥。

五、出版地和出版社(商)的标注。

出版地和出版社(商)是参考文献的重要内容,标示版权信息,不可遗漏或省略。我国一部着作一般由一家出版社负责出版发行,出版地一般也就比较明确为出版社所在的城市。国外情况就比较复杂了,由于市场经济高度成熟,语言通用程度高,着作权被普遍保护等原因,一部着作可能由不止一家出版社(商)合作出版发行,出版地也可能在不同国家的不同城市。当出版地有两处或两处以上、出版社(商)有两个或两个以上时,应当一一标出,中间用斜杠分开。如Amsterdam/Philadephia:Ben-jamins,又如Den Haag:Sdu/DOP出版地一般是出版社(商)所在的城市,标注城市名,不可标注为国家名。

参考文献补充了文章的重要信息,涉及范围十分广泛。因而,希望在修订现行编排规范时,对英文参考文献的标注作明确规定,以便作者写作和编者编辑时皆有章可循,亦使这项工作更加规范。

java论文英文的参考文献

参考文献:

[1]王庆智.王喜富.基于供应链管理的物流信息平台设计研究[A].第五届中国工业企业物流论坛论文集[C].2007(8)

[2]张翔.基于XML与Java技术构建电子政务系统的方法研究[D].西北大学.2008(5)

[3]符强.基于Java动态编程技术的软件自愈合构架研究[D].西北工业大学.2007(3)

[4]徐伟.赵嵩正.蒋维杨,基于功能的区域物流信息平台体系结构研究[J].情报杂志.2008(27)

[5]白磊,李芙玲.基于工作过程导向的JAVA程序设计课程教学研究[J].华北科技学院学报,2013,(04):92-95.

[6]赖小平.基于工作过程导向的《Java程序设计》课程开发与实践[J].福建电脑,2015,(05):52-53.

[7]孙晓奇,李胜,张文娇.基于工作过程的教学模式在java课程中的应用[J].电脑知识与技术,2014,(02):338-339.

参考文献:

[1]李舒,陈丽君.高校学生成绩管理系统的设计与实现[J].辽宁大学学报:自然科学版,2006,3(3):283-285.

[2]徐亮.高校智能排课系统的研究[J].电子设计工程,2013,21(7):24-27.

[3]张小红.高校排课系统的设计与实现[J].电子科技,2012,25(7):45-47.

[4]苏贞,陈海关.高校智能排课系统中蚁群算法的应用探讨[J].兰州教育学院学报,2013,29(7):120-121.

[5]叶波霞浅谈大学生兼职在大学生活的重要性[J].中小企业管理与科技,2014,(33)

[6]王丽晖.关于大学生兼职现象的几点思考*高校一线思政工作者视角下的大学生兼职现象[J].2009,10(04)

参考文献:

[1]常征.功能测试中自动化测试框架的分析与应用[D].北京:北京林业大学,2007.

[2]徐骋.Android应用软件自动化测试框架的研究[D].大连:大连海事大学,2015.

[3]路静,王琪.一种基于功能测试的自动化测试框架[J].内蒙古科技与经济,2005(23):25-26.

[4]曾北溟.自动化测试框架的研究与实现[D].武汉:武汉大学,2004.

[5]步倩倩.面向GUI软件的自动化测试框架的研究与应用[D].成都:电子科技大学,2010.

[6]郝义鹏.基于关键字驱动自动化测试平台的设计与实现[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2007.

[7]侯菊敏.基于Android的关键字驱动自动化测试框架研究[D].广州:中山大学,2012.

[8]区立斌.基于层次关键字驱动的自动化测试框架设计与应用[D].广州:中山大学,2012.

[9]郝晓晓,张卫丰.基于XML的SDK自动化测试框架的设计与实现[J].计算机技术与发展,2010(4):101-104.

[10]谢文哲.基于模块化测试框架的单元自动化测试框架的设计与实现[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2007.

[11]陈健.基于模型的数据处理系统的自动化测试框架[D].北京:中国科学院大学(工程管理与信息技术学院),2013.

这种比较专业性的好的免费的论文在网上很难找,就算找的应该也不是完整的,特别是免费的,建议你去学校图书馆阅览室,你不有阅览证吗?那里很多,选择性多呀,含金量也比较高.

