立体车库外文论文发表过的

Car partsEngine The engine is a power plant, which provides power to drive the automobile． In most automobile engines，the explosive power of the mixture of air and gasoline drives the pistons．The pistons turn a crankshaft to which they are attached The rotating force of the crankshaft makes the automobile’s wheels turn．Some automobiles are powered by another kind of engine，known as the rotary valve，rotating combustion engine or Wankel engine The rotary valve engine also draws in a mixture of air and fuel, which is then compressed and burnt．A motor revolving in an elliptical chamber is connected to a shaft，Which finally drives the rear wheels．In most automobiles．the engine is mounted at the front end of the car，with the clutch and gearbox immediately behind it；the engine, clutch and gearbox are assembled into a single unit A number of systems are necessary to make an engine work . A lubrication system is neededto reduce friction and prevent engine wear. A cooling system is required to keep the engine’s temperature within safe limits .The engine must be provided with the correct amount of air and fuel by a fuel system． The mixture of air and fuel must be ignited inside the cylinder at just the right time by an ignition system．Finally, an electrical system is required to operate the cranking motor that starts the engine and to provide electrical energy to power engine accessoriesLubrication System An engine has many moving parts which eventually develop wear，as they move against each other．The engine circulates oil between these moving parts to prevent the metal-to-metal contact that results in wear． Parts that are oiled can move more easily with less friction and hence power loss due to friction is minimized．The secondary function of lubricant is to act as a coolant and also as a sealing medium to prevent leakages．Finally，a film of lubricant on the cylinder walls helps the tings in sealing and thus improves the engine’s compressions．Cooling System Due to the combustion of fuel with air inside the cylinder，the temperature of the engine parts increases．This increase of temperature directly affects the engine performance and the life of the engine parts．The cooling system keeps the engine operating at the efficient temperature．Whatever the driving conditions, the system is designed to prevent both overheating and overcooling．Fuel System The main function of the fuel supply system is to provide fuel to the carburetor or injection system at a rate and pressure sufficient to meet engine demands under all conditions of load，speed and gradients encountered by the vehicle．The fuel system must also have enough reserve fuel for several miles of vehicle operation．Ignition System The purpose of the ignition system is to provide assistance for the combustion of fuel either by a high voltage spark or self-ignition in each of the engine’s cylinder at the right time so that the air-fuel mixture can burn completely． The fuel supplied to the combustion chamber must be ignited to deliver power．In a spark—ignition engine an electric spark is used for this purpose．The compression—ignition engine does not require a separate ignition system because the ignition is affected by compression of the mixture to a high pressure． Electrical System The engine’s electrical system provides energy to operate a starting motor and to power all the accessories．