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什么意思？要英文的？题目要汉语翻译？
最好投SCI收录的国际会议，比较容易录用，我就刚有一篇被录用了。
我有一篇我本科毕设的小论文，英文中文都有，而且是我人工翻译的，8000字左右。你要的话PM我。我是电气工程及其自动化专业的。《Analysis of thyristor-controlled phase shifter applied in damping power system oscillations》
Fire FightingAlong with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is developing. This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter request. In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design contents. Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out mistakes.First, design basis The fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy-type. Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis: 1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the meaning.2nd, must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval opinion.Second, fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage, and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire detector.The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire detector. Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire detector. The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable shaping. But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level installs.The elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the facility. Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift well.2nd, the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual fire. In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the button.In the public active place (including hall, hall, dining room, multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters".3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than 12.5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the speaker.The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the instruction.4th, fire alarm installment establishmentThe establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the instruction.The fire alarm installment establishment position, the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 1.8 meters highly5th, fire special use telephone establishmentInstalls the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public room. Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone system. Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case controls.Is equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone receptacle.Third, fire linkage control 1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the malfunction. When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp). 2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active status. In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the condition. 3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific stipulation.Fourth, fire auto-alarm system wiringIn order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm system. The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. Uses Ming Fushi, should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking.Fifth, concluding remarkThe author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property safety.消防 随着我国经济发展快速发展，人民生活的水平不断提高，城市使用是每天着急，敦促建设面临着发展的方向。这种高层次的民间建筑维修所需的材料和方式也更加多样化加快，而且随着使用电力负荷和煤气消费量扩大，提议消防自动报警系统设计较高，更严格的要求。为了保证人民生命和财产的安全，消防自动报警系统的设计已经成为在高级别民间建筑设计的一个最重要的设计内容。目前的基础上撰文火灾自动报警系统设计监督工作的高层次的民间建设的经验，建议在目前国家相关标准和标准不清楚真正详细浅见解，为同事们的讨论，并指出错误。 首先，设计依据 火灾自动报警系统的设计是一家专业非常强的技术工作，同时还具有很强的政策性。因此，首先应明确以下设计依据： 第一，必须紧紧抓住的建筑设计防火标准，该系统的设计标准，标准的设备制造，安装施工审批标准和管理的法律和规章等五大方面的消防法律法规，并在实际了解国家有关本标准和标准积极字： “必须” ， “必须假定” ， “不适合” ， “可能”和反面词： “严格禁止” ， “不应该” ， “没有” ， “不适合“的含义。 第二，必须着眼于高层次的民间建筑的功能，利用和保护对象的防火等级，认真开展本标准和国家有关标准，认真对待公安防火监督部门的审批意见。 其次，火灾自动报警系统设备的建立 建立火灾探测器 要么全打开的印章或楼梯大厅应单独划分搜索范围，每个2 〜 3建立火灾探测器。 第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防前面房间烟雾楼梯大会堂来用场）和过道应区分单独划分搜索范围，特别是前面的房间，以及电梯，分散楼梯大厅和走道都是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾比较容易收集或流动，是人员分散保存目标与防火，因此，应该安装火警探测器。关于共同电梯前室虽然不是人员分散，而且这方面的空间和良好的电梯是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾也很容易被收集或流动，适当地划分为单独的搜索覆盖面和安装消防探测器。 电缆轴因此很容易形成掏出烟炎症渠道，拥有火灾时的火强度不容易延伸沿电缆燃烧，为此， “高级别民间建筑设计防火标准”和“民用建筑电气设计标准“分别提出了详细具体的规定，在建筑和在电线或电缆塑造。但认为具体实施的难度和目前的情况下，电缆竖井安装了火灾探测器是非常必要的，坐标轴的防火分隔要求，每2 〜 3或每一级安装。 电梯机房应安装火灾探测器，它的电梯是重要的垂直交通工具，其两个电梯机房已具有火灾危险性，其存在的三个基本解除以及打开洞，像打开闸门的水平之间的球洞，在气孔，持久的关系打开了洞与电梯机房或滑轮等，其时，有四个火，升降机以及往往成为火灾强度传播渠道，很容易危及电梯机房设施。因此，电梯机房建立了火灾探测器是必要的，也适用于皇冠建立火灾探测器举井。 2 ，手动火警报警按钮建立 （包括防前面的烟雾楼梯大厅鉴于各层前房间前面的房间，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时人员驱散节省目标，防火，应立即向警方举报的按钮，首选地点设立手动火警。此外，该室也应建立防火手册的共同电梯前，向警方报案的按钮。 在公共活动场所（包括会堂，礼堂，餐厅，多功能厅等）和主要通道等场所，是所有工作人员非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应立即向警方举报的按钮，在这些公共活动场所主要通道设立手册火灾;该手册规定的火灾中的主要通道报警按钮，以保证“ ，以手动火警最接近报警按钮距离防火区的任何位置不应该超过30米。 “ 第三，消防紧急广播喇叭建立 走道，大厅，餐厅等公共场所的工作人员都非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应该按这些公共场所的“最近的一项发言距离不超过25米的防火保护区的任何位置”和“在走道上不应大于十二点五米扬声器的过道末端距离”建立消防应急广播喇叭;下一步还应当建立消防在公共浴室的地方紧急广播喇叭。 第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也有分离和防火门的声音，人民的混乱和嘈杂，因此，应建立消防应急广播喇叭。在前面的共同电梯房也应建立消防应急广播喇叭。分散大厅楼梯也已经火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也是人民的声音和嘈杂的混淆，因此应建立消防应急广播喇叭，由主张消防紧急广播驱散指令。 第四，建立火灾报警装置 建立消防应急广播火灾自动报警系统，笔者认为还应该安装消防报警装置，但它的控制程序应该是：该报警器应确认火灾后，利用手动或自动控制模式统一消防相关区域传输预警，报警器停止工作时间的规定，迅速联系消防应急广播和电视节目，并且分散了人们的指示。 火警警报装置建立的立场，笔者认为应该向警方报案的按钮位置的手动火警是相同的，它的墙面安装应为距地面1.8米高度 第五，消防专用电话设立 安装消防专用电话分机电话，应设机房其中也涉及一些人是在工作地点经常与消防联动控制（包括消防给水设备，备件发电机房，火柴变电站，主要ventilates空调引擎室，排放烟气轮机室，防火电梯机房及其他） ，消防控制系统的经营场所或设备的控制室，消防责任人员观察室，现场的安全管理等公共空间。轿车的影院中消防电梯和普通电梯应假设所有使用的特殊电话，请电梯机房和电梯轿车影院中，电梯机房及消防控制室，电梯轿车影院方块和消防控制室等三个成分是可靠的讲通信电话系统。通常在消防控制室;建立电梯监测演示板（包括位置指示器，显示方向灯，以讲信函电话，麻烦灯等） ，以进行必要的电梯在运行状态的监视和紧急情况下的控制。 配备了手动火警报警位置等按钮，消火栓按钮，还应该安装消防专用电话插座。 第三，消防联动控制 第一，消防联动控制应包括控制消防泵开启，停止，也应表现出的按钮，打开泵的位置和消防泵的工作和故障。当消火栓设有消火栓按钮时，其电气安装工程现场也应表现出的消防泵的工作模式有效状态（即建立消防泵工作表明灯） 。 第二，消防联动控制应包括控制喷洒水和水雾化灭火系统打开，停止，也应表现出的消防泵的工作和故障和流利显示，报警阀，安全信号阀工作模式积极的地位。此外，该盆地，水箱水位也应进行示范监测;为了防止检修信号阀关闭，作者认为应该使用带电信号控制信号阀证明它打开条件。 第三，消防联动控制其他控制和示范作用，应进行本标准和国家有关标准的具体规定。 第四，火灾自动报警系统布线 为了防止火灾发生时，消防控制，通信和警戒线遣散，使灭火工作无法进行，造成了更大的经济损失，也为抑制electronmagetic干扰（例如变压器，电电机，电缆等）的影响而产生的火灾自动报警系统。火灾自动报警系统的输电线路和消防控制，通信和预警线应使用被阻燃电缆，并应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。消防手册积极理事分期付款行应使用防火电缆，其电缆也应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。使用明复，应采取防火保护措施的金属管或封闭金属trunking.Fifth ，结论备注 作者取决于具体的项目实施经验，阐述了设计依据，火灾自动报警设计和实际问题，以便建立系统设备，消防联动控制及其接线拿出一些肤浅的意见，其目的是增强了火灾自动报警系统的设计质量，早期发现，并通知消防，预防和减少火灾危害，通过保护个人和财产安全。
Welding Automation Research in the engineering school is largely focused on problems involving sensing, modeling, and control of welding processes, i.e., welding automation. Faculty and students from electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, and material science are involved in the welding automation research. The overall objective of this research is to provide both greater productivity and enhanced quality for welding in the manufacturing environment.http://eecs.vanderbilt.edu/researchgroups/weldingautomation
电气工程：1Electrical Engineering My decision to pursue graduate study in the United States is underscored by my desire to be a part of the graduate program at your institution. Purdue University offers the flexibility needed for such a vast and rapidly changing field. The research facilities and the faculty at the university are par excellent. Communications is an industry that has changed our lives. In a very short period it has changed the way we have looked at things since centuries. It is one industry that is going to shape our future for centuries to come. Hence my desire to do masters in electrical engineering with communications as my major. My interest in electronics blossomed during my high school years. It was the time when technology had begun to make an impact on the lives of people in India. Hence engineering with electronics as my major was the first choice for my undergraduate studies. Right since the beginning of my undergraduate study electronics is a subject that has fascinated me with its power of applications. The subjects that I have studied include Linear Electronics, Digital Electronics. These laid the foundation for my courses in Electronic Communication & Communication Systems at a later stage. My undergraduate studies already focus on the communications aspect of electronics. A masters degree in electrical engineering with communications as major field is the next logical step. For the past four months I have been working as a project trainee at the Indian Institute for Advanced Electronics. I am working on the design and development of a "PC Controlled Digital Serial Data Generator". This short stint has given me invaluable practical experience. It has given me the confidence to pursue a masters degree and also kindled a desire to do research. During the course of my work at IIAE, I have come across several scientists. Most of them work in different areas of communications. Interactions with them have made me realize the vastness and the scope of communications. My discussions with them convinced me that specializing in communications will suit me very well. The subject of research which interests me very much is spread spectrum communication systems. Coding theory and combinations is another research subject which arouses my curiosity. The subject Communication Theory which I am studying at present introduces these topics in theory. I am eager to find out more about the applications of coding theory to spread spectrum communication systems. In addition I have been a student member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.) for the past three years. Through its workshops/seminars and publications like the 'The Spectrum' it has exposed me to a lot of emerging technologies in the field of communications. It is a strong belief in my family that the American education system has the best to offer in the whole world. This belief arises out of the experience that my parents had when they did their Masters of Science in the University of Pennsylvania during the years 1967-69. If I can get an opportunity to be a part of that intellectually stimulating environment, I am sure my talents will be put to optimal use. India is a developing country with an enormous potential in the information technology business. To serve the needs of this developing industry and more important its vast population, communications is going to become of utmost importance. Thus conditions here are very conducive to supplement my aspirations when I return after completing my graduate studies. 2Electrical Engineering As a graduate student, I will undertake research and coursework in Electrical Engineering to enhance my competencies in this field. I intend to complete my master's degree in order to pursue my doctorate. The research that I am most interested in pursuing at Northeastern University surrounds the optical properties of MEMS devices, and the development of substrate-based fast electro-optical interfaces. My interest in this area stems from my undergraduate study in MEMs development for tri-axial accelerometers. Engineering has been a key interest of mine since childhood. While still in grade school I enjoyed listening to my father, an electrical engineer, teach me about advances in technology, and was always eager to hear more. I was introduced to my first computer at the age of five, and have loved interacting with them ever since. My decision to study engineering as a career was no surprise to those who knew me. In college I found that I was always studying something I enjoyed. I believe it is because I enjoy my life and my work that I have been successful. Spending hours in the laboratory is not something that I dread, but instead I take pride in my work and its successful completion. One example of this that is still fresh in my mind is the successful design of a fully functional microprocessor in the Xilinx environment. All told, the project took over 150 hours of each design-team member's time. However, I did not look on it as a drain, but an experience for learning and a focus for my professional and technical development. When we finished the project we felt the sense of worth and pride in completion of a task that was once above our level of knowledge. Pursuing a graduate degree in the research field I have chosen also feels like a challenge, and I know that study will frustrate me at times. However, I feel that my commitment to learning will not be swayed. I feel confident in my ability to be creative in my perspective, and to persevere. My ultimate goal is to be an innovator in the field I have chosen to study. Professionalism and creativity are my most valued strengths. At the heart of my interest is the advancement of man in concert with his environment. My personal philosophy of life will matter greatly during my study and after its completion. That is why I devote time to reflection on my goals and their implications. Money has never been a motivator for my work, nor do I think it will be in the future. However, as a professional and a graduate, I realize that my earning potential will be significant. That is why I also commit myself to charity and fairness. In the past I have been a member of the Boy Scouts of America, and have achieved the rank of Eagle Scout. In the course of my experience in that organization, I learned respect and moral value. Now, as a member of the IEEE, I value my professional standing and its commensurate moral implications. Ethics in engineering is as important as technical skill, and as such I intend to uphold my own ethical obligations to the best of my ability. As a Northeastern University student, I would commit all that I have to offer to my study. I intend to pursue research in MEMS technology. At Rowan University as an undergraduate student I have already conducted some research and development of MEMS sensors for military applications, resulting in publication. An article, written by myself and my project member David Bowen and edited by our advisor Dr. Robert Krchnavek, was published in the NAVSEA Intelligent Ships Symposium Proceedings of 2001. The paper was titled "Designing a 3-Axis, Monolithic, MEMS-Based Accelerometer" and was under review for endorsement by the US Navy's NAVSEA facility in Philadelphia during that year. Building on my past success in MEMs design, I hope to advance my understanding. Through research at the graduate level, it is my hope to become familiar with, and innovate the design of MEMs Optics in hopes of creating a reliable and practical MEMs Electro-Optical Interface for use in consumer electronics. It is my hope, that through my research, optical waveguides for intradevice communication might be