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关于英语词汇学的毕业论文

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关于英语词汇学的毕业论文

太多啦,最简单的就是英汉词汇对比啊,同一个词或同一类词在英语和汉语中的意思是有区别的,比如数词,颜色词,动物词,等等;也可以写词汇教学,比如中小学如何教授词汇的方法;比较难的是词汇构成,那个比较抽象。

wine in, truth out.

姐姐支个招儿呗。。。

论xx词根起源之历史

关于英语词汇教学的论文

众所周知,学好一门语言,词汇是必不可少的,当然英语就更不用说了。对于高中生来说,词汇学习非常重要。首先,词汇是语言的建筑材料,是学好英语最基础的知识;其次,加强词汇教学不仅是原教学大纲,也是新课标的明确要求。从教学实践看,对词汇教学的忽视,直接影响教学质量,影响到学生的考试成绩。这一情况突出表现在历年的高考中。不论是单选题、听力题、完形填空,还是阅读题、写作题都必须在掌握大量词汇的前提下,才能做出选择与判断。只有积累了大量的词汇,才能运用语言知识,连词成句,连句成篇,进行写作。否则纸上谈兵,无所收获。那么,怎样才能学好英语词汇,为学习英语打下基础呢? 首先要正确学习态度,要从平时学的每一个单词做起,理解它的音、形、义,切记临考突击,记单词、背短语、写句子等。高中词汇比初中更多、更复杂,相对难以记忆与掌握。因此,必须掌握一定的学习策略与技巧。 词汇是构成语言最基本的材料,人类的思想交流也是通过由词构成的句子来实现的。扩大词汇量是提高学生听、说、读、写能力的前提,因此,词汇教学是中学英语教学的重点,它在整个语言教学过程中起着举足轻重的作用。那么,在教学过程中,怎样才能有效地扩大学生的词汇量呢?唯一的途径就是运用科学的教学方法。 目前,越来越多的学生乎认为,既然英语考试越来越重视阅读理解,客观试题在试题中占的比例越来越大,那么没有必要在词汇的学习上花费太多的时间,不少教师也持这一观点。实际上,随着理解题和应用题在试题中越来越重要,应该说词汇在外语教学中的地位只能变得更重要,而不是不重要。端正对这个问题的认识,无疑是我们搞好外语教学的一个重要课题。 其次,针对学生在英语学习中存在的问题,树立学习信心,消除学生单词多、长且难读、难记的畏惧心理,进行有计划、有步骤的指导与训练,具体做法如下: 从基础抓起——识读与拼写 识读是词汇学习的基础,也是学生面临的第一关。一个单词不会读,形就不好记,意思也会受到影响。如形近词:mental,metal,medal。生词会阻碍学习,打击积极性与自信心。因此,教师要及时帮助学生,从掌握正确的发音、读音规则和拼读开始,扎扎实实,一步一个脚印。大多数学生来自农村,读音规则和拼读基础普遍差,更需要老师的大力帮助与耐心指导。学习词汇拼写也是相当重要的。学生只有掌握正确的拼写形式,学会利用读音规律记忆单词,才能避免死记硬背,提高记忆效率。 二、培养良好的学习习惯,进而拓宽词汇量 良好的学习习惯是学好英语必不可少的先决条件,学生应养成良好的学习习惯。 如正确使用词典,自觉积累词汇,及时复习,学生要常查字典,但不要一味地依赖词典,应指导学生尽可能利用上下文找线索来猜词,养成对记词汇的敏感性,注意习惯用法与固定搭配等用法,引导学生在语境中学习词汇。学生掌握了音标、构词法等,就能在较少的时间里掌握较多的词汇并通过词缀、近似词来猜问,从而扩大词汇量。教师还可以指导学生运用其他方法,如联想、观察、对比、分析法来学习词汇,变难为易,以便养成良好的学习习惯。 三、运用知识也是学习词汇的一种方法? 知识在于运用。掌握了一定量的词汇,就看怎样来运用。实质上,运用词汇,就是在复习、更新词汇,从而更进一步积累词汇。听、说、读、写是英语中最基本的运用词汇的基本方式。听:听句子、短语、对话等,教师指导学生听懂关键词、句,使学生掌握地道的发音,积累语言信息,为口语、写作打下基础。说:引导学生参加口语训练,巩固和运用词汇,表达思想,交流情感。读:通过广泛的阅读,才能巩固和扩大词汇量,培养语感。写:通过写才能从根本上巩固词汇,表达思想,达到词汇的高度发挥与升华。 四、注重语境教学尤为重要 语言作为人类交流思想的工具,是在实际运用中不断发展和完善起来的。我们知道,一个单词的学习不能靠孤立的记忆,即使把这个单词的多种用法记得很熟,也不可能完全把握它在每个语篇中的含义,因为只有在具体的环境中才能体现它真正的意义。如果没有进行大量语篇语境的积累,没有从听、说、读、写多方面输入它的语境,就无法产生对他的良好感悟能力,所以词汇教学就必须与语篇语境相结合。 而良好的语篇语境则需要大量的词汇量,大量的词汇量又来源于单词的积累,那么应该怎样记忆单词呢? 五、记忆单词的方法 (1)音形记忆法 英语是拼音文字,根据26个字母与48音素间的联系去记单词是最佳方法。此方法要求学生先掌握一定的读音规则,在记单词时将字母或字母组合与读音对应起来读,因为记住了音与形的联系,就可以水到渠成地记住单词。此方法的好处是音形并用,互为提示。当你掌握了26个字母的读音规则和一些典型字母组合的读音规则后,在你碰到一些符合规律的生词时,你就会自己拼读出来并将其记住。(2)构词分析记忆法 英语中的很大一部分单词都是由合成法、派生法及转化法构成的,掌握一些构词法知识,便能大大增强记忆效果,扩大词汇量。比如,用合成法记football(foot意为“足”,ball为“球”,合成在一起则为足球);再如,用派生法,利用词干加前缀记indirect(in为否定前缀,direct意为“直接的”,则派生出“间接的”);用转化法,利用词性之间的变化及单词拼写(lift?v.举起,lift?n.电梯)。 (3)用比较记忆法 此方法是把一对、一组或一群拼写相似或词义相对的单词进行联想比较,从而依据异同来记单词。比如,可以利用同音异形异议的比较来记meet与meat;用正反词义记tall与short;用词形相近记beach与peach;用同义词记refuse与decline等。联想是思维的翅膀,在记忆时能运用联想,词汇量就会越来越多。 (4)遗忘规律记忆法 根据遗忘速度先快后慢、遗忘量先大后小的规律,一定要在24小时之内复习所记词汇,之后按照先密后疏的时间间隔进行连续复习,直至使所学知识进入长效记忆。 (5)听说读写记忆法 知识即使进入了长效记忆,如果长期不用,也会遗忘。因为记忆是为了使用,反之,使用也是在记忆。所以,要多做听说读写技能训练,在使用中才能保持单词的长久记忆。 (6)反复记忆 在教授新单词时,应让学生明白,单词的记忆与熟练过程是一个反复的过程,决不是一劳永逸的,要允许自己遗忘,允许自己犯错误。同时,应该注意学生的心理变化,在学生遗忘或出现错误时,应注意保护学生的学习热情,不应挫伤学生的积极性;应该采取鼓励和肯定的态度来纠正其错误,消除学生的焦虑情绪,使学生在获得成功体验的同时,掌握单词的用法,真正做到“失败是成功之母”。 六、变机械记忆为理解记忆 在教授新单词时,教师应注意将单词的音、形、义同时交给学生,让学生对单词有一个全面的了解,同时尽可能建立新单词与已学单词之间的联系,把抽象概念的新单词放在学生熟悉的短语或句子中,所学单词具体化,使所学新单词不是孤立出现,而是在熟悉的语境出现,让学生有熟词再现的感觉,让语境帮助学生理解性地记忆单词。尤其是在辨析同义词时,语境的作用更为突出,冗长的汉语简介不如一个例句的效果。在讲解单词时,尽可能使用英语释义,以便使学生准确理解单词,同时增强语境意识,使单词与日常生活有效地联系起来。 七、创造学习英语的气氛 环境对于学生的影响是很大的。在课堂教学中,应该创设有利于学生乐于学习英语的环境和气氛,教师应尽可能用英语与学生交流,让学生感受到英语作为一种语言工具的优美之处,同时,积极鼓励学生之间使用英语交流,养成用英语沟通的习惯。此外,教师的标语可以用英语和汉语两种语言,可以定期出英语墙报,举办英语角活动等,以激发学生学习语言的兴趣,让他们更好地体会语言的重要性,增强单词的再现率,从而增加更多的词汇量。 总之,词汇教学是高中英语教学的重点和难点,但它是学习必经的途径。摸索出切实可行的词汇教学法,对解决教学存在的问题、提高学生词汇运用能力有着重要意义。 w。

