发布时间：
能发给我吗 我也要 谢谢
英文参考文献格式举例
参考文献是毕业论文的重要组成部分，对其进行统计分析，不仅有利于本科生的.教育和管理，而且能为图书馆文献保障和读者服务等工作提供一定的参考依据。下面是我整理的英文参考文献格式举例，希望大家重视。
一、参考文献的类型
参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告
对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：
①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母.如：MalcolmRichardCowley应为：Cowley，.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：FrankNorris与IrvingGordon应为：Norris，F.&.;
②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：MasteringEnglishLiterature，EnglishWeekly。
二、参考文献的格式及举例
1.期刊类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)：起止页码.【举例】
[1]王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004，21(1)：56-58.[2]夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.
[3]Heider，[J].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch，1999，(3):62–67.
2.专著类
【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.【举例】[4]葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42.
[5]Gill，[M].London:Macmillan，1985:42-45.
3.报纸类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次).【举例】
[6]李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报，1998-12-27(3).
[7]French，[N].AtlanticWeekly，198715(33).
4.论文集
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】
[8]伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.
[9]Spivak，G.“CantheSubalternSpeak?”[A].(eds.).VictoryinLimbo:Imigism[C].Urbana:UniversityofIllinoisPress，1988，.
才给10分，问这么高难度的问题
文献可到OA图书馆查询。
1、 [会计学]公允价值计量属性应用研究2 摘 要本文主要针对新会计准则中重新引用公允价值计量的问题进行研究。首先介绍了公允价值的定义，并与其他的计量属性进行全面的比较。然后对准则中部分引入公允价值的条款进行阐述，结合我国现阶段的经济环境以及... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2008-10-27 2、 [会计学]公允价值计量属性应用研究1 摘 要公允价值一直是我国关注的一个热点，我国在使用公允价值计量的过程中，曾经有过惨痛的教训。在2006年2月颁布的新会计准则中，作为会计国际化的重要步骤，我国又一次在具体会计准则中多次使用公允价值，这... 类别：毕业论文 大小：98 KB 日期：2008-10-27 3、 [会计学]公允价值计量属性的理论与应用分析 摘 要2006年2月15日，我国财政部颁布了新的企业会计准则，其中：金融工具、投资性房地产、债务重组、资产减值、租赁和套期保值等方面采用了公允价值计量。然而，在实际工作中，公允价值的运用遇到了像利润操... 类别：毕业论文 大小：143 KB 日期：2007-08-29 :3cj./soft/
没，因为这样的得是这个相关专业的才可能既有外文文献又有中文翻译，你可以去Wiley-Blackwell 之类的外文期刊网上去找些外文文献，再做翻译。
sjibabuaibfiabvgyajabfvduhsfvusvgfusdvgeduadsusoaagfdiuagtsvfffffhduiagvfbduiavfuidgbfuovbaobfvobvogfyuvbufdvafuabvugvfbuavf56dnh6a4h1g56h1456a4h156a4h165h4a65h465ad4ha6d5h4a64ha+64ha6+h4a+4a6+g4d64fd4h65t4e6h4te4hg5d6hg4e6as4htefg1hgf4shjgisdhshgughruihuegayfuagbfhugfrufryuguigauiafaofaogfryuaguregygfuagfaifgreoeguaogrwagrkagrufbgdkjgfuiagfyudyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyadyifogvbfuoavfgoyayfagifasdgfioadghioufadgfapghfuipghafuipghasfiogfyoasgbfsdhlgfjhg564j56sw4j56f1jh56sf14sf54js4j56s4j651456j1s65j1h56f465hf16hf5s16h1fs61j65fsh1s56f1fssfsjhfsggshgyh1y65wey1w6y165w
希望对你有帮助。仅供参考！
最近在玩轩辕传奇手游，记得从15级开始每日完成2大环炼宝任务，它是你获取银票和经验的主要来源之一，也是每日必做的任务；任务在轩辕城炼宝区域找到NPC冷少泉处领取任务，根据任务提示去到相应的地宫滑鼠右键放至背包内的宝鼎，在宝鼎周围（切记必须在宝鼎周围，超出宝鼎范围的话击杀怪物是不计数的
童鞋你好！ 这个估计需要自己搜寻了！ 网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的！ 我在这里给你点搜寻国际上常用的外文资料库： ---------------------------------------------------------- ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 Elsevier SDOL资料库 IEEE/IEE(IEL) EBSCOhost RSC英国皇家化学学会 ACM美国计算机学会 ASCE美国土木工程师学会 Springer电子期刊 WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库 Nature周刊 NetLibrary电子图书 ProQuest学位论文全文资料库 国道外文专题资料库 CALIS西文期刊目次资料库 推荐使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 ----------------------------------------------------------- 中文翻译得自己做了，实在不成就谷歌翻译。 弄完之后，自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦！ 学校以及老师都不会看这个东西的！ 外文翻译不是论文的主要内容！ 所以，很容易过去的！ 祝你好运！
直接下载 Microscopic traffic simulation: A tool for the design, *** ysis and evaluation of intelligent transport systems J Barcelo, E Codina, J Casas, JL Ferrer - Journal of Intelligent & , 2005 :aimsun./ Analysis of possibilities and proposals of intelligent transport system (ITS) implementation in Lithuania A Jarašūniene - Transport, 2006 :
已发请查收。
财务论文的英文参考文献大全
财务是非常有前途的一个职业,也是一个很容易规划自己发展路径的职业。下面是我为大家整理的财务论文英文参考文献，欢迎阅读。
[1]Adams, M. and Hardwick, P. An Analysis of Corporate Donations: UnitedKingdom Evidence [J], Journal of Management Studies, 1998,35 （5）: 641-654.
[2]Aronoff, J Ward. Family-owned Businesses: A Thing of the Past or Model of the Future. [J]. Family Business Review, 1995,8（2）; 121-130.
[3]Beckhard,R“Dyer Jr.,. Managing continuity in the family owned business [J]. Organizational Dynamics, 1983,12 （1）:5-12.
[4Casson, M. The economics of family firms [J]. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 1999' 47（1）:10 - 23.
[5]Alchian,, H. Production, information costs, and economic organization. American Economic Review [J]. 1972,62（5）: 777-795.
[6]Allen, F,J, Qian and M, J. Qian. Law,Finance and Economic Growth in China [J], Journal of Financial Economics, 2005,77: .
[7]Amato,L. H.& Amato,C. H. The effects of firm size and industry on corporate giving [J]. Journal of Business Ethics,2007,72（3）: 229-241.
[8]Chrisman, . Chua,., and Steier, L. P. An introduction to theories of family business [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2003b, 18（4）: 441-448
[1]Antelo,M. Licensing a non-drastic innovation under double informational asymmetry. Rese arch Policy,2003,32（3），367-390.
[2]Arora, A. Patents,licensing, and market structure in the chemical Policy, 1997,26（4-5）， 391-403.
[3]Aoki,R.,& Tauman,Y. Patent licensing with spillovers. Economics Letters,2001,73（1），125-130.
[4]Agarwal, S,& Hauswald, R. Distance and private information in of Financial Studies,2010,23（7），2757-2788.
[5]Brouthers, Hennart, . Boundaries of the firm: insights from international entry mode research. Journal of Management, 2007,33,395-425.
[6]Anderson, J. E. A theoretical foundation for the gravity equation. American Economic Review, 1997,69（1），106-116.
[7]Barkema,H. G.,Bell,J. H. J.,& Pennings, J. M. Foreign entry,cultural barriers,and learning. Strategic Management Journal, 1996, 17（2），151-166.
[8]Bass, B.,& Granke, R. Societal influences on student perceptions of how to succeed in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1972,56（4），312-318.
[9]Bresman, H.,Birkinshaw, J.,& Nobel, R. Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies,1999,30（3），439-462.
[10]Chesbrough, H. W.,& Appleyard,M, M. Open innovation and Management Review, 2007,50（1），57-76.
[1]Allport, G. W. Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York: Holt,Rinehart & Winston, 1937.
[2]DeVellis, R. Scale development: Theory and application. London: Sage. 1991.
[3]Anderson,J. R. Methodologies for studying human knowledge. Behavioural and Brain Sciences,1987,10（3），467-505
[4]Aragon-Comea, J. A. Strategic proactivity and firm approach to the natural environment. Academy of Management Journal,1998,41（5），556-567.
[5]Bandura, A. Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001,52,1-26.
[6]Barr, P. S,Stimpert,J. L,& Huff,A. S. Cognitive change,strategic action and organizational renewal. Strategic Management Journal, 1992,13（S1），15-36.
[7]Bourgeois, L. J. On the measurement of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 1981,6（1），29-39.
[8]Belkin, N. J. Anomalous state of knowledge for information retrieval. Canadian Journal of Information Science, 1980,5（5），133-143.
[9]Bentler,P. M,& Chou C. P. Practical issues in structural equation Methods and Research,1987,16（1），78-117
[10]Atkin, C. K. Instrumental utilities and information seeking. New models for mass communication research, Oxford,England: Sage,1973.
[1] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development （OECD）[J]. Trends in Organized Crime . 1997 （4）
[2] Crongvist, Henrik,and Matias Costs of Controlling Minority Shareholders. SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance . 2001
[3] Forker governance and disclosure quality. Accounting and Business . 1992
[4] Dechow and consequences of earnings manipulation: an analysis of firms subject to enforcement actions by the SEC. Contemporary Accounting Research . 1996
[5] Healy,P. effect of bonus schemes on accounting decision. Journal of Accountancy . 1985
[6] Holthausen Robert,David Larcker,Richard Bonus Schemes and the Manipulation of Earnings. Journal of Accountancy . 1995
[7] Defond Mark L,James Covenant Violation and Manipulation of Accruals. Journal of Accountancy . 1994 [7] Shyam of Accounting and Control. . 1997
[8] William R Accounting Theory. . 1997
[9] Bae,Kee-Hong,Jun-KooKang, or value addition? Evidence from mergers by Korean business groups. The Journal of Finance . 2002
[10] Watts RL,Zimmerman a positive theory ofthe determination of accounting standards. The Accounting Review . 1978
[1] Ball, R. and Brown, , “An Empirical Evaluation of Accounting Income Numbers”,journal of Accounting Research,Autumn, pp. 159-178
[2] Watts ., Zimmerman , “Towards a Positive Theory of the Determination of Accounting Standards”,The Accounting Review, pp. 112-134
[3] Hopwood A. G.“Towards an Organizational Perspective for the Study of Accounting and Information Systems”,Accounting, Organizations and Society (No. 1, 1978) pp. 3-14
[4] Collins, D. W., Kothari, S. 89, “An Analysis of Intertemporal and Cross-Sectional Determinants of Earnings Response Coefficients”, journal of Accounting & Economics,
[6] , Zmijewski , 19 89, “Cross-Sectional Variation in the Stock Market Response to Accounting Earnings Announcements”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, 117-141
[6] Beaver, W. H. 1968, “The Information Content of Annual Earnings Announcements”, journal of Accounting Research, pp. 67-92
[7] Holthausen ., Leftwich ., 1983, “The Economic Consequences of Accounting Choice: Implications of Costly Contracting and Monitoring”, journal of Accounting & Economics, August, pp77-117
[8]Patell , 1976, “Corporate Forecasts of Earnings Per Share and Stock Price Behavior: Empirical Tests. Journal of Accounting Research, Autumn, 246-276
论文英文参考文献格式
在社会的各个领域，大家对论文都再熟悉不过了吧，通过论文写作可以培养我们的科学研究能力。如何写一篇有思想、有文采的论文呢？下面是我收集整理的论文英文参考文献格式，希望能够帮助到大家。
英文文献采用“APA格式”：
单一作者著作的书籍：
姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.
Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.
两位作者以上合著的书籍：
姓，名字首字母., & 姓，名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市：出版社.
Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.
文集中的文章：
Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.
期刊中的文章(非连续页码)：
Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.
期刊中的文章(连续页码)：
姓，名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期，页码.
Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.
月刊杂志中的文章：
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
php论文英文参考文献
[1]冯国良.基于Web及VRML网络教学平台的设计与实现[D].西安电子科技大学，2010.
[2]赵胜.基于B/S架构的Moodle网络教学平台的设计与实现[D].河北科技大学，2012.
[3]晏榆洋.基于web的在线网络教学平台的设计与实现[D].电子科技大学，2013.
[4]王逾西.动态网页的数据库连接技术[J].天津市财贸管理干部学院学报，2010，12（1）：41-43.
[5]徐一菲，陈光柱，沈春丰等.基于PHP网站的远程控制系统研究[J].微计算机信息，2010，26（15）：135-136，115.
[6]丁鲁南，康梅娟.基于WAMP的红色文化动态网站的设计[J].科技资讯，2012，（26）：20-20.
[7]滕文.基于MVC模式的PHP程序开发[J].科技视界，2012，（28）：262.
[8]郭雪清，肖飞，黄正东，王光华，宋莉莉，张伟.医院绩效管理信息系统的设计与实现[J].中国数字医学，2014，13（15）03：12-14+17.
[9]袁永革.试析医院管理信息系统的设计思想及其实施[J].计算机与信息技术，2014，16（18），03：91-94.
财务论文英文参考文献
[1]Adams, M. and Hardwick, P. An Analysis of Corporate Donations: UnitedKingdom Evidence [J], Journal of Management Studies, 1998,35 （5）： 641-654.
[2]Aronoff,C.,and J Ward. Family-owned Businesses: A Thing of the Past or Model of the Future. [J]. Family Business Review, 1995,8（2）； 121-130.
[3]Beckhard,R“Dyer Jr.,. Managing continuity in the family owned business [J]. Organizational Dynamics, 1983,12 （1）： 5-12.
[4Casson, M. The economics of family firms [J]. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 1999' 47（1）：10 - 23.
[5]Alchian,A.,Demsetz, H. Production, information costs, and economic organization. American Economic Review [J]. 1972,62（5）： 777-795.
[6]Allen, F,J, Qian and M, J. Qian. Law,Finance and Economic Growth in China [J], Journal of Financial Economics, 2005,77: .
[7]Amato,L. H.,& Amato,C. H. The effects of firm size and industry on corporate giving [J]. Journal of Business Ethics,2007,72（3）： 229-241.
[8]Chrisman, ., Chua,., and Steier, L. P. An introduction to theories of family business [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2003b, 18（4）： 441-448
动画论文英文参考文献范例多则
[1]程曼丽、王维佳：《对外传播及其效果研究》[M],北京大学出版社，2011年，36页.
[2]冯捃、何春耕：《《功夫熊猫》的跨文化传播分层解读》[J],《电影评介》，2014年第5期37-40页.
[3]范文杰、戴雪梅：《无意识一内隐认知理论的演变历程回顾及展望》[J],《重庆工商大学学报》，2009年第6期，596-601页.
[4]管文虎等：《国家形象论》[M],电子科技大学出版社，1999年，23页.
[5]郭秀艳、崔光成：《内隐学习本质特征的实验研究》[J],《心理科学》，2002年第1期，43-46页.
[6]陈晓云：《动画电影：叙事与意识形态》[J],《上海大学学报（社会科学版）》，2010年第5期，54-60页.
[7]黄国文、徐裙：《语篇分析与话语分析》[J],《外语与外语教学》，2006年第10期，2-6页.
[8]李德顺：《普遍价值与其可观基她》[J],《中国社会科学》，1998年第6期，5-14 页.
[9]刘丽英：《国家形象研究文献述评及营销视角分析一基于CSSCI（2001-2011）的研究》卬，《学术探索》，2014年第2期，120-123页.
学术论文英文参考文献注入格式
一、学术论文英文参考文献标注格式。
按照现行规定，学术期刊中论文参考文献的.标注采用顺序编码制，即在文内的引文处按引用文献在论文中出现的先后顺序以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。同一文献在一文中被反复引用者，用同一序号标示。这一规定使得所列文献简洁明了，应该引起论文作者注意。英文参考文献和中文参考文献一样，按在文中出现的先后顺序与中文文献混合连续编码着录;英文文献用印刷体;英文书名、期刊名和报纸名等用斜体;所列项目及次序与中文文献相同，但文献类型可不标出;忌用中文叙述英文。其格式为：
专着、论文集、学位论文、报告-[序号]主要责任者。文献题名。出版地：出版者，出版年。起止页码(任选)。
示例：[1]Day,C.,Veen, Walraven,G. Children and youth at risk and urban education. Research,policy and prac-tice. Leuven/Apeldoorn:Garant. 1997.
期刊文章-[序号]主要责任者。文献题名。刊名，年，卷(期)：起止页码。
示例：[2] Driessen,G.,& Van der Grinten,M. Home language proficiency in the Netherland:The evaluation of Turkish andMoroccan bilingual programmes- A critical review,Studies in Educational Evaluation,1994,20(3)：365- 386.
论文集中的析出文献-[序号]析出文献主要责任者。析出文献题名。原文献主要责任者(任选)。原文献题名。出版地：出版者，出版年。析出文献起止页码。
示例：[3] Driessen,G.,Mulder,L.,& Jungbluth,P. Structural and cultural determinants of educational opportunities in theNetherlands. In (Ed.)，Root and migration in global perspective. Jerusalem:Magnes . 104.[5]
报纸文章-[序号]主要责任者。文献题名。报纸名，出版日期(版次)。
示例：[4] Lgnatieff,M. Keeping an old flame burning brightly. The Guardian,1998- 12- 20(12)。
电子文献-[序号]主要责任者。电子文献题名。电子文献的出处或可获得的地址，发表或更新日期。
示例：[5] Baboescu,F. Algorithms for fast packet classification. .
二、关于英文人名的标注。
现行编排规范对英文人名如何标注未作明确要求，英文人名的标注较为混乱，有标注全名的，有标注时将名缩写、姓不缩写、保持原来顺序的，还有在姓、名之间加圆点的，后者是我国翻译作品中，中文书写外国人名经常采用的一种方式。其实，标注英文人名是有章可循的，在国外学术着作的参考文献中，关于人名的标注已约定俗成为一种统一的格式，即英文参考文献标注作者姓名时，要求姓在前、名在后，姓与名之间用逗号隔开，姓的词首字母大写，其余字母不大写;名用词首大写字母表示，后加缩写符号圆点，缩写符号不可省略。由于欧美国家人的姓名排列一般是名在前、姓在后，在标注时必须加以调整。如Georg Paghet Thomson,前面两个词是名，最后一个词是姓，应标注为Thomson,G. P为什么要如此标注呢?笔者认为有以下原因。
1.在应用计算机等信息工具进行英文文献检索时，以英文作者姓名中的姓作为依据之一，即以姓作为检索目标之一。
2.在欧美人姓名表达含义里，姓比名的重要性更强、更正式。用姓而不是名来代表作者，还有尊重、礼貌的意味。名缩写后加缩写符号圆点，也含有正式、尊重和礼貌的意味，缩写符号不可省略。
3.表示与平常书写姓名的不同，体现学术论文重要性、简约性和准确性的要求，符合科研论文文体风格。这种标注在英文学术着作、科技文献中已广泛采用，也容易被广大读者、作者理解、接受。
对于复姓情况，如Jory Albores-Saavedra等，在引用标注时，应将复姓全部写出，即Albores-Saavedra, J对于姓前带有冠词或介词的情况，如带有Mac,Le,Von,Van den等，标注时不能省略，应同姓一起提到前面标注，如Mac Donald,La Fontaina,Von Eschenbach,Van den Bery等。这里有个有趣的现象，对于北欧人常见的姓Van den Bery,如Van的词首字母大写，表示它是姓的一部分，标注时应与姓一起前置;如果作者姓名书写为Graham van den Bery,其中van的词首字母v没有大写，则表示它不是姓的一部分，姓Bery前置时，van den仍留在原来的位置，并且不可缩写或省略，标注为Bery,G. van den.另外，对于“姓名+学位”的情况，标注时一般把“学位”删去，不要将其误认为姓或姓的一部分.