心外科英文论文

顶一楼不要把别人的热心帮助当成不劳而获的有效途径哦。

Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseaseChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread concern of public health, the incidence increased gradually, at the same time brought about serious consequences and problems. We note that the patient's renal failure is dialysis and kidney transplantation, but few scholars concerned about CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) relationship. Now that CKD with CVD-related, and progress than acute renal failure more likely die of cardiovascular disease, CVD is the most common CKD the cause of death [1]. Recognized that CKD is a risk factor for CVD that is very important. Only in this way will it be possible to conduct an in-depth, and then search for the prevention and treatment of related measures to ensure greater benefits for these patients. CKD is defined as biopsy or the markers of renal damage confirmed> 3 months, or GFR <60ml / ()> 3 months. Cause of disease and the general based on credits for the diabetic and non-diabetic renal disease and transplantation. Renal dysfunction by renal biopsy or related markers such as proteinuria, abnormal urinary sediment, abnormal imaging to diagnose and so on. Proteinuria is not only to prove the existence of CKD, renal disease may also become an important basis for the type of diagnosis and the severity of kidney disease and cardiovascular disease-related. Urinary albumin and creatinine ratio or total protein and creatinine ratio can be used to assess proteinuria. GFR <60ml / () renal damage as a critical value, which indicates the level of GFR is often the beginning of renal failure, including increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and the degree of risk. GFR <15ml / () will need dialysis treatment. GKD especially terminal kidney disease (ESRD) patients, CVD risk of a marked increase in general through the vascular tree to achieve. ESRD with atherosclerosis may be a causal relationship to each other, on the one hand, accelerated atherosclerosis in kidney disease progress, on the other hand, ESRD is the deterioration of many of the traditional atherosclerotic risk factors [2]. In general, CVD is the basic types of vascular disease and cardiomyopathy, the two subtypes of vascular disease is atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling, and CKD are the role of these two subtypes. Atherosclerotic plaque formation and the main obstruction in the main, CKD in atherosclerosis and the high incidence of a much wider range of diffuse atherosclerosis in a marked increase in cardiovascular disease mortality and accelerated deterioration of renal function. Atherosclerosis can lead to arterial wall thickening and myocardial ischemia matrix. In CKD patients, ischemic heart disease such as angina, myocardial infarction and sudden death, and cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease and heart failure are more common. Initially that the dialysis patients may be secondary to ischemic heart disease in easy to overload, left ventricular hypertrophy and small artery disease, resulting in reduced oxygen supply. However, studies have found that EPO in the former region, the low level of hemoglobin that also may be associated with ischemia-related. CKD patients the incidence of major vascular remodeling is higher, can lead to vascular remodeling in pressure overload, through the wall and the cavity wall thickening and increased the ratio of traffic overload, or to achieve, but mainly to increase the diameter and the wall thickness of main. Vascular remodeling in arterial compliance often dropped, resulting in increased systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure increased, left ventricular hypertrophy and reduced coronary perfusion [3,4]. Decreased arterial compliance and increased pulse pressure in dialysis patients are cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors independent [5].水钠潴留period as a result of dialysis treatment by ultrafiltration, dialysis patients with the diagnosis of heart failure more difficult, but the decline in blood pressure, fatigue, loss of appetite and other signs of heart failure diagnosis can be used as an important clue; On the other hand, more水钠潴留inappropriate to reflect the ultrafiltration rather than heart failure or heart failure combined ultrafiltration inappropriate. In fact, during dialysis ultrafiltration is inappropriate for one of the reasons why high blood pressure, heart failure often prompts. Therefore, dialysis patients with heart failure is an important indicator of poor prognosis, which often prompts the patient is in progress of cardiovascular disease. 