图式理论在初中英语词汇教学的应用论文

摘要 :本文针对图式理论及其在初中英语词汇教学中的运用展开论述,并分析图式理论对于初中英语词汇教学的价值,尝试从语音、内容、形式三个图式着手,分析图式理论在初中英语词汇教学中的运用策略,试图为初中英语词汇教学的创新教学提供一定的参考与借鉴。关键词:图式理论初中英语词汇教学作者简介:陈融,哈尔滨师范大学,硕士,研究方向:二语习得。浅谈图式理论在初中英语词汇教学中的应用陈融(哈尔滨师范大学黑龙江哈尔滨150000)摘要:本文针对图式理论及其在初中英语词汇教学中的运用展开论述,并分析图式理论对于初中英语词汇教学的价值,尝试从语音、内容、形式三个图式着手,分析图式理论在初中英语词汇教学中的运用策略,试图为初中英语词汇教学的创新教学提供一定的参考与借鉴。

关键词 :图式理论;初中英语;词汇教学

一、图式理论对初中英语词汇教学的意义

《义务教育英语课程标准》针对语言技能的运用有明确规定,指出学生要实现听、说、读、写的全面运用。但是,在语言学科的学习过程中,词汇学习是实现听、说、读、写的前提与基础,它是语言知识的核心组成,同时也是语言技能全面发展的基础。(1972)曾说过:如若语法不存在,人们的很多内心想法将无法被表达,但是,如果词汇不存在,人们的所有内心想法都将无法表达。由此我们可以看出,词汇是语言的核心组成部分,在英语教学实施的过程中,它的作用举足轻重,不可轻视。《义务教育英语课程标准》中针对英语词汇积累有明确的规定,指出,在九年级学习完成之后,学生要熟练运用1500~1600个单词,同时要掌握200~300个习惯用语。虽然如此,在实践操作的过程中,这一点却并未切实达到,英语词汇长期以来都是教学的重难点,初中生在学习、背记词汇时缺乏必要的动力,词汇量的掌握还有待大幅度提升,词汇量已经成为学生听、说、读、写技能全面提升的一个重要的阻碍。学生在记英语词汇时,其采取的记忆模式仍然是以机械式记忆为主要途径,而还有很大一部分学生虽然记住了单词,却根本不会正确地使用,在词汇的学习过程中整体效率不高,学习效果欠佳。当前,初中英语教学一直在寻求创新之路,教学模式也在不断发生着改变,教师逐渐开始不再是课堂的主体,以学生为主导的教学模式不断被普及,但是,词汇教学的整体效率依然较低,没有从根本上解决这一问题,学生的独立思考能力培养以及合作能力提升还有待进一步加强。基于此,新的词汇教学模式亟待被研究、被探索。以图式理论为基础的初中英语词汇教学在学术界受到了较高的认可,运用该教学模式可以有效提升学生记忆单词的效率,提升学生的词汇量。