realized. Finally, my intent to pursue graduate study is laid plain. Study of MEMs optics is my intended focus, and I am committed to my goal. In pursuing a doctoral degree, I have closely analyzed myself to determine the reasons for my previous successes and my goals for the future. I have found that I do and have always enjoyed engineering, and that I have a strong desire to pursue my study further. I am prepared to commit myself to that study, and achieve what I have set out to do. 3I Wish to Pursue an MS Degree in Electrical Engineering During my senior year at Purdue University, I made a decision that has impacted the entire course of my education. While my classmates were making definite decisions about their career paths, I chose to implement a five-year plan of development and growth for myself. I designed this plan in order to examine various careers that I thought might interest me, as well as to expand upon my abilities at the time. As I was attaining a BS degree in Electrical Engineering, I decided to focus primarily on fields related to the VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integrated) circuits area. My main goals were either to gain work experience or to further my education by pursuing an MS degree in Electrical Engineering (MSEE). I saw an opportunity to both work and learn through employment at Xilinx Inc. Operating as a product engineer at a successful, high-tech semiconductor company has enabled me to utilize my technical and interpersonal skills in new and challenging ways. The position has also allowed me to interact with a multitude of departments including marketing, integrated circuit (IC) design, software/CAD development, manufacturing, reliability, accounting, and sales. I thus have gained an array of experience that extended beyond the parameters of my own responsibilities. In the workplace, I rely heavily upon the interpersonal techniques I developed as a counselor in a Purdue residence hall, as well as the organizational skills I had acquired through holding various leadership positions in cultural and engineering societies. I have also cultivated an interest in high-technology marketing that has continued to grow throughout my career. My experiences with Xilinx have heightened my hunger for knowledge in the VLSI field. Two months after joining the corporation, I applied to several part-time programs in the vicinity that would allow me to acquire an MSEE degree within two to three years. San Jose State seemed an ideal choice, for its evening MSEE courses would allow me to pursue two independent, full-time positions concurrently. The San Jose program has complimented my Xilinx duties well; both demand large levels of energy and enthusiasm while guiding me to my ultimate goal a high degree of education in VLSI sciences. The resources that I poured into both endeavors have reaped many gains. I have been promoted to a Product-Yield Engineering position within Xilinx's Coarse Grain Static Memory (CGSM) Product Engineering division. My extensive coursework plays a key role in my continued success at Xilinx. Relevant classes in advanced digital and analog VLSI design, as well as sub-micron ULSI technology, have allowed me to understand more completely the workings of Xilinx, a fab-less semiconductor company that also functions as a software and hardware design, testing, and marketing center. The gains in knowledge I have made through the combination of work experience and education have indeed been exponential. The academic records of my senior year at Purdue, coupled with my MSEE coursework, are ample proof of my dedication to learning. I feel I have overcome through hard work and dedication the brief "dry phase" I underwent at Purdue during the close of my sophomore and the first semester of my junior years. My performance at that time is in no way indicative of my usual achievements; they are instead the result of urgent family difficulties that required much foreign travel and serious attention to resolve. In May, I shall graduate with an MSEE degree from San Jose well ahead of my original estimates. This early graduation with Dean's Honors is the result of my firm belief in the value of diligence, as well as my renewed determination to strive for perfection in both work and school. I am now embarking on another five-year plan, during which I hope to fulfill several specific career goals. For instance, being part of a very dynamic and results-oriented Yield team at Xilinx calls for continuous development of computational and statistical techniques. The Yield team is divided to focus on specific process/fabrication issues and process (manufacturing) optimization. My own position is an integral part of the optimization group. Speed and cost issues continue to press high technology atmospheres towards optimization, probability and stochastic processes and systems, and rigorous simulations of mathematical models. The MS in EES&OR offered at your university will grant me the statistical knowledge that is crucial for process and production optimization in a fab-less environment. In addition, product engineering requires fundamental research on mathematical models for linear and non-linear programming, as well as the utilization of efficient computer software. I continuously employ the knowledge I gained at Purdue in Operations Research and advanced mathematics courses. Yet despite the value of these classes and my high performance in them, I now require further education to best fulfill my duties. An MS in the EES&OR field, will give me knowledge that is invaluable to a career in product development, project management and strategic planning. The program will allow me to improve decision-making skills in operations, strategy, and policy issues. I will strengthen my theory and application in countless areas:continuous, discrete, numerical optimization; probabilistic and stochastic processes; dynamic systems and simulation; economics, finance, and investment; decision analysis; dynamic programming and planning under uncertainty; operations and service; corporate and individual strategy; and private and public policy issues.Thus, the EES&OR program will not only help me to excel at Xilinx but will also further any future career. My commitment to work and education over the last three years proves that I will pursue this MS with enthusiasm and zeal.The technical edge that the MS would provide is incomparable.Since I will be working while attending Stanford, I shall mingle education with practical application, and bring to the table interesting problems from my experience and past education. Technical challenges encountered through projects in the EES&OR program will provide motivation and opportunity for methodological innovation.The data collection, processing and presentation issues presented are integral to my future goals, and the management challenges raised will provide invaluable experience for professional practice. This will in turn build a solid foundation for a life-long career that can overcome any problem in decision-making. In addition, taking courses in economics, finance, and investment analysis will allow much growth of knowledge in investment issues in different industries. The EES&OR program thus appeals not only to my engineering, economics, science and mathematical background, but will compliment my technical abilities with the conceptual frameworks needed to analyze problems in operations, production, strategic planning, and marketing in the realm of emiconductor/IC/engineering systems. I feel that I am prepared to meet the challenges of the curriculum. My coursework in intermediate microeconomics and macroeconomics, international trade, operations research, linear algebra, and probabilistic methods, along with my extensive calculus background, will allow me to function well within the program. My long-term career goals include a move into marketing and product management. I believe that attaining this MS degree is the cornerstone to achieving my goals. It will give me the academic background necessary to succeed in product development, project management, and strategic planning. It will improve decision-making skills necessary for optimizing performance. The integration of two excellent programs in Economics Systems and Operations Research thus suits my current position and ties in with future goals perfectly by improving decision making in operations, strategy and policy. At present I desire to continue at Xilinx; attending a program that provides the flexibility and convenience of the SITN, is therefore imperative. Hence, being at Stanford as an HCP student alsoattracts me. I believe that Stanford is the best environment for me to achieve my goals while gaining exposure to and experience with a diverse student body and faculty. It is my belief that one continues to learn throughout one's life, and the most effective method of learning is through interaction with others.Stanford's diversity offers an environment for learning, both inside and outside the classroom. I hope to share my varied knowledge with my classmates and to take from them a new understanding of topics that are foreign to me. I believe that no other school provides students with the combination of education and environment offered by Stanford. Its outstanding academic reputation, mingled with its diverse environment and thriving Bay Area location, creates an opportunity for growth that is second to none. I have many ambitions for myself as I embark on this stage of my life. I believe that an education from Stanford will provide invaluable experiences and skills that will allow me to become a successful and innovative business leader in the new millennium. 4Research Department of Biomedical Engineering is designed to research on and solve the bio-electrical and biomagnetic engineering problems in the field of biology and medicine with the aid of engineering principles and methods. Its main task is to explain, from perspective view of engineering, the biological and pathologic processes of the living organisms, especially human beings, and research on and develop the related medical devices and life science devices. Its research directions mainly include the modeling and emulation of the biological system, testing and analysis of biomedical signals, the biomedical imaging and processing , the biological effects of electromagnetic field and the development of artificial organs and medical devices, etc.Electromagnetic Bioengineering With the development and integration of electromagnetism, biology and medicine, biological electromagnetism exercises more and more influence on human life and health, environment protection and biological engineering. The research on electromagnetic bioengineering is a new research direction for IEECAS, mainly including research on rules of mutual influence between electromagnetic field and life matter, biological electromagnetic effect and its application in biology, medicine and medical equipment. At present, the research team has set up labs such as biological electromagnetic environment lab, biological electromagnetic signals & electromagnetic property testing lab, electromagnetic biological effect testing lab and biological electromagnetic simulation lab. It is equipped with various electrical and magnetic fields for experiments of biological electromagnetic effects, simulation software and biochemical experiment equipment. With such equipments, it can do biological electromagnetic experiments on live animals and detached live cells, detect, analyze and process the very weak biological electromagnetic signals, analyze and test live organism or detached cell under electromagnetic interaction with biochemical quantitative methods. The recent research work focuses on the effects 方向对不对，不知你要哪种，告诉我，我再接着找多的话email you
用于分布式在线UPS中的并联逆变器的一种无线控制器已经发送。
用于分布式在线UPS中的并联逆变器的一种无线控制器A Wireless Controller for Parallel Inverters in Distributed Online UPS SystemsJosep M. Guerrero', Luis Garcia de Vicufia", Jose Matas'*, Jaume Miret", and Miguel Castilla". Departament #Enginyeria de Sistemes, Automatica i Informhtica Industrial. Universitat Polithica de CatalunyaC. Comte d'Urgell, 187.08036 -Barcelona. Spain. Email: .. Departament #Enginyeria Electrbnica. Universitat Polit6cnica de CatalunyaAV. Victor BaLguer s/n. 08800I - Vilanova i la Geltrh. SpainAbsiract - In this paper, a novel controller for parallelconnectedonline-UPS inverters without control wireinterconnections is presented. The wireless control technique isbased on the well-known droop method, which consists inintroducing P-oand Q-V schemes into the inverters, in order toshare properly the power drawn to the loads. The droop methodhas been widely used in applications of load sharing betweendifferent parallel-connected inverters. However, this methodhas several drawbacks that limited its application, such as atrade-off between output-voltage regulation and power sharingaccuracy, slow transient response, and frequency and phasedeviation. This last disadvantage makes impracticable themethod in online-UPS systems, since in this case every modulemust be in phase with the utility ac mains. To overcome theselimitations, we propose a novel control scheme, endowing to theparalleled-UPS system a proper transient response, strictlyfrequency and phase synchronization with the ac mains, andexcellent power sharing. Simulation and experimental resultsare reported confirming the validity of the proposed approach.1. INTRODUCTIONThe parallel operation of distributed Uninterruptible PowerSupplies (UPS) is presented as a suitable solution to supplycritical and sensitive loads, when high reliability and poweravailability are required. In the last years, many controlschemes for parallel-connected inverters has been raised,which are derived from parallel-schemes of dc-dc converters[I], such as the master-slave control [2], or the democraticcontrol [3]. In contrast, novel control schemes have beenappeared recently, such as the chain-structure control [4], orthe distributed control [ 5 ] . However, all these schemes needcontrol interconnections between modules and, hence, thereliability of the system is reduced since they can be a sourceof noise and failures. Moreover, these communication wireslimited the physical situation ofthe modules [6].In this sense, several control techniques has been proposedwithout control interconnections, such as the droop method.In this method, the control loop achieves good power sharingmaking tight adjustments over the output voltage frequencyand amplitude of the inverter, with the objective