一个参考文献有两位或两位以上作者时，标注时除按上述要求将每位作者的姓提前书写外，作者与作者之间用逗号分开，最后一位作者前加&符号，如示例[1],也可仅保留前三位作者，之后加etc.表示。
三、关于英文参考文献发表(出版)时间标注到年的问题。
发表(出版)时间是参考文献的一项重要内容，标示引用文献发表的历史时间位置，是判断引用文献新旧的一个根据，不可遗漏。国外学术论着中参考文献的发表(出版)时间标注到年，这与我国学术论着中参考文献的标注规定相同。国外学术论着中参考文献的发表(出版)时间的标注位置有标注在作者后的情况，并加圆括号，这是因为采用了“着者-出版年”制。我国学术期刊编排规范参考文献的标注采用“顺序编码”制,发表(出版)时间标注靠后，如示例[1]、[3],应按此要求标注为是。
四、英文析出文献名和原文献名的标注。
由于现行编排规范对英文析出文献和原文献的标注书写要求不够明确，目前有把析出文献名排成斜体，而把原文献名(论文集名或期刊名等)排成正体的情况。这种标注方式是不对的，混淆了析出文献名和原文献名的效力，正确的编排要求与此相反，国外的普遍作法与我国学者的论述[4]要求一致，因此这一现象值得编辑同行注意。
英文书名在英文文章中出现有排成斜体的习惯，论文集名、期刊名或报纸名与书名效力相同，故排成斜体，析出文献名相当于书中的章节标题，不具有书名的分量，故不可排成斜体。
在标注原文献名及作者时，原文献多指论文集或与之类似的著作，英文标注习惯上在编着者名前加词首字母大写的介词In,作者姓名前后次序不作调整，名缩写为词首大写字母，后加缩写符号圆点，姓完整标出，不缩写。作者后加编者一词的缩写形式及缩写符号圆点，词首字母大写，外加圆括号，如标注为In S. Weil(Ed.)，如示例[3].然后斜体标注原文献题名，后加注出版年，起至页码的缩写形式pp.和析出文献的起至页码。当原文献有两位或两位以上作者时，作者姓名同上述情况一样，前后次序不作调整，分别标出，编者一词缩写用复数形式Eds.,如In L. Eedering,& P. Leseman(Eds.)。
文献类型不宜标出。文献类型是我国编排规范制定的标注要求，国外并未采用。在中文中标注醒目、自然，在英文中此一项目的标注容易产生误解和干扰。如果是为方便计算机在检索或统计时辨识，是技术上的要求，那么就应当统一要求标注，从“可不标出”来看，尚未有技术上的要求。因而，文献类型在英文参考文献中不作标注为妥。
五、出版地和出版社(商)的标注。
出版地和出版社(商)是参考文献的重要内容，标示版权信息，不可遗漏或省略。我国一部着作一般由一家出版社负责出版发行，出版地一般也就比较明确为出版社所在的城市。国外情况就比较复杂了，由于市场经济高度成熟，语言通用程度高，着作权被普遍保护等原因，一部着作可能由不止一家出版社(商)合作出版发行，出版地也可能在不同国家的不同城市。当出版地有两处或两处以上、出版社(商)有两个或两个以上时，应当一一标出，中间用斜杠分开。如Amsterdam/Philadephia:Ben-jamins,又如Den Haag:Sdu/DOP出版地一般是出版社(商)所在的城市，标注城市名，不可标注为国家名。
参考文献补充了文章的重要信息，涉及范围十分广泛。因而，希望在修订现行编排规范时，对英文参考文献的标注作明确规定，以便作者写作和编者编辑时皆有章可循，亦使这项工作更加规范。
java论文英文的参考文献
参考文献：
[1]王庆智.王喜富.基于供应链管理的物流信息平台设计研究[A].第五届中国工业企业物流论坛论文集[C].2007(8)
[2]张翔.基于XML与Java技术构建电子政务系统的方法研究[D].西北大学.2008(5)
[3]符强.基于Java动态编程技术的软件自愈合构架研究[D].西北工业大学.2007(3)
[4]徐伟.赵嵩正.蒋维杨，基于功能的区域物流信息平台体系结构研究[J].情报杂志.2008(27)
[5]白磊，李芙玲.基于工作过程导向的JAVA程序设计课程教学研究[J].华北科技学院学报，2013，（04）：92-95.
[6]赖小平.基于工作过程导向的《Java程序设计》课程开发与实践[J].福建电脑，2015，（05）：52-53.
[7]孙晓奇，李胜，张文娇.基于工作过程的教学模式在java课程中的应用[J].电脑知识与技术，2014，（02）：338-339.
参考文献：
[1]李舒，陈丽君.高校学生成绩管理系统的设计与实现[J].辽宁大学学报：自然科学版，2006，3（3）：283-285.
[2]徐亮.高校智能排课系统的研究[J].电子设计工程，2013，21（7）：24-27.
[3]张小红.高校排课系统的设计与实现[J].电子科技，2012，25（7）：45-47.
[4]苏贞，陈海关.高校智能排课系统中蚁群算法的应用探讨[J].兰州教育学院学报，2013，29（7）：120-121.
[5]叶波霞浅谈大学生兼职在大学生活的重要性[J].中小企业管理与科技，2014，（33）
[6]王丽晖.关于大学生兼职现象的几点思考*高校一线思政工作者视角下的大学生兼职现象[J].2009，10（04）
参考文献：
[1]常征.功能测试中自动化测试框架的分析与应用[D].北京：北京林业大学，2007.
[2]徐骋.Android应用软件自动化测试框架的研究[D].大连：大连海事大学，2015.
[3]路静，王琪.一种基于功能测试的自动化测试框架[J].内蒙古科技与经济，2005（23）：25-26.
[4]曾北溟.自动化测试框架的研究与实现[D].武汉：武汉大学，2004.
[5]步倩倩.面向GUI软件的自动化测试框架的研究与应用[D].成都：电子科技大学，2010.
[6]郝义鹏.基于关键字驱动自动化测试平台的设计与实现[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学，2007.
[7]侯菊敏.基于Android的关键字驱动自动化测试框架研究[D].广州：中山大学，2012.
[8]区立斌.基于层次关键字驱动的自动化测试框架设计与应用[D].广州：中山大学，2012.
[9]郝晓晓，张卫丰.基于XML的SDK自动化测试框架的设计与实现[J].计算机技术与发展，2010（4）：101-104.
[10]谢文哲.基于模块化测试框架的单元自动化测试框架的设计与实现[D].武汉：华中科技大学，2007.
[11]陈健.基于模型的数据处理系统的自动化测试框架[D].北京：中国科学院大学（工程管理与信息技术学院），2013.
你用EI检索啊（要钱）。
楼上那个是什么啊。。你要的文献具体是什么？文章？新闻？书摘？这个网站上很多资料 还有一些推荐的书籍我就不帮你一个个翻译了
How to more rapid, reasonable and effective development of Tianjin and the resulting high-tech industry led regional economic integration, while making economic development and resource utilization, environmental protection, coordination, and maintaining sustained economic Tianjin, stability and rapid development, At present we are facing an urgent task. From the origin of high-tech start on the high-tech industries to define the meaning and scope. And from the development environment, industry total, the industrial advantages, such as industrial level perspective on the development of high-tech industries in Tianjin. Also specifically mentioned in the course of its development of key issues, and cited foreign experience, the focus of the strategy and future development path for a more comprehensive development of high-tech industry of Tianjin has provided some new ideas and proposals. Key words: Tianjin, high-tech, high-tech industries; status quo; Countermeasures
请LZ参考并采纳——————————————————如果需要更多请联系我——————————————————————The main techniques and sectors of the financial industry Main article: Financial servicesAn entity whose income exceeds its expenditure can lend or invest the excess income. On the other hand, an entity whose income is less than its expenditure can raise capital by borrowing or selling equity claims, decreasing its expenses, or increasing its income. The lender can find a borrower, a financial intermediary, such as a bank or buy notes or bonds in the bond market. The lender receives interest, the borrower pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary pockets the bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders. A bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays the interest. The bank then lends these deposits to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders, of different sizes, to coordinate their activity. Banks are thus compensators of money flows in specific example of corporate finance is the sale of stock by a company to institutional investors like investment banks, who in turn generally sell it to the public. The stock gives whoever owns it part ownership in that company. If you buy one share of XYZ Inc, and they have 100 shares outstanding (held by investors), you are 1/100 owner of that company. Of course, in return for the stock, the company receives cash, which it uses to expand its business in a process called "equity financing". Equity financing mixed with the sale of bonds (or any other debt financing) is called the company's capital is used by individuals (personal finance), by governments (public finance), by businesses (corporate finance), as well as by a wide variety of organizations including schools and non-profit organizations. In general, the goals of each of the above activities are achieved through the use of appropriate financial instruments, with consideration to their institutional is one of the most important aspects of business management. Without proper financial planning a new enterprise is unlikely to be successful. Managing money (a liquid asset) is essential to ensure a secure future, both for the individual and an finance Main article: Personal financeQuestions in personal finance revolve around * How much money will be needed by an individual (or by a family) at various points in the future? * Where will this money come from (. savings or borrowing)? * How can people protect themselves against unforeseen events in their lives, and risk in financial markets? * How can family assets be best transferred across generations (bequests and inheritance)? * How do taxes (tax subsidies or penalties) affect personal financial decisions? * How does credit affect an individual's financial standing? * How can one plan for a secure financial future in an environment of economic instability?Personal financial decisions may involve paying for education, financing durable goods such as real estate and cars, buying insurance, . health and property insurance, investing and saving for financial decisions may also involve paying for a loan.[edit] Corporate finance Main article: Corporate financeManagerial or corporate finance is the task of providing the funds for a corporation's activities. For small business, this is referred to as SME finance. It generally involves balancing risk and profitability, while attempting to maximize an entity's wealth and the value of its term funds are provided by ownership equity and long-term credit, often in the form of bonds. The balance between these forms the company's capital structure. Short-term funding or working capital is mostly provided by banks extending a line of business decision concerning finance is investment, or fund management. An investment is an acquisition of an asset in the hope that it will maintain or increase its value. In investment management -- in choosing a portfolio -- one has to decide what, how much and when to invest. To do this, a company must: * Identify relevant objectives and constraints: institution or individual goals, time horizon, risk aversion and tax considerations; * Identify the appropriate strategy: active v. passive -- hedging strategy * Measure the portfolio performanceFinancial management is duplicate with the financial function of the Accounting profession. However, financial accounting is more concerned with the reporting of historical financial information, while the financial decision is directed toward the future of the firm.[edit] Capital Main article Financial capitalCapital, in the financial sense, is the money which gives the business the power to buy goods to be used in the production of other goods or the offering of a service.[edit] Sources of capital * Long Term - usually above 7 years o Share Capital o Mortgage o Retained Profit o Venture Capital o Debenture o Sale & Leaseback o Project Finance * Medium Term - usually between 2 and 7 years o Term Loans o Leasing o Hire Purchase * Short Term - usually under 2 years o Bank Overdraft o Trade Credit o Deferred Expenses o Factoring[edit] Capital market * Long-term funds are bought and sold: o Shares o Debentures o Long-term loans, often with a mortgage bond as security o Reserve funds o Euro Bonds[edit] Money market * Financial institutions can use short-term savings to lend out in the form of short-term loans: o Credit on open account o Bank overdraft o Short-term loans o Bills of exchange o Factoring of debtors[edit] Borrowed capitalThis is capital which the business borrows from institutions or people, and includes debentures: * Redeemable debentures * Irredeemable debentures * Debentures to bearer * Hardcore debentures[edit] Own capitalThis is capital that owners of a business (shareholders and partners, for example) provide: * Preference shares/hybrid source of finance o Ordinary preference shares o Cumulative preference shares o Participating preference share * Ordinary shares * Bonus shares * Founders' shares[edit] Differences between shares and debentures * Shareholders are effectively owners; debenture-holders are creditors. * Shareholders may vote at AGMs and be elected as directors; debenture-holders may not vote at AGMs or be elected as directors. * Shareholders receive profit in the form of dividends; debenture-holders receive a fixed rate of interest. * If there is no profit, the shareholder does not receive a dividend; interest is paid to debenture-holders regardless of whether or not a profit has been made. * In case of dissolution of firms debenture holders are paid first as compared to shareholder.[edit] Fixed capitalThis is money which is used to purchase assets that will remain permanently in the business and help it to make a profit.[edit] Factors determining fixed capital requirements * Nature of business * Size of business * Stage of development * Capital invested by the owners * location of that area[edit] Working capitalThis is money which is used to buy stock, pay expenses and finance credit.[edit] Factors determining working capital requirements * Size of business * Stage of development * Time of production * Rate of stock turnover ratio * Buying and selling terms * Seasonal consumption * Seasonal production[edit] The desirability of budgeting[edit] Capital budgetThis concerns fixed asset requirements for the next five years and how these will be financed.[edit] Cash budgetWorking capital requirements of a business should be monitored at all times to ensure that there are sufficient funds available to meet short-term expenses.[edit] Management of current assets[edit] Credit policyCredit gives the customer the opportunity to buy goods and services, and pay for them at a later date.[edit] Advantages of credit trade * Usually results in more customers than cash trade. * Can charge more for goods to cover the risk of bad debt. * Gain goodwill and loyalty of customers. * People can buy goods and pay for them at a later date. * Farmers can buy seeds and implements, and pay for them only after the harvest. * Stimulates agricultural and industrial production and commerce. * Can be used as a promotional tool. * Increase the sales.[edit] Disadvantages of credit trade * Risk of bad debt. * High administration expenses. * People can buy more than they can afford. * More working capital needed. * Risk of Bankruptcy.