1 chronic kidney disease risk factors of cardiovascular disease Is well known that patients suffering from kidney disease increase in cardiovascular disease mortality, largely attributable to high blood pressure caused by kidney disease, dyslipidemia, and anemia, but may lead to the causes of plaque rupture is not clear. Light to moderate CKD patients significantly increased the risk of vascular events, and when GFR <45ml / () at the risk greater. Recent studies suggest that due to ACEI (such as captopril, etc.) can reduce chronic kidney disease patients after myocardial infarction risk, if there is no clear contraindication, it is recommended conventional [6]. In normal circumstances, the application of chronic kidney disease treatment of ACEI or ARBs should be careful, it is necessary to understand the benefits of the application, but also take into account blood pressure, renal function, blood electrolyte changes, and possible interactions between drugs, such as the decline in renal function occur, increased serum potassium, etc. must be stopped [1]. In CKD in CVD risk factors to be divided into two types of traditional and non-traditional, traditional risk factors are the main means used to assess symptoms of ischemic heart disease factors such as age, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and low HDL - C and so on, these factors and the relationship between cardiovascular disease and most people are the same. And define the non-traditional risk factors need to meet the following conditions: (1) to promote the development of CVD rationality biology; (2) the risk factors increased with the severity of kidney disease-related evidence; (3) reveals the CKD and the risk of CVD factors relevant evidence; (4) risk factors in the control group after treatment to reduce CVD evidence. Has been identified in non-traditional risk factors are mainly Hyperhomocysteinemia, oxidative stress, abnormal lipid levels, and atherosclerosis-related increase in markers of inflammation [7]. Recent study found that dialysis patients with oxidative stress and inflammatory markers significantly higher than the general population. Oxidative stress and inflammation may become the basic medium, while other factors such as anemia and cardiac disease, and calcium and phosphorus metabolic abnormalities and vascular remodeling and a decline in vascular compliance. Failure cardiovascular disease CVD mortality in dialysis patients than the general population 10 to 30 times, and the emergence of heart failure after acute myocardial infarction and high mortality rates, myocardial infarction within 1 to 2 years up to 59% mortality ~ 73%, significantly higher than the general crowd, and the Worcester heart Attack Study found that 3 / 4 males and 2 / 3 of women suffering from acute myocardial infarction in diabetic patients still alive after 2 years. At the same time hemodialysis patients atherosclerosis, heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy abnormally high incidence of nearly 40% of the patients of ischemic heart disease or heart failure. Cardiovascular disease after renal transplantation Renal transplant patients, 35% ~ 50% of CVD death, CVD mortality than the general population of high 2-fold, but was significantly lower than that in hemodialysis patients. The most likely reason is acceptable from a kidney transplant and dialysis-related hemodynamic abnormalities and abnormal toxins. CVD after renal transplantation is the multiple risk factors, and not only include traditional factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and have a decline in GFR of the non-traditional factors such as hyperhomocysteinemia, as well as immune suppression and exclusion. of cardiovascular disease in diabetic nephropathy Early diabetic nephropathy is mainly expressed in microalbuminuria, and progression of cardiovascular disease. Although type 1 diabetes patients with normal blood pressure, but was found in 24h at night to monitor the existence of "Nondipping" mode, may lead to microalbuminuria. "Nondipping" is identified the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, microalbuminuria with the diabetic patients are more vulnerable to dyslipidemia, blood glucose and blood pressure difficult to control. The study has confirmed that microalbuminuria with CVD have a clear relationship between the two types of diabetes in both the presence, but because of the age factor in type 2 diabetes in the more