tocompensate the active and reactive power unbalances [7].This concept is derived from the power system theory, inwhich the frequency of a generator drops when the powerdrawn to the utility line increases [8].0-7803-7906-3/03/$17.00 02003 IEEE. 1637However, this control approach has an inherent trade-offbetween voltage regulation and power sharing. In addition,this method exhibits slow dynamic-response, since it requireslow-pass filters to calculate the average value of the activeand reactive power. Hence, the stability and the dynamics ofthe whole system are hardly influenced by the characteristicsof these filters and by the value of the droop coefficients,which are bounded by the maximum allowed deviations ofthe output voltage amplitude and frequency.Besides, when active power increases, the droopcharacteristic causes a frequency deviation from the nominalvalue and, consequently, it results in a variable phasedifference between the mains and the inverter output voltage.This fact can be a problem when the bypass switch mustconnect the utility line directly to the critical bus in stead ofits phase difference. In [9], two possibilities are presented inorder to achieve phase synchronization for parallel lineinteractiveUPS systems. The first one is to locate a particularmodule near the bypass switch, which must to synchronizethe output voltage to the mains while supporting overloadcondition before switch on. The second possibility is to waitfor the instant when phase matching is produced to connectthe bypass.However, the mentioned two folds cannot be applied to aparallel online-UPS system, since maximum transfer timeought to be less than a % of line period, and all the modulesmust be always synchronized with the mains when it ispresent. Hence, the modules should be prepared to transferdirectly the energy from the mains to the critical bus in caseof overload or failure [lo].In our previous works [11][12], we proposed differentcontrol schemes to overcome several limitations of theconventional droop method. However, these controllers bythemselves are inappropriate to apply to a parallel online-UPS system. In this paper, a novel wireless control scheme isproposed to parallel different online UPS modules with highperformance and restricted requirements. The controllerprovides: 1) proper transient response; 2) power sharingaccuracy; 3) stable frequency operation; and 4) good phasematching between the output-voltage and the utility line.Thus, this new approach is especially suitable for paralleled-UPS systems with true redundancy, high reliability andpower availability. Simulation and experimental results arereported, confirming the validity of this control scheme.Fig. 1. Equivalenl cimuif ofan invener connecled 10 a bust"Fig. 2. P-odraop function.11. REVlEW OF THE CONVENTIONAL DROOP METHODFig. 1 shows the equivalent circuit of an inverter connectedto a common bus through coupled impedance. When thisimpedance is inductive, the active and reactive powers drawnto the load can be expressed asEVcosQ - V2 Q=where Xis the output reactance of an inverter; Q is the phaseangle between the output voltage of the inverter and thevoltage of the common bus; E and V are the amplitude of theoutput voltage of the inverter and the bus voltage,respectively.From the above equations it can be derived that the activepower P is predominately dependent on the power angle Q,while the reactive power Q mostly depends on the outputvoltageamplitude. Consequently, most of wireless-control ofparalleled-inverters uses the conventional droop method,which introduces the following droops in the amplitude Eand the frequency U of the inverter output voltageu = w -mP (3)E = E ' - n Q , (4)being W* and E' the output voltage frequency and amplitudeat no load, respectively; m and n are the droop coefficientsfor the frequency and amplitude, respectively.Furthermore, a coupled inductance is needed between theinverter output and the critical bus that fixes the outputimpedance, in order to ensure a proper power flow. However,it is bulky and increase:; the size and the cost of the UPSmodules. In addition, tho output voltage is highly distortedwhen supplying nonlinezr loads since the output impedanceis a pure inductance.It is well known that if droop coefficients are increased,then good power sharing is achieved at the expense ofdegrading the voltage regulation (see Fig. 2).The inherent trade-off of this scheme restricts thementioned coefficients, which can be a serious limitation interms of transient response, power sharing accuracy, andsystem stability.On the other hand, lo carry out the droop functions,expressed by (3) and (4), it is necessary to calculate theaverage value over one line-cycle of the output active andreactive instantaneous power. This can be implemented bymeans of low pass filters with a smaller bandwidth than thatof the closed-loop inverter. Consequently, the powercalculation filters and droop coefficients determine, to a largeextent, the dynamics and the stability of the paralleledinvertersystem [ 131.In conclusion, the droop method has several intrinsicproblems to be applied 1.0 a wireless paralleled-system ofonline UPS, which can he summed-up as follows:Static trade-off between the output-voltage regulation(frequency and amplitude) and the power-sharingaccuracy (active an4d reactive).2) Limited transient response. The system dynamicsdepends on the power-calculation filter characteristics,the droop coefficients, and the output impedances.Lost of ac mains synchronization. The frequency andphase deviations, due to the frequency droop, makeimpracticable this method to a parallel-connectedonline UPS system, in which every UPS should becontinuously synchronized to the public ac supply.1)3)111. PROPOSED CONTROL FOR PARALLEL ONLINE UPSINVERTERSIn this work, we will try to overcome the above limitationsand to synthesize a novel control strategy withoutcommunication wires that could be appropriate to highperformanceparalleled industrial UPS. The objective is toconnect online UPS inverters in parallel without usingcontrol interconnections. This kind of systems, also namedinverter-preferred, should be continuously synchronized tothe utility line. When an overload or an inverter failureoccurs, a static bypass switch may connect the input line tothe load, bypassing the inve:rter [14][15].Fig. 3 shows the general diagram of a distributed onlineUPS system. This system consists of two buses: the utilitybus, which is connected lo the public ac mains; and thesecure bus, connected to the distributed critical loads. Theinterface between these buses is based on a number of onlineUPS modules connected in parallel, which providescontinuously power to the: loads [16]. The UPS modulesinclude a rectifier, a set of batteries, an inverter, and a staticbypass switch.11638Q ac mainsutility busI I Ij distributed loads !Fig. 3. Online distributed UPS system.syposr /I 4(4Fig. 4. Operation modes of an online UPS.(a) Normal operation. (b) Bypass operation. (c) Mains failureThe main operation modes of a distributed online UPS1) Normal operation: The power flows to the load, fromthe utility through the distributed UPS units.2) Mains failure: When the public ac mains fails, theUPS inverters supply the power to the loads, from thebatteries, without disruption.Bypass operation: When an overload situation occurs,the bypass switch must connect the critical busdirectly to the ac mains, in order to guarantee thecontinuous supply of the loads, avoiding the damageof the UPS modules.For this reason, the output-voltage waveform should besynchronized to the mains, when this last is present.system are listed below (see Fig. 5):3)Nevertheless, as we state before, the conventional droopmethod can not satisfy the need for synchronization with theutility, due to the frequency variation of the inverters, whichprovokes a phase deviation.To obtain the required performance, we present a transientP-w droop without frequency-deviation in steady-state,proposed previously by OUT in [ 111w=o -mP (5)where is the active power signal without the dccomponent,which is done by. -I t -1sP= p ,( s + t - ' ) ( s + o , )being zthe time constant of the transient droop action.The transient droop function ensures a stable frequencyregulation under steady-state conditions, and 'at the sametime, achieves active power balance by adjusting thefrequency of the modules during a load transient. Besides, toadjust the phase of the modules we propose an additionalsynchronizing loop, yieldingo=w'-m%k,A$, (7)where A$ is the phase difference between the inverter and themains; and k, is the proportional constant of the frequencyadjust. The steady-state frequency reference w* can beobtained by measuring the utility line frequency.The second term of the previous equality trends to zero insteady state, leading tow = w' - k4($ -@'), (8)being $and $* the phase angles of the output voltage inverterand the utility mains, respectively.Taking into account that w = d $ / d t , we can obtain thenext differential equation, which is stable fork, positived$ *dt dt- + km$ = - + k,$' . (9)Thus, when phase difference increases, frequency willdecrease slightly and, hence, all :he UPS modules will besynchronized with the utility, while sharing the power drawnto the loads.IV. CONTROLLIEMRP LEMENTATIONFig. 5 depicts the block diagram of the proposedcontroller. The average active power P , without the dccomponent, can be obtained by means of multiplying theoutput voltage by the output current, and filtering the product........................................................................................io",.LSj'nchronirorion loop.......................................................................................Fig. 5. Block diagram of the proposed controller.using a band-pass filter. In a similar way, the averagereactive power is obtained, hut in this case the output-voltagemust be delayed 90 degrees, and using a low-pass filter.In order to adjust the output voltage frequency, equation(7) is implemented, which corresponds to the frequencymains drooped by two transient-terms: the transient activepower signal term; and the phase difference term, whichis added in order to synchronize the output voltage with theac mains, in a phase-locked loop (PLL) fashion. The outputvoltageamplitude is regulated by using the conventionaldroop method (4).Finally, the physical coupled inductance can be avoided byusing a virtual inductor [17]. This concept consists inemulated an inductance behavior, by drooping the outputvoltage proportionally to the time derivative of the outputcurrent. However, when supplying nonlinear loads, the highordercurrent-harmonics can increase too much the outputvoltageTHD. This can be easily solved by using a high-passfilter instead of a pure-derivative term of the output current,which is useful to share linear and nonlinear loads [I 1][12].Furthermore, the proper design of this output inductance canreduce, to a large extent, the unbalance line-impedanceimpact over the power sharing accuracy.v. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTARELS ULTSThe proposed control scheme, (4) and (7), was simulatedwith the parameters listed in Table 1 and the scheme shownin Fig. 6, for a two paralleled inverters system. Thecoefficients m, n, T, and kv were chosen to ensure stability,proper transient response and good phase matching. Fig. 7shows the waveforms of the frequency, circulating currents,phase difference between the modules and the utility line,and the evolution of the active and reactive powers. Note theexcellent synchronization between the modules and theACmiiinr 4 j. ...L...I.P...S...1... ..........................B...u...n...r.r..r..e..s... ................................... iFig. 6. Parallel operation oftwa online UPS modules,mains, and, at the same time, the good power sharingobtained. This characteristik let us to apply the controller tothe online UPS paralleled systems.Two I-kVA UPS modules were built and tested in order toshow the validity of the proposed approach. Each UPSinverter consisted of a single-phase IGBT full-bridge with aswitching frequency of 20 kHz and an LC output filter, withthe following parameters: 1. = 1 mH, C = 20 WF, Vi" = 400V,v, = 220 V, I50 Hz. The controllers of these inverters werebased on three loops: an inner current-loop, an outer PIcontroller that ensures voltage regulation, and the loadsharingcontroller, based on (4) and (7). The last controllerwas implemented by means of a TMS320LF2407A, fixedpoint40 MHz digital sigrial processor (DSP) from TexasInstruments (see Fig. 8), using the parameters listed in TableI. The DSP-controller also includes a PLL block in order tosynchronize the inverter with the common bus. When thisoccurs, the static bypass switch is tumed on, and the droopbasedcontrol is initiated.1640big 7 Wa\cfc)rms for twu.invencr, ;mnectcd in parallel. rpchrontred io Ihc ac mdnl.(a) Frequencics ufhoth UPS (b) Clrculattng currcni among modulcs. (CJ Phmc d!Nercn;: betucen ihc UPS a#>dth e ai mum(d) Ikiril uf the phze diNmncc (e) md (0 Activc and rcactlw pouerr "I ooih UPSNote that the iimc-acs arc deliheratcly JiNercni due in thc disiinct timuion*uni) ofthe \ inrblrr1641TABLEI.PARAMETEROSF THE PARALLELESDYS TEM.Filter Order I IFilter Cut-off Frequency I 0, I 10 I ragsFig. 8 shows the output-current transient response of theUPS inverters. First, the two UPS are operating in parallelwithout load. Notice that a small reactive current is circlingbetween the modules, due to the measurement mismatches.Then, a nonlinear load, with a crest factor of 3, is connectedsuddenly. This result shows the good dynamics and loadsharingof the paralleled system when sharing a nonlinearload.Fig. 8. Output current for the two paralleled UPS, during the connection of Bcommon nonlinear load with a crest factor of 3. (Axis-x: 20 mddiv. Axis-y:5 Mdiv.).VI. CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, a novel load-sharing controller for parallelconnectedonline UPS systems, was proposed. The controlleris based on the droop method, which avoids the use ofcontrol interconnections. In a sharp contrast with theconventional droop method, the controller presented is ableto keep the output-voltage frequency and phase strictlysynchronized with the utility ac mains, while maintaininggood load sharing for linear and nonlinear loads. This fact letus to extend the droop method to paralleled online UPS.On the other hand, the proposed controller emulates aspecial kind of impedance, avoiding the use of a physicalcoupled inductance. Th.e results reported here show theeffectiveness of the proposed approach.
