发布时间：
外文书籍的中文翻译版本作参考文献，格式应该如下所示：
[1] [美]Bruce 编程思想[M].刘综田,等,译.北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
[2] [美]William Ford,等. 数据结构C++语言描述(第2版)[M].陈君,译.北京:清华大学出版社,2003.
参考文献的作用：
1、参考文献是反映论文研究的重要科学依据，通过指出论文的观点、方法结合一些材料等，将论文中所研究的来源出处表明，可以反映其科学性。
2、可以将论文中取得的研究成果与前人的进行区别开，这不仅是对前人研究成果的尊重，而且避免了抄袭的嫌疑。
3、可以方便读者查阅资料以及进一步的研究，标准规范的参考文献可以显示该研究领域的方向和背景，有着承上启下的作用。
参考文献的引用应当实事求是、科学合理，不可以为了凑数随便引用。下文是我为大家整理的关于翻译论文英文参考文献的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!
1. 乔海清. 《翻译新论》. 北京：北京语言学院出版社. 1993.
2. 邵志洪. 《翻译理论、实践与评析》. 上海：华东理工大学出版社, 2003.
3. 邵志洪. 《英汉语研究与对比》. 上海：华东理工大学出版社, 1997.
4. 申丹. 《文学文体学与小说翻译》. 北京：北京大学出版社. 1995.
5. 申小龙. 《语言的文化阐释》. 上海：知识出版社, 1992.
6. 申小龙. 《汉语句型研究》. 海口：海南人民出版社, 1989.
7. 申小龙. 《汉语与中国文化》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003.
8. 申小龙. 《文化语言学》. 南昌：江西教育出版社, 1993.
9. 申雨平(编). 《西方翻译理论精选》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002.
10. 沈少华. 《英语趣味修辞格》. 北京：语文出版社, 1999.
11. 思果. 《译道探微》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2002.
12. 孙全洲. 《现代汉语学习词典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1996.
13. 孙晓丽. 《广告英语与实例》. 北京：中国广播电视出版社, 1995.
14. 孙致礼. 《1949-1966：我国英美文学翻译概论》. 南京：译林出版社. 1996.
15. 谭载喜. 《翻译学》. 武汉：湖北教育出版社. 2000.
16. 谭载喜. 《新编奈达论翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1999.
17. 倜西、董乐山等(编). 《英汉翻译手册》. 北京：商务印书馆国际有限公司. 2002.
1. 王德春. 《语言学通论》. 南京：江苏教育出版社, 1990.
2. 王逢鑫. 《英汉比较语义学》. 北京：外文出版社, 2001.
3. 王还(主编). 《汉英对比论文集》. 北京：北京语言学院出版社. 1993.
4. 王季思. 《中国十大古典喜剧集》. 上海：上海文艺出版社, 1982.
5. 王克非. 《翻译文化史论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 1997.
6. 王令坤(主编). 《英汉翻译技巧》. 上海：上海交通大学出版社. 1998.
7. 王希杰. 《汉语修辞学》. 北京：北京出版社, 1983.
8. 王希杰. 《修辞学导论》. 杭州：浙江教育出版社, 2000.
9. 王佐良、丁往道. 《英语文体学引论》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1990.
10. 王佐良. 《翻译：思考与试笔》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989.
11. 魏志成. 《英汉语比较导论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2003.
12. 魏志成. 《英汉语比较导论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2003.
13. 翁显良. 《意态由来画不成?》 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983.
1. 陈保亚 20 世纪中国语言学方法论 济南：山东教育出版社，1999
2. 丁言仁 英语语言学纲要 上海：上海外语出版社，2001
3. 费尔迪南 德 索绪尔 普通语言学教程 长沙：湖南教育出版社，2001
4. 冯翠华 英语修辞大全 北京：商务印书馆，1996
5. 桂诗春，宁春言主编 语言学方法论 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998
6. 桂诗春 应用语言学长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998
7. 何兆熊 新编语用学概要 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
8. 何自然 语用学与英语学习 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997
9. 侯维瑞 英语语体 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988
10. 胡壮麟 语言学教程(修订版)北京：北京大学出版社，2001
11. 黄国文 语篇与语言的功能 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002
12. 黄国文 语篇分析概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988
带有翻译的英语励志美文，供大家欣赏。下面是我给大家整理的英语励志美文带翻译，供大家参阅!
英语励志美文带翻译：一种无私的自私
A sort of unselfish selfishness
by WARD GREENE
When a man is ten, he has a boy's faith in almost everthing: even Santa Claus is a belief he is not quite ready to give up so long as there is a chance the old gentleman may really live and deliver. When a man is twenty, he is closer to compete disillusion and stronger conviction than he will probably ever be in his life.
This is the age of atheists and agnostics; it is also the age of martyrs. Jesus Christ must have been a very young man when he died on the cross; Joan of Arc, they say, was only nineteen as the flames consumed her. It is in the later years---oh, anywhere from thirty to fifty---that a man at some time stands with the tatters of his hopes and dreams fallen from him and asks himself:"What, indeed, do i believe?"
He is very apt, then, to cling to the words of other men who have written for him the shadow signposts that come as anything to poiting pathways he found best in the past and roads he will trust on the way ahead. These words may be mere copybook maxims: that honesty is the best policy, or haste makes waste. They may be alone from Shakespeare---
"To thine own self be true"---or from the bible---"All things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them"---or from the poets" i myself am Heaven and Hell". They may seem a sort of hodgepodge in a man's mind, yet they can make a pattern not inconsistent and not weak.
So if i believe that i myself am Heaven and Hell, that anything less than honesty to myself and others is a boomerang on them and me; if my translation of the Golden Rule is simple acts of kindness and understanding and compassion, practiced in the hope that they will be shown to me, then i have a way of life that is a sort of unselfish selfishness. The bald statement may sound cynical, but if i can follow that way, i shall not be too unhappy here and i may face death with regret but an untroubled face and a stout heart.