二、图式理论在初中英语词汇教学中的应用

图式最早是认知心理学的专业词汇,德国哲学家ImmanuelKant率先提出“图式”理论。他的观点指出,新信息、新思想的不断发展之下,只有确保信息可以与自己已知信息存在关联,才能确保其真正的意义。图式是人们在思考与解决问题的过程中必然会使用的信息,它也是人们认知的前提,全球范围内的语言学家对图式展开了分类,目前尚未形成统一的意见,其中鲁梅尔哈特所提出的分类是目前接受度最高的,他指出,图式可划分为语言图式、内容图式、形式图式三种。(1)构建语言图式。在三种图式中,语言图式是其他两种图式的前提与基础,在英语词汇教学中起着至关重要的作用。语言图式中包含了语音、词汇以及语法等语言知识,假如不存在语言图式的引导,在学习的过程中,学生将无法良好地理解英语中的'字母、词汇以及句型,他们也无法将自己脑内已知的模式图式信息调动出来,所以,他对于语言的获取方面的涉及内容非常之少。举例而言,在初中英语词汇教学活动开展的过程中,老师首先可以对字母及其搭配组合的发音规律展开一定的讲解与说明,随后,借助于大量的案例分析的形式,对不同的单词展开多方面的对比与分析,从而让学生习惯运用字母拼读发音规律的形式来学习新单词。举例而言,knee,knight,knit,know几个单词之中,其字母k属于不发音字母,因此,我们可以针对于此进行总结:k在n前的情况之下,它通常是不发音的。当学习knife的时候,我们还可以将与之读音相近的单词进行对比分析,比如knee,从而让学生借助于图式了解“字母k在n前的情形之下通常不发音”的规则。在此教学情境之下,学生们也会加深对knee这个单词的印象,与此同时,knife同样会在其原有图式中列入。在学生头脑里所存在的这些单词具有其相应的拼读规则,而词汇量不断扩大的过程中,这些便形成了语音图式。同时,在词汇量不断增多的情形之下,学生的语音图示也会越来越庞大。学生在记忆单词以及学习其他语言相关知识的时候也更加简单。(2)构建内容图式。内容图式是指研究主题的背景知识、世界知识,它可以帮助人们更好地理解语言。在英语教学过程中,我们常会发现,人们虽然学会了某个单词,会背、会写、会翻译,却不会用,在不同的语境中看到这一单词,人们认识,却并不理解它在此处的具体含义,更枉论运用这个单词来表达自己内心的情感与观点。学生没有形成内容图式便是导致这一结果的一个重要的原因,学生无法将词汇中所蕴含的信息与其所学知识进行关联。例如“Catshidetheirclaws.”这句话很多学生的翻译都不够准确,甚至无从下手,这就是由于学生们缺乏文化背景知识的原因所导致的。“猫藏住它们的爪子”只是其字单词,而学生如果再次在其他地方看到与之相同的前缀,便会直接激活相关图式。再以in这一前缀为例,学生如果把握了其图式,便可以更好地学习、掌握这一前缀之下的单词。由此我们可知,构建词根、词缀图式对于学生词汇量的扩充、单词的记忆等都有重要的帮助。

三、结语

综上所述,英语词汇教学是英语学习的基础,是学生切实提升听、说、读、写技能的重要支撑,图式理论是当代推行的一种新型英语教学模式,将其在英语词汇教学中合理地运用,能够有效地提升当代英语词汇教学的效率,提升学生的记忆能力,有效扩大学生的词汇量。从而全面提升英语教学效果,提升英语教学效率,让学生更好地把握英语词汇,进而全面提升其听、说、读、写技能。

参考文献:

[1]杨世生.词源学与图式理论对英语词汇记忆的启示[J].长江大学学报,2010,33(4):275-276.

[2]洪艳.基于图式理论的初中英语词汇教学--以南通市第三中学初三学生为例[D].苏州大学,2014.

[3]王改燕.认知语言学框架下的词汇理据解析与二语词汇教学[J].外语教学,2012(6):54-57.

[4]谭茗兮.论图式理论在高中英语词汇教学的运用[J].外语教学与研究,2007(16).

初中英语词汇教学研究论文

摘要:

词汇教学是初中英语的重要部分,是学生学好英语的基础。但是往往有很多学生因为各种原因,在词汇的学习中遇到很多障碍,难以激发兴趣,导致教学效率不高。因此,教师在教学过程中要采用各种教学手段,激发学生学习兴趣,调动学生的学习积极性,提高教学效率。

关键词:

初中英语;词汇教学;教学手段

要掌握一门语言,词汇是最基本的要素。人们的活动、交流等也是通过由词汇构成的语句来实现的,因此,掌握不了一定数量的词汇,是没有办法学好语言的。由此可见,词汇在英语教学中有阵非常重要的作用。在这里,笔者谈几点自己在英语词汇教学中的方法。

一、直观教学法直观教学方法就是用一些实物、图片等展开的教学手段

如在学习“chair”这个单词时,我一边指着前排一位学生坐的椅子,我先是自问自答,等学生都熟悉了以后,我再提问。通过这样反复训练,学生不仅掌握了“chair”这个单词的性质,单数复数,而且还在相互提问的过程中能够熟练地运用。总之,直观法教学既形象生动,又情趣浓厚,不但能营造和谐的.教学氛围,还能提高教学效率。

二、构词法英语中很多词汇之间都有密切的关系,在构词上有很对规律可言因

因此,教师在教学的过程中可以针对这些构词上的规律让学生学习词汇,也可以举出一些相关的词汇引导学生自己去总结、发现。这样的方法学生不仅学习得快,而且还培养了他们的能力。如学习care这个单词时,可利用构词法引申出beauty—beautiful—beautifully—beautify,这既可以减轻学生的记忆负担,同时也学习了词汇构成的知识。

三、在“游戏”中学词汇游戏是学生喜闻乐见的一种教学形式,能够在一定程度上激发学生的学习兴趣,有效提高教学效率

课堂上做游戏可帮助学生在轻松有趣的活动中掌握一些较难掌握的词汇。例如,在学习了身体部位名称后,可做Pollysays游戏。先四人小组做这个游戏,再让各小组中做得最好的学生到全班同学面前表演,看谁是最棒的。每次可以从下列句子中补充两个新单词。教师可边说边做动作,先让学生明白这句话的意思,然后教师发指令,先全班,再个别学生做动作。经过几次反复练习后,再让学生小组做这个游戏。句子学得越多,这个游戏就越精彩。这样的游戏对学生来说,趣味很足。学生积极性很高,几天下来,他们就能够将那些补充的新单词都牢固地掌握了。在这个过程中,教师也可以引导学生将自己以前学过的新的词汇补充到里边,过一段时间后再重复此游戏,以巩固所学内容。

四、创设情境提高教学效率情境教学是一种有效提高教学效率的教学手段

在教学过程中,根据教学内容和学生认知规律恰当地设置情境,可以使学生觉得新颖有趣,亲切自然。

五、引进竞争机制竞争是激发学习积极性的有效手段,有助于学生学习成绩的提高

因此,要创设合理的竞争机制,运用正确的竞争手段,采用灵活的竞争方式。课堂上引进竞争机制,采取师生竞争、生生竞争(男女竞争和小组竞争)个人竞争或自我竞争,可把听、说、读、写的内容都融于其中,调动学生参与课堂活动,并培养学生的团体合作精神。学生乐于参与,这样就能调动了学生的积极性和自主学习。学生评价中也引进竞争机制,建立一套检查学生记忆单词的制度。新课标要求给予学生以激励性的评价,使学生获得学习英语的自信心。引进竞争机制,调动每个学生的学习激情,积极参与竞争,取得高的评价,从而达到目的。总之,在英语教学中教师要重视词汇教学,注意词汇教学的趣味性和多样化.要让学生善于思考,教师首先要勤于思考,勇于创新。教师要不断改进教学方法,激发学生的学习兴趣和积极性,更新教学观念,注意培养学生的观察、记忆、思维、想象和创造能力,培养学生独立解析、扩展词汇的能力,使学生在初中阶段为今后的英语学习打下坚实的基础。

有关词汇学的英语毕业论文

Leave me alone!