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电气工程：1Electrical Engineering My decision to pursue graduate study in the United States is underscored by my desire to be a part of the graduate program at your institution. Purdue University offers the flexibility needed for such a vast and rapidly changing field. The research facilities and the faculty at the university are par excellent. Communications is an industry that has changed our lives. In a very short period it has changed the way we have looked at things since centuries. It is one industry that is going to shape our future for centuries to come. Hence my desire to do masters in electrical engineering with communications as my major. My interest in electronics blossomed during my high school years. It was the time when technology had begun to make an impact on the lives of people in India. Hence engineering with electronics as my major was the first choice for my undergraduate studies. Right since the beginning of my undergraduate study electronics is a subject that has fascinated me with its power of applications. The subjects that I have studied include Linear Electronics, Digital Electronics. These laid the foundation for my courses in Electronic Communication & Communication Systems at a later stage. My undergraduate studies already focus on the communications aspect of electronics. A masters degree in electrical engineering with communications as major field is the next logical step. For the past four months I have been working as a project trainee at the Indian Institute for Advanced Electronics. I am working on the design and development of a "PC Controlled Digital Serial Data Generator". This short stint has given me invaluable practical experience. It has given me the confidence to pursue a masters degree and also kindled a desire to do research. During the course of my work at IIAE, I have come across several scientists. Most of them work in different areas of communications. Interactions with them have made me realize the vastness and the scope of communications. My discussions with them convinced me that specializing in communications will suit me very well. The subject of research which interests me very much is spread spectrum communication systems. Coding theory and combinations is another research subject which arouses my curiosity. The subject Communication Theory which I am studying at present introduces these topics in theory. I am eager to find out more about the applications of coding theory to spread spectrum communication systems. In addition I have been a student member of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.) for the past three years. Through its workshops/seminars and publications like the 'The Spectrum' it has exposed me to a lot of emerging technologies in the field of communications. It is a strong belief in my family that the American education system has the best to offer in the whole world. This belief arises out of the experience that my parents had when they did their Masters of Science in the University of Pennsylvania during the years 1967-69. If I can get an opportunity to be a part of that intellectually stimulating environment, I am sure my talents will be put to optimal use. India is a developing country with an enormous potential in the information technology business. To serve the needs of this developing industry and more important its vast population, communications is going to become of utmost importance. Thus conditions here are very conducive to supplement my aspirations when I return after completing my graduate studies. 2Electrical Engineering As a graduate student, I will undertake research and coursework in Electrical Engineering to enhance my competencies in this field. I intend to complete my master's degree in order to pursue my doctorate. The research that I am most interested in pursuing at Northeastern University surrounds the optical properties of MEMS devices, and the development of substrate-based fast electro-optical interfaces. My interest in this area stems from my undergraduate study in MEMs development for tri-axial accelerometers. Engineering has been a key interest of mine since childhood. While still in grade school I enjoyed listening to my father, an electrical engineer, teach me about advances in technology, and was always eager to hear more. I was introduced to my first computer at the age of five, and have loved interacting with them ever since. My decision to study engineering as a career was no surprise to those who knew me. In college I found that I was always studying something I enjoyed. I believe it is because I enjoy my life and my work that I have been successful. Spending hours in the laboratory is not something that I dread, but instead I take pride in my work and its successful completion. One example of this that is still fresh in my mind is the successful design of a fully functional microprocessor in the Xilinx environment. All told, the project took over 150 hours of each design-team member's time. However, I did not look on it as a drain, but an experience for learning and a focus for my professional and technical development. When we finished the project we felt the sense of worth and pride in completion of a task that was once above our level of knowledge. Pursuing a graduate degree in the research field I have chosen also feels like a challenge, and I know that study will frustrate me at times. However, I feel that my commitment to learning will not be swayed. I feel confident in my ability to be creative in my perspective, and to persevere. My ultimate goal is to be an innovator in the field I have chosen to study. Professionalism and creativity are my most valued strengths. At the heart of my interest is the advancement of man in concert with his environment. My personal philosophy of life will matter greatly during my study and after its completion. That is why I devote time to reflection on my goals and their implications. Money has never been a motivator for my work, nor do I think it will be in the future. However, as a professional and a graduate, I realize that my earning potential will be significant. That is why I also commit myself to charity and fairness. In the past I have been a member of the Boy Scouts of America, and have achieved the rank of Eagle Scout. In the course of my experience in that organization, I learned respect and moral value. Now, as a member of the IEEE, I value my professional standing and its commensurate moral implications. Ethics in engineering is as important as technical skill, and as such I intend to uphold my own ethical obligations to the best of my ability. As a Northeastern University student, I would commit all that I have to offer to my study. I intend to pursue research in MEMS technology. At Rowan University as an undergraduate student I have already conducted some research and development of MEMS sensors for military applications, resulting in publication. An article, written by myself and my project member David Bowen and edited by our advisor Dr. Robert Krchnavek, was published in the NAVSEA Intelligent Ships Symposium Proceedings of 2001. The paper was titled "Designing a 3-Axis, Monolithic, MEMS-Based Accelerometer" and was under review for endorsement by the US Navy's NAVSEA facility in Philadelphia during that year. Building on my past success in MEMs design, I hope to advance my understanding. Through research at the graduate level, it is my hope to become familiar with, and innovate the design of MEMs Optics in hopes of creating a reliable and practical MEMs Electro-Optical Interface for use in consumer electronics. It is my hope, that through my research, optical waveguides for intradevice communication might be realized. Finally, my intent to pursue graduate study is laid plain. Study of MEMs optics is my intended focus, and I am committed to my goal. In pursuing a doctoral degree, I have closely analyzed myself