[edit] Forms of credit * Suppliers credit: o Credit on ordinary open account o Instalment sales o Bills of exchange o Credit cards * Contractor's credit * Factoring of debtors[edit] Factors which influence credit conditions * Nature of the business's activities * Financial position * Product durability * Length of production process * Competition and competitors' credit conditions * Country's economic position * Conditions at financial institutions * Discount for early payment * Debtor's type of business and financial position[edit] Credit collection[edit] Overdue accounts * Cards arranged alphabetically in card index system * Attach a notice of overdue account to statement. * Send a letter asking for settlement of debt. * Send a second or third letter if first is ineffectual. * Threaten legal action.[edit] Effective credit control * Increases sales * Reduces bad debts * Increases profits * Builds customer loyalty[edit] Sources of information on creditworthiness * Business references * Bank references * Credit agencies * Chambers of commerce * Employers * Credit application forms[edit] Duties of the credit department * Legal action * Taking necessary steps to ensure settlement of account * Knowing the credit policy and procedures for credit control * Setting credit limits * Ensuring that statements of account are sent out * Ensuring that thorough checks are carried out on credit customers * Keeping records of all amounts owing * Ensuring that debts are settled promptly * Timely reporting to the upper level of management for better management.[edit] Stock[edit] Purpose of stock control * Ensures that enough stock is on hand to satisfy demand. * Protects and monitors theft. * Safeguards against having to stockpile. * Allows for control over selling and cost price.[edit] Stockpiling Main article: Cornering the marketThis refers to the purchase of stock at the right time, at the right price and in the right are several advantages to the stockpiling, the following are some of the examples: * Losses due to price fluctuations and stock loss kept to a minimum * Ensures that goods reach customers timeously; better service * Saves space and storage cost * Investment of working capital kept to minimum * No loss in production due to delaysThere are several disadvantages to the stockpiling, the following are some of the examples: * Obsolescence * Danger of fire and theft * Initial working capital investment is very large * Losses due to price fluctuation[edit] Influence of stock management on rate of return * Right price * Right quantity * Right quality * Right place * Right time * Right property[edit] Rate of stock turnoverThis refers to the number of times per year that the average level of stock is sold. It may be worked out by dividing the cost price of goods sold by the cost price of the average stock level.[edit] Determining optimum stock levels * Maximum stock level refers to the maximum stock level that may be maintained to ensure cost effectiveness. * Minimum stock level refers to the point below which the stock level may not go. * Standard order refers to the amount of stock generally ordered. * Order level refers to the stock level which calls for an order to be made.
This will be the goal of financial management is to ensure the promotion of the Operational funds required to achieve the mission of the Organization and to the sustainable Exhibition. According to the experts pointed out that the profit-making organizations and non-profit organizations in the fiscal Treasury management objectives on the difference (the following table), but as a non - Profit organizations, in this financial operation will also focus on security (Flow Mobility), the long-term stability and development, expectations by a different cast Financing portfolio, spread financial risk, and the smallest in the financial winds Danger, the pursuit of a reasonable financial return. This will be the main financial management To the project, in addition to manage projects and the use of funds, is also responsible for Long-term financing plan and the recovery of funds management, and short-term vote Funding. Described as follows: The use of funds The funds will be used mainly divided into the Fund and the annual income of two Points, including funds to cover long-term financing (loans), long-term vote Financing and credit guarantee business, including the remaining funds allocated or have not yet fixed Unsigned amount, for the storage of banks, short-term bills, bonds, Funds, shares and other assets. The Fund's income from the use of these funds, including long-term Interest income from loans, credit guarantee fee income and short-term investments to Into the main branch should be the year for the financial services, international human Development, technical cooperation, business planning and the total cost, and other expenses. As at December 31, 2004 only, the overall situation such as the use of funds The right upper plans: Long-term financing (loans) case management plan As at December 31, 2004 only, this will be long-term financing plan Total 66, the program loan, the loan interest rate, grace period and signed About the amount of loans, and other major conditions as follows: Juan Financial Management Other 2% Long-term investment 3% Have been signed For not moving The amount of 16% Unsigned The Dui 43% Long-term financing 36% Long-term investment 59% Long-term financing (loan) program main conditions Project average Loan period (years) Lending rate (%) (Note) Grace period (years) The amount of credits (1,000 . dollars) 7,484 Note: non-small-scale loans In 2004 the use of funds Other 23% More than the current situation 2% Business Planning Expenditure 8% Technical cooperation expenditure 14% International human Development expenditures 21% Financial operating expenses 12% Management and General costs 20% 2004 income ratio use Profit and non-profit organizations financial management objectives of the similarities and differences - Profit organization's goals of the objectives of non-profit organizations Shares of great security and stability The most marginal benefit mission responsibility Acts of target goals Social responsibility of social responsibility Source: Shim, Jae K. & Joel G. Siegel (1997) Chapter IV of organizational and operational management 73 As at December 31, 2004 only, this Council has signed the financing Amounted to 400 million million . dollars, of which 300 million the amount of funding million . dollars, the total amount of principal repayments for the 100 million million . dollars; Fixed rate of percent for, principal repayments rate of percent. Observation of the long-term financing plan will be signed over the years accumulated amount (deduction In addition to the amount of cancellation), and the amount of funds on account of the changes (as above), Can be found both for signing, funding and principal payments, showed a Slowly growing trend, with the signing of the gap between the amount of funding, Dynamic is illustrated in a year to improve conditions for the phenomenon. This will provide more Yundang the quality of the assets, depending on asset class If other receivables, long-term lending and collection, and other subjects mentioned money Allowance for doubtful accounts are prepared, as at December 31, 2004 only, accounts out Allowance for doubtful accounts for the balance of 300 million NT 1,528 million. Case management of short-term investments In order to maintain a long-term stability of this source of income and to meet industry Treasury characteristics, capital of the first re-use of safety and mobility, taking into account Value-added revenue, in 2004 the short-term investments for banks to asset allocation Deposit, bonds (including government bonds, financial bonds and corporate bonds, etc.) The main assets and bills, the Board authorized another 500 million . Yuan limit, some professional bodies appointed by the full commission operation. As at December 31, 2004 only, short-term investments of the assets allocated Purchase of the following plans. In the past year, when interest rates since the calendar History of low upward reversal, in order to avoid bombs or interest rate risk, maturity 1996 Signing of Dollars (100 million) Allocation of principal payments 2003 2004 5 4 3 2 1 0 () Stock 2% Coupons 10 percent bonds 30% Survival 2% CDs 56% Cash 0% Signing long-term financing plan for funding and principal payments accumulated Short-term investments of asset allocation ratio 74 Of the first temporary storage in the bank CDs, so obviously the proportion of CDs High, will look to the future as interest rates rise gradually adjust the asset allocation Home proportion. And from the next calendar year will map the actual short-term rate of return on investments, and The one-year bank interest rates, can also be found through the above-mentioned With the allocation of assets, has effectively will be the overall short-term fluctuations in investment income The rate slowed down, and short-term investments in the year to maintain the yield on one-year Bank interest rates above the standard. Future This will be the last major asset investment of NT dollar and . dollar assets, Based on the actual needs of borrowing countries and spread the risk of exchange rate considerations, not Will be to meet business needs a different currency, to enhance the funding will The production value of stability. In fact, the relevant laws and regulations governing repair funds After the change, the assets of the future will be towards a more diversified use, depending on the whole - Economic performance in different parts of the appropriate distribution of assets to achieve the full San risk purposes. 2003 2004 One-year bank interest rates on short-term investments yield Over the years the actual investment income and short-term interest rates on one-year Comparison
财务管理论文参考文献怎么写
参考文献规范格式
一、参考文献的类型
参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：
M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章
J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告
对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。
对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：
①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是： 姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, .，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的'首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & .;
②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。
二、参考文献的格式及举例
1.期刊类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)：起止页码.
【举例】
[1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58.
[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.
[3] Heider, . The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.
2.专著类
【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.
【举例】[4] 葛家 澍 ，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42.
[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.
3.报纸类
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期(版次).
【举例】
[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).
[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).
4.论文集
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.
【举例】
[8] 伍 蠡 甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.
[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, .
[10] Almarza, . Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In and (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. .
5.学位论文
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.
【举例】
[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7.
6.研究报告
【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.
【举例】
[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997：9-10.
7.条例
【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期
【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—05
8.译著
【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者，译.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.
三、注释
注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。
四、参考文献
参考文献与文中注(王小龙，2005)对应。标号在标点符号内。多个都需要标注出来，而不是1-6等等 ，并列写出来
财务管理论文英文参考文献
范文一
[1]Allport, G. W. Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York: Holt,Rinehart & Winston, 1937.
[2]DeVellis, R. Scale development: Theory and application. London: Sage. 1991.