英语词汇学习 在英语词汇学习过程中,学习者要遵循第二语言习得的规律,掌握并灵活运用多种词汇学习策略。可分为词汇表策略、语境策略、精加工策略、语义场策略。 一.词汇表策略 (Word list strategy ) 词汇表策略一般为:一列是按字母顺序排列的英语单词,另一列是这些单词的汉语意思(等值词、同义词或近义词)。有些学者认为,通过词汇表策略能够迅速且有效地学会大量的词汇。然而,Gaims 和 Redman 却指出,通过词汇表记忆词汇会阻碍对所记词汇进行充分地处理和系统地组织,因此就失去了有效的长时记忆的基础。语言大师桂诗春教授也认为,词汇表策略既费时又费力,徒劳无功,因为这种做法不仅把外语的词语和母语的词语等同起来,而且把它从语言和语境中孤立出来。 二.语境策略 ( Context strategy ) 语境策略就是学习者通过上下文语言环境所提供的信息对出现在语境中的生词进行猜测,从而习得这个单词。语境策略是目前比较流行的词汇学习策略之一,它不仅仅可以扩大词汇量,而且可以让学生了解有关目的语的文化知识。但是,Channell ( Carter &McCarthy ,1988:89 ) 认为,音节认知和重音认知对学习者理解词汇起着非常重要的作用。为了更好地理解词汇,学习新单词的方法应使学习者准确地内化和吸收新单词:即学会单个音标的发音、了解音节数、掌握重音位置。从这一方面来看,运用语境策略学习词汇不能算是一个很好的方法。 三.精加工策略( Elaborative strategy ) 精加工策略是指通过对学习材料进行深入细致的分析、加工,理解其内在的深层意义并促进记忆的一种策略。皮连生(1998)在《学与教的心理学》一书中也曾提到:“精细加工策略”(同“精加工策略”)指对学习材料作精细的加工活动,即通过在要记忆的材料上增加相关的信息来达到对新的材料记忆的学习方法。如对材料补充细节、举出例子、作出推论或使之与其它观念形成联想等,旨在为知识的检索提取提供新的途径,为知识的构建提供额外的信息。精加工策略的关键是将学习者头脑中已有的经验与要学习的词汇联系起来,充分利用已有的经验对要学习的词进行深水平的加工,使其合理化、富有意义,进而达到理解、记忆的目的。学习者已经掌握的熟悉的母语知识或外语知识、头脑中生动鲜明的形象以及其他多种相关的知识经验等都可以作为已有的经验加以利用。 最常用的精加工策略是联想。联想又可以分为:词缀联想、对比联想、关系联想、接近联想、相似联想等。心理学认为,联想反映了客观事物之间的联系。它在促进人的记忆、想象、思维等心理活动中占有重要的地位。在运用联想学习词汇时,通过串联归类,纵横联系,辨析分解,在脑际建立相互依存的知识结构,从而战胜遗忘,增强记忆。例如:词缀联想。在学习词缀 -tion时,学习者可以联想 -tion构成的词汇:corporation , administration , competition , congratulation , description 等。通过词缀联想,学习者可以学一个会一串,迅速地扩大词汇量。Krashen 在“输入假设”( input hypothesis ) 中也提到:只有接受可理解性输入( comprehensible input ),语言习得才会产生。精加工策略,可以建立形象与词汇之间的联系,使抽象的材料具体化,使学习者要记忆的目标词转化为可理解性输入,这一信息加工过程遵循了 Krashen 的“输入假设”,是一种行之有效的英语词汇学习策略。 四.语义场策略( Semantic field strategy ) 语义场理论是德国学者 (引自伍谦光,1995:94)最先提出来的。这个理论的核心就是探讨词所表达的类概念与词表达的种概念之间的关系。根据这个理论,词可以在一个共同概念的支配下结合在一起形成一个语义场。例如:“house”这个概念下,就有一个如下的语义场。