significant. Microalbuminuria is now considered that the prognosis of diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease and other factors in the risk of death indicators point of view can be explained as follows: (1) traditional microalbuminuria individual a higher incidence of risk factors; (2) micro - proteinuria can reflect the endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular permeability, abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis system; (3) and inflammatory markers related; (4) are more vulnerable to end-organ damage. Prior studies suggest that the recent high blood pressure and vascular endothelial dysfunction, and therefore these patients may further aggravate the endothelial damage. However, the mechanism is not entirely clear at present that may be related to L-arginine transport by endothelial cells to damage, which led to the cell matrix of the lack of NO synthesis. Non-diabetic renal disease cardiovascular disease We mainly albuminuria and decreased GFR as a sign of chronic kidney disease, proteinuria than at the same time that microalbuminuria is more important, because whether or not there is diabetes, nephrotic syndrome and cardiovascular disease are related to the existence of the abnormal changes, such as serious hyperlipidemia and high blood coagulation status, etc. This explains the importance of reducing proteinuria. At present, we risk groups were divided into 3 groups, has been suffering from CVD, other vascular disease or diabetes as a high-risk groups; with traditional CVD risk factors such as high blood pressure, age, etc., as the crowd in danger; the community known as the low-risk group members 翻译.. 慢性肾病是心血管疾病的危险因素慢性肾病(CKD)是值得广泛关注的公共健康,发病率逐渐上升,同时带来了严重的后果和问题。我们注意到肾衰病人的主要是透析和肾移植,但是很少有学者关注CKD与心血管疾病(CVD)的关系。现已认为CKD也与CVD有关,且比急性进展中的肾功能衰竭更容易死于心血管疾病,CVD是 CKD最常见的死亡原因〔1〕。认识到CKD是CVD的高危因素这一点,是很重要的。只有这样,才有可能进行深入,进而寻求相关的预防和治疗措施,使这些病人获得更大益处。 CKD是指由肾活检或有关的标志物证实的肾功损害>3个月,或GFR<60ml/()>3个月。一般依据病和病因学分为糖尿病性、非糖尿病性和移植后肾病。肾功能损害可通过肾活检或相关的标志物如蛋白尿、异常尿沉积物、影像学异常等来诊断。蛋白尿不仅可以证明CKD的存在,亦可成为肾病类型诊断的重要依据,并与肾脏疾病的严重程度和心血管疾病的有关。尿白蛋白与肌酐比率或总蛋白与肌酐比率可用于评估蛋白尿。GFR<60ml/()作为肾功损害的临界值,该水平GFR往往预示肾衰的开始,其中也包括增加心血管疾病的发生及危险程度。GFR<15ml/()则需要透析治疗。 GKD尤其是终末肾病(ESRD)患者,CVD危险明显增加,一般通过血管树来实现的。ESRD与动脉粥样硬化可能互为因果关系,一方面粥样硬化加速肾病进展,另一方面ESRD恶化是许多传统粥样硬化的危险因素〔2〕。一般而言,CVD的基本类型是血管疾病和心肌病,血管疾病的两种亚型是动脉粥样硬化和大血管重塑,而CKD对这两种亚型均有作用。动脉粥样硬化主要以斑块形成和闭塞为主,CKD中动脉粥样硬化发生率很高而且范围更广,弥漫的粥样硬化明显增加心血管疾病死亡率和加速肾功能恶化。动脉粥样硬化可导致动脉壁基质增厚和心肌缺血。在CKD病人中,缺血性心脏病如心绞痛、心梗和猝死,以及脑血管疾病、外周血管疾病和心衰都是比较常见的。最初认为透析病人出现缺血性心脏病可能继发于容易超载、左室肥厚和小动脉病变,导致氧供减少。但是后来的研究发现,在前促红素区域,血红蛋白水平低,说明亦可能与缺血有关。CKD病人大血管重塑发生率亦较高,血管重塑可导致压力超载,通过管壁增厚和管壁与内腔比值增高或者流量超载来实现,但主要以增加的管壁直径和厚度为主。血管重塑常常使动脉顺应性下降,导致收缩压增加、脉压增大、左室肥厚和冠脉灌注减少〔3,4〕。动脉顺应性下降和脉压增大均为透析病人心血管疾病(CVD)的独立危险因素〔5〕。由于透析期间水钠潴留可通过超滤得到治疗,透析病人心衰的诊断比较困难,但血压下降、疲劳、食欲减退等征象,可作为心衰诊断的重要线索;另一方面,水钠潴留更能反映超滤不合适,而不是心衰或心衰合并超滤不恰当。实际上,透析期间超滤不合适的原因之一就是高血压,往往提示心衰。因此,心衰是透析病人预后不良的重要指标,这往往提示病人心血管疾病正在进展。 1 慢性肾病的心血管疾病危险因素 众所周知,患肾脏疾病的病人心血管病死亡率增加,很大程度上归因于肾病所致的高血压、血脂异常和贫血,但可能导致粥样斑块破裂的原因还不是很清楚。轻到中度CKD病人血管事件危险明显增高,而当GFR<45ml/()时这种危险更大。近期有关研究认为因 ACEI(如卡托普利等)可降低慢性肾病病人心梗后的危险,如没有明显禁忌证,建议常规〔6〕。而在一般情况下,慢性肾病应用ACEI或ARBs治疗要慎重,既要了解应用的益处,又要考虑到血压、肾功能、血电解质变化和可能的药物间相互作用,如出现肾功能下降、血钾增高等就必须停药〔1〕。 在CKD中把CVD的危险因素分为传统和非传统两种,传统的危险因素主要指用于评估有症状缺血性心脏病的因素,如年龄、糖尿病、收缩性高血压、左室肥厚、低HDL-C等,这些因素与心血管疾病的关系与一般人是一致的。 而界定非传统危险因素需要满足如下条件:(1)促进CVD发展的生物学方面的合理性;(2)危险因素升高与肾病严重程度相关的证据;(3)揭示CKD中CVD与危险因素关系的相关证据;(4)有对照组中危险因素经治疗后CVD降低的证据。目前已确定的非传统危险因素主要有高同型半胱氨酸血症、氧化应激、异常脂血症、与粥样硬化有关的增高的炎症标志物〔7〕。近来研究发现,透析病人氧化应激和炎症标志物水平明显高于一般人群。氧化应激和炎症有可能成为基本的介质,而其他因素如贫血与心肌病有关,钙磷代谢异常与血管重塑和血管顺应性下降有关。 肾衰中心血管疾病 透析病人中CVD死亡率比普通人群高10~30倍,而出现急性心梗和心衰后致死率很高,心梗后1~2年死亡率达59%~73%,明显高于一般人群,而Worcester heart Attack研究发现,有3/4男性和2/3女性糖尿病病人患急性心梗后仍存活2年以上。同时血液透析病人动脉粥样硬化、心衰和左室肥厚发生率异常增高,有接近40%的病人出现缺血性心脏病或心衰。 肾移植后心血管疾病 肾移植病人中有35%~50%因CVD死亡,CVD死亡率比普通人群高2倍,但明显低于血液透析病人。最可能的原因是接受肾移植后免除了与透析有关的血流动力学异常和毒素异常。肾移植后CVD的危险因素是多重的,既包括传统因素如高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、左室肥厚,亦有与GFR 下降有关的非传统因素如高同型半胱氨酸血症以及免疫抑制和排斥。 糖尿病肾病的心血管疾病 糖尿病肾病的早期主要表现为微量白蛋白尿,与心血管疾病进展有关。尽管1型糖尿病病人血压正常,但在24h监测中发现夜间存在 “Nondipping”模式,可能导致微量白蛋白尿。“Nondipping”是已确认的心血管疾病的危险因素,伴有微量白蛋白尿的糖尿病病人也更易出现血脂异常、血糖难以控制和血压升高。有关研究已证实微量白蛋白尿与CVD有明确关系,在两种类型糖尿病中均存在,但由于年龄因素在2型糖尿病中更显著。现已认为微量白蛋白尿是糖尿病病人心血管疾病预后和其他致死因素的危险指标,可通过如下观点来解释:(1)微量白蛋白尿个体传统危险因素发生率更高;(2)微量白蛋白尿能反映内皮功能异常、血管渗透性增加、凝血纤溶系统异常;(3)与炎症标志物有关;(4)更易出现终末器官损害。最近Prior研究认为高血压与血管内皮功能异常有关,因此在这类病人中可能进一步加重内皮损害。但有关机制不完全清楚,目前认为可能与L-精氨酸转运至内皮细胞受到损害有关,进而导致细胞内合成NO的基质缺乏。 非糖尿病性肾病的心血管疾病 我们主要把蛋白尿和GFR下降作为慢性肾病的标志,同时认为蛋白尿比微量白蛋白尿更重要,因为无论是否存在糖尿病,肾病综合征均存在与心血管疾病有关的异常改变,如严重高脂血症和高凝血状态等,这就说明降低蛋白尿具有重要意义。目前我们把危险人群分为3组,已经患CVD、其他血管病或糖尿病作为高危人群;具有CVD传统的易患因素如高血压、年龄等作为中危人群;将社区人员称为低危人群