The main components of the electrical system are a battery，an alternator, a starting motor, ignition coil and heater．Frame The frame provides a foundation for the engine and the body of the vehicle . The flame is constructed from square or box-shaped steel members strong enough to support the weight of the body and other components. The automobile frame is usually made up of a number of members welded or riveted together to give the final shape．The engine is mounted on the frame with rubber pads which absorb vibrations and also provide damping of these vibrations．Absorption and damping of vibrations protects passengers from discomfort caused by shocks． The frame is supported on wheel axles by means of springs．This whole assembly is calledthe chassis． Suspension System The function of the suspension system is to absorb vibrations due to the up and down motion of wheels．caused by the irregularities in the road surface . The springs, connecting linkages．and shock absorber comprise the suspension system of a vehicle．The suspension system is of two types: (1)Rigid system(2)Independent systemIn the rigid system, the road springs are attached to a rigid beam axle. It is mostly used in the front axle of commercial vehicles and in the car axle of all types of vehicles.The independent system does not have a rigid axle. Each wheel is free to move vertically without any reaction on its mating wheel. The independent system is mostly used in small cars Power TrainThe power train carries the power that the engine produces to the car wheels. It consists of the clutch (on cars with a manual transmission), transmission (a system of gears that increases the turning effort of the engine to move the automobile ),drive shaft, differential and rear axle.ClutchA clutch is required with the manual transmission system to temporarily disconnect the engine from wheels. Such disengagement of the power train from the engine is essential while changing the gear ratio or while stopping the vehicle.TransmissionThe main function of the transmission is to provide the necessary variation to the torque applied by the engine to the wheels. This is achieved by changing the gearing ratio between the engine output shaft and the drive shaft.Drive ShaftThe drive shaft or propeller connects the gearbox and the differential unit. The drive shaft has universal joints at its ends．DifferentialThe function of the differential is to split the power received from the propeller shaft to the rear axle shaft. It allows the rear wheels to be driven at different speeds when the vehicle takes a bend or falls into a ditch. AxlesAxles are the shafts on which road wheels are mounted. The road wheels are provided with the required drive through these axles．WheelThe automobile wheels take the load of the vehicle and also produce tractive force to move the vehicle. The wheels are also used for retardation and for stopping the vehicle.Steering SystemThe steering system is used for changing the direction of the vehicle .The major requirements in any steering mechanism are that it should be precise and easy to handle, and that the front wheels should have a tendency to return to the straight-ahead position after a turn. A gear mechanism, which is known as steering gear, is used in this system to increase the steering effort provided by the driver. This system makes the vehicle steering very easy as the driver does not have to put in much effort．Vehicle steering is not only required on a curved road but also while maneuvering on the busy traffic roads．