[3]Anderson,J. R. Methodologies for studying human knowledge. Behavioural and Brain Sciences,1987,10(3)，467-505
[4]Aragon-Comea, J. A. Strategic proactivity and firm approach to the natural environment. Academy of Management Journal,1998,41(5)，556-567.
[5]Bandura, A. Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001,52,1-26.
[6]Barr, P. S,Stimpert,J. L,& Huff,A. S. Cognitive change,strategic action and organizational renewal. Strategic Management Journal, 1992,13(S1)，15-36.
[7]Bourgeois, L. J. On the measurement of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 1981,6(1)，29-39.
[8]Belkin, N. J. Anomalous state of knowledge for information retrieval. Canadian Journal of Information Science, 1980,5(5)，133-143.
[9]Bentler,P. M,& Chou C. P. Practical issues in structural equation Methods and Research,1987,16(1)，78-117
[10]Atkin, C. K. Instrumental utilities and information seeking. New models for mass communication research, Oxford,England: Sage,1973.
范文二
[1]Antelo,M. Licensing a non-drastic innovation under double informational asymmetry. Rese arch Policy,2003,32(3)， 367-390.
[2]Arora, A. Patents,licensing, and market structure in the chemical Policy, 1997,26(4-5)， 391-403.
[3]Aoki,R.,& Tauman,Y. Patent licensing with spillovers. Economics Letters,2001,73(1)，125-130.
[4]Agarwal, S,& Hauswald, R. Distance and private information in of Financial Studies,2010,23(7)，2757-2788.
[5]Brouthers, Hennart, . Boundaries of the firm: insights from international entry mode research. Journal of Management, 2007,33,395-425.
[6]Anderson, J. E. A theoretical foundation for the gravity equation. American Economic Review, 1997,69(1)，106-116.
[7]Barkema,H. G.,Bell,J. H. J.,& Pennings, J. M. Foreign entry,cultural barriers,and learning. Strategic Management Journal, 1996, 17(2)，151-166.
[8]Bass, B.,& Granke, R. Societal influences on student perceptions of how to succeed in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1972,56(4)，312-318.
[9]Bresman, H.,Birkinshaw, J.,& Nobel, R. Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies,1999,30(3)，439-462.
[10]Chesbrough, H. W.,& Appleyard,M, M. Open innovation and Management Review, 2007,50(1)，57-76.
Financial management problems researchIn a market economy, the management is to determine the importance of enterprise survival and development. In recent years, due to ideological bias in understanding and some historical reasons, the objective reasons why the number of internal financial management system is not sound financial management to cause confusion, resulting in some lack of internal oversight mechanisms, occurring false accounts or accounts peripherals account. A direct result of confusion in financial management and poor efficiency of enterprises. This is the proof from experience. Therefore, the strengthening of financial management, establish a sound internal financial management system has become a business imperative. First, enterprises should establish a sound system of internal financial management. (A) The establishment of internal financial management system is to adapt to the socialist market economic system, the objective requirements of Enterprises to survive in market competition, and development, we must follow the requirements of market economy norms financial behavior. That must be in accordance with the requirements of market economy financing, use of funds and distribution of benefits, improve production and operations, improve the economic efficiency of enterprises, thereby enhancing their competitiveness in order to achieve economic growth, to change the way companies adapt to market economy objective requirements. (B) Establish a sound internal financial management system is an inherent requirement of enterprise management 1、Financial management is the basis for all management activities, is the central link in enterprise management. Internal financial management of the company's funds management activities and the form of value, mainly based on cost management and capital management as the center, through a form of value management, to physical form of management. Therefore financial management is the basis for all management activities, the central link in enterprise 、Financial management throughout all aspects of production and operation and the entire process. According to its meaning, we can summarize the four main elements of financial management, including fund-raising management, investment management, working capital management and profit distribution management. (C) financial management and business management all have extensive contact In business activities, financial management of the tentacles stretched to every corner of business, each department will be serviced through the use of funds into contact with the financial sector, each sector should in the rational use of funds, to save money and so accept what Department guidance, subject to the constraints of financial systems in order to ensure the improvement of economic efficiency of enterprises. (D) Fast Company's financial management reflects the company's production operations. All production and business activities of enterprises, are ultimately reflected in the financial results up through the accounting, analysis, comparison, you can check the implementation of enterprise production and business activities, and finding problems, find solutions to the problem. In particular financial results reflect the number and circumstances of the authoritative. In business management, regardless of whether the appropriate decision-making level of technology, production and marketing is smooth and other areas can be quickly reflected from the financial indicators. Second, internal financial management system is difficult to establish the main reason (A) Of the market economy on the business impact of internal financial management system As the market economy further, some units of one-sided emphasis on corporate ownership and management rights, to relax the internal financial management, resulting in varying degrees of accounting based on the work of the weakening, landslides and even chaos. In particular in: 1、According to state regulations, prepare accounts of the financial system does not require the construction, prepare accounts but the accounts Though some confusion; 2、Account or accounts peripheral false accounts, concealing the true financial condition and business economic results; 3、Violation of financial discipline, unauthorized retention, transfer of national income, "little treasuries"; 4、Violation of the financial accounting system, mob unjustified costs, free to write off the cost, reduce profits or increase any loss, severe distortion of accounting information. (B) The overall quality of corporate financial officers is not high enough lead to strong financial management awareness As a corporate financial officer is the drafting of internal financial systems, and also a supervisor and executor. Therefore, the company staff the ability to work, the level of service quality on the establishment of internal financial systems and the implementation of the system plays an important role. But a considerable part of the company's financial staff as subjective and objective factors, difficult to fully undertake the development of internal financial management system functions, mainly: 1、A considerable part of the financial personnel not familiar with the new enterprise financial systems, business is not fine, initiative is not strong, was unable to start with; 2、There is fear of corporate financial officers, afraid of offending the leadership, fear of losing easy work; 3、Position itself is not even one-sided view to establish and improve internal financial management system is a matter of leadership has nothing to do with their own. Third, establish a sound system of internal financial management measures Analysis for the above reasons, establish a sound internal financial systems, available from the following aspects: (A) To strengthen leadership, unity of thinking, to raise awareness Strengthen publicity and education, through advocacy and education to business owners and financial officers, are able to fully understand the importance of financial management within the enterprise, necessity and relevance, to establish a sound system of internal financial management combined with the modern enterprise system, With the deepening of enterprise reform, change their operating mechanism combined. To remove the system more robust, the greater the constraints on business leaders recognize the error, correct thinking, continue to carry forward the fine tradition of hard work and style, and promote the healthy development of this work. (B) To strengthen the corporate financial staff training and enhancing ethics finance staff 1、Through a series of training courses, seminars, courses and conferences and other means to enhance the business training corporate financial officers, financial officers to enhance the learning of the market economic theory in order to improve the level of financial personnel and accounting theory of the business. 2、Strengthen the financial staff of professional ethics, and vigorously promote the reform and opening up the financial front since the company emerged out of the advanced character and deeds, the majority of financial officers perceived importance of professional ethics training to high professional ethics do their jobs. (C) The financial sector should strengthen guidance and promote the establishment of internal financial system The financial departments should establish and improve internal financial management system and implementation of enterprise autonomy, and promote enterprises to change their operational mechanism, establish a modern enterprise system. Written guidance is necessary tissue samples to help companies promote counseling and guidance to accelerate the popularization. In summary, the objective of financial management of financial activities of the enterprise organization, handling financial relationships to achieve the fundamental purpose, which determines the basic direction of financial management, financial management is the starting point. Enterprise Financial Management reflects the balance between the interests of interest groups, is a comprehensive reflection of the interaction of various factors. Enterprise is the enterprise financial management system for financial management, financial work to develop the enterprise system. According to relevant laws, regulations and financial system, and developed with the specific circumstances of enterprises. In practice, norms and guiding role to play, the sound development of enterprises played an important role.