医学英语教学模式论文【1】

摘要: 专业英语影响医学生的发展和竞争力。

针对教学过程中的种种问题,为提高学生的医学英语水平,本文从单词的积累,到教学材料的选择与处理、课堂环节的设计和多种教学手段的辅助等方面,讨论了拓展教学模式的可行性。

关键词:医学英语 教学环节 教学手段 模式拓展

随着医疗事业的迅猛发展,英语已成为重要的交流和学习工具,国内医学界与世界的交流日益广泛,对医学人才的要求也越来越高。

英语成为许多国际会议的通用语言。

医学院校的学生除了应具有基础英语知识外,还应具备扎实的专业英语水平。

数量掌握和英语运用能力是十分迫切的要求。

与公共英语相比,医学英语的学习比较枯燥,学生积极性不太高。

“医学英语涉及面广,从基础医学、临床医学到预防医学大约包含了60多门学科,医学术语就有20多万条”。

[1]开设医学英语的目的之一就是培养学生阅读专业文章,查阅医学英语文献的能力。

仅仅在课堂上逐句翻译是远远不够的。

“灵活的教学方法有助于消除教师在教学中由于医学知识不足而产生的尴尬,提高教学效果”。

[2]发挥学生的主体作用,体现教师的主导作用,多方面调动学生的积极性和主动性,组织多样的课堂活动,引导学生积极思考,营造教学互动的氛围。

学生的自主活动可以极大程度促进其自主精神。

如何引导构建以学生为中心,以学生自主活动为基础的教学模式,是英语教师为提高医学英语教学水平所面对的课题。

1.教学模式拓展

巧攻词汇

医学词汇一般既长又偏,某些医学词汇甚至由多达20个字母组成,如reticuloendothelioma(网状内皮瘤),令大多医学专业的学生头疼,学生学习和记忆都很费劲,更别说拼写。

实践证明,机械地背记单词,不仅枯燥乏味,而且很容易忘记。

虽然医学词汇数量大,而且单词长,但也有其自身的特点和规律性。

应引导学生利用构词特点,即通过理解词根、前缀、后缀的方法,通过了解希腊语和拉丁语词素的异同、派生词的构成的一般规律,来扩充单词。

比如前缀中dys-表示“坏,不良”,dyspepsia(消化不良)、dyslexia(诵读困难)、dysfunction(官能障碍);di-表示“两个,双”,dichromatic(二色的,二色性的,二色视的)、dioxide(二氧化物)等。

后缀里-ane表示“烷”,methane(甲烷);-ase酶,transaminase(转氨酶)。

另外,分系统讲解词根也是一种有效的方法,比如将词汇分成内分泌、泌尿、心血管、脑肿瘤、消化、呼吸等类别,解析词的合成方法,使学生能在阅读专业资料时不必时时停下查阅字典。

