英语论文开头怎么写
英语论文开头怎么写,大家都知道万事开头难,写论文的时候也是一样,写一个好的开头就意味着你可以顺利的写下去了,对于不少人而言英文论文的难度比中文论文的难度更大,下面我带大家简单了解一下英语论文开头怎么写。
一篇
文章的第一段左右通常是整个文章的最重要的部分得到“just right”。它不仅是一个机会,抓住读者的注意力,同时也有机会来设置文章的其余议程,语气和内容的条款。严格地说,没有单一的“right”的方式开始了一篇文章,只是因为它有可能写了无数主题的文章,所以也有可能开始在很多方面的文章。然而,大多数好的开端,以散文分享一定的素质,如果考虑进去,可以大大提高可另外缺乏的文章前奏。请参见下面的步骤1开始!
为你的文章铺设路线图
1、启动带有引人注目的一句话。 当你的文章可能(或者,诚然,可以不)是有趣的你,作家,它不一定有趣的读者。读者,总的来说,是关于他们所读内容有点挑剔,他们做了什么没有。如果一件作品不会立刻吸引他们的注意力在第一段,有一个很好的机会,他们不会懒得看它的其余部分。正因为如此,它往往是开始的作文与从一开始就命令读者注意一个句子一个好主意。只要这第一句话就是逻辑连接到文章的其他部分,有一个在成为引人注目的右出了大门没有羞耻。
您可能要开始一个迷人,鲜为人知的事实和统计抓住读者的注意力。举例来说,如果你在儿童肥胖的危险与日俱增全世界写一篇文章,你可能会这样开始:"Contrary to the popular idea that childhood obesity is only a problem for rich, pampered Westerners, the WHO reports that in 2012, over 30% of preschool-age children in developing countries were overweight or obese、"在另一方面,如果它适合你的文章更具逻辑性,你可能要启动一个特别扣人心弦的图像或描述。关于暑假的文章,你可能会这样开始: "When I felt the Costa Rican sun filtering through the jungle canopy and heard the sound of howler monkeys far off in the distance, I knew that I had found someplace very special、"
2、让你的读者进入你的文章的“meat” 。一个伟大的第一句话可以吸引读者的注意力,但是如果你不把读者拉进你的文章里,她还是会很容易失去兴趣。按照你的第一句话,一个句子或两个逻辑连接的注意抓住“钩”在第一句中的其余部分作为一个整体。通常,这些句子将在第一个句子的狭窄范围内扩展,将特定的快照放在一些更大的上下文中。
例如,在你的肥胖文章中,你可能会遵循如下第一句话:“In fact, childhood obesity is a growing problem that is increasingly affecting rich and poor countries alike、”这句话解释了第一句中所描述的问题的'紧迫性,并给出了更广泛的内容。
为你的假期的文章,你可能会跟你这样的第一句话是: "I was deep in the jungles of Tortuguero National Park, and I was lost in more ways than one、" 这句话告诉读者在第一句的意象从哪里来,带领读者走进其余的文章嘲笑它最终将被揭示的旁白是“lost”。
3、告诉读者你的文章是什么 。大多数时候,文章不是纯粹的描述-他们不存在完全告诉你什么是基本的,事实上。通常情况下,他们有一个特定的目的以外的。这几乎可以是任何东西。这篇文章可能是为了改变读者对某个主题的想法,说服读者采取行动,为某个不被很好理解的事情,或者简单地讲述一个令人深思的故事。在任何情况下,第一段的基本目的是要告诉读者什么是文章的目的是。这样,读者就可以快速选择是否继续到其余的文章或不。
在你的肥胖文章中,你可能会总结出这样的事情:“The purpose of this essay is to analyze current trends in childhood obesity rates worldwide and recommend specific policy initiatives to combat this growing problem,”这清楚地告诉什么文章的目的是。这里没有混乱。
为你的假期的文章,你可以试着这样的话: "This is the story of my summer in Costa Rica, a summer that neither spider bites, nor rotten plantains, nor Giardia could keep from being life-changing、" 这告诉读者,他们会在戏弄的具体细节在文章体店就是阅读一个人的旅行到外国帐户。
4、或者,你的文章结构概要 。有时,它是适当的走一步的介绍来描述你的文章的计划来实现其目的。如果你的文章能够很容易地被分解成不同的,特定的部分,这将是有用的,将使主题更容易掌握的读者。如果你是一个学生,你知道如何做到这一点也很有用,因为一些老师会要求你这么做的。然而,具体地概述了不同的文章在介绍中的文章并不总是一个好主意。在某些情况下,特别是对轻心的文章,这可能是有点机械读,可以通过提出太多的信息,对读者的威胁。
你可能会继续这样说:“这篇文章涉及三个主要的全球健康问题:高热量食品的供应,减少体育锻炼,以及日益普及的久坐不动的休闲活动。”对于一个简单的研究论文,概述了主要议题的讨论是一个好主意,因为它允许读者立即理解文章的理由解释在过去的句子的目的。
另一方面,对于你的假期文章,你可能不会以这种方式勾勒出你的文章。既然你已经建立了你的文章是轻松俏皮,这听起来有些奇怪的继续,例如:“通过体验城市生活在圣若泽和农村生活的资本在托土盖罗的丛林里,我像变了一个人在我的旅途中,“这不是一个可怕的句子,但它不流从前面的人因为它奠定了一个严格的刚性结构,不需要。
5、如果有必要,包括一篇论文 。在论文写作中,一个句子是一个句子,这是一个简单的句子,尽可能清晰、简洁地描述文章的“要点”。一些文章,特别是五段为学术作业或是标准化考试的一部分而写的论文,或多或少都要求你将论文陈述部分作为开篇的一部分。即使不需要这篇文章的文章也能从一个大胆的命题陈述的简洁的目的性中受益。一般情况下,在第一段的结尾处或附近包含论文陈述,虽然没有硬性规定,具体地说,论文陈述必须是。
对于你的肥胖文章,因为你在一个临床,简单的方式处理一个严肃的话题和写作,你可能会直接与你的论文声明:“通过分析现有的调查数据,本文旨在找出具体的政策措施,如可能的路径到全球肥胖减少。”这篇论文告诉读者在相对较少的话的确切目的的文章。
你可能不包括一个单一的论文发表声明的度假文章。因为你更感兴趣的是设置一个情绪,讲述一个故事,并说明个人主题,一个直接的,临床的声明,如“这篇文章将描述我的暑假到哥斯达黎加”,将声音奇怪的强迫和不必要的。
6、为你的文章定一个合适的基调。 除了你的空间,讨论你将要谈论什么,你的第一段,也是一个空间,以确定你将如何谈论它。你写的你写的声音是什么鼓励部分(或阻碍)你的读者阅读你的文章。如果在你的文章开始的基调是明确的,愉快的,和适合的主题,你的读者会比如果它的混乱更容易阅读,变化很大,从句子的,或是不在手边的话题。
