留学生论文发表文案

Proposal写好了，等于整个research就成功了一半。Proposal Title(研究标题):在这里把即将进行的研究及时书面报告的完整标题呈现，表明研究的主题和内容。Abstract(摘要):万字左右的论文，200词左右的摘要差不多了，简要介绍研究的目的，主题，方法，可能的研究发现等Introduction(引言):和abstract有点类似，不过这部分通常交代一下研究topic的背景和本proposal的主要内容和目的。Research Significance(研究意义):这部分主要是表明即将开展的研究是有意义的，或是弥补了前人尚未研究完善或未研究彻底的课题，或是出现了新的问题需要本研究来解决等，总之不管在理论还是实践上都必须有价值，否则研究毫无意义。Research Background(研究背景):这里可以交代一下这个研究问题、目前学术界的研究进展，研究条件等。Research Objectives and Research Question(研究目标和研究问题):这部分尤为关键，是整个研究的核心，没有研究目标和亟待回答的研究问题，研究就会没了方向，好比一艘船没了掌舵的，这样的研究是难以进行的。Literature Review(文献综述): 这个部分的作用是对所研究领域或专业的课题，问题或研究专题大量相关资料；通过分析，阅读，整理，提炼当前课题，问题或研究专题的最新进展，学术见解或建议，做出综合性介绍和阐述。自己的研究需要相对于前人的研究有所补充或发展。Methodology(方法论):这部分包括研究设计(research design)，具体研究方法(research methods)，数据收集(data collection)，抽样(sampling)和数据分析(data analysis)。methodology简单规划了研究是以何种方式进行的。Timescale(时间规划):这部分相当于是对研究的每个部分所花时间，每个时间段做什么，整体进度，整体截止日期等的一个计划。Budget(预算):一些研究步骤是需要花费一定金钱才能完成的，预算一般包含personnel services，travel expenses，technology cost等。另外，有些研究还需要做访谈，问卷调查等来获取数据，这个时候，proposal里面还需要以appendix(附录)形式附上访谈的问题或者问卷的items，加上这些，才能算是一份完整的研究计划。

论文写作通常可以遵循以下步骤：

1、定义主题

撰写论文的第一步是定义主题。了解论文的主要目的是什么(教育、宣传、推广)以及针对谁。这一步至关重要，因为它为整篇论文奠定了基础。

2、创建大纲

大纲在撰写论文时至关重要。要想论文讲得通，唯一的途径就是整合逻辑。首先创建一个简单的草图，描述论文整体的框架，包括各个部分应该写什么内容。这会防止同学在实际写作时偏离要点。

3、广泛研究

这是撰写论文时收集所有必要信息的部分。遵循之前创建的大纲，以避免浪费时间。充分利用所有可用的资源，例如：书籍、网络、采访等，只收集相关和必要的信息即可。这部分将构成论文的主体，所以同学需要获得充分的信息。