But there are blocks and pitfalls in a way of life, even assuming that a man can adhere to it steadfastly despite his own inclinations to deviate. These obstacles are the work other men who adhere to other ways. Hence kindness and compassion are not enough.
A man, i believe, must have courage and fortitude and a burning sense of justice, too. There are times we should turn the other cheek, but there are likewise times when we must fight the good fight. When? Well, if a fellow can't find the answer on the signposts or in his heart, i guess he has just got to pray.
英语励志美文带翻译：面具让我窒息
A Mask was Stifling Me');
Lucy Freeman
露西?弗里曼
I believe that everyone wants to love and be loved and that happiness stems from a facing and acceptance of self that allows you to give and receive love.
我相信，爱与被爱是每个人的渴望。一个人是否幸福，关键在于他是否拥有爱并能够接受爱。
Some think of love as a passionate, hungry, dramatic feeling, all consuming in intensity and desire. As I see it, this is, rather, immature love: it is a demand on others, not a giving of oneself. Mature love, the love that brings happiness, flows out of an inner fullness, and accepts, understands and is tender toward the other person. It does not ask to be served but only where it may serve.
在有些人看来，爱就是一种充满活力、渴望且极富戏剧性的情感，是占有一切的激情与欲望。而我认为，这种爱是极不成熟的爱：它是向他人的索求，而不是奉献。只有成熟的爱才能带来幸福，它是内心真挚情感的流露，能够接受并理解他人，给予对方温柔与体贴。它不索求服务，而是处处提供服务。
Six years ago I could hardly breathe because of acute sinus. My stomach was always upset and full of queasiness and I had trouble sleeping, even though I felt exhausted all the time. In desperation, after doctors who treated the physical symptoms failed to ease the pain, I tried psychoanalysis. I was lucky to find a wise, compassionate man who showed me what it meant to be able to trust myself and others.
6年前，由于身患急性鼻窦炎，我几乎难以呼吸。胃部也常感不适，易恶心呕吐。失眠问题也一直困扰着我，即使我感到疲惫不堪却依然辗转难眠。可是，医生对我的病症所做的治疗却毫不奏效，我的痛苦丝毫未减。绝望中，我尝试了心理疗法。很幸运的是，我找到了一位博学、热情的医生，他让我懂得了，能够相信自己与他人的意义所在。
The physical ills are gone, but more than that, I have at long last started to acquire a philosophy of living. I had never possessed one. I had lived on dogma and dicta which I had accepted unquestioningly through the years, even though I believed little of it, because I feared to question. But by being unable to live naturally and at peace with myself I was flying in the face of nature. She was punishing me with illness and, at the same time, informing me all was not well just in case I wanted to do something about it.
我身体的疾病得以治愈，而更多的是我最终开始学会一门生活的哲学。我一直是一个循规蹈矩的人，虽然我并不相信那些教条与格言，但多年来，由于不敢质疑，我一直不假思索地将其视为生活的准则。然而我却难以正常而平静地生活，总是坐立不安。最终，我受到了惩罚，病魔缠身，同时也得到了启示：必须对现状做出改变，否则将万事不顺。
In order to change, I needed help in facing myself. For me it was not easy to “know thyself”. All my life I had accepted the lesser of the two evils and run away from self because truth was more dangerous. Once I thought that to survive I had to put on a mask and forget what lay underneath. But masks are false protections and the inner part of me refused to go unheard forever.
为了改变现状，我需要帮助来面对自我。对我来说，“认识自己”并不是件简单的事。一生中，我选择了两个罪恶中较轻的一个：逃避自我，因为真相往往更为危险。曾经我以为，戴上面具，忘记面具下的一切，就能生存下去。
It caught up eventually, and unless it was to master me I had to face such feelings as fear, anger, envy, hatred, jealousy and excessive need for attention. When I realized I could not have done anything else except what I did, I was able to like myself more and be able to like others not for what they could give me but for what I could give to them.
然而，面具是虚假的掩护，我的内心决不肯永远缄默。最终这种情感占了上风，如果它不曾主宰我，我就依然得面对恐惧、愤怒、羡慕、仇恨、嫉妒和极其需要关注的情感。除了顺从自己的内心，我别无选择，当我意识到这一点时，我便更喜欢自己，也更爱他人。这并不是为了他人能给予我什么，而是我能给予他们什么。
The Bible shows the way to easy, happy living in many of its pages. It advises, “It is more blessed to give than to receive.” Those who expect the most are apt to receive the least. I had expected much and was filled with fury because nothing in the outside world relieved my emptiness and despair. Nothing did, either, until I could face the anger and fury, the emptiness and despair, and slowly start to know such new feelings as compassion, conviction, control, calm. I learned, too, of reason—that judicious combination of thought and feeling that enables me to take more responsibility for myself and others, that allows me to slay the ghosts of the past.
如何能简单幸福地生活，《圣经》中的众多例子都告诉了我们。它建议：“施比受更有福。”那些期望最多的人，往往收获最少。曾经，我期望颇多，内心却充满了愤怒与狂躁，因为外界任何事物都无法填补我内心的空虚与绝望。一切都于事无补，直到我能够面对愤怒、狂躁、空虚与绝望，并慢慢地开始懂得同情、信仰、自制与平静这些新的情感。我也明白了，理智正是思想与情感最明智的结合，它能够让我为自己与他人承担起更多的责任，驱除往昔纠缠我的幽灵。
For me there is much hard work ahead to achieve greater happiness. Yet, the very struggle I have put into achieving a measure of it makes happiness that much more dear.
对我来说，要想更加幸福，还需付出更多艰辛的努力。但是，为获得一定程度的幸福而付出的艰辛努力，才使得幸福弥足珍贵。
英语励志美文带翻译：心脏定律
The Law of the Heart
by J. George Frederick
J.乔治?弗雷德里克
At long last I have come to a rather simple point as to what I believe. I believe in what I choose to call “The Law of the Heart”.