看一看上面的句子。注意,虽然肥胖作文和假期作文有非常不同的声音,这两者都是清楚地写,并为主题的适当。肥胖作文是一个严肃的、分析性的写作,是一种处理公共健康问题的文章,所以对这些句子有一定的临床和观点是合理的。另一方面,这篇文章是关于一个有趣的,令人兴奋的经历,对作者有重大影响,所以这是合理的句子是一个有趣的小游戏,包含令人兴奋的细节和传达作者的奇迹感。
7、砍去追逐! 介绍的最重要的规则之一是,更短的几乎总是更好的。如果你能把所有的信息都传达给你,你需要五个句子,而不是六个。如果你可以用一个简单的,每天的话,在一个更不起眼的字(例如,“start”与“initiate”),做它。如果你能把你的信息传达给十个单词而不是十二个,那就去做吧。在任何地方,你可以在不牺牲质量和清晰度的情况下,把你的介绍性通道缩短,这样做。记住,你的文章开始是让读者进入文章的肉,但它的嘶嘶声并不是文章本身的肉,所以保持简短。
如上所述,而你应该力求简洁,你不应该缩短你介绍这么多,它变得不清楚或不合理。例如,在你的肥胖文章中,你不应该缩短这句话:“In fact, childhood obesity is a global problem that is increasingly affecting rich and poor countries alike”。……这句话:“In fact, obesity is actually a big problem、”这句话并不能告诉整个故事,这篇文章是关于全球儿童肥胖的发病率上升,而不是肥胖对你来说是不好的。
我们随机抽取了学术语料库中航空航天学科子库里的50篇期刊文章,摘取了其中的文章首句,做一个简单的文本分析。
经过观察,我们发现,抽取的样本按照其表达的功能,基本可以分为四类,即“声称中心地位”、“评述以往研究”、“概括研究话题”和“提出存在的问题”(Swales 1990)。
1、 声称中心地位,20例(40%)
这一类例句主要强调研究话题在研究领域中的中心地位,或其重要性、优点或必要性,指出将要报道的研究是有意义的、重要的或者已被认为是研究领域内的主要话题。主要例子有:
[1] Structural damage detection and health monitoring is very important in many applications、
[2] Combustion noise can make a significant contribution to overall turbofan engine noise at low-power settings, , which are typical of approach flight、
[3] Research on flow control has been one of the major topics in fluid mechanics in the past couple of decades、
[4] Surface flow visualization is useful for understanding flow in many applications and can be used to complement and validate computational studies of complex flow、
可用的序列有,xxx be important, xxx play an important/a significant role in, xxx be of particular interest等、
2、 评述以往同类研究,15例(30%)
这类例子大多回顾某一研究话题或领域的已有研究或多年来的研究进展。例如:
[5] Over the last number of decades, a multitude of research efforts have been directed toward understanding the physical mechanisms, or at least the surrounding factors, behind the appearance of symptoms typically associated with nonlinear axial combustion instability in solid-propellant rocket motors (SRMs)、
[6] The effects of applying an electric field on a flame have been studied since the early 1800s(1) when Brande noticed an effect on the heat and mass transfer of a diffusion flame between electrodes, which was then later verified in 1931 by Lewis (2)、
此外,这一分类里的大部分例子都使用现在完成时。供参考的短语序列有,xxx has/have been studied, previous/recent studies show/have shown, it has been shown等。
3、 概括研究话题,14例(28%)
在收集的样本中,“概括研究话题”主要指概括或陈述某一研究领域/话题的特征或客观事实。这一类例句中,文章作者大多根据具体的研究话题组织句子,因而并没有典型的句式。
[7] Many flows of technological interest occur at high Reynolds number and are often characterized、
[8] The Hill–Clohessy–Wiltshire (HCW) equations describe the relative motion of a chaser with respect to a target while both vehicles orbit a central gravitational source、
4、 提出当前研究中存在的问题,1例(2%)
只有一例在文章第一句便指出某一技术所存在的问题,见[9]:
[9] Airborne propagation of directed energy suffers consequences including reduced range, precision, and overall effectiveness, due to the interaction with varying refractive indices within the fluid medium through which it is propagated (1–3)、
简单总结一下,在我们所收集的50篇文章中,有40%的文章在开篇第一句强调研究话题/领域的重要性、优点或说明已成为研究焦点;30%的文章首句旨在回顾或评述以往同类研究;28%的文章在第一句中客观概括或陈述研究话题的特性;仅有2%,即1篇文章在首句中指出某一技术存在的问题。
这一数据也说明,我们可以根据自己的研究话题,运用多种形式,灵活组织文章首句的句式和内容。鉴于样本数量有限,以上内容只是抛砖引玉,仅供参考。我们还建议各位小伙伴在阅读文献的过程中注意积累和总结,看一看自己专业领域内的期刊文章,是以何种形式撰写文章首句。如此一来,可以在自己写论文时进行模仿。毕竟,好的开始是成功的一半嘛。
英语论文答辩开场白(精选7篇)