企业财务风险是指在各项财务活动过程中，由于各种难以预料或控制的因素影响，财务状况具有不确定性，从而使企业有蒙受损失的可能性。按财务活动的主要环节，可以分为流动性风险、信用风险、筹资风险、投资风险。按可控程度分类，可分为可控风险和不可控风险。应答时间：2021-04-22，最新业务变化请以平安银行官网公布为准。 [平安银行我知道]想要知道更多？快来看“平安银行我知道”吧~
一共两篇 ，希望对楼主有用什么是财务风险财务风险是企业在财务管理过程中必须面对的一个现实问题，财务风险是客观存在的，企业管理者对财务风险只有采取有效措施来降低风险，而不可能完全消除风险。文章通过对企业财务风险类型分析，从中找出不同财务风险产生的具体原因，并试图探索出解决各类财务风险的有效方法。当今世界上因财务风险而倒闭破产的公司，甚至是特大公司也不为少见，如2002年世界500强的安然就是一例。因此，忽视财务风险将给我们带来的后果是严重的。财务风险的定义和基本类型财务风险是指企业在各项财务活动中由于各种难以预料和无法控制的因素，使企业在一定时期、一定范围内所获取的最终财务成果与预期的经营目标发生偏差，从而形成的使企业蒙受经济损失或更大收益的可能性。企业的财务活动贯穿于生产经营的整个过程中，筹措资金、长短期投资、分配利润等都可能产生风险。根据风险的来源可以将财务风险划分为：1.筹资风险筹资风险指的是由于资金供需市场、宏观经济环境的变化，企业筹集资金给财务成果带来的不确定性。筹资风险主要包括利率风险、再融资风险、财务杠杆效应、汇率风险、购买力风险等。利率风险是指由于金融市场金融资产的波动而导致筹资成本的变动；再融资风险是指由于金融市场上金融工具品种、融资方式的变动，导致企业再次融资产生不确定性，或企业本身筹资结构的不合理导致再融资产生困难；财务杠杆效应是指由于企业使用杠杆融资给利益相关者的利益带来不确定性；汇率风险是指由于汇率变动引起的企业外汇业务成果的不确定性；购买力风险是指由于币值的变动给筹资带来的影响。2.投资风险投资风险指企业投入一定资金后，因市场需求变化而影响最终收益与预期收益偏离的风险。企业对外投资主要有直接投资和证券投资两种形式。在我国，根据公司法的规定，股东拥有企业股权的25%以上应该视为直接投资。证券投资主要有股票投资和债券投资两种形式。股票投资是风险共担，利益共享的投资形式；债券投资与被投资企业的财务活动没有直接关系，只是定期收取固定的利息，所面临的是被投资者无力偿还债务的风险。投资风险主要包括利率风险、再投资风险、汇率风险、通货膨胀风险、金融衍生工具风险、道德风险、违约风险等。3.经营风险经营风险又称营业风险，是指在企业的生产经营过程中，供、产、销各个环节不确定性因素的影响所导致企业资金运动的迟滞，产生企业价值的变动。经营风险主要包括采购风险、生产风险、存货变现风险、应收账款变现风险等。采购风险是指由于原材料市场供应商的变动而产生的供应不足的可能，以及由于信用条件与付款方式的变动而导致实际付款期限与平均付款期的偏离；生产风险是指由于信息、能源、技术及人员的变动而导致生产工艺流程的变化，以及由于库存不足所导致的停工待料或销售迟滞的可能；存货变现风险是指由于产品市场变动而导致产品销售受阻的可能；应收账款变现风险是指由于赊销业务过多导致应收账款管理成本增大的可能性，以及由于赊销政策的改变导致实际回收期与预期回收的偏离等。4.存货管理风险企业保持一定量的存货对于其进行正常生产来说是至关重要的，但如何确定最优库存量是一个比较棘手的问题，存货太多会导致产品积压，占用企业资金，风险较高；存货太少又可能导致原料供应不及时，影响企业的正常生产，严重时可能造成对客户的违约，影响企业的信誉。5.流动性风险流动性风险是指企业资产不能正常和确定性地转移现金或企业债务和付现责任不能正常履行的可能性。从这个意义上来说，可以把企业的流动性风险从企业的变现力和偿付能力两方面分析与评价。由于企业支付能力和偿债能力发生的问题，称为现金不足及现金不能清偿风险。由于企业资产不能确定性地转移为现金而发生的问题则称为变现力风险。企业财务风险的成因企业财务风险产生的原因很多，既有企业外部的原因，也有企业自身的原因，而且不同的财务风险形成的具体原因也不尽相同。企业产生财务风险的一般原因有以下几点：1.企业财务管理宏观环境的复杂性是企业产生财务风险的外部原因。企业财务管理的宏观环境复杂多变，而企业管理系统不能适应复杂多变的宏观环境。财务管理的宏观环境包括经济环境、法律环境、市场环境、社会文化环境、资源环境等因素，这些因素存在企业之外，但对企业财务管理产生重大的影响。2.企业财务管理人员对财务风险的客观性认识不足。财务风险是客观存在的，只要有财务活动，就必然存在着财务风险。然而在现实工作中，许多企业的财务管理人员缺乏风险意识。风险意识的淡薄是财务风险产生的重要原因之一。3.财务决策缺乏科学性导致决策失误。财务决策失误是产生财务风险的又一主要原因。避免财务决策失误的前提是财务决策的科学化。4.企业内部财务关系不明。这是企业产生财务风险的又一重要原因，企业与内部各部门之间及企业与上级企业之间，在资金管理及使用、利益分配等方面存在权责不明、管理不力的现象，造成资金使用效率低下，资金流失严重，资金的安全性、完整性无法得到保证。这主要存在于一些上市公司的财务关系中，很多集团公司母公司与子公司的财务关系十分混乱，资金使用没有有效的监督与控制。化解财务风险的主要措施企业财务风险是客观存在的，因此安全消除财务风险是不可能的，也是不现实的。对于企业财务风险，只能采取尽可能的措施，将其影响降低到最低的程度。1.化解筹资风险的主要措施：当企业的经营业务发生资金不足的困难时，可以采取发行股票、发行债券或银行借款等方式来筹集所需资本。2.化解投资风险的主要措施：从风险防范的角度来看，投资风险主要应该通过控制投资期限、投资品种来降低。一般来说，投资期越长，风险就大，因此企业应该尽量选择短期投资。而在进行证券投资的时候，应该采取分散投资的策略，选择若干种股票组成投资组合，通过组合中风险的相互抵消来降低风险。在对股票投资进行风险分析中，可以采用β系数的分析方法或资本资产定价模型来确定不同证券组合的风险。β系数小于1，说明它的风险小于整个市场的平均风险，因而是风险较小的投资对象。3.化解汇率风险的主要措施：（1）选择恰当合同货币。在有关对外贸易和借贷等经济交易中，选择何种货币作为计价货币直接关系到交易主体是否将承担汇率风险。为了避免汇率风险，企业应该争取使用本国货币作为合同货币，在出品、资本输出时使用硬通货，而在进口、资本输入时使用软通货。同时在合同中加列保值条款等措施。（2）通过在金融市场进行保值操作。主要方法有现汇交易、期货交易、期汇交易、期权交易、借款与投资、利率—货币互换、外币票据贴现等。（3）对于经济主体在资产负债表会计处理过程中产生的折算风险，一般是实行资产负债表保值来化解。这种方法要求在资产负债表上以各种功能货币表示的受险资产与受险负债的数额相等，从而使其折算风险头寸为零，只有这样，汇率变动才不致带来折算上的损失。（4）经营多样化。即在国际范围内分散其销售、生产地及原材料来源地，通过国际经营的多样化，当汇率出现变化时，管理部门可以通过比较不同地区生产、销售和成本的变化趋利避害，增加在汇率变化有利的分支机构的生产，而减少汇率变化不利的分支机构的生产。（5）财务多样化。即在多个金融市场以多种货币寻求资金的来源和资金去向，实行筹资多样化和投资多样化，这样在有的外币贬值，有的外币升值的情况下，公司就可以使绝大部分的外汇风险相互抵消，从而达到防范风险的目的。4.化解流动性风险的主要措施：企业的流动性较强的资产主要包括现金、存货、应收账款等项目。防范流动性风险的目的是在保持资产流动性的前提下，实现利益的最大化。因此应该确定最优的现金持有量、最佳的库存量以及加快应收账款的回收等。我们都很清楚持有现金有一个时间成本的问题，手中持有现金过多，显然会由于较高的资金占用而失去其他的获利机会，而持有现金太少，又会面临资金不能满足流动性需要的风险。因此企业应该确定一个最优的现金持有量，从而在防范流动性风险的前提下实现利益的最大化。5.化解经营风险的主要措施：在其他因素不变的情况下，市场对企业产品的需求越稳定，企业未来的经营收益就越确定，经营风险也就越小。因此企业在确定生产何种产品时，应先对产品市场做好调研，要生产适销对路的产品，销售价格是产品销售收入的决定因素之一，销售价格越稳定，销售收入就越稳定，企业未来的经营收益就越稳定，经营风险也就越小。The Infrared Technology as the humanity knew that the nature, the exploration natural one kind of new modern tool, has been applied generally by various countries in the biology, the medicine, the geoscience and so on scientific field as well as the military reconnaissance aspect. But is very complex as a result of the goal infrared radiation, the factor are many, the infrared hot image's clarity is inferior to the visible image far, but people in use infrared hot chart analysis question time, hoped frequently simultaneously sees the visible light information and the infrared information. As the computer vision domain and an image understanding's important technology, the image fusion simultaneously observed the infrared hot information and the visible light information for the people have provided an effective method. This article research mainly take the infrared imagery and the visible light image as the information processing goal, through will carry on the contrastive analysis to each image fusion processing method, will summarize an effect good method, will then use with the matlab procedure to realize these methods and to carry on the comparison again to the fusion effect. this article first introduced the image fusion engineering research background and the domestic and foreign research tendency. Then introduced the image fusion's basic concept, the level, have made the comparison to each level's fusion. Then introduced the image fusion's Pyramid algorithm, and has carried on the analysis, the comparison to these algorithms, finally the matlab procedure has realized these methods. as a result of the wavelet transformation in the information analysis and the information processing domain's good performance, this article used the great length to introduce that the wavelet the knowledge, realized the image fusion with the fusion effect good small wave packet's method, through used the objective indicator the appraisal to prove based on the small wave packet's fusion was one very good fusion method. key word: Image fusion, wavelet transformation Pyramid algorithm, multi-resolution analysis, fusion rule, fusion appraisal从分析财务风险入手，阐述其含义、特征以及种类等内容；在此基础上对财务风险产生的原因进行深入细致的分析研究，分析总结出财务风险产生的内因和外因诸方面；从而提出树立风险意识，建立有效的风险防范机制；建立和完善财务管理系统，以适应财务管理环境变化；建立财务风险预警机制，加强财务危机管理；提高财务决策的科学化水平，防止因决策失误而产生的财务风险；通过防范内部制度，建立约束机制来控制和防范财务风险五个方面的财务风险防范措施以及自我保险、多元化风险控制、风险转移、风险回避、风险降低五种技术方法。只有控制防范和化解企业财务风险，才能确保企业在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地。财务风险的成因（一）外部原因1、国家政策的变化带来的融资风险。一般而言，由于中小企业生产经营不稳定。一国经济或金融政策的变化，都有可能对中小企业生产经营、市场环境和融资形式产生一定的影响。从2007 年开始，我国加大了对宏观经济的调控力度，央行第四次提高存款准备金率，尤其是实行差额准备金制度使直接面向中小企业服务的中小商业银行信贷收紧，中小企业的资金供给首先受阻，融资风险徒增不少，中小企业也因无法得到急需资金而被迫停产或收缩经营规模。2、银行融资渠道不流畅造成的融资风险。企业资金来源无非是自有资金和对外融资两种方式。在各种融资方式中，银行信贷又是重要的资金来源，但是银行在国家金融政策以及自身体制不健全等情况的影响下，普遍对中小企业贷款积极性不高，使其贷款难度加大，增加了企业的财务风险。（二）内部原因1、盲目扩张投资规模。有相当一部分的中小企业在条件不成熟的情况下，仅凭经验判断片面追求公司外延的扩大，忽略了公司内涵和核心竞争力，造成投资时资金的重大浪费。2、投资决策失误。对企业来说，正确的产业选择是生存发展的战略起点。但一些企业在选择产业过程中，往往忽视了“产业选择是一个动态过程”的观念，不能敏锐地把握产业演变的趋势和方向。3、投资合作伙伴选择不当。企业在做出投资决策时，一定要充分考虑合作伙伴的资质、信誉，并应具备承担相应风险能力。4、诚信不足。中小企业信用不足是一个普遍现象。因此，银行要向中小企业提供贷款或投资人要向中小企业进行投资就不得不加大人力资源的投入以提高信息的收集和质量分析。这一方面加大了银行或投资人的贷款和投资成本。另一方面也给中小企业的融资带来困难。能否融通到资金，能融通到多少资金，中小企业的融资存在很大的不确性。1 the meaning of financial riskYe at "small and medium-sized financial risk assessment and control of research" that the financial risk is the possibility of corporate insolvency and shareholders, the proceeds of uncertainty, it is difficult because of enterprise funds, to adopt a different mode of financing brought about by from the analysis of financial risk on its meaning, characteristics and types of content; at this based on the causes of the financial risk to conduct in-depth analysis and detailed research, analysis concludes that the financial risks arising from internal factors and external aspects; in turn, establish a risk awareness, the establishment of an effective risk prevention mechanism; set up and improve the financial management system to meet the financial management of environmental change; set up the financial risk early warning mechanism, strengthen the financial crisis management; improve the scientific level of financial decision-making to prevent due to poor decisions arising from the financial risk; through internal systems to prevent the establishment of binding mechanisms to control and guard against financial risk in five areas of financial risk prevention measures as well as self-insurance, diversification of risk control, risk transfer, risk averse, risk reducing the five techniques. Only controlled enterprises to guard against and defuse financial risks, in order to ensure that enterprises in the fierce competition in the market in an invincible causes of the financial risks(A) external causes1, the national policy changes brought about by the financing risk. Generally speaking, small and medium-sized production and operation because of instability. A country's economy or monetary policy changes, there may be small and medium-sized production and management, market conditions and financing forms have a certain impact. Beginning in 2007, our country has increased the intensity of macroeconomic regulation and control, the central bank to raise the fourth time the deposit reserve ratio, in particular, are ready to implement the difference between a direct deposit system to make small and medium-sized service-oriented small and medium-sized commercial banks to tighten credit, SMEs First of all, the capital supply disruption, the risk of inviting a lot of financing, SMEs also in urgent need of funds can not be forced to stop production or the scale of downsizing. 2, bank financing channels for non-financial risks caused by fluid. Corporate sources of funds are nothing more than its own funds and external financing in two ways. In various modes of financing, the bank credit is also an important source of funds, but banks in the country's financial policies as well as their own sound system is not under the influence of such circumstances, the general enthusiasm for SME lending is not high, their loans more difficult to increase the the enterprise's financial risk.(B) internal factors one, blind expansion of investment scale. There is a considerable number of conditions are not ripe for the SMEs in the circumstances, only the experience of one-sided pursuit of companies to determine the expansion of the extension, ignore the company's content and core competitiveness, resulting in a major capital investment wasted. 2, the investment decision-making errors. For business, the correct selection of industries are the starting point for the survival and development strategy. However, some industrial enterprises in the selection process, the often overlooked "industry is a dynamic selection process" concept, should not a keen grasp of industry trends and direction of evolution. 3, improper selection of investment partners. Enterprises to make investment decisions, we must give full consideration to qualified partners, reputation, and should have to bear the corresponding risks. 4, less than honest. Lack of SME credit is a common situation. Therefore, small and medium-sized banks to provide loans or investments to small and medium-sized people had to step up investment on human resources in order to improve the quality of information collection and analysis. This respect has increased the investment bank or person lending and investment costs. On the other hand also give small and medium enterprises financing difficult. Ability to finance capital, to finance the number of funds, the financing of SMEs exist great uncertainties.