The steering system allows the vehicle to be guided i．e．to be turned left or right. Braking SystemBrakes are required for slowing down or stopping a moving vehicle．The braking system may be operated mechanically or hydraulically. 95 percent of the braking systems in use today are of the hydraulic type.All brake consist of two members．one rotating and the other stationary．There are various means by which the two member call be brought in contact，thus reducing the speed of the vehicle.The major components of the braking system are：brake pedal, master cylinder, wheel Cylinder, brake pipe，brake shoes．brake packing plant and linkages．As the load on the vehicle and the vehicle speed has increased according to recent trends．in modem days, the importance of the braking system has also increased and power brakes are now being preferred．Power brakes utilize vacuum and air pressure to provide most of the brake————applying effort.汽车部件发动机发动机是一种动力机械设备．它为汽车提供动力。在大部分汽车发动机中．空气和汽油的混合气体产生的爆炸性能量驱动活动活塞运动。活塞使它们所连接的曲轴转动。曲轴的转动力量使汽车的车轮转动。一些汽车是由另外一种发动机提供动力的，这种发动机被认为是旋转气门、旋转燃烧或汪克尔发动机。转子发动机也是吸入空气和燃料的混合气，混合气被压缩和燃烧•在一个椭圆形的室内旋转的发动机连接着一个轴，这个轴将最终驱动后面的车轮。大部分汽车中，发动机是架在汽车的前面末端的，离台器和变速箱在它后面，发动帆、离台器和变速箱被装配成一个整体。发动机工作时有很多系统都是必要的。润滑系统可以减少摩擦并减轻发动机磨损。冷却系统被用来保持发动机的温度在安全范围内。发动机必须有燃油系统保证适当数量的空气和燃料供给。空气和燃油混合物必须由点火系统在适当的时间在气缸内被点燃。最后，电子系统被用来控制启动发动机用的电动机和为发动机附件提供电能。润滑系统发动机有许多最终会被磨损的运动部件，因为它们是相对运动的。发动机使润滑油在这些运动的部件间循环，以避免因金属与金属之间的接触而导致磨损。被润滑过的部件能够因为摩擦减少而容易运动，因摩擦导致的能量损失是最小的。润滑油的第二个功能是作为冷却液和防止泄露。最后，气缸壁上的润滑油薄膜有助于活塞环密封并因此提高发动机的压缩性。冷却系统 由于燃料与空气在气缸内燃烧，从而使发动机部件温度升高。温度升高直接影响发动机的性能和发动机部件的寿命。冷却系统使发动机工作保持在有效的温度。不管驾驶条件如何，发动机系统被设计成既能防止过热又能防止过冷。燃料供给系统燃料供给系统的主要功能是以一定的比例和压力给化油器或喷射系统提供燃料，并在汽车遇到的所有情况下，满足发动机对负载、速度和坡度的需要。燃料系统也必须为汽车行驶几英里保留足够的燃料。点火系统点火系统的作用是在适当的时间使燃料燃烧，不管是高压电火花还是在每个发动机气缸中的自燃，以便于气体混合物的完全燃烧。提供给燃料室的燃料必须被点燃以提供能量。在一个火花点火发动机中，电火花就是用于这个目的。压缩点火发动机不需要一个独立的点火系统，因为点火会受混合气压缩压力的影响。电气系统发动机的电气系统提供能量给起动电动机并给所有附件提供电能。电气系统的主要构件是蓄电池、交流发电机、起动电动机、点火线圈和加热器。车架车架为汽车发动机和车身提供了一个安装框架。车架用方刚或盒形钢铁制造，有足够的强度支撑车身和其他构件的重量。汽车车架通常由一些焊接或铆接在一起的零件构成，从而形成最后的形状。发动机和橡胶垫被圈定在车架上。橡胶垫可以吸收振动，也可以提供这些振动的阻尼减轻乘客由于振动产生的不适。悬架系统悬架系统的功能是吸收由于路面不平使车轮上下运动所产生的振动。弹性元件、连接装置和减振器组成了汽车的悬架系统。悬架系统有两种类型：(1)刚性悬架系统(2)独立悬架系统在刚性悬架系统中，弹簧被系在刚性横梁上，这种系统主要被用在商用车辆的前轴和所有类型车辆的车轴上。独立悬架系统没有一根坚硬的轴。每个车架可以自由做垂直运动而相对应的另一侧车轮没有任何反应。独立悬架系统主要用在小汽车上。传动系统传动系把发动机产生的能量传递给车轮。它包括离台器(汽车上用手动变速器)、传动系(一系列的齿轮，把由发动机产生的转矩增强．推动汽车)、驱动轴、差速器和后挢。离合器离合器用于手动变速的传动系统。用它暂时把发动机和车轮之间的动力传递分开。当换档或停车时，把传动系和发动机的连接断开是很必要的。变速籍变速箱的主要功能是通过发动机把各种必需的扭矩提供给车轮，这是通过改变发动机输出轴和驱动轴两者之阃的传动比来实现的。驱动轴驱动轴或叫推动轴与齿轮箱和差动器相连。驱动轴通常在末端具有万向节。差速器差速器的功能是把来自传动轴的能量分给后轿。当汽车转弯或掉沟时，它允许后轮以不同的逮度驱动。车轿车桥是指用来安装车轮的轴，通过这些车桥向车轮提供必需的驱动力。 车轮车轮支承着整辆车．并产生牵引力来驱动汽车。车轮也用于减速和停车。转向系统转向系统是用来改变汽车方向的，在任何转向机构中最主要的就是转向精确且容易控制，同时前轮在转向后又能自动回正。一个齿轮机构，通常认为是转向齿轮，在这个系统内用来增强由驾驶员提供的转向力，这个系统使得汽车转向非常容易，驾驶员不用费报大的力。不仅仅是在弯曲的公路上需要汽车转向，在交通拥挤的路上也需要巧妙地控制。转向系统使得汽车可以被控制向左或者向右转向。制动系统制动用来使车辆放慢速度或者停车。制动系统可以是机械制动或者液压制动。现在用的制动系统95％都是液压型的。所有的制动系统都包含两种元件，一种是旋转零件，另一种是固定零件，有各种各样方法使得这两个元件相接触而使车辆减速。制动系统的主要组成部分：制动踏扳、主制动缸、车轮制动、制动鼓、制动管路、制动蹄、制动装备和联动装置。随着汽车负载和车速的增大，目前制动系统的重要性也在增大，并且现在人们更喜欢助力制动。助力制动利用真空和空气压力来提供更好的制动力。

正在做这个项目，不过没有英文。

考立体车库项目经理证书的方法：1、项目经理证书每年有两次考试机会，一次是5月份，一次是11月份。2、项目经理中级证书只考两科，考一整天，上午全是选择题，最后5道是英文选择题，一题一分，一共75分，45分是合格。下午全是实践题，主要是9大知识域，要背的东西很多，如果有实际的操作经验，会好很多。3、项目经理高级证书考三科，考一整天，在考完下午的问答题后，接着考论文，就一个题目。没有考中级的时候，也可以考高级，没有工作年限之分。高级证书，上午的选择题全是9大知识域的，更加简单。4、要拿到证书，需要每一科都达到45分以上，如果有一科没有达到，就是不合格，分数不会存档，下次都需要重新考。5、拿到项目管理证书后，所在的企业达到条件后，可以申请CMMI资质，如果本企业不需要，也可以拿去别的公司挂靠，一年的挂靠费用，中级大概在8K左右。