最终，我明白可以将自己的信仰 总结 为一点，即所谓的“心脏定律”。
In the medical world this phrase, The Law of the Heart, means the great discovery by Professor Ernest Henry Starling of the precise method by which the heart accelerates and retards itself through the heart muscle; also the manner in which it accomplishes the vital twoway exchange of fluids between the bloodstream and the body tissues.
这个 短语 是医学界欧内斯特?亨利?斯塔林教授的一项伟大发现，是证明心脏跳动在心肌作用下加快和减弱的精确 方法 ;同时，他还发现，心脏进行的血液和体液相互渗透，对生命的存活而言是极其重要。人与人之间需要有重要的情感双向交流，这是我的人生观。
In my view of life there is also supremely needful a vital twoway exchange of heart qualities between human beings. Without it the human spirit and relationship to other spirits is lifeless and dangerous. Dependence on head qualities is mechanical and empty, just as we have discovered that babies do not thrive, even with technically expert nursing care, without mother love.
如果没有这种交流，那么一个人的灵魂及与他人的关系就会死气沉沉，危机重重。依赖理智会使人变得机械而空虚，正如我们发现的缺乏母爱的婴儿，即使在专业的技术护理下，也无法茁壮成长。
The Law of the Heart, in my belief, then, means that I can achieve greatest physical and mental health, and have the most constructive relations with life and people, if my matured emotional self dominates my motives and actions. When, after due consultation with my head, the true heart speaks, it is the finest and most mellowed judgment that I, human creature, am capable of. Man is indivisible, I believe; he is a whole; mind, spirit, body—but with only one real, fully representative voice—the voice of the heart.
我认为，心脏定律的涵义就是，如果我的感情成熟到可以支配自己的动机和行为，那就能达到身心健康的最佳状态，也就可以在生活中与他人建立最具建设性的关系。在与头脑适当地协商后，我所表达出的真正心声便是我作为人所能做出的最绝妙、最成熟的判断。我坚信，人是一个不可分割的整体，是由心灵、精神、肉体构成的一个整体，但唯有心灵之声才是充分代表人类思想的真实声音。
There is, in my belief, very suggestive symbolism in the means by which the Law of the Heart operates. We know that man needs to give others weaker, less fortunate, a transfusion of his blood as proof of fellowship. We know that hearts and arteries which are hard and unresponsive can bring the retribution of sudden death. We know that hearts which beat in unison with the problems, pains, miseries and needs of others know celestial music which can never be known to those who do not.
在我看来，心脏定律的作用方式充满了启发性与象征性。我们知道，为证明我们对其他虚弱、不幸之人的友善，我们需要给他们输血。我们了解，心脏和动脉僵硬且毫无反应时，就会导致猝死。我们明白，当心脏随着他人的困难、痛苦、不幸与需求而跳动时
We know that hearts capable of quickened pulse at the sight of beauty and nobility, courage and sacrifice, love and tenderness, a child or a sunset, achieve intensities of living—a song in their hearts—unknown to others. We know that those who choke off the heart’s native impulses will likely bring on a coronary thrombosis of obstructed emotion which can cripple.
我们就能领略到无此善心者所无从知晓的天籁之音;面对美丽、高贵、勇敢、奉献、关爱、温暖、孩子或夕阳时，心跳就会加快，并因此获得了生活的激情。那是他们的心灵之歌。是他人所不得而知的事物。我们都知道，人若是抑制心灵本能的冲动，就很可能会因内心情感的压抑，而导致冠心病的突发，甚至造成残废。
The first Law of the Heart, I feel sure, is to pulsate, to love. To fail to pulsate and love is swift and certain spiritual death. There are far, far too many of us who seem obsessed with self, unable or unwilling to love. The second Law of the Heart, I believe, is to give, and forgive, to sacrifice. The heart is the great supplier and giver to every remote atom in the body. The heart muscle is the strongest in the whole body.
我确信，心脏定律的第一条便是心跳，是爱。没有了心跳，不再去爱，精神无疑就会迅速衰竭。我们当中有太多的人总是以自我为中心，不能或不愿意去爱。我坚信，心脏定律的第二条是付出、宽恕和牺牲。心脏是身体每一个微小细胞原的能量供给中心，而整个身体中，最强韧的部分便是心肌。
These things I know and believe, and they provide me with the foundation of what I call my humanistic philosophy of life. It works for me. I feel close to the earth with it. Yet face uplifted. The heart is closer to everlasting reality, although I am fully aware that I must not let raw emotion masquerade as a heart quality, and that the immature heart can make serious errors. The educated, matured heart is, to my belief, not only the noblest thing in man but also the great hope of the world.
我的人道主义生活哲学正是基于这些我所知道并相信的知识。它们为我所用。也正因为有它，我才感觉自己能更接近现实，昂首面对生活。我的心更接近永恒的现实，虽然我完全明白，不能将虚伪的粗俗情感当成心灵的特质，而且心灵不成熟便易于导致严重的错误。我相信，拥有良好的 教育 及成熟的心灵，不仅是人类最为高贵的品质，也是世界的伟大希望。
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学习英语可以是一个枯燥的过程，也可以是一个有趣的过程。我在此献上经典英语美文，希望对大家喜欢。
美文欣赏：没有通往幸福的路，幸福本身就是一条路
Too many people think of happiness as the ultimate goal of life. But, if you’re waiting for happiness to arrive then it’s likely that it never will!
有太多人把幸福当作人生的终极目标，但如果你只是等待幸福来敲门，幸福可能永远都不会到来!
You’re always wanting something more, always looking forward to a time when you’ll be “happy”. And, if you fall into this trap, you’ll never reach that goal. Happiness should not be your life’s goal, it should be your life! The only time to be happy is right now! It’s state of mind, not a set of accomplishments or the accumulation of material things. You must accept that life will always have challenges and things will not always go your way.