to determine the reasons for my previous successes and my goals for the future. I have found that I do and have always enjoyed engineering, and that I have a strong desire to pursue my study further. I am prepared to commit myself to that study, and achieve what I have set out to do. 3I Wish to Pursue an MS Degree in Electrical Engineering During my senior year at Purdue University, I made a decision that has impacted the entire course of my education. While my classmates were making definite decisions about their career paths, I chose to implement a five-year plan of development and growth for myself. I designed this plan in order to examine various careers that I thought might interest me, as well as to expand upon my abilities at the time. As I was attaining a BS degree in Electrical Engineering, I decided to focus primarily on fields related to the VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integrated) circuits area. My main goals were either to gain work experience or to further my education by pursuing an MS degree in Electrical Engineering (MSEE). I saw an opportunity to both work and learn through employment at Xilinx Inc. Operating as a product engineer at a successful, high-tech semiconductor company has enabled me to utilize my technical and interpersonal skills in new and challenging ways. The position has also allowed me to interact with a multitude of departments including marketing, integrated circuit (IC) design, software/CAD development, manufacturing, reliability, accounting, and sales. I thus have gained an array of experience that extended beyond the parameters of my own responsibilities. In the workplace, I rely heavily upon the interpersonal techniques I developed as a counselor in a Purdue residence hall, as well as the organizational skills I had acquired through holding various leadership positions in cultural and engineering societies. I have also cultivated an interest in high-technology marketing that has continued to grow throughout my career. My experiences with Xilinx have heightened my hunger for knowledge in the VLSI field. Two months after joining the corporation, I applied to several part-time programs in the vicinity that would allow me to acquire an MSEE degree within two to three years. San Jose State seemed an ideal choice, for its evening MSEE courses would allow me to pursue two independent, full-time positions concurrently. The San Jose program has complimented my Xilinx duties well; both demand large levels of energy and enthusiasm while guiding me to my ultimate goal a high degree of education in VLSI sciences. The resources that I poured into both endeavors have reaped many gains. I have been promoted to a Product-Yield Engineering position within Xilinx's Coarse Grain Static Memory (CGSM) Product Engineering division. My extensive coursework plays a key role in my continued success at Xilinx. Relevant classes in advanced digital and analog VLSI design, as well as sub-micron ULSI technology, have allowed me to understand more completely the workings of Xilinx, a fab-less semiconductor company that also functions as a software and hardware design, testing, and marketing center. The gains in knowledge I have made through the combination of work experience and education have indeed been exponential. The academic records of my senior year at Purdue, coupled with my MSEE coursework, are ample proof of my dedication to learning. I feel I have overcome through hard work and dedication the brief "dry phase" I underwent at Purdue during the close of my sophomore and the first semester of my junior years. My performance at that time is in no way indicative of my usual achievements; they are instead the result of urgent family difficulties that required much foreign travel and serious attention to resolve. In May, I shall graduate with an MSEE degree from San Jose well ahead of my original estimates. This early graduation with Dean's Honors is the result of my firm belief in the value of diligence, as well as my renewed determination to strive for perfection in both work and school. I am now embarking on another five-year plan, during which I hope to fulfill several specific career goals. For instance, being part of a very dynamic and results-oriented Yield team at Xilinx calls for continuous development of computational and statistical techniques. The Yield team is divided to focus on specific process/fabrication issues and process (manufacturing) optimization. My own position is an integral part of the optimization group. Speed and cost issues continue to press high technology atmospheres towards optimization, probability and stochastic processes and systems, and rigorous simulations of mathematical models. The MS in EES&OR offered at your university will grant me the statistical knowledge that is crucial for process and production optimization in a fab-less environment. In addition, product engineering requires fundamental research on mathematical models for linear and non-linear programming, as well as the utilization of efficient computer software. I continuously employ the knowledge I gained at Purdue in Operations Research and advanced mathematics courses. Yet despite the value of these classes and my high performance in them, I now require further education to best fulfill my duties. An MS in the EES&OR field, will give me knowledge that is invaluable to a career in product development, project management and strategic planning. The program will allow me to improve decision-making skills in operations, strategy, and policy issues. I will strengthen my theory and application in countless areas:continuous, discrete, numerical optimization; probabilistic and stochastic processes; dynamic systems and simulation; economics, finance, and investment; decision analysis; dynamic programming and planning under uncertainty; operations and service; corporate and individual strategy; and private and public policy issues.Thus, the EES&OR program will not only help me to excel at Xilinx but will also further any future career. My commitment to work and education over the last three years proves that I will pursue this MS with enthusiasm and zeal.The technical edge that the MS would provide is incomparable.Since I will be working while attending Stanford, I shall mingle education with practical application, and bring to the table interesting problems from my experience and past education. Technical challenges encountered through projects in the EES&OR program will provide motivation and opportunity for methodological innovation.The data collection, processing and presentation issues presented are integral to my future goals, and the management challenges raised will provide invaluable experience for professional practice. This will in turn build a solid foundation for a life-long career that can overcome any problem in decision-making. In addition, taking courses in economics, finance, and investment analysis will allow much growth of knowledge in investment issues in different industries. The EES&OR program thus appeals not only to my engineering, economics, science and mathematical background, but will compliment my technical abilities with the conceptual frameworks needed to analyze problems in operations, production, strategic planning, and marketing in the realm of emiconductor/IC/engineering systems. I feel that I am prepared to meet the challenges of the curriculum. My coursework in intermediate microeconomics and macroeconomics, international trade, operations research, linear algebra, and probabilistic methods, along with my extensive calculus background, will allow me to function well within the program. My long-term career goals include a move into marketing and product management. I believe that attaining this MS degree is the cornerstone to achieving my goals. It will give me the academic background necessary to succeed in product development, project management, and strategic planning. It