[1] 姚琴; 企业财务风险预警系统研究[D]. 西安科技大学 2004 [2] 许燕; 企业并购的财务风险研究[D]. 西南财经大学 2001 [3] 王影; 并购的财务风险及其防范问题研究[D]. 东北财经大学 2003 [4] 郭敏; 我国企业财务风险与防范研究[D]. 四川大学 2002 [5] 杨帆; 石化企业财务风险预警系统的研究[D]. 武汉理工大学 2006 [6] 丁玉书; 企业财务活动中的风险管理问题研究[D]. 吉林大学 2004 [7] 冯静; 锦重财务风险防范研究[D]. 大连理工大学 2002 [8] 赵郁; 企业并购财务风险与管理[D]. 对外经济贸易大学 2004
摘要：我国中小企业由于自身实力薄弱、资金不充足等原因，在市场运作中应变能力差，因而迫切需要加强经营管理理念。中小企业可充分利用自身内部环境适应外部环境，增强风险意识，建立财务核心指标来衡量企业财务状况，建立健全内部控制制度，规避财务风险，防范财务危机的发生，以充分实现企业目标。 财务风险是指企业在特定的客观情况下和特定的期间内，在企业经营运作过程中，由于各种难以或无法预料、控制的企业外部环境和内部经营条件等不确定性因素的作用，使得企业资金运动（资金流）的效益性降低和连续性中断，进而使得企业的实际经营绩效与预计目标发生背离，从而对企业的生存、发展和盈利目标产生负面影响或不利结果的可能性。 中小企业由于自身实力薄弱、资金不充足等原因，在市场运作中应变能力差，因而迫切需要加强经营管理理念，加强风险防范意识，建立和健全中小企业的内部控制体系，建立中小企业的财务风险控制体系，形成一个可以遵循的财务风险防范系统，将近期利益与长远利益结合起来，努力提升可持续发展能力和创造长久价值的能力。 一、引发中小企业财务风险的因素 （一）外部环境。引发中小企业财务风险的外部环境包括经济因素、自然因素、法律环境、社会因素和科学技术因素。这些因素存在于企业之外，它对企业的经营管理、财务状况产生的巨大风险是难以准确预见和无法改变的。如当前国际金融危机对中国中小企业产生的冲击，许多中小企业面临财务瘫痪处境，威胁著中小企业的生存和发展。中小企业由于受经营理念、财力、物力、人力的限制，其财务管理不能适应复杂而多变的外部环境，必定会给中小企业带来财务风险甚至财务危机。 （二）内部因素。管理层风险意识缺乏导致财务风险。在现实工作中，我国许多中小企业的经营者、管理层和财务人员缺乏风险意识，认为只要把生产搞好，有经营利润，只要管好用好资金就不会产生财务风险。风险意识淡薄是财务风险产生的重要原因之一。 经营决策失误导致中小企业财务风险。我国许多中小企业的经营决策、财务决策普遍存在着经验决策及主观决策现象，财务决策失误的主要原因是缺乏科学合理的可行性分析，主观臆测严重，重大事项不经集体决策审批而个人单独决策。财务决策失误是产生财务风险的又一重要原因。 财务人员风险意识落后导致中小企业财务风险。由于长期以来在思想上受财务制度的束缚，财务人员风险意识落后，尚未树立时间价值、风险价值等科学概念，反映在财务管理目标上，就是未能确立起最优化思想。 企业内部控制、监管体系不健全导致财务风险。中小企业内部控制体系不健全，管理部门的约束机制不到位，审计监督乏力，甚至缺少必要的内部监控体系及制度，在资金管理、使用及利益分配等方面存在权责不明、管理混乱的现象，使得资金使用效率低下、资产流失严重，资金的安全性、完整性无法得到保证。 二、防范中小企业财务风险的措施 财务风险管理是指企业在充分认识其所面临的财务风险的基础上采取各种科学、有效的手段和方法，对各类风险加以预测、识别、分析、控制和处理，以最低成本确保企业资金运动的连续性、稳定性和效益性的一项理财活动。 （一）建立财务危机预警系统。企业财务危机预警系统，作为一种成本低廉的诊断工具可预知财务风险的征兆，当可能危害企业财务状况的关键因素出现时，财务危机预警系统能发出警告，以提醒经营者早作准备或采取对策以减少财务损失，控制财务风险的进一步扩大。中小企业的经营者、管理者应随时加强对财务风险指标的分析，适时调整企业营销策略，合理处置不良资产，有效控制存贷结构，适度控制资金投放量，减少资金占用，还应注意加速存货和应收账款的周转速度，使其尽快转化为货币资产，减少甚至杜绝坏账损失，加速企业变现能力，提高资金使用率。 （二）建立财务风险意识。中小企业要时刻关注国家巨集观政策的变化，关注国家产业政策、投资政策、金融政策、财税政策的变化，管理层应对企业投资专案、经营专案、筹藉资金、经营成本等方面可能产生的负面效应进行提早预测，以便及时采取措施。管理层要关注市场供需关系的变化，防止企业成本费用和资金需求增加使财务成本上升和资金链的中断而出现经营亏损或资不抵债的财务危机。企业经营者要根据政策因素变化及时调整经营策略和投资方向，避免企业步入财务危机。在销售方面注重产销衔接，以销定产，及时调整营销策略，积极开拓新渠道，培育新使用者，加速货款回笼，加强业务整合，提高企业整体抵抗风险的水平。 （三）建立企业内部监督制度。内部审计控制是一个企业内部经济活动和管理制度是否合规、合理和有效的独立评价系统，在某种意义上讲是对其他控制的再控制。内部审计在企业应保持相对独立性，应独立于其他经营管理部门，确保审计部门发现的重要问题能送达治理层和管理层。对于不具备条件的中小企业可聘请外部审计机构和人员进行内部审计。 （四）建立内部控制制度。要建立中小企业内部控制制度和会计控制制度，如对企业的货币资金控制、采购与付款控制、销售与收款控制、对外投资控制等。实施内部牵制制度，对不相容的岗位实行相互分离、相互制约；建立回避制度；会计负责人的直系亲属不得担任出纳人员；严禁擅自挪用、借出货币资金；严禁收入不入账；严禁一人保管支付款项所需的全部印章；不得由同一部门或个人办理采购与付款、销售与收款业务的全过程；销售收入要及时入账。 财务风险存在于财务管理工作的各个环节，任何环节的工作失误都可能会给企业带来财务风险，中小企业的经营者、管理者、财务人员必须将风险防范贯穿于财务管理工作的始终。及时了解企业财务运营的真实情况，优化财务结构，从而规避风险，改善不良经营状况，实现企业目标，确保企业的生存和发展壮大。
2 周爱丽. 企业财务风险浅析[J]财会研究, 2004,(03) . 3 王芳云; 上市公司财务风险的研究 [D];山东大学; 2005年 4 郑汉男; 民营科技企业创业的风险识别及控制研究 [D];吉林大学; 2006年 5 冉晓枫; 集团公司财务风险控制研究 [D];四川大学; 2006年 6 王淑琴; 浅议现代企业财务风险的成因及对策 [J]; 北方经贸; 2006年06期 7 陈文俊; 企业财务风险:识别、评估与处理 [J]; 财经理论与实践; 2005年03期 8 赵振钦,崔子栋; 风险管理的研究与教育 [J]; 北方经济; 2007年S1期 9 全晓红,康卫平; 企业财务风险形成原因及防范对策 [J]; 南华大学学报(社会科学版); 2007年03期 10 刘平,贺武; 财务风险成因及其控制策略研究 [J]; 广西社会科学; 2004年10期 11 范世森; 财务风险及其防范初探 [J]; 江苏经贸职业技术学院学报; 2004年02期 13 夏国栋; 企业财务风险控制与防范对策 [J]; 商场现代化; 2006年34期 14 欧阳能; 论企业集团财务风险及其防范 [J];广西青年干部学院学报; 2005年02期; 67-70 15 吴景杰 ,施绍梅; 财务风险的控制 [J];理财杂志; 2005年06期; 33-34 16 王淑琴; 浅议现代企业财务风险的成因及对策 [J];北方经贸; 2006年06期; 70-71 17 委胡华; 现代企业财务风险的成因及防范 [J];会计之友; 2004年01期; 54-55
你好。已上传附件内。
望采纳回答。
这个似乎有点难.我知道一个网站不错. 51mis 主要是学习财务的
1 the meaning of financial risk Ye at " *** all and medium-sized financial risk asses *** ent and control of research" that the financial risk is the possibility of corporate insolvency and shareholders, the proceeds of uncertainty, it is difficult because of enterprise funds, to adopt a different mode of financing brought about by risk. Starting from the *** ysis of financial risk on its meaning, characteristics and types of content; at this based on the causes of the financial risk to conduct in-depth *** ysis and detailed research, *** ysis concludes that the financial risks arising from internal factors and external aspects; in turn, establish a risk awareness, the establishment of an effective risk prevention mechani *** ; set up and improve the financial management system to meet the financial management of environmental change; set up the financial risk early warning mechani *** , strengthen the financial crisis management; improve the scientific level of financial decision-making to prevent due to poor decisions arising from the financial risk; through internal systems to prevent the establishment of binding mechani *** s to control and guard against financial risk in five areas of financial risk prevention measures as well as self-insurance, diversification of risk control, risk transfer, risk averse, risk reducing the five techniques. Only controlled enterprises to guard against and defuse financial risks, in order to ensure that enterprises in the fierce petition in the market in an invincible position. The causes of the financial risks (A) external causes 1, the national policy changes brought about by the financing risk. Generally speaking, *** all and medium-sized production and operation because of instability. A country's economy or moary policy changes, there may be *** all and medium-sized production and management, market conditions and financing forms have a certain impact. Beginning in 2007, our country has increased the intensity of macroeconomic regulation and control, the central bank to raise the fourth time the deposit reserve ratio, in particular, are ready to implement the difference beeen a direct deposit system to make *** all and medium-sized service-oriented *** all and medium-sized mercial banks to tighten credit, SMEs First of all, the capital supply disruption, the risk of inviting a lot of financing, SMEs also in urgent need of funds can not be forced to s production or the scale of downsizing. 