你总是期待得到更多，总是期待着你变“幸福”的那一刻。然而，如果你陷入这种思维陷阱，那你永远也达不到这个目的。幸福不该是生活的目标，它应该是生活本身!幸福唯一该存在的时刻，就是每时每刻的现在!它是一种心态，而不是一连串的成就，或者物质财富的积累。你必须要接受的是：生活中总会有挑战，事情不会总朝着你期望的方向发展。
Instead of feeling disappointed when things don’t work out the way you’d hoped, feel grateful for the experience. Instead of dreaming of a brighter, happier, richer tomorrow, make today as wonderful as you can.
事情的发展不如你所愿时不要沮丧，你要对拥有这次体验心存感激。不要幻想着明天会更美好、更幸福、更富有，要尽可能精彩地过好今天。
Happiness is a conscious decision and that I can make it right now. Thinking of the future and having aspirations is essential to leading a happy and fulfilled life. The trick is not to let thoughts of the future overshadow your enjoyment of the present and the appreciation of the things and people you have in your life right now!
幸福是我此刻就能做出的有意识的决定。思考未来、胸怀大志是幸福美满生活的基础，关键在于不要让对未来的思考掩盖当下的快乐和对现在生活中人和事的感激!
There is no way to happiness: happiness is the way!
没有通往幸福的路：幸福本身就是一条路!
Stop waiting for happiness to arrive and simply decide to be happy! It’s not some great goal or destination, it’s a journey and a way of life.
不要再等着幸福登门了，你需要做的仅仅是决定幸福地活着!这不是什么伟大的目的目标，只是生命的旅程和道路。
双语美文欣赏：善有善报，恶有恶报
A woman baked chapatti for members of her family and an extra one for a hungry passerby. She kept the extra chapatti on the window sill. Every day, a hunchback came and took away the chapatti. Instead of expressing gratitude, he muttered the following words as he went his way: “The evil you do remains with you: The good you do, comes back to you!”
一个女人给家人烤薄饼，还留出一个给饥肠辘辘的路人。她总是把留出的那个放在窗台上，每天都有一个驼背的人来拿走薄饼。他没说过一句“谢谢”，反而总是边走边咕哝着：“善有善报，恶有恶报!”
The woman felt irritated. “Not a word of gratitude,” she said to herself… “Everyday this hunchback utters this jingle! What does he mean?” One day, she decided to do away with him. She added poison to the chapatti she prepared for him!
女人很生气，她自言自语地说：“这个驼背人从没说过谢谢，却每天都重复这句话，是什么意思呀?”一天，她决定弄死他，就在为他准备的薄饼上下了毒。
As she was about to keep it on the window sill, her hands trembled. “What is this I am doing?” she said. Immediately, she threw the chapatti into the fire, prepared another one. As usual, the hunchback came, picked up the chapatti and muttered the words: “The evil you do, remains with you: The good you do, comes back to you!”
她正要把饼放在窗台上，手就开始颤抖了，她说：“我在做什么?”她马上把饼扔进了火里，重新做了一张。一切照旧，驼背人来了，拿起薄饼，咕哝着：“善有善报，恶有恶报!”
Every day, as the woman placed the chapatti on the window sill, she offered a prayer for her son who had gone to a distant place to seek his fortune.
每天女人把饼放窗台上时都为去远方赚钱的儿子祈祷。
That evening, there was a knock on the door. As she opened it, she was surprised to find her son standing in the doorway. He was hungry and weak. As he saw his mother, he said, “Mom, it’s a miracle I’m here. While I was but a mile away, I was so famished that I collapsed. I would have died, but just then an old hunchback passed by. He was kind enough to give me a whole chapatti. He said, “Your need is greater than mine!”
那天晚上，有人敲门，她打开门惊讶地发现儿子站在门口，他很饿很虚弱。一看见妈妈他就说：“妈妈，我能回来真是奇迹。离家还有一英里远的时候，我太饿了走不动了。我差点儿就死了，但就在那时一个老驼背人路过，他很善良给了我一整张饼。他说：‘你比我更需要它’。”
She remembered the poisoned chapatti that she had made that morning. Had she not burnt it in the fire, it would have been eaten by her own son!
她想起了那天早上做的有毒的饼，要不是她把饼烧了，就会被她儿子吃了!
It was then that she realized the significance of the words: “The evil you do remains with you: The good you do, comes back to you!” Do good and don’t ever stop doing good, even if it is not appreciated at that time.
那时她才意识到这句话的重要性：“善有善报，恶有恶报!”多行善举，即使当时不被人感激也要坚持下去。
双语美文：妈，我可能不听话，但这并非坏事
Mom, I Got My Attitude From You, And That’s Not A Bad Thing!
妈妈，这倔劲儿随你，而这不是一件坏事!
Dear Mom,
亲爱的妈咪，
The big question appalled and surprised parents often ask their child after a confrontational or revelatory moment is, "Where did you get this attitude from?" I know you hate to admit it, but I get much of my determined and strong-willed nature from you.
经过一阵对抗和宣泄之后，震惊的父母通常会问：“你的这种态度是哪里来的?”我知道你不乐意承认这些，但我这坚持不懈的性格，大多都是从你那里学来的。
Mom, I know it’s hard dealing with the teenage angst and the ever-changing moods that come with raising a child. But you should also marvel at the fact that I’ve made it this far, that I’m healthy and happy.
妈妈，我知道对为青春期的孩子担忧的感受不好受，也知道你的心情因为养育孩子而跌宕起伏。但你也应该惊叹于我已经成长到了这一步，而我现在健康又快乐。
When I was small, I would attend barbecues and family events and wander away from my parents. It wouldn’t be long before someone would stop me to ask whether I was my mother’s daughter.