姐姐支个招儿呗。。。

一。The Development of English Vocabulary There are about one million English words in all. English is also an international language in this society. You can see English words almost every where, even in non-English-spoken countries. How does English come into being? Why it has so many vocabularies? In the following passage, I will give you a general picture about these two questions. The English people are of a mixed blood. The early inhabitants of the island we now call England were Britons, but in fact all the races were the invaders came from Europe. Nobody knows very much about Britain before the Romans came during the first century BC, but there had been at least three invasions before that. The first of these was by a dark-haired Mediterranean race called the Iberians. The other two were by Celtic tribes: one is Gaels, whose descendants are the modern Scots and Irish; another is the Britons, who gave their name to the whole island of Britain. These were the people whom the Romans conquered. The Romans gave the Britons a good deal of their civilization. Then at the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the northern Europe: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. These three tribes merged into one people, and the three dialects they spoke naturally grew into a single language, the English language. But at first, the English word made up of only a small part of native words and some borrowed words. The native words were the core words of English. According to a kind of classification of language, English is classified as a Teutonic language, which is a Germanic language. To be more exact, English belongs to the low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Because of the complex history of Briton, the language of English is of a mixed character. On one hand, it shares with West Germanic languages many common words and similar grammatical structures. On the other hand, more than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin and French. Besides, English has accepted words from other languages of the world in the course of its historical development. The history of English language is divided into three periods: 1. the old English period ( from 450AD to 1150 AD ) 2. the middle English period ( from 1150AD to 1500AD ) 3. the modern English period ( from 1500AD up to now ) As I mentioned above, in fact, that there is also a period we can call it the pre-old English period, which includes the Celts, the Scottish and Irish races and culture, and also Welsh race and culture were brought by the Celts. Then the Romans brought Latin alphabet and civilization to this land. After these two were the formation of the Anglo-Saxons people, which is the original English race and language. Old English consists mainly about the native language of Anglo-Saxons people. The period from 450AD to 1150AD is known as the old English period, and it is also been called Anglo-Saxons period. It is described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjective, and the conjugation of the verb were not weakened. Also during this period, when the Norman Conquest in 1066AD brought French to England, and much of the English vocabulary was replaced by words borrowed from French and Latin. Old English is a synthetic language. (There are two classes of languages in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections.) Old English nouns and adjectives have four cases: the nominative case, the genitive case, the dative case and the accusative case. Apart from these four cases, Latin nouns have the ablative and locative cases. Middle English period is from 1150AD to 1500AD. During this period the inflections which had begun to break down towards the end of the old English period, became greatly reduced, and it is known as the period of leveled inflections. The Norman Conquer was the cause of this change. The change of this period had a great effect on both grammar and vocabulary. In grammar English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In this period many old English words were lost, but thousands of words borrowed from French and Latin appeared in the English vocabulary. French influence on the English vocabulary is much more direct and observable. The number of French words that came into English was very numerous. More than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin. Modern English period is from 1500 to the present. A large part of the original inflectional system has disappeared, and it is known as the period of lost inflections. We may divide this period into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period. The early modern English period extends from 1500AD to 1700AD. The chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance. In this period the study of the Latin and Greek classics was stressed, so the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great. The late modern English period started after 1700AD. The eighteenth century in England was a time of stabilizing and purifying the English language. The publication in 1755AD of A Dictionary of the English Language edited by Samuel Johnson was a typical example of consolidating and purifying the English language in this period. He set a standard for using English words in spelling, meaning and usage. In the eighteenth century French greatly influenced English. The number of French words in the period from 1650AD to 1800AD increased rapidly. Such as: ballet, cartoon, champagne, cohesion, dentist, patrol, publicity, routing, etc. Meanwhile the territorial expansion of the English empire in this period resulted in the expansion of the English vocabulary. Thus, there are many words flow into English vocabulary, which includes American Indian words, Mexican words, Peru words, Brazil words, India and African words. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries are a period of rapid expansion for the English vocabulary in the history of the English language. In this period many changes have taken place. Especially the great development of science and technology is reflected in the English vocabulary. Besides, the great changes in industry, in political and social lives, in sports and amusements all have contributed a great deal to the English vocabulary. Since the Second World War the English vocabulary has been affected powerfully by social, political, economic, especially scientific and technical changes. The English vocabulary not only changes, but also changes quickly in this period. Thousands of new words are added, existing words acquire new meaning and old words die out. Till now, the English vocabulary is still changing, some words come out and some die out. In a word, as society is constantly in a state of development, so is language. Society depends on language for its existence. As society develops new objects are created that require the invention of new words and expressions. Therefore, the changing of English vocabulary is an endless changing process. Bibliography: 陆国强,published in 1999, Modern English Lexicology (new edition) Adams, Valerie, published in1982, An Introduction to Modern English Word-formation 戴炜栋,published in 2002, A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English 朱永涛,published in 1997, The Society and Culture of Major English-speaking Countries 林承璋,published in 1987, An Introduction to English Lexicology也可以写广告中的词汇特点:The Lexical Features of Advertisement on NewspaperNewspapers are generally the cheapest way to reach a mess audiences,and the timing is make an important part on English live in a world of provides a valuable service to society and its members,because it defines for consumers the meaning and the role of products,services and advertisements’ main text use words for the spread of vector,and must must be simple eye-catching,because of the layout of some extent,the newspaper advertisements content mainly rely on language to language ,playing a role of communication and persuasion,has developed its own in English have become an important means of communicating ideas,demoinstrating a variety of linguistic features of its present study discusses some lexical features of English advertisement texts.ⅠChoose the simple wordsAdvertiment language must be easily understood terms so that readers can get information as soon as advertising,simple words can win the consumers by their exact,effective expression an d a kind of .① Take using two “time” can make the language simple and clear.② Once tasted,always article should be clearly and concisly understood in order to arouse the interest of customers on food which make them mouth-watering.③ My goodness!My Guinness!Common language facilitate people to memory and speak,this reproduce the scene of people driking the Guinness beer which is full of praise.ⅡFrequent Employment of Simple VerbsSimple verbs are frequently employed in English advertisements, which is an obvious wording characteristics of English advertising are the most important part of is a prominent feature in adervertising english that verbs are regularly used for the ultimate goal of advertising ,which is to enable consumers to buy their in terms of the using of words,dynamic and strong word will produce a better feeling can be used to “touch”the consumer's this way,they will have impules to buy the .① Drink Coca-Cola.② I want you to sponsor a Rice Paddy Baby.③ For incredible speed and accuracy, try the Minolta 7000, the world’s first body-integral auto-focus the above examples, “try”,”sponsor” and “drink”are to fulfill the “get action” requirement seem more euphemistic and even more attractive. ④ Get noticed. Get results.⑤ Feel the Hyatt Touch.⑥ Send today for your free sample, and try the new reading the above ads, we feel encouraged to take buying action or make repeated purchases. The active voice doesn’t force people to take the passive action while it makes people feel that they do something of their own accord.Ⅲ. Adjectives⑴It is hard for us to think of any really persuasive message without the use of descriptive and vivid adjectives. Copywriters like to use a large number of adjectives not only to describe the quality and features of the products or services, but to a great extent to praise and beautify people who care about their bodies, Dairy Farm brings fresh skimmed milk. With almost no fat, it keeps your body fit inside and outside, fresh skimmed milk. Fresh Dairy Farm. The adjective “fresh” in Example appears three times to emphasize how fresh the product is, making its quality particularly attractive. And the adjective “fit” points out the remarkable function of the product. ⑵The copywriter tends to select the superlative or comparative forms of adjectives that carry positive meanings so as to make a comparison and stress the wonderful qualities of the advertised product. .① Using Dove, I do feel 20 years younger.“Younger” just emphasizes the magic power of the product.② Discover the season’s newest word “newest” , which is an advertisement of a kind of perfume, means “fashionable to the highest degree”.Of course, the advertisers must make sure that the advertised goods or services are actually the best in the same people do not know how superb the goods or the services are in quality. Anyhow, people tend to believe what is said in advertisements.Ⅳ.New Words Constantly AppearIn order to attract people’s attention, copywriters like to create some new words which are more active. The new words are mainly used for truthfulness, humor or emphasis in English advertising texts. .① Surefit Shoe Ltd.“Surefit” is a new word which makes consurms thing of a sentence”Surely to fit your feet”.That means the shoes are fot for your feet.② Give a Timex to all, and to all a good well-known watch brand “Timex” is a variation of “Time + Excellent”, which persuasively shows the merit of the watch brand. Thus, brand names get and retain a unique image. Ⅴ.PronousPronouns of the first and second person: we, I and you outnumber the other pronouns in advertisements. It is because that you, we and I help create a friend-like intimate atmosphere to move and persuade the audience. The audience will easily accept a product, a service or an idea as if a good friend recommended use infinitive pronouns,such as all,everyone,none,nothing and so on in order to feflect the extraordinary characteristics of a particular commodity or it has been spending and receiving most of finest is about a well-known red pair of lover drink together at romantic atmosphere.Ⅵ.Compound wordsA compound word is often a noun or an adjective made up of two or more words which are frequently used to express more information in limited space. Especially,compound adjectives are often seen in Single-use-cameras take pictures where you wouldn’t normally take your used the compound word skillfully and describe the capability and function of the product incisively and we have briefly discussed the six wording characteristics of English advertisements. We have got to know that simple verbs and concise adjectives are very important words in English advertising, and that new words which are attractively used to stress the new and special qualities or functions of the advertised products. Language in advertising presents us with a colorful, interesting and wonderful world in order to serve the purpose of attracting advertising readers. Of course, besides the above features discussed in this study, there is much more for further study in advertising language.