will improve decision-making skills necessary for optimizing performance. The integration of two excellent programs in Economics Systems and Operations Research thus suits my current position and ties in with future goals perfectly by improving decision making in operations, strategy and policy. At present I desire to continue at Xilinx; attending a program that provides the flexibility and convenience of the SITN, is therefore imperative. Hence, being at Stanford as an HCP student alsoattracts me. I believe that Stanford is the best environment for me to achieve my goals while gaining exposure to and experience with a diverse student body and faculty. It is my belief that one continues to learn throughout one's life, and the most effective method of learning is through interaction with others.Stanford's diversity offers an environment for learning, both inside and outside the classroom. I hope to share my varied knowledge with my classmates and to take from them a new understanding of topics that are foreign to me. I believe that no other school provides students with the combination of education and environment offered by Stanford. Its outstanding academic reputation, mingled with its diverse environment and thriving Bay Area location, creates an opportunity for growth that is second to none. I have many ambitions for myself as I embark on this stage of my life. I believe that an education from Stanford will provide invaluable experiences and skills that will allow me to become a successful and innovative business leader in the new millennium. 4Research Department of Biomedical Engineering is designed to research on and solve the bio-electrical and biomagnetic engineering problems in the field of biology and medicine with the aid of engineering principles and methods. Its main task is to explain, from perspective view of engineering, the biological and pathologic processes of the living organisms, especially human beings, and research on and develop the related medical devices and life science devices. Its research directions mainly include the modeling and emulation of the biological system, testing and analysis of biomedical signals, the biomedical imaging and processing , the biological effects of electromagnetic field and the development of artificial organs and medical devices, etc.Electromagnetic Bioengineering With the development and integration of electromagnetism, biology and medicine, biological electromagnetism exercises more and more influence on human life and health, environment protection and biological engineering. The research on electromagnetic bioengineering is a new research direction for IEECAS, mainly including research on rules of mutual influence between electromagnetic field and life matter, biological electromagnetic effect and its application in biology, medicine and medical equipment. At present, the research team has set up labs such as biological electromagnetic environment lab, biological electromagnetic signals & electromagnetic property testing lab, electromagnetic biological effect testing lab and biological electromagnetic simulation lab. It is equipped with various electrical and magnetic fields for experiments of biological electromagnetic effects, simulation software and biochemical experiment equipment. With such equipments, it can do biological electromagnetic experiments on live animals and detached live cells, detect, analyze and process the very weak biological electromagnetic signals, analyze and test live organism or detached cell under electromagnetic interaction with biochemical quantitative methods. The recent research work focuses on the effects 方向对不对，不知你要哪种，告诉我，我再接着找多的话email you
1主题内容与适用范围1.1本导则适用于电压等级在35~220kV的国产油浸电力变压器、6kV及以上厂用变压器和同类设备，如消弧线圈、调压变压器、静补装置变压器、并(串)联电抗器等。对国并进口的油浸电力变压器及同类设备可参照本导则并按制造厂的规定执行。1.2本导则适用于变压器标准项目大、小修和临时检修。不包括更换绕组和铁芯等非标准项目的检修。1.3变压器及同类设备需贯彻以预防为主，计划检修和诊断检修相结合的方针，做到应修必修、修必修好、讲究实效。1.4有载分接开关检修，按部颁DL/T574-95《有载分接开关运行维修导则》执行。1.5各网、省局可根据本导则要求，结合本地区具体情况作补充规定。2引用标准GB1094.1~1094.5-85电力变压器GB6451.1~6451.5-86油浸式电力变压器技术参数和要求GB7251-87变压器油中溶解气体分析和判断导则GBJ148-90电气装置安装工程电力变压器、油浸电抗器、互感器施工及验收规范GB7665-87变压器油DL/T572-95电力变压器运行规程DL/T574-95有载分接开关运行维修导则3检修周期及检修项目3.1检修周期3.1.1大修周期3.1.1.1一般在投入运行后的5年内和以后每间隔10年大修一次。3.1.1.2箱沿焊接的全密封变压器或制造厂另有规定者，若经过试验与检查并结合运行情况，判定有内部故障或本体严重渗漏油时，才进行大修。3.1.1.3在电力系统中运行的主变压器当承受出口短路后，经综合诊断分析，可考虑提前大修。3.1.1.4运行中的变压器，当发现异常状碚或经试验判明有内部故障时，应提前进行大修；运行正常的变压器经综合诊断分析良好，总工程师批准，可适当延长大修周期。中华人民共和国电力工业部1995-06-29发布1995-11-01实施3.1.2小修周期3.1.2.1一般每年1次；3.1.2.2安装在2~3级污秽地区的变压器，其小修周期应在现场规程中予以规定。3.1.3附属装置的检修周期3.1.3.1保护装置和测温装置的校验，应根据有关规程的规定进行。3.1.3.2变压器油泵(以下简称油泵)的解体检修：2级泵1~2年进行一次，4级泵2~3年进行一次。3.1.3.3变压器风扇(以下简称风扇)的解体检修，1~2年进行一次。3.1.3.4净油器中吸附剂的更换，应根据油质化验结果而定；吸湿器中的吸附剂视失 程度随时更换。3.1.3.5自动装置及控制回路的检验，一般每年进行一次。3.1.3.6水冷却器的检修，1~2年进行一次。3.1.3.7套管的检修随本体进行，套管的更换应根据试验结果确定。3.2检修项目3.2.1大修项目3.2.1.1吊开钟罩检修器身，或吊出器身检修；3.2.1.2绕组、引线及磁(电)屏蔽装置的检修；3.2.1.3铁芯、铁芯紧固件(穿心螺杆、夹件、拉带、绑带等)、压钉、压板及接地片的检修；3.2.1.4油箱及附件的检修，季括套管、吸湿器等；3.2.1.5冷却器、油泵、水泵、风扇、阀门及管道等附属设备的检朔；3.2.1.6安全保护装置的检修；3.2.1.7油保护装置的检修；3.2.1.8测温装置的校验；3.2.1.9操作控制箱的检修和试验；3.2.1.10无盛磁分接开关和有载分接开关的检修；3.2.1.11全部密封胶垫的更和组件试漏；3.2.1.12必要时对器身绝缘进行干燥处理；3.2.1.13变压器油的处理或换油；3.2.1.14清扫油箱并进行喷涂油漆；3.2.1.15大修的试验和试运行。3.2.2小修项目3.2.2.1处理已发现的缺陷；3.2.2.2放出储油柜积污器中的污油；3.2.2.3检修油位计，调整油位；3.2.2.4检朔冷却装置：季括油泵、风扇、油流继电器、差压继电器等，必要时吹扫冷却器管束；3.2.2.5检修安全保持记装置：包括储油柜、压力释放阀(安全气道)、气体继电器、速动油压继电器等；3.2.2.6检修油保护装置；3.2.2.7检修测温装置：包括压力式温度计、电阻温度计(绕组温度计)、棒形温度计等；3.2.2.8检修调压装置、测量装置及控制箱，并进行调试；3.2.2.9检查接地系统；3.2.2.10检修全部阀门和塞子，检查全部密封状态，处理渗漏油；3.2.2.11清扫油箱和附件，必要时进行补漆；3.2.2.12清扫并绝缘和检查导电接头(包括套管将军帽)；3.2.2.13按有关规程规定进行测量和试验。3.2.3临时检修项目可视具体情况确定。3.2.4对于老、旧变压器的大修，建议可参照下列项目进行改进3.2.4.1油箱机械强度的加强；3.2.4.2器身内部接地装置改为引并接地；3.2.4.3安全气道改为压力释放阀；3.2.4.4高速油泵改为低速油泵；3.2.4.5油位计的改进；3.2.4.6储油柜加装密封装置；3.2.4.7气体继电器加装波纹管接头。4检修前的准备工作4.1查阅档案了解变压器的运行状况4.1.1运行中所发现的缺陷和异常(事故)情况，出口短路的次数和情况；4.1.2负载、温度和附属装置的运行情况；4.1.3查阅上次大修总结报告和技术档案；4.1.4查阅试验记录(包括油的化验和色谱分析)，了解绝缘状况；4.1.5检查渗漏油部位并作出标记；4.1.6进行大修前的试验，确定附加检修项目。4.2编制大修工程技术、组织措施计划其主要内容如下：4.2.1人员组织及分工；4.2.2施工项目及进度表；4.2.3特殊项目的施工方案；4.2.4确保施工安全、质量的技术措施和现场防火措施；4.2.5主要施工工具、设备明细表，主要材料明细表；4.2.6绘制必要的施工图。4.3施工场地要求4.3.1变压器的检修工作，如条件许可，应尽量安排在发电厂或变电所的检修间内进行；4.3.2施工现场无检修间时，亦可在现场进行变压器的检修工作，但需作好防雨、防潮、防尘和消防措施，同时应注意与带电设备保持安全距离，准备充足的施工电源及照明，安排好储油容量、大型机具、拆卸附件的放置地点和消防器材的合理布置等。5变压器的解体检修与组装5.1解体检修5.1.1办理工作票、停电，拆除变压器的外部电气连接引线和二次接线，进行检修前的检查和试验。5.1.2部分排油后拆卸套管、升高座、储油柜、冷却器、气体继电器、净油器、压力释放阀(或安全气道)、联管、温度计等附属装置，并分别进行校验和检修，在储油柜放油时应检查油位计指示是否正确。5.1.3排出全部油并进行处理。5.1.4拆除无励磁分接开关操作杆；各类有载分接开关的拆卸方法参见《有载分接开关运行维修导则》；拆卸中腰法兰或大盖宫接螺栓后吊钟罩(或器身)。5.1.5检查器身状况，进行各部件的紧固并测试绝缘。5.1.6更换密封胶垫、检修全部阀门，清洗、检修铁芯、绕组及油箱。5.2组装5.2.1装回钟罩(或器身)紧固螺栓后按规定注油。5.2.2适量排油后安装套管，并装好内部引线，进行二次注油。5.2.3安装冷却器等附属装置。5.2.4整体密封试验。5.2.5注油至规定定的油位线。5.2.6大修后进行电气和油的试验。5.3解体检修和组装时的注意事项。5.3.1拆卸的螺栓等零件应清洗干净分类妥善保管，如有损坏应检修或更换。5.3.2拆卸时，首先拆小型仪表和套管，后拆大型组件，组装时顺序相反。5.3.3冷却器、压力释放阀(或安全气道)、净油器及储油柜等中件拆下后，应用盖板密封、对带有电流互感器的升高座应注入合格的变压器油(或采取其它防潮密封施)。5.3.4套管、油位计、温度计等易损部件拆下后应妥善保管，防止损坏和受潮；电容式套管应垂直放置。5.3.5组装后要检查冷却器、净油器和气体继电器阀门，按照规定开启或关闭。5.3.6对套管升高座、上部管道孔盖、冷却器和净油器等上部的放气孔应进行多次排气，直至排尽为止，并重新密封好擦净油迹。5.3.7拆卸无盛磁分接开关操作杆时，应记录分接开关的位置，并作好标记；拆卸有载分接开关时，分接头应置于中间位置(或按制造厂的规定执行)。5.3.8组装后的变压器各零部件应完整无损。5.3.9认真做好现场记录工作。5.4检修中的起重和搬运5.4.1起重工作及注意事项5.4.1.1起重 荼应分工明确，专人指挥，并有统一信号；5.4.1.2根据变压器钟罩(或器身)的重要选择起重工具，包括起重机、钢丝绳、吊环、U型挂环、千斤顶、枕木等；5.4.1.3起重前应先拆除影响起重工作的各种连接；5.4.1.4如系吊器身，应先紧固器身有关螺栓；5.4.1.5起吊变压器整体或钟罩(器身)时，钢丝绳应分别挂在专用起吊装置上，遇棱角处应放置衬垫；起吊100mm左右时应停留检查悬挂及捆绑情况，确认可靠后再继续起吊；5.4.1.6起吊时钢丝绳的夹角不应大于60°，否则应采用专用吊具或调整钢丝绳套；5.4.1.7起吊或落回钟罩(或器身)时，四角应系缆绳，由专人扶持，使其保持平稳；5.4.1.8起吊或降落速度应均匀，掌握好重心，防止倾斜；5.4.1.9起吊或落回钟罩(或器身)时，应使高、低压侧引线，分接开关支架与箱壁间保持一定的间隙，防止碰伤器身；5.4.1.10当钟罩(或器身)因受条件限制，起吊后不能移动而需在空中停留时，应采取支撑等防止坠落措施；5.4.1.11吊装套管时，其斜度应与套管升高座的斜度基本一致，并用缆绳绑扎好，防止倾倒损坏瓷件；5.4.1.12采用汽车吊起重时，应检查支撑稳定性，注意起重臂伸张的角度、回转范围与临近带电设备的安全距离，并设专人监护。5.4.2搬运工作及注意事项5.4.2.1了解道路及沿途路基、桥梁、涵洞、地道等的结构及承重载荷情况，必要时予以加固，通过重要的铁路道口，应事先与当地铁路部门取得联系。5.4.2.2了解沿途架空电力线路、通信线路和其它障碍物的高度，排除空中障碍，确保安全通过。5.4.2.3变压器在厂(所)内搬运或较长距离搬运时，均应绑轧固定牢固，防止冲击震动、倾斜及碰坏零件；搬运倾斜角在长轴方向上不大于15°，在短轴方向上不大于10°；如用专用托板(木排)牵引搬运时，牵引速度不大于100m/h，如用变压器主体滚轮搬运时，牵引速度不大于200m/h(或按制造厂说明书的规定)。5.4.2.4利用千斤顶升(或降)变压器时，应顶在油箱指定部位，以防变形；千斤顶应垂直放置；在千斤顶的顶部与油箱接触处应垫以木板防止滑倒。