小时候，我会在烧烤派对和家庭活动中离开父母自己到处跑。不久，总会有人拦住我问我是不是我母亲的女儿。
"Your mom is Melissa," they’d say, a warm smile on their faces. "Is that right?" I would nod, I assume, parents feel when their child talks back or defies them, I was appalled at this statement. To me, I acted nothing like you, Mom.
“你妈妈是梅丽莎，”他们会带着温暖的微笑问，“对吧?”我会点头，我想，当孩子顶撞父母的时候，父母在感情上肯定很受伤吧，我当时被这个想法震惊到了。在我看来，我和你一点都不像啊，妈妈。
No one says, "I know you’re Melissa’s daughter because of your eyes and nose" it’s the character traits that seal the deal. Dry wit, intelligence, and yes, maybe a little bit of attitude—these are the things I am grateful I have received from you. There’s nothing wrong with having attitude.
没有人会说：“我知道你是梅利莎的女儿，是因为你的眼睛和鼻子和你妈妈很像”其实，性格特点的相似才是背后的原因。我很高兴我从你那遗传了我的机智、聪明，可能还有一点倔劲儿。这样的性格没有什么不对的。
。
Like for most black individuals, attitude is what defines you and me, and it’s what keeps us from being mentally oppressed and defeated. Attitude is a non-violent form of protection and confrontation -- where would we be in the world without this tool? Surely not where we are.
像对大多数黑人一样，这倔劲儿是我们的标志，它使我们免于在精神上受到压迫和击败。态度是一种非暴力的自保与对抗，如果没有这个工具，我们的生活将是怎样?肯定没有现在这么好。
Mom, when people ask me where I get my attitude from, I tell them: you. And when they ask me where I got my drive, my work ethic, my good hair, and my sense of humor, I say you as well. I will always say this.
妈妈，当人们问我这倔劲儿是从哪来的，我会告诉他们，是从你那来的。当他们问我在哪里获得动力、职业道德、我的好发质和幽默感，我也会说是你。我会永远这样说。
When I’m asked why I am the way I am -- why I refuse to allow others to hurt me with their words or actions, why I think and speak about things openly and without fear—I’ll tell them it's because of you.
当别人问起我为什么会这样处事——我为什么不许别人用言语或者言行伤害我，为什么我可以毫无恐惧的坦然的说出我所想的事——我会告诉他们，是因为你。
I’ll complain to you about the arguments between us that leave me wondering about how God made us so much alike that we hardly even noticed.
我要跟你谈谈我们的那些冲突，它们让我很好奇上帝是如何使我们如此相像，以至于我们几乎没有注意到。
But I’ll tell them about you.
但我会跟别人说，我的优点都来自你。
Love,
爱你的
Malahni
马拉尼
学习英语可以是一个枯燥的过程，也可以是一个有趣的过程。我在此献上经典英语美文，希望对大家喜欢。
双语美文：愿得一人心，白首不分离
One warm evening many years ago…
犹记得多年前，那个让人暖心的夜晚
After spending nearly every waking minute with Angel for eight straight days, I knew that I had to tell her just one thing. So late at night, just before she fell asleep, I whispered it in her ear. She smiled – the kind of smile that makes me smile back – and she said, “When I’m seventy-five and I think about my life and what it was like to be young, I hope that I can remember this very moment.
”整整8天除了睡着其余的时间我都陪着安吉尔，酝酿已久，我想我一定要告诉她一件事。于是这天夜里，就在她刚刚睡下，我便在她耳边轻声说起来，说完她就笑了，是那种希望得到我回应的笑，接着说道：“真希望我老到75岁的时候，开始回忆，这一刻须臾会变成永恒。”
A few seconds later she closed her eyes and fell asleep. The room was peaceful – almost silent. All I could hear was the soft purr of her breathing. I stayed awake thinking about the time we’d spent together and all the choices in our lives that made this moment possible. And at some point, I realized that it didn’t matter what we’d done or where we’d gone. Nor did the future hold any significance.
很快她就闭上眼睛睡着了，整个房间祥和安静，甚至有些寂静。耳畔起伏着安吉尔轻柔的呼吸声，我清醒的回忆我们共度的这些美好时光，是冥冥之中的选择成就了我们在一起的时刻。我们做过什么，去过哪里都不重要，甚至未来也不重要。
All that mattered was the serenity of the moment.
眼下最重要的就是此刻的和谐安宁。
Just being with her and breathing with her.
只要能与她同呼吸共命运，便别无所求。
The moral: We must not allow the clock, the calendar, and external pressures to rule our lives and blind us to the fact that each individual moment of our lives is a beautiful mystery and a miracle – especially those moments we spend in the presence of a loved one.
启示：时间、日常事务、以及其他的外部压力都不能左右和束缚我们的生活，因为每个人，尤其是与心爱之人一起度过的美好时光，才是我们生命中最让人心驰神往，美妙动人的追寻。
双语美文：在逆境中学到了人生最重要的一课
Everybody has to face bad days in their life. Some face ailments, some face fears, some face poverty, some face helplessness etc etc. No one can escape from it. It is a rule of life. Two things always combines together like joy and sadness, laugh and cry, health and illness, profit and loss, morning and night, confidence and inferiority complex, victory and failure likewise good days and bad days.
每个人都会有不如意的时候，有人身体欠佳，有人面临恐惧，有人贫困不堪，有人迷惘无助，等等，没有人能够一帆风顺，直至终老。如影随形，此消彼长的事物，比如，高兴与悲伤，欢笑与哭泣，健康与疾病，获得与失去，早晨和晚上，自信与自卑，成功与失败，顺境和逆境也是如此。
You know what is the biggest advantage of bad days? You come to know GOD. What is God? What he can do? He is so friendly, understanding, loving and moreover God is the Superman he can do anything in a second. Yes true he can do anything. He is the only light in darkness. God is so merciful he always forgives and never complaint whether you ignore him many times that is why according to me God is the only best and faithful friend who never cheats.