英语词汇大学毕业论文

一、英语语言学毕业论文题目: 1、中西语言方式对比 2、 词汇学 3、 近代英语语言的衍变 二、 英语语言学课程由三个知识模块组成:理论启蒙、基础理论、研究方法。理论启蒙模块内容涉及英语的词汇知识、语音知识、语法知识、修辞知识、语体知识

姐姐支个招儿呗。。。

英语文学是英语专业学生的一门重要的课程,对于英语学生的自身能力的提升具有十分重要的意义。下面是我为大家整理的英语文学方向毕业论文,供大家参考。

摘要:教师在教学中从多方面注重学生英语文学素养的培养,同时大学生也要积极进行英语文学素养的培养,不断提升自身的英语文学素养,促进自身的全面发展。

关键词:英语文学;大学生

一、大学生英语文学素养培养的现状

大学生的英语文学素养的培养非常重要,然而在大学的英语教学中教师对于学生文学素养的重视不够,并且学生自身没有较强的意识注重文学素养的培养。大学的英语教学,尤其是非英语专业的英语教学,主要是大学英语课程的教学,在教学中对于学生的文学素养培养没有足够的重视。第一,大学英语的教学主要以学生语言技巧为主,以英语词汇、知识点、语法等为主要讲授内容,教师很少讲授到英美文学的知识,也较少布置有关文学阅读的任务,对于大学生的英语文学素养培养非常不利。第二,英语四级、六级考试,作为国家级考试对于学生的学习要求也主要为英语语言自身的应用,但是对于英语文学方面没有很多的要求,影响着全国大学生的英语学习。从学生角度来说,大学生尤其是非英语专业的学生对于英语兴趣不高,很少学生去阅读英语文学的相关资料,或者有兴趣但是英语能力不足,慢慢失去了对于英语文学的喜爱

二、大学生英语文学素养培养的策略

针对大学生英语文学素养的现状,我们必须注重大学生英语文学素养的培养,从多方面提高大学生的英语文学素养,促进大学生的全面发展。

第一,英语课堂上教师注意培养学生对于英语文学的兴趣。大学的英语课,多是大学英语的课程,很多非英语专业学生英语基础较差,对英语不感兴趣,对于英语文学的兴趣就更小。为了提高大学生的英语文学素养,在英语课堂上教师可以注意学生文学的兴趣培养。在讲授教学内容时,继续增强学生对英语语言的喜爱,恰当地为学生介绍文学作品,联系更多的文学信息,将教学内容与英美的文学知识结合在一起,引起学生对英语文学的兴趣。

第二,教学内容多介绍英语文学的相关知识,带领学生学会文学赏析、评论等。大学英语教学的主要内容都是大学英语课程的内容,教师讲授教学内容时比较偏重与英语语言的应用,对于文学作品的分析、文学作品的赏析进行地很少。为了培养学生的英语文学素养,教师可以讲课时注意突出与教学内容相关的文学知识,在为学生讲解知识点的同时带领学生去学习如何赏析文学作品,对于文学作品进行分析评论,为学生推荐适合的文学作品,让学生从文学作品中获得更多的知识,也获得更多的关于世界、人生的思考。

第三,课上教师采取灵活多样的教学方法来进行英语文学的熏陶。在英语教学过程中,教师采取丰富多彩的教学方式和手段来引导学生对英语文学的兴趣,提升学生对文学的敏感度,促进学生的文学积累。一方面,教师可以将文学学习与电影结合起来。很多的文学作品,尤其是经典的文学作品都被后人拍成电影或者电视,而电影、电视是学生容易接受的方式,而且对于学生来说更具吸引力,在电影中学生对于文学作品有所了解,对于英语语言的应用也更清晰。另一方面,教师应该充分利用网络资源,引导学生接触更多的英语文学知识和作品。在当今时代,接触文学不仅靠书籍,还可以更好地利用网络资源。在信息飞速的时代,教师可以积极引导学生利用网络进行文学阅读和文学思考。

第四,布置课下文学的延伸任务,定期检验学生的完成情况。在英语教学过程中,教师要布置恰当的文学阅读任务和文学赏析作业。根据教学内容,向学生推荐英语文学作品,要求学生完成文学作品的相关任务,鼓励学生在进行文学阅读和赏析的任务过程中,进行思考分析,获得更多的知识和思考。对于布置的文学任务,可以定期进行检查,通过写阅读反思、影评等来检验学生对于文学作业的完成情况。

第五,学生自身要转变观念,变被动培养为主动提高。大学生为了就业,更多的人都选择学习实用性强的课程,对于短期内实用效果较小的文学学习却很忽略。要提高大学生的英语文学素养,学生首先要从思想上转变以前的观念,意识到文学学习和提高文学素养对于自身发展的重要性,重视自身英语文学素养的培养。其次在课堂上和课下主动进行文学作品的阅读和学习,配合教师的文学学习的教学,积极完成教师布置的文学相关作业将文学素养的培养当成一项长期的活动。教师在教学中从多方面注重学生英语文学素养的培养,同时大学生也要积极进行英语文学素养的培养,不断提升自身的英语文学素养,促进自身的全面发展。

参考文献

1、基于思维过程的高中英语文学阅读思维型课堂教学架构兰春寿课程.教材.教法2015-12-01期刊1

2、 英语专业体裁文本依托文学课程体系改革效果分析景婧外语界2015-08-25期刊

摘要:总之,动词汉译英的过程就是由“动态”向“静态”转化、由展开型句法结构向浓缩型句法结构转化的过程,也体现了由汉民族思维方式向英民族思维方式转化的过程。

关键词:英语文学;研究生

一、汉语的“动态”与英语的“静态”