5.4.2.5在使用千斤顶升(或降)变压器时，应随升(或降)随垫木方和木板，防止千斤顶失灵突然降落倾倒；如在变压器两侧使用千斤顶时，不能两侧同时升(或降)，应分别轮流工作，注意变压器两侧高度差不能太大，以防止变压器倾斜；荷重下的千斤顶不得长期负重，并应自始至终有专人照料。5.4.2.6变压器利用滚杠搬运时，牵引的着力点应放在变压器的重心以下，变压器底部应放置专用托板。为增加搬运时的稳固性，专用托板的长度应超过变压器的长度，两端应制成楔形，以便于放置滚框；运搬大型变压器时，专用托板的下中应加设钢带保护，以增强其坚固性。5.4.2.7采用专用托板、滚框搬运、装卸变压器时，通道要填平，枕木要交错放置；为便于滚杠的滚动，枕木的搭接处应沿变压器的前进方向，由一个接头稍高的枕木过渡到稍低的枕木上，变压器拐弯时，要利用滚框调整角度，防止滚杠弹出伤人。5.4.2.8为保持枕木的平整，枕木的底部可适当加垫厚薄不同的木板。5.4.2.9采用滑全国纪录组牵引变压器时，工作人员和需站在适当位置，防止钢丝绳松扣或拉断伤人。5.4.2.10变压器在搬运和装卸前，应核对高、低压侧方向，避免安装就位时调换方向。5.4.2.11充氮搬运的变压器，应装有压力监视表计和补氮瓶，确保变压器在搬运途中始终保持正压，氮气压力应保持0.01~0.03MPa，露点应在-35℃以下，并派专人监护押运，氮气纯度要求不低于99.99%。(2005-06-25)整体组装6.2.1整体组装前的准备工作和要求6.2.1.1组装前应彻底清理冷却器(散热器)，储油柜，压力释放阀(安全气道)，油管，升高座，套管及所有组、部件。用合格的变压器油冲洗与油直接接触的组、部件。6.2.1.2所附属的油、水管路必须进行彻底的清理，管内不得有焊渣等杂物，并作好检查记录。6.2.1.3油管路内不许加装金属网，以避免金属网冲入油箱内，一般采用尼龙网。6.2.1.4安装上节油箱前，必须将油箱内部、器身和箱底内的异物、污物清理干净。6.2.1.5有安装标志的零、部件，如气体继电器、分接开关、高压、中压套管或高座及压力释放阀(或安全气道)升高座等与油箱的相对位置和角度需按照安装标志组装。6.2.1.6准备好全套密封胶垫和密封胶。6.2.1.7准备好合格的变压器油。6.2.1.8将注油设备、抽真空设备及管路清扫干净；新使用的油管亦应先冲洗干净，以去除油管内的脱模剂。6.2.2组装6.2.2.1装回钟罩(或器身)；6.2.2.2安装组件时，应按制造厂的“发装使用说明书”规定进行；6.2.2.3油箱顶部若有定位件，应按并形尺寸图及技术要求进行定位和密封；6.2.2.4制造时无升高坡度的变压器，在基础上应使储油柜的气体继电器侧具有规定的升高坡度；6.2.2.5变压器引线的根部不得受拉、扭及弯曲；6.2.2.6对于高压引线，所包扎的绝缘锥部分必须进入套管的均压球内，防止扭曲；6.2.2.7在装套管前必须检查无盛磁分接开关连杆是否已插入分接开关的拨叉内，调整至所需的分接位置上；6.2.2.8各温度计座内应注以变压器油；6.2.2.9按照变压器外形尺寸图(装配图)组装已拆卸的各组、部件，其中储油柜、吸湿器和压力释放阀(安全气道)可暂不装，联结法兰用盖板密封好；安装要求和注意事项按各组部件“安装使用说明书”进行。6.3排油和注油6.3.1排油和注油的一般规定6.3.1.1检查清扫油罐、油桶、管路、滤油机、油泵等，应保持清洁干燥，无灰尘杂质和水分。6.3.1.2排油时，必须将变压器和油罐的放气孔打开，放气孔宜接入干燥空气装置，以防潮气侵入。6.3.1.3储油柜内油不需放出时，可将储油柜下面的阀门关闭。将油箱内的变压器油全部放出。6.3.1.4有载调压变压器的有载分接开关油室内的油应分开抽出。6.3.1.5强油水冷变压器，在注油前应将水冷却器上的差压继电器和净油器管路上的塞子关闭。6.3.1.6可利用本体箱盖阀门或气体继电器联管处阀让安装抽空管，有载分接开关与本体应安连通管，以便与本体等压，同时抽空注油，注油后应予拆除恢复正常。6.3.1.7向变压器油箱内注油时，应经压力式滤油机(220kV变压器宜用真空滤油机)。图1真空注油连接示意图1-油罐；2，4，9，10-阀门；3-压力滤油机或真空滤油机；5-变压器；6-真空计；7-逆止阀；8-真空泵6.3.2真空注油220kV变压器必须进行真空注油，其它奕坟器有条件时也应采用直空注油，真空注油应遵守制造厂规定，或按下述方法进行，其连接图见图1。通过试抽真空检查油箱的强度，一般局部弹性变形不应超过箱壁厚度的2倍，并检查真空系统的严密性。操作方法：6.3.2.1以均匀的速度抽真空，达到指定真空度并保持2h后，开始向变压器油箱内注油(一般抽空时间=1/3~1/2暴露空气时间)，注油温度宜略高于器身温度；6.3.2.2以3~5t/h的速度将油注入变压器距箱顶约200mm时停止，并继续抽夫空保持4h以上；6.3.2.3变压器补油：变压器经真空注油后补油时，需经储油柜注油管注入，严禁以下部油门注入，注油时应使油流缓慢注入变压器至规定的油面为止，再静止12h。6.3.3胶囊式储油柜的补油6.3.3.1进行胶囊排气：打开储油柜上部排气孔，由注油管将油注满储油柜，直至排气孔出油，再关闭注油管和排气孔；6.3.3.2从变压器下部油门排油，此时空气经吸湿器自然进入储油柜胶囊内部，至油位计指示正常油位为止。6.3.4隔膜式储油柜的补油6.3.4.1注油前应首先将磁力油位计调整至零位，然后打开隔膜上的放气塞，将隔膜内的气体排除再关闭放气塞；6.3.4.2由注油管向隔膜内注油达到比指定油位稍高，再次打开放气塞充分排除隔膜内的气体，直到向外溢油为止，经反复调整达到指定油位；6.3.4.3发现储油柜下部集气盒油标指示有空气时，应用排气阀进行排气；6.3.4.4正常油位低时的补油，利用集气盒下部的注油管接至滤油机，向储油柜内注油，注油过中发现集气盒中有空气时应停止注油，打开排气管的阀门向外排气，如此反复进行，直至储油柜油位达到要求为止。6.3.5油位计带有小胶带时储油柜的注油6.3.5.1变压器大修后储油柜未加油前，先对油位计加油，此时需将油表呼吸塞及小胶囊室的塞子打开，用漏斗从油表呼吸塞座处徐徐加油，同时用手按动小胶带，以便将囊中空气全部排出；6.3.5.2打开油表放油螺栓，放出油表内多余油量(看到油有内油位即可)，然后关上小胶囊室的塞子，注意油表呼吸塞不必拧得太紧，以保证油表内空气自由呼吸。6.4整体密封试验变压器安装完毕后，应进行整体密封性能的检查，具体规定如下：6.4.1静油柱压力法：220kV变压器油柱高度3m，加压时间24h；35~110kV变压器油柱高度2m，加压时间24h；油柱高度从拱顶(或箱盖)算起。6.4.2充油加压法：加油压0.035MPa时间12h，应无渗漏和损伤。6.5变压器油处理6.5.1一般要求6.5.1.1大修后注入变压器内的变压器油，其质量应符合GB7665-87规定；6.5.1.2注油后，应从变压器底部放油阀(塞)采取油样进行化验与色谱分析；6.5.1.3根据地区最低温度，可以选用不同牌号的变压器油；6.5.1.4注入套管内的变压器油亦应符合GB7665-87规定；6.5.1.5补充不同牌号的变压器油时，应先做混油试验，合格后方可使用。6.5.2压力滤油6.5.2.1采用压力式滤油机过滤油中的水分和杂质；为提高滤油速度和质量，可将油加温至50~60℃。6.5.2.2滤油机使用前应先检查电源情况，滤油机及滤网是否清洁，极板内是否装有经干燥的滤油纸，转动方向是否正确，外壳有无接地，压力表指示是否正确。6.5.2.3启动员滤油机应先开出油阀门，后开进油阀门，停止时操作顺序相反；当装有加热器时，应先启动滤油机，当油流通过后，再投入加热器，停止时操作顺序相反。 滤油机压力一般为0.25~0.4MPa，最大不超过0.5MPa
什么意思？要英文的？题目要汉语翻译？
学术论文的创作一定是基于现有工作的提高和改进，那要如何发表电力学术论文呢？下面是由我整理的发表电力学术论文的方法，谢谢你的阅读。 如何发表电力学术论文 1.有了自己的学术成果后，按其研究方向在中国知网等论文收录网站上查找和你所研究领域相关的文献。确认你的核心内容前人没有研究发表后，选择该领域的相关杂志; 2.按照所选杂志的格式要求，将自己的研究内容撰写成论文，通过该杂志的制定投稿渠道进行投稿，之后进行耐心等待; 3.编辑审阅后如果不感兴趣会直接退稿，如果感兴趣会给你提出修改意见，从投稿到第一次审回一般要2个月以上，按照编辑提出的修改意见逐条改正，并在给编辑回复时对其提出的每一条意见进行逐条回复，之后继续耐心等待; 4.二审后，基本就离发表不远了，一般会再给你提一些格式类的细节修改问题，解决后回复，等待发表就好。 关于社会的学术论文 现代电力与电力污染 【摘 要】本文叙述了现代电力的特点，以及日益严重的电力污染。比较了电力污染与电磁污染的联系和区别。论述了一门新的边缘分支学科“电磁工程学”的形成过程概况。 【关键词】电力污染 电磁工程学 电能或电力是公认的清洁动力。但众所周知，它也存在着污染。在电能的形成过程中，如火力发电厂的烟气、灰渣造成的常规环境污染、核电站可能造成的核辐射污染，大型水电站的建设可能出现的生态平衡问题等等。电能形成后，在传递、变换过程中电磁波辐射造成的环境污染等等。电能已成为经济发展、社会生活的重要部分。随着电磁能利用范围的扩大与利用能量的日益提高，存在于地球上的电磁波不断地增强而且频带极宽。这种电磁波与宇宙杂波相比较，对人类的社会生活和国民经济有着巨大的影响。它不仅直接影响到各个领域中电子设备的正常工作，使之信息失真，控制失控，更为严重的是，在大强度电磁辐射长期作用下，可使生物的生理、生态受到影响和危害，影响人的健康和活力。这也造成了环境污染，即所谓电磁烟雾。 现代电力的超高电压，特大电流形成强大电磁场对环境的污染日趋严峻了。这是电磁环境工程学的任务。电力工业的发展出现了新的情况、出现了新的污染。 一、机电设备容量增大，应用广泛，节省材料变得十分有意义，如铁芯正常工作点选得比较饱和，设备工作于十分接近非线性状态。 二、电能的使用范围扩大，电力用户中涌进了大量的冲击、非线性负载及不平衡负荷，如电弧炉、电焊、电气化铁道等。 三、电力电子技术的发展，电力用户采用了大量时变控制的非线性元件，晶闸管自从1957年问世以来，由于它独特的优点，从上世纪六十年代开始逐渐取代了水银整流器，到七十年代就只用采半导体整流器了。除此之外，在逆变、变频和交流电压调整方面得到了很大的发展，使电力变换技术与控制技术发生了革命性的变化。目前在各工业、交通部门及家用电器都得到越来越广泛的应用。首先大功率整流装置既提高了变流效率，又提高了电解产品的质量，因而首先得到了发展。其次，在交流调速技术上广泛使用，如在风机、水泵类负载中用晶闸管串级调速技术，已是一项节电效果比较显著的措施。晶闸管脉冲调速的机车、晶闸管调速的矿山提升设备，隔爆型充电设备等的半导体装置，均因其安全、可靠、节能、便于控制等优点正在矿业部门广泛采用。晶闸管调压器和调功器与常用电磁型的同类产品比较，它具有节能、维修量少、运行可靠等优点，故已广泛应用于民用工业、机杨调光、国防设施等。为了改善电炉冶炼的负载特性，提高电炉冶炼的效率与冶炼产品质量，近年来发展了直流电弧炉，直流精炼炉也采用晶闸管换流装置。此外在金属轧制、轻纺、制糖、水泥等行业中的交直流拖动系统都广泛采用晶闸管。据1981年日本电力协调研究会对九个电力公司的调查，电力半导体装置所占负荷的比重已达总负荷的73%。我国国务院、国家科委已把推广使用电力电子技术作为我国的技术政策之一，这意味着我国供电系统的负荷已日趋非线性化与时变化。 四、新的发电方式与贮能方式的推广使用，输电技术的进步，控制方式的完善，非线性元件必将成为电力系统的主要组成元件。例如，为了克服机械整流的缺点，提高同步发电机的控制性能，已广泛使用静止励磁装置，并正在研究交流励磁的同步发电机异步化;为了改善电压调整率，提高系统的静态和暂态稳定，降低过电压，减小电压闪变，对次同步振荡进行阻尼，减小电压和电流的不平衡，推广使用静止补偿器实施电力系统无功控制。 五、现代技术装备，要求高质量的电能，电能质量，包括电压、频率与波形。电能的质量不仅直接影响用电器具的使用效能，而且它影响到整个国民经济的整体效益以及我国产品在国际上的竞争能力。许多电气设备(包括电子仪器)为适应电能质量的低下而增设的技术措施不仅降低了设备的使用效率，而且使成本大大提高。 大量非线性元件引人电力系统，使系统电压波形及电流波形发生畸变。波形畸变给产生畸变波形电流的装置自身、与其相接的其它装置以及电力系统运行都带来不良影响，这些不良影响或危害可以归纳为以下八个方面：(一)激发谐振，引起破坏性的过电流与过电压;(二)产生附加功率损耗，降低效率;(三)引起发热，加速绝缘老化，缩短设备使用寿命;(四)使测量仪表误差增加，影响监控效果与经济效益;(五)使自动装置失灵，控制失控，使设备不能正常运行;(六)使继电保护不能正确动作一误动或拒动;(七)大的有功和无功冲击，造成电压和频率的大幅度波动，将会造成负载，甚至系统的不稳定;(八)电压闪变，恶化工作环境，有害人体健康与工作效率。 近十几年间电力谐波的研究，更准确一点说电力污染的研究，已经超过了电力系统(习惯上)的范畴，渗透到了电工理论、电网理论、电力电子学、电气技术、数字信号处理、计算技术、系统仿真、控制理论与控制技术等其它学术领域。并已形成自己特有的理论体系、分析研究方法、控制与治理技术、监测方法与技术、限制标准与管理制度。通过这些研究与实践，一门新的边缘分支学科正在形成。这门新学科与<环境电磁工程学》类比，可叫做《电力环境工程学》。〈电力环境工程学>研究电力污染产生的物理机理和分析方法;电力污染的测量技术、信息处理与监控系统;危害的机理、范围及可容度;控制、消除或抑制的措施等以及由此而引起的理论与技术问题。这门新学科的雏形已经可以从近年出版的一些论著中看到。 电力污染随着现代电力的发展不断出现并日趋严重。电力污染与系统关系密切，实质上是电能质量问题，涉及面广，具有独特的复杂性，难于认识并难于治理。电力污染也随着技术的发展可以得到有效的控制，并最终将与电网运行控制结合起来。电力污染的理论发展与实践，逐步形成自己的理论体系与工程实践，并因此而形成一门新的边缘分支学科一电力环境工程学。 参考文献： [1]吴竞吕编著，供电系统谐波，中国电力出版社，1998年; [2]陆廷信编著。供电系统中的谐波分析测量与抑制，机械工业出版社，1990年： [3]张一中等编著，电力谐波，成都科技大学出版社，1992年; 看了“如何发表电力学术论文_电力学术论文如何发表”的人还看： 1. 大学生如何发表学术论文 2. 电力学术论文 3. 本科生如何发表学术论文 4. 电力信息通信学术论文 5. 电力专业论文发表
电气专业是我国理科院校中都会开设的一门专业，电气类专业(包括电气工程和自动化等相关)就是关于电气(有必要解释一下电气：电气并不是电器，它包括了所有的用电的设备。我国也有很多专门研究电气工程的专家和学者，为人们的生活和工业发展都带来了很大的进步。我国也有很多电气专业的期刊，为工程师提供了一个良好的交流平台，很多评审高级职称的工程师都会选择核心期刊投稿，核心期刊对文章的质量要求是比较高的，那么电气专业论文发表技巧有哪些呢?1、要明确读者对象。要解决“为谁写”、“写什么”、“给谁看”的问题。要考虑生产和社会需要，结合当前我国的有关技术政策、产业政策、考虑自己的经验和能力。若是为工人师傅写出的，应尽量结合生产实际写得通俗一些，深入浅出，易看、易懂。2、要充分占有资料。要写好技术论文，一定要掌握足够的资料，包括自己的经验总结和国内外资料;要对资料进行充分的分析、比较，加以消化，分清哪些是有用的，哪些是无用的，并根据选择的课题和命题拟出较详细的撰写提纲，包括主次的分类、段落的分节、重点的选择、图表的设计拟定、顺序的排列等。3、要仔细校阅。初稿完成后，不能算定稿，论文必然存在不少问题;如论文格式、表述方式、图的画法、公式的表述、名词术语、字体标点、技术内容、文字表达及文章结构等方面要进行反复推敲与修改，使文字表达符合我国的语言习惯，文字精炼，逻辑关系明确。除自审外，最好请有关专家审阅，按所提的意见再修改一次，以消除差错，进一步提高论文质量，达到精益求精的目的。以上就是一些电气工程论文撰写的技巧和需要注意的一些问题，总结的比较简单，如果您需要详细专业的指导服务的话可以联系本站客服给您安排专业的编辑老师，这样的话您的文章也可以很快发表出来，不会耽误职称评审的时间。电气工程论文发表期刊推荐：《电气自动化》《电气自动化》(双月刊)创刊于1979年，由上海电气自动化设计研究所有限公司、上海市自动化学会主办。刊载电气自动化方面的科学研究和应用技术论文，设有控制理论应用、电气传动和自动控制、微电脑应用、模糊控制、网络与通信技术、现场总线技术、仿真技术、PLC应用、实用电路、软开关及电源技术、计算机网络与通信、现总线控制、可编程控制器应用、故障诊断与容错控制、综述、数据库设计、智能控制技术、CAD/CAM、经验交流等栏目。读者为自动电子动手术、计算机应用等专业的科研技术人员及大专院校的师生。