你知道不顺的日子带给你最大的感悟是什么?就是你开始信奉神明。上帝是谁?他能够帮我做些什么?他是那么的亲切和蔼，善解人意，胸怀广博，不仅如此他就像超人瞬间排除一切障碍。是的上帝无所不能，他是黑暗中的一丝曙光。之所以上帝是人类完美的朋友，是因为他是如此坦诚布公，慈悲为怀，予取予求，不图回报，原谅世人的无数次薄情。
When bad days come a person first of all cannot understand what is going on, why me? But after sometimes he realises his strength and start doing every single thing to come out of it. And he comes out but that journey is though very painful but when you once crossed it you will find your journey very meaningful, you will feel like as your rebirth. You have totally changed your thoughts, your perception, and you can understand life better. You get the meaning of your life. In short you start becoming wise.
当不幸降临，一开始我们总会怨天尤人。但是为了摆脱困境，我们竭尽所能。当一切过去，回头来看，这段经历对你来说非比寻常，如同凤凰涅槃。而且你的思想观念都会发生翻天覆地的变化，对人生也会有更加深刻的领悟，简而言之，你会变得更加睿智。
The biggest lesson of life during bad days according to me is that a person becomes spritual and a giver which he wasn't before. Life means to creat it. First think what you want in your life then start giving the same think. This is one of the most important thing I have learnt in my life. You want love then start spreading it, you want money then start giving to needy, you want happiness then start doing all things which give happiness. Everything is in your hand you only need to give first. If don't have everything then give or share what you have. Still you feel you have nothing to share then give smile. You can't imagine that your smile can do wonder for someone. So start smiling from today onwards.
逆境给我最深的领悟是，变得更加注重精神层面，懂得给予。生命的真谛在于，遵循你的内心先去履行赋予它的意义，这是我的感悟。比如，你想要得到爱你先要懂得如何传播爱，你想要钱，你先要懂得施舍，你想要快乐，那就先做让别人快乐的事情。你想要得到就必须先付出。如果你一无所有，那么你至少可以面对他人，面带微笑。微笑的魔力超乎想象，那让我们从今天开始就坚持面带微笑吧。
The most beautiful lesson I have learnt in my life is that If you are in pain then remember one thing: time is though hard but it would be the best time of your life. You know why we have to face hard days? Did you think about it? No!!!! Ok I will tell you. We always forget two unforgettable things. First is God and second is family. Nowadays money is everything. Money is important, in fact very important but it is not a life so why to spend whole life in earning money. When will we live? What you can do now you can't do it tomorrow so don't let the day pass without enjoying.
逆境中让我感到的最美好的是，体会到上帝和家庭的重要性，这两样东西是我们平常最容易忽略的。每日碌碌只为功名利禄，钱财物质固然重要，但不是生活的唯一，活在当下，感受生活的美好安逸，不要让这些轻易的溜走。
One thing I must share with you is that if you want to grow and learn more than you know, then do whatever you want to do but beyond your comfort zone. Always try to think that I can, then nothing is impossible for you. Difficulty is in the mind not in know one thing when we accept life as it comes or we accept that everything happens for a reason or for our betterment. Believe me you will find your hard days as an adventure but you need to trust God and at the end you will find yourself a winner.
如果你们想要很好的学习成长，那么我倒有条建议，就是在你们的舒适区之外尝试任何你们想做的事情。困难只是心魔，克服它便没有什么可以阻挡你。坦然面对并接受人生的起落，不管是什么原因，亦或是让我们成为很好的自己。我保证当你回忆起这段不顺，你会发现就像经历了一场冒险，但你依然要相信上苍，最后你会发现，你自己也能成为救世主。
I hope you like it. Love you all and God bless you all with healthy wealthy long life and good destiny.
希望你们喜欢这篇鸡汤文。爱你们，上帝保佑你们都长命百岁，平顺喜乐。
美文欣赏：没有颜值又如何?同样能有精彩的活法
When I was seven years old, I would put my school book bag on both my shoulders and had it sit plumb in the middle of my back, as backpacks were made to do.
在我七岁那年，我会用双肩背书包，让它处在我背部的正中央，感觉双肩包就应该这么背。
One morning, when it was so frigid outside you could barely muster getting out of bed, my older brother joined me at the bus stop, and told me I was wearing my backpack wrong. He grabbed it, tossed it over my right shoulder with both straps on the same side and said, “There, that’s better.”
某天早晨，外面寒风萧瑟，冷到你根本不想起床，我的哥哥跟我一同在车站等车，他告诉我我的双肩包背错了。他一把抓过来，将书包和两侧的背带甩至我的右肩，然后说“看，这就好多了。”
Then he said, “You’re not pretty, so you have to try harder. OK?”
然后他说，“你不漂亮，所以你要更加努力，明白吗?”
I stayed smiling because even at a young age, I understood the importance of pretending to not have emotions. In my household, it was a matter of survival. But what he said crushed me.
我的笑容凝固了，因为即便在青少年时期，我也知道假装不露声色的重要性。在我家里，这是一种生存技能。但是他说的让我感到崩塌。
Soon thereafter, I started picking up on the signs one receives when they aren’t attractive. This was made more complicated because I had a lot of friends and people who, for the most part, liked me. I was good at sports. I had various musical talents and up until life completely fell apart at home, I was a good student. I was also a fighter so people didn’t dare make fun of me overtly, at least before growth spurts kicked in and the playing field was still even.
此后，我开始关注人们对于低颜值人的反应。这可是比较浩大的工程，因为我有许多朋友和家人，他们大部分时候还是挺喜欢我的。我擅长体育，具有各式的音乐天赋，而且直到我的家庭生活彻底支离破碎前，我也是个好学生。我同时也很好强，所以人们不太敢公然地开我玩笑。至少，在发育高峰之前，生活还是比较公平的。
Mostly, I paid for not being conventionally attractive by being ignored or not included in “moments” – the many moments attractive people experience.