这样通过学习构词法,学生不必死记硬背,就可以在短期内迅速扩大专业英语的词汇量,达到事半功倍的效果,为多方面提高英语水平打下词汇基础。

精设课堂环节

不仅要传授专业英语的知识,更要培养和提供学生运用这些知识进行实际交流的能力。

教学活动的实施,应摒弃传统呆板的教学模式,尽可能地模拟各种情境,运用课堂提问、课堂练习、师生或同学间相互对话等能给学生提供实践机会的灵活多样的教学方式,促进学生主动参与交流,提高积极性,确保更好的教学效果。

建立听说技能训练专题,加强在问诊、医患对话、病历讨论、医学报告、医学英语阅读、医学英语写作等方面的专题训练。

选择原版的病例分析、医学文献参考、医学应用写作等问诊作为范文,通过分析了解医学英语文章的术语和语法特点,比如多用名词性结构、被动语态、定语从句等。

在写作训练中指导学生熟悉医学英语写作的模式,即通常分为引言、材料和方法、结果、结论四部分,各部分所用的时态都是现在时,表达法也是固定的。

在此基础上,实践写作,并组织学生自己对范文进行对照,先自改,然后再和教师讨论提高。

这样,学生有更多的时间更有效地投入专业英语的学习。

选择与处理内容

可针对不同专业的学生,选择与其专业相关的教学内容,以便使教学活动更具有针对性,从而激发学生的学习兴趣,提高学习效率。

选取适合学生情况的原版教材,包括医学文献、论文和摘要。

可以简化某些英文文章,使其符合或略高于学生的英语水平。

还应该同时兼顾知识性和趣味性,收集一些语言生动、地道,内容新颖,能体现医学发展前沿的文章。

还应通过选择,提高学生的人文素质。

不再单纯从生物学角度出发,而是从生物、心理和社会的多视角看待病人、对待病症、看待医学。

作为补充阅读材料,另外可以选择性推荐医学散文和小说等,比如阿瑟・黑利的《最后的诊断》、《烈酒》和刘易斯・托马斯的《细胞生命的礼赞》、《水母与蜗牛》等。

在欣赏清新优美的文笔的同时,和作者一起思考生命、人生和社会乃至宇宙的存在,了解一个医学工作者所需要的综合文化科学素质,了解在医学圈的种种可能的现象。

语言的交际活动可以促使学生将已经学到的和正在学习的内容与需要学习的内容联系,激发学生的学习动力。

针对大班上课的现状,组织小组及对话活动,设计各种适合小组或双人对话的交际情景或语言游戏。

以灵活多样的教学方法,精心设计教学过程中的各个环节,围绕学生能力进行教学。

要避免单纯语言点的细节讲解,把握全文,思考文章的内容和结构是更有效的学习。

比如在“Animal Magic”一文中,笔者在教学中采取泛读的方式,要求学生两次快速阅读全文,第一次读完找出文中的语篇连贯点,第二次读完后圈出或用自己的词给出每一段的关键词。

组织全班同学讨论不同学生提供的关键词答案,选出大家都同意认为能更好地概括该段落意思的词,共同回顾该段内容。

最后布置学生课后根据上述关键词,准备复述文章内容。

这样,学生很好地实现了对全文的总体把握。

听力作为一项技能,既独立又和其它方面不可分。

鉴于很多学生此项较弱的现状,可采取措施加以扭转。

增加听前准备,帮助学生了解必要的背景知识,比如语言、社会文化和医学知识等方面的情况;利用本来掌握的知识,对新的内容加以推测;还可以将听力与口语相结合,借助专业学生口试的形式,但内容是医学范围的:准备一段独白,放音两遍,让学生在听的过程中记录关键词,在听完后根据关键词,对原文内容进行口头复述;也可以采取师生之间、学生之间有针对性的问答。

传统的字典逐字生词的.中文意思加单纯语法的阅读方式是不能根本提高学生的学习效果的。

2.辅以新手段

运用多媒体

据实验心理学家特瑞赤拉(Treiche)的实验得知,“人们会掌握阅读内容的10%、听到内容的20%、看到内容的30%、听到和看到内容的50%,在交流中,自己所说内容的70%”。