2, bank financing channels for non-financial risks caused by fluid. Corporate sources of funds are nothing more than its own funds and external financing in o ways. In various modes of financing, the bank credit is also an important source of funds, but banks in the country's financial policies as well as their own sound system is not under the influence of such circumstances, the general enthusia *** for SME lending is not high, their loans more difficult to increase the the enterprise's financial risk. (B) internal factors one, blind expansion of investment scale. There is a considerable number of conditions are not ripe for the SMEs in the circumstances, only the experience of one-sided pursuit of panies to determine the expansion of the extension, ignore the pany's content and core petitiveness, resulting in a major capital investment wasted. 2, the investment decision-making errors. For business, the correct selection of industries are the starting point for the survival and development strategy. However, some industrial enterprises in the selection process, the often overlooked "industry is a dynamic selection process" concept, should not a keen grasp of industry trends and direction of evolution. 3, improper selection of investment partners. Enterprises to make investment decisions, we must give full consideration to qualified partners, reputation, and should have to bear the corresponding risks. 4, less than honest. Lack of SME credit is a mon situation. Therefore, *** all and medium-sized banks to provide loans or investments to *** all and medium-sized people had to step up investment on human resources in order to improve the quality of information collection and *** ysis. This respect has increased the investment bank or person lending and investment costs. On the other hand also give *** all and medium enterprises financing difficult. Ability to finance capital, to finance the number of funds, the financing of SMEs exist great uncertainties. 不知道可不可以帮到你
知网上有呀 1]李胜. 全面财务风险管理研究[D]. 湘潭大学: 湘潭大学,2005. [2]李春媛. 如何加强企业财务风险控制[J]. 价值工程,2010,(32). [3]冯艳. 非营利组织财务风险管理研究[D]. 西南财经大学: 西南财经大学,2007. [4]李红梅. 中国商业银行整体风险管理研究[D]. 辽宁大学: 辽宁大学,2010. [5]谢宁. 全面风险管理框架下的现代银行财务模式研究[D]. 西南财经大学: 西南财经大学,2010. [6]甘鹏. 甘肃省中小企业信用担保机构风险管理研究[D]. 兰州大学: 兰州大学,2008. [7]丁玉书. 企业财务活动中的风险管理问题研究[D]. 吉林大学: 吉林大学,2004. [8]李延德. 大学生在校期间风险管理研究[D]. 大连海事大学: 大连海事大学,2010. [9]敬永红. 达州翠屏山综合开发一期工程专案风险管理研究[D]. 西南交通大学: 西南交通大学,2009. [10]闫峰. 卓越·蔚蓝群岛开发专案风险管理研究[D]. 中国海洋大学: 中国海洋大学,2008. [11]杜晓玲. 基于风险管理的内部控制研究[D]. 西南财经大学: 西南财经大学,2008. [12]王小练. 航运企业财务风险管理研究[D]. 上海海事大学: 上海海事大学,2005. [13]杨秋利. 论银行的全面风险管理核心方法RAROC[D]. 对外经济贸易大学: 对外经济贸易大学,2006. [14]许娟. 跨国公司财务管理中的风险问题研究[D]. 首都经济贸易大学: 首都经济贸易大学,2005. [15]张星文. 集团公司财务风险管理研究[D]. 广西大学: 广西大学,2007. [16]王育宪. 企业管理的一个新分支——风险管理[J]. 管理世界,1985,(3). [17]李莉. 全面审计风险管理研究[D]. 湘潭大学: 湘潭大学,2005. [18]曹升元. 高校财务风险管理研究[D]. 中南大学: 中南大学,2008. [19]龚永兵. TA保险股份有限公司广西分公司风险管理研究[D]. 广西大学: 广西大学,2006. [20]张子超. 我国企业集团财务公司风险管理研究[D]. 武汉科技大学: 武汉科技大学,2008. [21]党雪. 论保险公司财务风险管理及策略[D]. 西南财经大学: 西南财经大学,2003. [22]王仲宇. 新华证券公司内部风险管理分析与证券公司内部风险评估[D]. 吉林大学: 吉林大学,2005. [23]李红侠. 企业纳税筹划风险管理探讨[D]. 首都经济贸易大学: 首都经济贸易大学,2006. [24]中国农业发展银行山东省分行 风险管理[A]. 李亚新 主编.[C].: 中国财政经济出版社,2005:70-71. [25]郭景阳. 建立保险企业全面风险管理框架的研究[D]. 对外经济贸易大学: 对外经济贸易大学,2002. [26]高军. 现代企业风险管理过程分析及对策研究[D]. 西南石油学院: 西南石油学院,2003. [27]范运. 私募房地产股权投资基金风险管理研究[D]. 西南财经大学: 西南财经大学,2009. [28]曹乐喜. 企业并购财务风险管理研究[D]. 厦门大学: 厦门大学,2007. [29]谢飞. 财务公司网上银行在企业集团内部资源配置中的功能和风险管理研究[D]. 武汉大学: 武汉大学,2005. [30]交通银行武汉分行 财务和风险管理[A]. .[C].: 湖北人民出版社,2006:60. [31]阚德梅. 江苏省农业发展银行的信贷风险管理研究[D]. 西南交通大学: 西南交通大学,2004. [32]李黎,齐中英. 风险理财在卫星运营企业风险管理中的运用[J]. 技术经济与管理研究,2005,(3). [33]沈隽. 船舶融资租赁的风险管理研究[D]. 上海交通大学: 上海交通大学,2010. [34]杨博. 压力测试方法及其在债券基金利率风险管理中的应用研究[D]. 新疆财经大学: 新疆财经大学,2007. [35]陈茂. 论财产保险公司承保前的风险管理[D]. 重庆大学: 重庆大学,2003. [36]李霞. 汽车信贷风险管理理论与实证研究[D]. 吉林大学: 吉林大学,2005. [37]高毅. 中国农业上市公司财务风险形成机理和控制研究[D]. 西南大学: 西南大学,2010. [38]简婷. 金融衍生工具及其风险管理研究[D]. 北京交通大学: 北京交通大学,2006. [39]甄珍. 山西票号风险管理研究与借鉴[D]. 山西财经大学: 山西财经大学,2007. [40]沈忠雷. 建行金融衍生产品的风险控制及应用[D]. 吉林大学: 吉林大学,2005. [41]常忠蛟. 我国高速公路专案投资风险管理[D]. 山东大学: 山东大学,2005. [42]周航,赵晓萌. 风险管理平衡计分卡的设计与应用研究[J]. 环渤海经济瞭望,2005,(12). [43]刘浩. 金融控股公司发展模式及风险管理研究[D]. 西南财经大学: 西南财经大学,2010. [44]唐海涛. 证券投资风险管理系统设计研究[D]. 吉林大学: 吉林大学,2005. [45]孙晓丽. 海尔集团财务有限责任公司风险管理[A]. 王敏 主编.[C].: 中国财政经济出版社,2009:194. [46]王霞. 中小银行风险管理研究[D]. 西安理工大学: 西安理工大学,2004. [47]张超. 论我国汽车金融服务业的消费信贷风险管理[D]. 西南财经大学: 西南财经大学,2010. [48]邵秋琪. 基于风险管理的衍生品运用对企业价值影响的实证研究[D]. 浙江工商大学: 浙江工商大学,2011. [49]吴子华. 企业集团财务公司的发展取向与风险管理[D]. 对外经济贸易大学: 对外经济贸易大学,2001. [50]陈力. 财务工程在企业财务风险管理中的应用[D]. 对外经济贸易大学: 对外经济贸易大学,2006.
[摘 要] 中小企业是推动国民经济发展，构造市场经济主体，促进社会稳定的基础力量。在确保国民经济适度增长、缓解就业压力、实现科教兴国、优化经济结构等方面，均发挥着越来越重要的作用。国家发改委中小企业司提出指导与扶持我国的中小型企业的发展已成为当前一项刻不容缓的战略任务。财务风险是现代企业面对市场竞争的必然产物，尤其是在我国市场经济发育不健全的条件下更是不可避免，试着从中小企业资金结构方面入手，利用财务杠杆原理对中小企业财务风险进行分析，提出了风险管理过程控制措施，建立预警分析指标体系，进行恰当的财务风险决策，提高中小企业的存续能力。 :51kj../news/20071103/ 多参考参考网上的报道及资料吧，除非有专人给你写，要不都是自己写的...
额 额外