很多时候，我因为没有高颜值而被人忽略或无法经历“某些时刻”——那些具有高颜值的人所经历的时刻。
Many times, I walked into a room with all of my friends and witnessed them receiving compliments – everyone except me. It’s not that people look at you say, “My god, you’re incredibly ugly. Tell me, how do you not kill yourself?” It’s how you can stand next to an attractive person and the people around you, even the unattractive ones themselves, will say, “Wow, your friend is pretty. Look at her, have you ever seen a girl so pretty?”
不知多少次我和我朋友一起走进教室然后看着她们接受别人的赞美，除了我之外每个人都有。也并非人们看着你说“天哪，你真是丑啊，你为什么还活着呢?”，而是你站在美女或帅哥旁边，人们围着你，甚至毫不起眼的人他们都会说“噢，你的朋友真漂亮。看看她，还有谁能美过她呢?”
It took me being observant and honest to see I didn’t belong. It took studying the aesthetics in photos taken by my friends and knowing something wasn’t quite right. It’s a lack of pride you know would be there if you were just prettier, or sexier. It’s that you simply know that no matter what you do, sans literal plastic surgery, you will never belong to a certain club.
我善于察言观色，而且很诚实，所以我知道我注定不合主流。我仔细研究我朋友照片中的美学，然后发现某些东西并非是真理。如果你仅仅是姿色更上一层或性感尤物，你却缺乏油然而生的自豪感。你明白无论你怎改变，除非整形，你永远不会属于高颜值的团体。
But here is where I throw you a curve ball: my being unattractive hasn’t stopped me from living the other side’s life. Most people never figure out how to navigate this world I live in. I will just tell you I rejected the rules of the beautiful, and learned how to make them work for me.
但是现在我给你一剂药方：我的不出众的相貌并不能阻止我拥有自己的生活。许多人在处于和我一样的境地时都不知道如何掌控他们自己的方向。我想告诉你的是：我打破了颜值定律并让他们变得有利于自己。
I decided I would shoot out of my league. I made friends and dated people I shouldn’t be allowed to date. I stepped over the line. I surrounded myself with individuals who are more educated, prettier or smarter than me, even in the face of people saying, quite literally, “they are out of your league.”
我决定扩展我的圈子，我和以前觉得不能交朋友的人交朋友，和以前觉得不能约的人约会。我越过了那条线，周围全是比我更有学识、更漂亮的人，甚至人们告诉我，非常实事求是的说“他们可不是你圈子里的人啊”。
I may not technically be the smartest or most beautiful person, but I run with those who are. I become by association, even a touch of such, even at a lower rank – beautiful. I buck the system.
我也许不会是最聪明最漂亮的人，但是我和这些人一同奋斗，哪怕仅有一点点提升，哪怕仍然没那么漂亮，我踢爆了这个固有的规则。
To do so, yes, means you may be painfully aware of what you are and will never be. You will be defined by what you have the nerve to aim at being. In doing so, you will challenge and question what smart is. You will not be generic, or predictable. Attractive is only what we define it to be. Don’t pigeonhole yourself so quickly. Live the life you want to live – even if you didn’t win the genetic lottery.
是的，这样做你也许会痛苦的发现自己的真想并再也不可能成为“漂亮”的人。你前进的目标将定义你自己。如此一来，你会挑战和质疑“聪慧”。你将成为个例或非等闲之辈。美丽仅仅是我们给的定义。别那么快的给自己归类，即使你没有天赋，也要活出自己的精彩。