Fire FightingAlong with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is developing. This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter request. In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design contents. Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out mistakes.First, design basis The fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy-type. Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis: 1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the meaning.2nd, must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval opinion.Second, fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage, and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire detector.The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire detector. Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire detector. The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable shaping. But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level installs.The elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the facility. Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift well.2nd, the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual fire. In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the button.In the public active place (including hall, hall, dining room, multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters".3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than 12.5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the speaker.The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the instruction.4th, fire alarm installment establishmentThe establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the instruction.The fire alarm installment establishment position, the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 1.8 meters highly5th, fire special use telephone establishmentInstalls the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public room. Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone system. Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case controls.Is equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone receptacle.Third, fire linkage control 1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the malfunction. When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp). 2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active status. In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the condition. 3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific stipulation.Fourth, fire auto-alarm system wiringIn order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm system. The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. Uses Ming Fushi, should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking.Fifth, concluding remarkThe author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property safety.消防 随着我国经济发展快速发展，人民生活的水平不断提高，城市使用是每天着急，敦促建设面临着发展的方向。这种高层次的民间建筑维修所需的材料和方式也更加多样化加快，而且随着使用电力负荷和煤气消费量扩大，提议消防自动报警系统设计较高，更严格的要求。为了保证人民生命和财产的安全，消防自动报警系统的设计已经成为在高级别民间建筑设计的一个最重要的设计内容。目前的基础上撰文火灾自动报警系统设计监督工作的高层次的民间建设的经验，建议在目前国家相关标准和标准不清楚真正详细浅见解，为同事们的讨论，并指出错误。 首先，设计依据 火灾自动报警系统的设计是一家专业非常强的技术工作，同时还具有很强的政策性。因此，首先应明确以下设计依据： 第一，必须紧紧抓住的建筑设计防火标准，该系统的设计标准，标准的设备制造，安装施工审批标准和管理的法律和规章等五大方面的消防法律法规，并在实际了解国家有关本标准和标准积极字： “必须” ， “必须假定” ， “不适合” ， “可能”和反面词： “严格禁止” ， “不应该” ， “没有” ， “不适合“的含义。 第二，必须着眼于高层次的民间建筑的功能，利用和保护对象的防火等级，认真开展本标准和国家有关标准，认真对待公安防火监督部门的审批意见。 其次，火灾自动报警系统设备的建立 建立火灾探测器 要么全打开的印章或楼梯大厅应单独划分搜索范围，每个2 〜 3建立火灾探测器。 第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防前面房间烟雾楼梯大会堂来用场）和过道应区分单独划分搜索范围，特别是前面的房间，以及电梯，分散楼梯大厅和走道都是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾比较容易收集或流动，是人员分散保存目标与防火，因此，应该安装火警探测器。关于共同电梯前室虽然不是人员分散，而且这方面的空间和良好的电梯是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾也很容易被收集或流动，适当地划分为单独的搜索覆盖面和安装消防探测器。 电缆轴因此很容易形成掏出烟炎症渠道，拥有火灾时的火强度不容易延伸沿电缆燃烧，为此， “高级别民间建筑设计防火标准”和“民用建筑电气设计标准“分别提出了详细具体的规定，在建筑和在电线或电缆塑造。但认为具体实施的难度和目前的情况下，电缆竖井安装了火灾探测器是非常必要的，坐标轴的防火分隔要求，每2 〜 3或每一级安装。 电梯机房应安装火灾探测器，它的电梯是重要的垂直交通工具，其两个电梯机房已具有火灾危险性，其存在的三个基本解除以及打开洞，像打开闸门的水平之间的球洞，在气孔，持久的关系打开了洞与电梯机房或滑轮等，其时，有四个火，升降机以及往往成为火灾强度传播渠道，很容易危及电梯机房设施。因此，电梯机房建立了火灾探测器是必要的，也适用于皇冠建立火灾探测器举井。 2 ，手动火警报警按钮建立 （包括防前面的烟雾楼梯大厅鉴于各层前房间前面的房间，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时人员驱散节省目标，防火，应立即向警方举报的按钮，首选地点设立手动火警。此外，该室也应建立防火手册的共同电梯前，向警方报案的按钮。 在公共活动场所（包括会堂，礼堂，餐厅，多功能厅等）和主要通道等场所，是所有工作人员非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应立即向警方举报的按钮，在这些公共活动场所主要通道设立手册火灾;该手册规定的火灾中的主要通道报警按钮，以保证“ ，以手动火警最接近报警按钮距离防火区的任何位置不应该超过30米。 “ 第三，消防紧急广播喇叭建立 走道，大厅，餐厅等公共场所的工作人员都非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应该按这些公共场所的“最近的一项发言距离不超过25米的防火保护区的任何位置”和“在走道上不应大于十二点五米扬声器的过道末端距离”建立消防应急广播喇叭;下一步还应当建立消防在公共浴室的地方紧急广播喇叭。 第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也有分离和防火门的声音，人民的混乱和嘈杂，因此，应建立消防应急广播喇叭。在前面的共同电梯房也应建立消防应急广播喇叭。分散大厅楼梯也已经火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也是人民的声音和嘈杂的混淆，因此应建立消防应急广播喇叭，由主张消防紧急广播驱散指令。 第四，建立火灾报警装置 建立消防应急广播火灾自动报警系统，笔者认为还应该安装消防报警装置，但它的控制程序应该是：该报警器应确认火灾后，利用手动或自动控制模式统一消防相关区域传输预警，报警器停止工作时间的规定，迅速联系消防应急广播和电视节目，并且分散了人们的指示。 火警警报装置建立的立场，笔者认为应该向警方报案的按钮位置的手动火警是相同的，它的墙面安装应为距地面1.8米高度 第五，消防专用电话设立 安装消防专用电话分机电话，应设机房其中也涉及一些人是在工作地点经常与消防联动控制（包括消防给水设备，备件发电机房，火柴变电站，主要ventilates空调引擎室，排放烟气轮机室，防火电梯机房及其他） ，消防控制系统的经营场所或设备的控制室，消防责任人员观察室，现场的安全管理等公共空间。轿车的影院中消防电梯和普通电梯应假设所有使用的特殊电话，请电梯机房和电梯轿车影院中，电梯机房及消防控制室，电梯轿车影院方块和消防控制室等三个成分是可靠的讲通信电话系统。通常在消防控制室;建立电梯监测演示板（包括位置指示器，显示方向灯，以讲信函电话，麻烦灯等） ，以进行必要的电梯在运行状态的监视和紧急情况下的控制。 配备了手动火警报警位置等按钮，消火栓按钮，还应该安装消防专用电话插座。 第三，消防联动控制 第一，消防联动控制应包括控制消防泵开启，停止，也应表现出的按钮，打开泵的位置和消防泵的工作和故障。当消火栓设有消火栓按钮时，其电气安装工程现场也应表现出的消防泵的工作模式有效状态（即建立消防泵工作表明灯） 。 第二，消防联动控制应包括控制喷洒水和水雾化灭火系统打开，停止，也应表现出的消防泵的工作和故障和流利显示，报警阀，安全信号阀工作模式积极的地位。此外，该盆地，水箱水位也应进行示范监测;为了防止检修信号阀关闭，作者认为应该使用带电信号控制信号阀证明它打开条件。 第三，消防联动控制其他控制和示范作用，应进行本标准和国家有关标准的具体规定。 第四，火灾自动报警系统布线 为了防止火灾发生时，消防控制，通信和警戒线遣散，使灭火工作无法进行，造成了更大的经济损失，也为抑制electronmagetic干扰（例如变压器，电电机，电缆等）的影响而产生的火灾自动报警系统。火灾自动报警系统的输电线路和消防控制，通信和预警线应使用被阻燃电缆，并应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。消防手册积极理事分期付款行应使用防火电缆，其电缆也应使用金属管或封闭式金属线槽保护。使用明复，应采取防火保护措施的金属管或封闭金属trunking.Fifth ，结论备注 作者取决于具体的项目实施经验，阐述了设计依据，火灾自动报警设计和实际问题，以便建立系统设备，消防联动控制及其接线拿出一些肤浅的意见，其目的是增强了火灾自动报警系统的设计质量，早期发现，并通知消防，预防和减少火灾危害，通过保护个人和财产安全。
电气专业是我国理科院校中都会开设的一门专业，电气类专业(包括电气工程和自动化等相关)就是关于电气(有必要解释一下电气：电气并不是电器，它包括了所有的用电的设备。我国也有很多专门研究电气工程的专家和学者，为人们的生活和工业发展都带来了很大的进步。我国也有很多电气专业的期刊，为工程师提供了一个良好的交流平台，很多评审高级职称的工程师都会选择核心期刊投稿，核心期刊对文章的质量要求是比较高的，那么电气专业论文发表技巧有哪些呢?1、要明确读者对象。要解决“为谁写”、“写什么”、“给谁看”的问题。要考虑生产和社会需要，结合当前我国的有关技术政策、产业政策、考虑自己的经验和能力。若是为工人师傅写出的，应尽量结合生产实际写得通俗一些，深入浅出，易看、易懂。2、要充分占有资料。要写好技术论文，一定要掌握足够的资料，包括自己的经验总结和国内外资料;要对资料进行充分的分析、比较，加以消化，分清哪些是有用的，哪些是无用的，并根据选择的课题和命题拟出较详细的撰写提纲，包括主次的分类、段落的分节、重点的选择、图表的设计拟定、顺序的排列等。3、要仔细校阅。初稿完成后，不能算定稿，论文必然存在不少问题;如论文格式、表述方式、图的画法、公式的表述、名词术语、字体标点、技术内容、文字表达及文章结构等方面要进行反复推敲与修改，使文字表达符合我国的语言习惯，文字精炼，逻辑关系明确。除自审外，最好请有关专家审阅，按所提的意见再修改一次，以消除差错，进一步提高论文质量，达到精益求精的目的。以上就是一些电气工程论文撰写的技巧和需要注意的一些问题，总结的比较简单，如果您需要详细专业的指导服务的话可以联系本站客服给您安排专业的编辑老师，这样的话您的文章也可以很快发表出来，不会耽误职称评审的时间。电气工程论文发表期刊推荐：《电气自动化》《电气自动化》(双月刊)创刊于1979年，由上海电气自动化设计研究所有限公司、上海市自动化学会主办。刊载电气自动化方面的科学研究和应用技术论文，设有控制理论应用、电气传动和自动控制、微电脑应用、模糊控制、网络与通信技术、现场总线技术、仿真技术、PLC应用、实用电路、软开关及电源技术、计算机网络与通信、现总线控制、可编程控制器应用、故障诊断与容错控制、综述、数据库设计、智能控制技术、CAD/CAM、经验交流等栏目。读者为自动电子动手术、计算机应用等专业的科研技术人员及大专院校的师生。
我有一篇我本科毕设的小论文，英文中文都有，而且是我人工翻译的，8000字左右。你要的话PM我。我是电气工程及其自动化专业的。《Analysis of thyristor-controlled phase shifter applied in damping power system oscillations》
什么意思？要英文的？题目要汉语翻译？
ieee在太空、计算机、电信、生物医学、电力及消费性电子产品等领域中都是主要的权威。ieee发表多种杂志，学报，书籍和每年组织300多次专业会议。可以说如果发表一篇ieee论文在电子技术和信息科学方面是很巨大的成功。
ieee是一个组织，全名电气和电子工程师协会，在全球各国都有一定数量的会员，在我国国内多个城市也设有分会，电气和电子工程师协会出版有70多种期刊杂志、论文集和图书，因此ieee论文发表也是国际学术论文发表的一个类型。
ieee论文发表尤其适合电气工程和电子工程技术人员发表论文，应该说只要专业对口，就可以选择ieee发表论文，ieee专业针对性比较强。ieee出版广泛的同级评审期刊，是主要的国际标准机构。
ieee制定了全世界电子和电气还有计算机科学领域30%的文献，另外它还制定了超过900个现行工业标准。每年它还发起或者合作举办超过300次国际技术会议。ieee由37个协会组成，还组织了相关的专门技术领域,每年本地组织有规律的召开超过300次会议。
ieee期刊是什么级别?首先，我们要清楚ieee的含义，ieee不是一个检索工具，而是一个组织，全称是电气和电子工程师协会，是一个全球公认的专业学会，并且是国际上最大的非营利性学会，ieee制定了很多电气电子行业的标准规范，同时也检索很多本专业的期刊、会议、文献。
ieee期刊严格来说可以分为两类，一类是学术性期刊，统称journals，另一类是letters，也就是快报类型的期刊，这两类期刊都是可以发表学术论文的，不同之处在于journals适合发表长篇学术论文，letters适合发表短篇学术论文，还有一类是技术性期刊，主要发科普类或应用类的文章。
ieee期刊的选择与一般期刊的选择准则是一致的，与自己专业相符，还需要关注期刊的影响因子，ieee检索收录了本专业内很多高质量期刊，因此期刊的选择范围还是比较广的，作者可以通过ieee xplore数据库系统筛选适合自己的期刊。
ieee制定了全世界电子和电气还有计算机科学领域30%的文献，另外它还制定了超过900个现行工业标准。每年它还发起或者合作举办超过300次国际技术会议。ieee由37个协会组成，还组织了相关的专门技术领域,每年本地组织有规律的召开超过300次会议。
IEEE包含哪些期刊?学术期刊是IEEE检索的一类，除了学术期刊以外，IEEE还检索各类专业书籍、学术会议、论文集，还包括各个分会的会刊也会检索收录，所以IEEE从名称上看是一个组织协会，实际上是一个综合性很强的学术检索工具。
除了上述内容，IEEE召开会议、出版期刊杂志、制定标准、继续教育、颁发奖项、认证等内容都是IEEE的主要职责内容，IEEE检索的刊物书籍基本都是电子电气领域的出版物，这些刊物与其他检索系统检索刊物可能会有所重合，比如某个刊物同时被IEEE、SCI检索，或者同时被IEEE、SCI、国内核心期刊检索。
这类刊物的发表难度是非常高的，本身IEEE就是电气电子领域中学术价值比较高的检索系统，这类刊物也比那些仅被单一检索系统检索的刊物更具发表价值，IEEE从发表学术论文角度来说专业针对性是比较强的，作者如果不是电子电气专业的人员是不适用于IEEE的，另外，IEEE由于每年举办三百多场学术会议，因此也是非常适合发表会议学术论文的。
不单单是IEEE检索的刊物，检索的会议或者论文集可能也会与其他检索系统重叠，比如学术会议被IEEE和EI同时检索，所以IEEE本身与其他检索系统没有特别明显的界限与好坏之分，只要是被这些检索系统检索收录的期刊或者会议或者其他类型的文献载体。