[3]多媒体的使用,可以提高学生对语言学习的兴趣,利用多媒体课件图文,动静结合、视听并用,可以增强学生的学习兴趣,而且还可以为学生提高直观形象的场景。

通过组织学生观看英文科普教学片,提高学生的英语听力水平,根据碟片内容编写问题,组织学生进行专题讨论。

让尽可能多的学生参与到课堂环节中,体会到参与的乐趣,激发学习兴趣,人人都有收获。

“多媒体课件的制作可使医学英语教学内容更加直观、形象,更加易于理解及掌握”,[4]文字、声音、图片和动画等抽象概念得以具体化、形象化。

教学内容不再枯燥,通过视觉和听觉的双重刺激,学生获得了丰富的视觉和声觉效果,调动了学习的积极性和主动性。

同时笔者曾结合所学内容要求学生课后分组进行课件制作,然后在全班面前演示,获得了很好的教学效果。

一方面学生体验到了参与的乐趣和成就感,另一方面也加深并拓宽了对课本内容,包括本专业领域的理解。

利用网络优势

网络的普及在极大程度上弥补了国内英语教学中缺乏英语环境的现状,为医学英语教学提供了更多可能,日益成为传统教学的不可缺少的补充。

作为一种新的教学模式,网络信息具有实时性、新闻性的特点,它把社会各领域的最新消息,科学技术的最新发展生动地提供给学生。

在教材内容之外,查阅大量的课外资料,是提高英语能力的重要因素。

教师可以指定与教材内容一致的材料,或指导学生利用网络工具,查找资料。

仍以“Animal Magic”为例,文章写于20世纪末,讨论了从移植动物器官至人体的问题,当时此项研究尚处于实验阶段,并未临床推广。

而如今距写作时间过去了十多年,科技发生了日新月异的变化,由此可鼓励学生搜索资料,了解现今这一领域的最新发展状况,并在课堂上做报告,组织关于此举是否有悖伦理道德的讨论。

讨论后再回到文本内,有重点地介绍语言点,主要是关于用法,收到了很好的课堂教学效果,不仅气氛热烈,学生积极参与,还完成了预定的教学目标。

3. 结语

帮助学生熟悉教学方式,将传统方法与新模式有机结合,才可能达到预期的教学目的和教学效果。

比如多媒体课件演示和网络工具等不应该取代教师的课堂作用,要兼顾大多数学生的情况,更要加强对学生的指导。

既明确要掌握的重点、难点又做出明确安排,教师通过实践和积累他人经验总结出行之有效的方法。

在应用过程中不断总结完善,最大限度发挥其优势,创造性开展教学工作。

同时课堂上结合课文和学生的实际情况,辅以必要的文化背景知识也是十分必要的。

使学生了解东西方文化的差异。

合理安排课堂活动,既考虑各专业间共性,又考虑学生个性,加以调剂。

医学英语只有不断探索新的教学模式,才能使英语不仅成为医学生真正实用的工具,而且能增强医学生在人才中的市场竞争力。

传授专业英语知识的同时应培养和提高学生运用这些知识进行实际交流,注重实用性和趣味性。

提高英语技能作为一项艰巨和并需渐进的任务,必须坚持不懈、坚持探索,努力形成有效的医学英语教学模式,充分运用各种不断加强的设备为教学辅助手段,才能取得更好的教学效果,培养出真正具有良好的医学英语素质的专业人才。

参考文献:

[1]李睿泽.浅谈医学英语教学[J].包头医学院学报,2004;19,(3):255-256.

[2]赵跃君.影响医学英语教学的教师因素初探[J].湖北广播电视大学学报,2007;27,(2):142-143.

[3]张艳.多媒体在医学英语教学中的应用和探索[J].医学信息,2007;20,(4):554-555.

[4]陈桦.新教学法在医学英语教学中的应用初探[J].山西医科大学学报(基础医学教育版),2004;6,(2):222-223.

医学英语教学模式【2】

摘 要: 作为ESP(English for specific purpose)的一个分支,医学英语的掌握是医学生将来进行专业研究或工作的一项最基本技能。

很多高校意识到医学英语是高等医学院校大学英语教学的重中之重,是大学英语前期基础英语教学阶段的后续阶段,是基础英语学习和医学专业学习结合的应用提高阶段。

然而全国范围内医学英语教学在传统教学模式下显得枯燥乏味,学生缺乏主动学习积极性的现象普遍存在,教学效果不尽如人意,新型的医学英语教学模式亟待推出。

关键词: 医学英语 教学模式 情景教学法 多媒体教学

“以教师为中心”的传统教学模式还广泛地使用在医学英语教学中。

在传统的教学模式中,教师是课堂的主角,教学互动也只停留在教师提问,学生回答,教师给出答案和点评而已。

虽然很多学校多媒体已投入使用,但由于缺乏合适的音像资料,仍然没有充分发挥其重要性。

即使有一些医学英语音像资料已问世,但由于专业性太强,只适合少部分学生,对于大部分学生,尤其是英语水平较差的学生,还是没有合适的资料。

因此,学生参与的积极性不高,课堂气氛比较沉闷。

另外,医学英语课程本身的特点就是专业性强,学生普遍的反应是学习起来太难,词汇晦涩难记,句子冗长难懂,这些特点都让学生失去学习兴趣,如果这时还是用老师一人唱独角戏、满堂灌的传统单一的教学模式,势必不会有好的教学效果。