4、撰写初稿

有了详细的大纲和相关的材料支撑，这一步应该很容易。初稿很少是完美的，但通常需要耗费大量时间。有几个最重要的部分需要同学留意：

5、校对修改

千万不要直接提交初稿，因为很有可能里面全是错误。同学要消除所有的语法和结构错误。尽可能地浓缩观点，并通过修改论点来突出要点。

Critical Thought PaperThe sexual health care services in Shanghai, China, has been shown some progress in sexual health care by offering more service and mainly for free for people living around. This research will integrate some Chinese societal elements, such as traditional Chinese values as well as the changing of values to analyze how Shanghai is take an effort in providing sexual health care. It will also discuss how Shanghai is treating LGBTQ+ publicly. Meanwhile, the department of Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention has provided some free services with other sectors of health care in China, such as community health hospitals. This important sector will be analyzed in detail to illustrate the health care services that people can get access to.People in Shanghai can get condoms in multiple ways. Since “Condoms remain the best form of simultaneous protection against sexually transited infections and unintended pregnancies” (Mullinax, et al., 2017, p.642), the ways of obtaining condoms are important in sexual health care. Any person in China is free to obtain some condoms from community health hospitals, which is not the only way that offers people condoms. In some hotels, they would provide free condoms or condoms at a fair price, such as several dollars for one box. Customers of hotels can get condoms in their rooms. But some hotels do not provide condoms in the room. Besides these special places. Compared with some western countries, there is no condom selling on China’s college campuses. When students need condoms, they can purchase from pharmacies, doctors at a normal hospital, and online shops, or get condoms from community health hospitals at no cost. The developed take-out service in China also enables Chinese customers to buy condoms or other related products online and the products will be delivered within about half an hour by delivers. This service is mainly provided in urban areas where the take-out service is well developed in China. This service can proceed in a kind of secret way where the deliverers would not know what the products are when they are packaged in a sealed box or bag by a pharmacy. The delivers can provide fast delivery service to meet the needs of customers. Since deliverers can normally reach the house from the house without the influences of the pandemic, the customers can receive an effective service especially when they do not want to go out and buy some condoms from a pharmacy at night.China was well-known for its one-child policy, which put pressure on people to learn birth control. As one important normal approach to achieve this goal, community health hospitals have been the main places to provide people with free condoms. The community health hospitals also take the responsibility to provide sexual health care information to the people living around them. Since there are a large number of community health hospitals in China locate in every small community, the doctors in community health hospitals can offer more personalized and more private services for people who demand sexual health care information. The public hospitals provide services of STI/HIV test, which will normally cost like 10 US dollars, which is affordable for almost all the people who demand such a test. China also announced recently to reduce the tariff on HIV medicines, lowering the cost for consumers. The public hospitals in China have the authority to provide STI/HIV tests. Meanwhile, the public hospital is easy to find in urban areas. In rural areas, there is no such institute to provide STI/HIV tests.As we have learned in class that HPV ranks the first in STI prevalence as well as incidents in the United States, it is worthy to discuss how Chinese people are coping with HPV. In recent five years, with increasing knowledge of HPV among the public, there is a huge demand for HPV vaccines. With this demand, the country is trying to import more HPV vaccines and some domestic universities have produced domestic HPV vaccines. The supplies of them could not normally meet the large demands in many cities. Even though both men and women can get HPV vaccines, in China, females are the main group to demand HPV vaccines. In many cities, they have to make appointments after months to get one shot. Meanwhile, the price for HPV vaccines is much higher than many common vaccines in China. One shot of four price HPV vaccine would cost about 500 US dollars. A nine-price HPV vaccine shot could cost about 900 US dollars and even more as it is highly demanded with a low supply. This phenomenon illustrates that more Chinese females are aware of the importance of the HPV vaccine.It is studied that “HPV transmission via sex toys may be feasible” (Anderson, et al., 2014, p.2), showing the importance of mind the sanitation of sexual toys. However, in China, there can be no instruction provided by public health services concerning sex toys. Since traditional Chinese values do not consider sexual activities is a decent thing to talk about, the health information about sexual activities is not educated to the public. Sexual toys, as new products in China in recent years, are likely to be neglected when doctors are trying to educate some patients about sexual health care. Even Chinese doctors could be shy to talk about sexual toys as they are maintained within a certain group of consumers. The public lacks information about sexual toys. Even in Shanghai, a modern city of China, the Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention does not provide any information about sexual toys on its website (Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, 2021).LGBTQ+ is not openly accepted in Shanghai. Although many Western countries have allowed LGBTQ+, there is no public authority that shows an acceptance to it which can be seen from the marriage law. The marriage law has not made any modifications to allow LGBTQ+ couples. At the same time, the public does not show public acceptance of it. There are fewer LGBTQ+ movements in Shanghai than in America, which might be one of the reasons why Chinese society does not witness rapid development in LGBTQ+. Privately, there are many people who belong to LGBTQ+. Although they are not publicly accepted, they can normally go on streets like a couple without many biases in Shanghai since Shanghai is keeping to open to new ideas and new phenomenon. Nevertheless, this situation might be different in rural areas of China where elderly people normally hold traditional beliefs by considering LGBTQ+ abnormal. This has become a problem and an obstacle for some families which have children who belong to LGBTQ+. The development of LGBTQ+ is slow proceeding in current China.In a conclusion, sexual health service is provided in many forms in Shanghai. The supply of condoms has multiples approaches where consumers can purchase, such as via the internet, take-out service, public hospitals, hotels. Community health hospitals also provide condoms for free, which are easy to find in communities. The test of STI/HIV is provided in public hospitals at a fair cost, about 10 US dollars. The public also shows an awareness of HPV by presenting a huge demand for imported HPV vaccines. Sexual toys are however hard to be mentioned in Shanghai while people hold a traditional value considering it is kind of unusual. Even doctors would be shy to talk about them. Moreover, LGBTQ+ has not been accepted by the public in Shanghai until now.References:Anderson, T. A., Schick, V., Herbenick, D., Dodge, B., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2014). A study of human papillomavirus on vaginally inserted sex toys, before and after cleaning, among women who have sex with women and men. Sexually transmitted infections, 90(7), 529-531.Mullinax, M., Sanders, S., Dennis, B., Higgins, J., Fortenberry, J. D., & Reece, M. (2017). How condom discontinuation occurs: interviews with emerging adult women. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(4-5), 642-650.The Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention. (2021). “Sexual Disease Prevention”. Retrieved from:

留学生论文的写作步骤

1、 仔细阅读导师给出的论文相关要求

一般导师给的资料会有要求、handbook和评分标准的。有些时候这些资料都在一个word里面，大家可以先仔细看清楚这些要求，不要先急着开始，审题是非常重要的，这决定了你文章的方向，审题正确是至关重要，如果偏题了写得再好也会导致Fail。

2、抓住论文的要求写大纲

把要求都理解了，这个时候大脑里面要有一个大致的框架，然后根据这些内容自己写一下大纲，这样可能很好的帮助你明确题目要求，然后可以根据框架展开分析，这样写作会更清晰具有逻辑的。然后根据大纲寻找相关资料，对大纲进行扩充，使文章更加充实。

3、分析导师的意愿、爱好

这个上课会经常提到一些内容或者重点，大家可以根据导师说过的合适内容写到文章里。还有很多导师自己有不少发表文章的，大家可以去看看他们的文章，然后作为参考文献。这个需要大家对导师的了解，内容必须要符合文章要求，不能随便导师的什么内容都写到文章里面。

4、资料查阅

资料查阅，可以去学校图书馆，学校图书馆具有丰富的资源，可以给你提供非常多的资料的。谷歌也具有非常多的资料，大家也可以下载参考的'。

5、文章注意分段和小标题

适当的对文章分段，然后列出小标题可以使文章更清晰，整篇文章的结构也会好很多。同时列出小标题可以很好的让自己搞清楚逻辑，搞清楚内容是否偏题，很好的让自己再次检阅文章的。

6、文章整合、排版

最后文章写好了，需要再一步的校稿，把文章整篇读一篇，把基本的语法错误和句子表达问题修改一篇。然后在细致的看下每部分的表达是否存在问题，这个时候可以把大纲拿出来，然后去对照审核的。最后确保内容都没有问题后，把整篇文章按照要求把格式字体调整好。然后再根据学校的要求排版好就行了。

1、选题根据专业与拟定方向选题，搭建清晰的写作框架。2、文献学习学术文献的检索与阅读方法，筛选出有效文献并根据文献的使用途径进行整理、分类。3、提案根据已有的思路和框架理清 Proposal 的写作方法，明确研究方法4、会议Proposal 提交后，分析导师的 Feedback ，明确后续研究指明方向。5、写作学习写作方法，重点 Introduction 和 Literature review 的写作要领和注意事项。6、建模解析数据分析中所使用公式、模型、及数据的获取方式，学习Methodology 的写作方法7、写作检查前四部分的论文内容， Discussion , Conclusions 及 Abstracts 的写作方法。8、检查进行第一次全面检查，重点检查全文的内容、语法和词汇，改善并校对论文的提交格式检查。