动词是表示人或事物动作、行为、发展、变化的词,是最复杂、最活跃的一种词类。英、汉两种语言对动词的概括意义是一样的,但动词的数量及使用频率与方式却并不一样。从总体修辞效果来看,英语呈“静态”,汉语呈“动态”,亦即,英语有一种少用(谓语)动词而用其他手段;而汉语则有一种多用动词的固有习惯。英语每个句子中只能使用一个限定式动词(并列谓语除外);而汉语中却存在着“连动式”和“兼语式”,如“他到了火车站发现火车已经开走了”,及紧缩句,如“我们下雨也去”。英语的限定动词只能做谓语,而汉语中的动词(包括动宾词组、主谓词组等)不仅做谓语,也可做主语,如“理论联系实际是我们党的优良传统”,宾语,如“鲁迅主张打落水狗”,定语,如“讨论的问题很重要”,状语,如“一定要批判地继承我国的文学艺术遗产”和补语,如“小溪旁那些女人们听得笑起来了”。汉语是一种离不开动词的语言,除了部分句子(即名词谓语句如“今天星期六”和形容词谓语句如“他这几天心情很好”)以外,大量的句子都不止使用一个动词,有的句子几乎全句都是动词,如“打得赢就打,打不赢就走,不怕没办法”。汉语的动词还可以重叠和组合构成新的动词,如“走走”、“商量商量”、“看一看”、“打打闹闹”,而英语的动词却不能。另外汉语中为数不多的介词,也大都是从古代汉语动词演变而来的,有些还具备动词的一般特点,称为“半动词”,“副动词”,“汉语中的绝大多数的‘介词’,应该划归动词的范畴,只是入句时,表现了相当于英语介词的作用”,如“他在家”中的“在”为动词,而“他在家看书”中的“在”则为介词。

二、“动态”与“静态”的思维根源

汉语“动态”与英语“静态”之差异,其深层原因在于汉、英民族思维方式的差异:即汉民族重形象思维、重悟性,而西方人重抽象思维、重理性。汉文化的重要特征之一是“尚象”,汉民族习惯于“观物取像”,即取万物之象,加工成为象征意义的符号来反映、认识客观事物的规律,形成了偏重形象,即偏重具体的思维方式;西方文化的重要特征之一是“尚思”,注重逻辑与形式论证,形成了以概念、判断和推理为思维形式,偏重抽象的思维方式。这种思维形式的不同在语言上表现为:英语语言常常使用大量的涵义概括、指称笼统的抽象名词来表达复杂的理性概念,因而显得“虚”和“静”;而汉语则习惯于形象语言,用形象的方法来表达抽象的事物,动词的形象性即满足了中文的需求,由于大量地使用动词,汉语言因而显得“实”和“动”。另外,汉民族相比于西方人更倾向于注重悟性,汉语由意念贯通,行文造句不需要严格的语法规则来规范,词的用法也非常灵活,动词的使用即非常灵活。汉语的动词由于没有形态变化的约束,使用起来十分自由、灵活,可以充当句子的各种成分,也可以连用形成连动式和兼语式,还可以重叠和组合构成新的动词,动词的大量使用使汉语的表达呈现“动态”的倾向。与之相反,西方人更注重理性,注重形式论证,在语言上表现为形态的外漏和形式上的完整,因此行文造句需要严格的语法规则来规范。英语句子有严谨的主谓结构,一个句子结构通常只使用一个谓语动词,大量本应该用动词表达的概念,只能用非谓语动词来表达,或借助于动词以外的词类,主要是由动词派生而来的名词,有时还要借助于介词、副词及由动词转化而来的形容词,这样便产生了动词的虚化和弱化,使得英语的表达呈现“静态”的倾向。

三、汉译英中动词的处理

鉴于学生动态英译文的问题,从“动态”与“静态”这一修辞差异入手来探讨汉译英中汉语动词(不包括判断动词和能愿动词)的处理,应是汉译英教学中的非常重要的一讲。

(一)单动词汉语句子中动词的处理

“英语的静态修辞的实质是名词优势和介词优势,而介词优势又是名词优势的必然结果。因为名词与名词之间要借助介词来联结”。英语倾向于用名词(词组)来表达汉语用动词所表达的概念,即动作、行为、状态等,尤其在科技、法律、政治等正式文体中更是如此。这不仅使英语句子简洁紧凑,也避免了将人牵涉进来,从而使语句意义更加含蓄、间接,符合英民族表达习惯,因而句子优美。因此,在有些情况下,汉语动词并不是译成英语动词,而是要遵循英语的这一修辞特点,进行必要的词性转换,即动词向名词和介词的转化(如a和b),有时也转化成副词和形容词(如c和d)等,使译文符合英语的句法规律,因而更加地道、更显文采。a.他很贪嘴。.这不符合我们党的政策.ThisisnotinkeepingwithourParty’.桌布铺上了吗?Istheclothon?d.他怀疑我的动机。Heissuspiciousofmyintentions.

(二)多动词汉语句子中动词的处理

汉语注重“动态”描写,一个句子中往往会涌现大量的动词,但并不会引起句子的臃肿和混乱.汉语的动词可以作句子的不同成分;一个句子中可以连用两个或更多的动词作谓语,有时一个句子中会集结异常大量的动词,按照各动作实际上的时间顺序或逻辑上的因果次序,将事件一一如实说出,甚至尽量省略关系词以达到动词集中、动词突出的效果。因此在将汉语句中充当主语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补的动词译成英语时,有的可以省译,有的要进行词性转换或译成非限定动词;在将汉语的连动式结构译成英文时,首先要确定一个主要动词,作为谓语动词,与主语形成SV主干,构成全句中心,其他动词有的可以省译,有的作为次要动词进行词性转换或译成非限定动词、独立主格结构,打破汉语的时间或事理顺序,运用英语所富有的各种关系词或关系手段,适当地将它们嫁接到句子的中心主干上,形成空间立体布局,使句子语义层次分明。当然,在将连动式结构译成英文时,若有两个或以上动词都该是英译文中的谓语动词,则应将其译成并列谓语。但译文谓语动词如果铺排过多,就会显得很累赘,语义层次很不分明,带有浓厚的汉语色彩,这时,应首先采取断句处理。

总之,动词汉译英的过程就是由“动态”向“静态”转化、由展开型句法结构向浓缩型句法结构转化的过程,也体现了由汉民族思维方式向英民族思维方式转化的过程。这个过程完成得好,译文就符合英语语言的规范,这个过程完成得不好,译文就会汉化,妨碍了原文内容的确切表达。我们的学生动辄用动词写英语句子,而且多是小短句或简单的复合句,带有浓厚的汉语气息,主要是受汉语“动态”修辞的影响。因此在汉译英教学中,我们一定要引导学生用英语的“静态”修辞进行思维,克服汉语“动态”修辞的影响,为汉译英实践打下良好的基础。

参考文献

1、加拿大英语文学在中国的译介(1949—2009)——兼论社会文化对文学翻译的制约朱振武; 綦亮上海大学学报(社会科学版)