在现在社会,许多人对开场白的掌握需求逐渐增多,开场白应该达到明确您的'意图,使目标愿意和您交流,允许您提出问题的目的。那么,开场白一般是怎么写的呢?以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文答辩开场白,欢迎大家分享。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is prof.xxx. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole years hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, thats all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.
Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels addicts. For the above facts, I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper.
Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.
The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.
The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.
The third part, the development. The network novels’ development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 2000. This times literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 2001 and 2002. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 2003 and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.
The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person’s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
Good morning.
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.)
I am XXX. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor XXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis. My topic is XXXXXXXXX.
The whole thesis consists of --- parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of ------. And the second part is going to analyze ----------.
In the third part, ---------will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about --------. Then the author will dig into the root causes of ------- in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal --------of ---------in the last part. Thank you!
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members.I am xsj and my supervisor is zy. With his sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my paper.Now,it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Heavenly War and Earthly Conflict, an Insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this story as one of texts in British and American literature Selections. Last but not least, I am keen on the study of human nature and the profound significance and instructions for us from John Milton. For the above facts, I select the Heavenly war and earthly conflict an insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this great poem we can know more about this Literature masterpiece,and I also want to show my own understanding about it.
Next, here is an outline of my presentation and I devide my paper into four parts. Part one presents an introduction of John Milton and Paradise Lost. Part two introduces the main contents of the book of Paradise Lost. Part three gives my own analysis of major characters in Paradise Lost. Part four draws some conclusions by my careful reading and thinking.
OK, that is all. Thank you. Now you may raise your questions. I am ready.
Good morning.
all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
1.议论论文: A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...D. Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside. E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.
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