当然,除了教学模式外,医学英语的教学还存在着很多其他的问题,比如要加强专业英语师资队伍的建设,就要编写制作优秀的教材、影像资料等。

但传统的教学模式诟病已久,建设新型的医学英语教学模式是首要的任务。

一、医学英语的课程目的

课程目的主要有两方面:一是培养口语交际能力。

使大学本科生经过基础英语阶段的学习之后,通过专业英语学习,继续巩固和不断提高医学英语的语言能力,能够用英语就医学方面的话题进行交流,二是培养科研能力。

通过本课程的学习,学生能以英语为工具,阅读专业文献,获得专业所需的外文信息,能为将来进一步的深造或参加工作后专业知识的自学打下基础。

因此,新型教学模式必须为这两点目的服务,要培养、提高口语交际能力,可以将情景教学法纳入新的教学模式中。

二、使用情景教学法

情景是指交际活动的社会情景,语言常常是伴着一定的情景的。

著名语言学家克鲁姆认为,成功的英语课堂教学应在课堂内创造更多的情景,让学生有机会运用已学到的语言材料。

情景模拟教学就是要求教师在教学过程中借助实物、图片、录音等教学用具,通过对话交流、角色扮演等形式,把教学内容以生动直观的形式呈现在学生眼前。

在实际情境下进行学习,可以使学习者利用原有认知结构中的有关经验去同化和索引当前学习到的新知识,从而赋予新知识以某种意义。

在医学英语教学课堂上,要做到情景教学,就要充分使用各种模型、道具、图片,把教室当成医院,创造出各种逼真的医疗环境,如挂号、就诊、做检查、拿药、住院、出院等,或是按照科室分类,如内科、外科、耳鼻喉科、泌尿科、眼科等,再让学生灵活运用学到的医学词汇、句子和特定的表达方式来分角色扮演。

具体的形式可以多样,就表演人数的规模而言,可以全体同学分成小组进行,分饰不同的角色,人人参与进来,也可以由部分同学扮演,其余同学当评委,指出表演当中的不足和长处。

就表演的内容而言,可以让学生分成小组,只完成一个特定的环节,比如挂号或是就诊;也可以让学生组成几个大组,一部分学生充当医生,坐在教室里,一部分学生充当不同身体不适的病人,可以自由走动,依次去不同的医生那里完成全套的挂号、就诊、做检查、拿药、住院、出院的环节或是按多个不同科室,完成相应的一整套环节。

扮演医生的同学除了需要和学生用英语完成特定的医学对话外,还要写出医学病例、开出医嘱等。

这样在课堂上设置具体生动的场景,使学生身临其境,能充分调动他们学习医学英语的积极性,让他们发现医学英语其实不是枯燥乏味的,而是可以离我们很近,有实用性,很生活化。

老师在课堂上要起到指导的作用,以学生为中心的课堂并不意味着老师已经不需要发挥任何作用,让课堂放任自流,造成可能的课堂次序混乱。

在情景教学展示阶段,当学生一时词穷,限于冷场时,应当及时启发、活跃学生的思维,帮助活动继续进行,学生重新回归角色。

当学生所扮演的角色离题太远时,则应及时调整,以获得最佳效果。

角色扮演终结时,教师则应对学生在情景模拟全过程中的表现做出点评,指出问题,引导学生课后继续思考与学习。

情景设置及交谈内容可以由易到难,由简单到复杂,使学生运用医学英语的实际能力逐步迈向更高的层次和水平。

三、充分利用多媒体教学

当今科学技术飞速发展,医学技术日新月异,不断有新的难题,同时也有新的突破,而所有这些数以万计的科研资料我们几乎都可以从互联网上取得,首先是数据库,如今几乎所有的高校都购买了各类数据库,老师可以指导学生充分利用数据库来检索文献,收集相关的前沿资料,然后学习这些文献资料,拓宽自己的知识面,及时更新自己的知识;其次是庞大的互联网资源,老师可以介绍学生一些有用的医学学习网站、论坛,去下载收集医学视频文本材料,来弥补课堂的不足。

学生可以通过互联网来不断提高自己的综合素质,为今后的科研工作打下基础。

以上两种教学方式都突破了传统的教学方法,使得医学英语教学呈现出新的气象,为新型的教学模式注入了新的血液,可为进一步建造完整的更科学的新型医学英语教学模式提供一些思考。

参考文献:

[1]吴凡,张忠芳.基于情景模拟教学的医学英语教学法研究[J].中国医学教育技术,2009.

[2]司道文,孙金莲,张宇新.多媒体网络技术在医学英语教学中的应用[J].中国现代教育装备,2010.

[3]张艳.多媒体在医学英语教学中应用和探索[J].医学信息,2007.

[4]郭颖.医学院校本科生英语多媒体教学方法探讨[J].医学信息,2009.

[5]沈志芬.“情景教学”成就高效的英语课堂[J].成才之路,2007.

自己去网上搜啊!谁有闲情逸致写啊

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