英语词汇学的有关论文题目

关于英语专业的论文题目,学术堂整理了十五个好写的,供大家参考:1.《红字》中海丝特 白兰不理智的一面(The Irrational Side of Hester Prynne of The Scarlet Letter)2. 《董贝父子》中的矛盾冲突(The Conflict in Donbey and Son)3. 论文化不同对联想意义及翻译的影响(On Influence of Cultural Differences on Associative Meanings and Translation)4. 美国教育的衰弱(The Drop of American Education)5. 19世纪欧洲移民对美国工业化的积极影响(The Positive Impacts of European Immigration on American Industrialization in the 19th Century。6. 朱丽叶之人物分析(Character Studies in Juliet)7. 主述理论在文学中的运用(The Application of the Thematic Theory in Literature)8. 语用学中的会话含义理论(Conversational Implicature Theory in Pragmatics)9. 英语语音简析及对提高初学者口语的指导(A Brief Analysis of English Phonetics as well as a Guide to Improve Learners’ Oral English)10. 比较两种对于哈姆雷特复仇的评论(Comparison on Two Kinds of Comments on Hamlet’s Revenge)11. 英语语言中的性别歧视 (Sexism in English Language)12. 英语的学与教 (English Learning and Teaching)13. 由美国2004年总统选举所想到的 (More than 2004 Presidential Election)14. 论腐朽世界中的纯洁品质——关于《雾都孤儿》的赏析 (The Purity in a Corrupt World—An Analysis of Oliver Twister)15. 论理智与情感之关系——对《理智与情感》的人物分析

论xx词根起源之历史

题目不要太大,也不要太小,太大了面太广容易泛泛,小了就无材料可查,没东西可写。写你熟悉的 资料好查的 参考

sample 1: 题目: English Vocabulary Learning Strategies (英语词汇学习策略) The mathematicians that study language and have lots of computing power are forming English language databases. These databases can be used for machine language translation, formulas to rank collocation, most used priority word lists, word grouping tendencies and other linguistics research. These frequency-based wordlists contain the words that are most used in English. Frequency-based wordlists can help you target specific English vocabulary by indicating which words you should try to learn first. Vocabulary analysis and summaries from the "Brown Corpus 1990". Table 1 Words - Percent of words in average text 86,741 - 43,831 - 15,851 - 6,000 - 5,000 - 4,000 - 3,000 - 2,000 - 1,000 - 10 - Table 1 shows us that in most written English just a few word types account for most of the English words in any text. Ten words account for % of the words on any page and just 1000 word families account for more than 70% of the words used. The ESL in Canada English Immersion camps experimented with the 1000 word lists and used them for the core vocabulary for spelling, poetry writing and public speaking contests. The constant reinforcement and repetition with variable context was quickly absorbed by the beginner students and greatly increased their confidence when speaking or writing. Altavista's Babelfish or Google by Systran machine translation performs with an error rate of 20 to 30 percent. The large error rate is due to how a word's meaning varies with context. One example: "The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak" translated from English to Russian and back again only to yield "The vodka is good but the meat is rotten." So far Babelfish has 19 language pairs available and it has taken decades to develop language-pair rules for each of the 9,900 language word pairs. Some observations for language students and language teachers is the translation pool for just average translations is 9900 words. The big variable is context, which means that a word can be used in various formats: "formal, industry specific jargon, slang, idioms, act a different part of speech performing a different function within that particular meaning. If every word has an average of five context variables then the student really has to learn 50,000 items. As final conclusions: second language learning takes time and effort and there should be plenty of translation jobs for the next 20 years if you are willing to invest the seven to nine years to be proficient. In the following example the word "weather" can be used in about eight different contexts and be used to mean, define or explain about thirty different situations or conditions. To properly study vocabulary students require background information and context. "Weather" As a Noun Definition 1. the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time as characterized by sunshine, moisture, temperature, precipitation, and other variables. Similar Words: elements, climate Definition 2. unpleasant, turbulent, or violent atmospheric conditions. Example: We needed shelter from the weather. Similar Words: gale, elements, blow, windstorm , storm As a Transitive Verb Inflected Forms: weathered, weathering, weathers Definition 1. to dry, season, or modify by exposing to weather. Similar Words: season , dry Definition 2. to discolor, deteriorate, or harm by exposing to weather. Similar Words wash , rot , erode, deteriorate Definition 3. to endure past the end of; survive. Example Their marriage weathered the hard times. Synonyms: withstand , survive, stand, outlast , endure , ride out Similar Words: overcome, surmount, outlive, sustain, brave As an Intransitive Verb Definition 1. to resist deterioration when exposed to weather. Example: The colour has been able to weather the intense sun shine. Definition 2. to display the effects of exposure (deterioration or change in color) Similar Words: rot, corrode, fade, deteriorate As part of Idiomatic Expressions Phrase used as an idiom: "under the weather" = sick or not well sample 2: 题目: Using the keyword method to learn vocabulary(重点记忆学习法) The keyword mnemonic is undoubtedly an effective means of learning the words of a foreign language How well you remember depends on how well you learned them, not on whether you have learned the words using a keyword mnemonic or rote repetition or some other method Even using a keyword mnemonic, you still need to rehearse the information to be learned The keyword mnemonic is not always the best method of learning particular words Skilled learners may be best to use the keyword mnemonic selectively, for particularly difficult words The keyword mnemonic requires individual instruction and practice, to use effectively Using a verbal (sentence) link is at least as effective as an image, and is easier for many people Whether using a sentence or an image, the critical factor is that the keyword interact with the definition or own-language word. sample 3: 题目: experience of learning vocabulary and grammar (英语词汇及语法的学习经验) I could say what I’ve been instructed is a focus on deductive ways. In junior high school, my teacher listed out the key rules of each lesson and would did the fill-in the blank exercise in the class. Since I was not a quick thinker, what I could do was merely imitate the examples given by the teacher. This meant that I didn’t know “why” I was supposed to make a sentence in this way. When days went to high school, the mode of instruction didn’t change much. The teacher would point out the crucial rules as well, but he didn’t do much practice in class. In the scope of vocabulary teaching, he just read through the words and sample sentences. You must be curious about how I could last my interest in learning English under this way of instruction? I think what prompt me to keep on learning is owing to my highly motivated attitude. Because I like the language and its culture, I’ll do my best to learn it well through self-study. Though the inspiration from teachers is essential in some ways, the attitude of learners will be the momentum to maintain a lifelong learning. I don’t like the ways I’ve been taught because I learn the rules by rote-learning. Actually, I didn’t object the use of rote-learning. But, it should be under the condition of meaningful practice so that I know “why” the rules are supposed to be used in this way. As for the ways how I will teach in the future, I’m still struggling to explore my answers. No matter what, I will put much emphasis on learner-centered aspects and inductive teaching.

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