肝癌介入治疗的现状及评价吴伯文 徐爱民 潘泽亚中国实用外科杂志 2003年12月第23卷第12期原发性肝癌（下称肝癌）是我国高发病率的恶性肿瘤之一，近年我国对肝癌的治疗取得了显著成效，特别是手术切除的疗效有了显著提高，20世纪90年代后肝癌总的术后5年生存率达％，其中小肝癌达％。但由于多数肝癌的发现均较晚或早期即有肝内播散；肝癌病人多伴较重肝硬化，肝功能异常；年龄或其他疾病的限制等，使临床肝癌有手术切除条件的不足25％，并且肝癌术后复发率也很高，对于上述这些失去手术机会或已无根治性切除条件的病人，目前临床采用以介入为主的多种非手术治疗的综合疗法得到了很大发展，取得了一定疗效，成为进一步提高肝癌疗效的重要手段。介入疗法是这些非手术疗法中疗效最显著的方法，在临床上得到广泛应用。肝癌介入疗法是在影像学方法引导下采用的局部治疗。主要包括放射性介入疗法和超声介入疗法，现将目前临床常用的介入疗法综合介绍如下。1、肝癌的放射性介入疗法放射性介入疗法用于临床已有30余年，主要方法是经肝动脉插管化疗栓塞（TACE），这一技术目前已得到广泛采用，疗效肯定，成为不能根治切除的肝癌首选的非手术治疗方法。肝癌的血供95％—99来自肝动脉系统，经肝动脉灌注化疗后，肿瘤局部药物浓度可达全身的100—400倍，增强抗肿瘤效应，而全身毒性作用明显减少；栓塞剂可阻断肿瘤血供，使瘤体严重缺血坏死，进而纤维化、缩小，有助于二期切除肿瘤；肿瘤局部坏死液化也有助于缓解肿瘤性疼痛；有研究表明，TACE也有助于刺激机体免疫效应，提高机体抗肿瘤能力。的适应证与禁忌证：适应证有以下几点。（1）不能根治性切除的肝癌，无肝功严重障碍，无门静脉主干完全阻塞；（2）肿瘤占全肝<70％；（3）术前应用可使肝肿瘤缩小后二期切除；（4）控制肿瘤疼痛，出血及动静脉瘘；（5）肝癌切除后预防性治疗。禁忌证：（1）肝功能损害，血清总胆红素及谷草或谷丙转氨酶>正常2倍，中等量腹水；（2）凝血功能明显异常，有出血倾向，WBC≤×109，血小板≤50×109；（3）门静脉癌栓广泛（左、右支）或主干阻塞（但可做TAI）；（4）显著的门静脉高压或近期内有上消化道曲张静脉破裂出血；（5）肝肿瘤占全肝70％以上（若肝功能正常可采用少量碘油分次栓塞）；（6）肝内或肝外广泛转移；（7）全身状况差或其他器官如心、脑、肺、肾等有严重疾病的病人。常用的肝动脉灌注药物有5－FU，顺铂、卡铂、丝裂霉素、表阿霉素等选其中2、3种联合应用。常用栓塞药物有碘油、明胶海绵，各种材料（包括药物，放射同位素）的微球等。放射介入治疗的并发症TACE术后常见的反应有恶心、呕吐，肝区剧痛，食欲不振，发热等，偶有胆囊炎甚至胆囊坏疽，腹膜炎；胃粘膜糜烂，溃疡，食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血以及肝或肾功能衰竭等，应严加防范。放射介入治疗的疗效及存在争议的问题经过多年大量病例的治疗实践，国内外文献公认TACE能提高病人的生活质量，延长生存期.第二军医大学长海医院与东方肝胆外科医院（1999）报道TACE14000余例次，治疗后1、3、5年生存率分别为45％－77％，17－22％，6－13％。经TACE治疗后肿瘤缩小并获得二期切除约占TACE总例数的－％，二期切除者5年生存率与小肝癌切除者相近。有少数病例经多次TACE和综合疗法治疗后肿瘤缩小、消失，有的至今已生存10－20年以上，达到了治愈的疗效。 TACE疗法目前还存在许多缺点和难点影响其疗效。（1）合并门静脉癌栓病人的治疗问题。肝癌合并门静脉癌栓者可达－％，对这类病人如放弃治疗，其生存期仅有3－6个月，因此目前对门静脉分支癌栓的病例行TACE是国内外文献中的一致共识。对于门静脉主干有癌栓是否宜做TACE治疗，目前有不同意见，国内相当多的作者持否定意见。第二军医大学长海医院及东方肝胆外科医院经10000余例TACE治疗的观察、研究，门静脉主干癌栓一般并不会使门静脉血供完全阻断，即使完全阻断，周围也已形成许多迂曲的小静脉进肝，这些侧支循环在TACE术后仍可维持肝血供。Ralls发现即使同一病人，门静脉的向肝血流也不是恒定不变的，当肝动脉血流被阻断时，门静脉离肝血流会变为向肝血流以满足肝脏供血的需要；此外肝脏还可从门静脉血中提取高比率的氧以提高对门静脉循环的更有效利用，这些都说明肝脏具有防范缺血坏死的能力。所以我们认为，肝功能良好的门静脉癌栓病人，一般能够安全渡过TACE术后的危险。也有人提出经门静脉穿刺注射IL-2联合TACE治疗肝癌合并门静脉癌栓，可提高病人的疗效。（2）对于能手术切除的肝癌术前是否行TACE，目前存在不同意见。多数作者认为，可一期根治性切除的肝癌，不作术前TACE，特别是直径＜5cm的单个肿瘤。对较大肿瘤（＞10cm）无包膜，边界不清，又贴近肝内大血管；周边有子灶或多结节的肝癌，这样的肿瘤难以做到根治性切除，相反，经手术刺激后极易在短期内复发并且较术前增长扩散的更快，也会促发肝外转移，对此类肿瘤宜术前行TACE，若肿瘤明显缩小，周边子灶坏死，肿瘤周边形成炎性包膜，使边界变得清楚，可再行二期切除，其5年生存率达，疗效近似于小肝癌切除，远较一期姑息性切除为好。若经TACE治疗后，肿瘤并未缩小，仍未达到根治性切除的条件，我们认为继续做综合性地非手术治疗仍比勉强行姑息手术切除的生存期要长。（3）肝癌切除术后有选择性的行预防性TACE是提高肝癌疗效的重要手段。术后行TACE其主要作用是经DSA证实有无术后残存微小癌灶并可进一步杀灭。有报道对高危复发病例（肿瘤无包膜，有卫星结节，未达到根治切除标准，增殖细胞核抗原PCNA高指数或p53表达强阳性）术后辅加TACE治疗的前瞻性对照研究提示，术后TACE组和单纯根治性切除组相比，前组肝内复发率从％降至％，4年生存率从％提高到％，提高了疗效。（4）影响TACE疗效的因素。近年有学者进行前瞻性随机对照研究认为，TACE确有杀灭肿瘤，提高中晚期肝癌疗效的一面，但有相当多的病例也显示了该疗法的局限性，甚至表现出疗效更差的一面。研究表明经TACE治疗后，虽有73％的肝癌病人50％以上的肿瘤组织出现坏死，但仅有5％是完全坏死，而残存的癌细胞会具有或产生更强的增殖和侵袭能力，如有的病例TACE后短期内，病人肝内出现多处或弥漫性播散灶，有的出现肺内多发转移灶等。此外肝癌结节周围区域及包膜为门静脉供血，TACE后，肿瘤周边或包膜下常有存活的癌细胞，加之周围侧支血供很快建立，残留癌组织很快增殖；肝癌病人多伴肝硬化、门静脉高压等，TACE术后，绝大多数病人出现肝功能损害，其中有的发生上消化道大出血、肝功能衰竭等严重并发症，多次TACE治疗后，会导致肝萎缩和严重肝功能失代偿，进而更加剧了病情的恶化。也有报道认为TACE不能阻止经门静脉癌栓导致的肝内转移并使药物栓塞不完全甚至促进肝内播散转移等；此外，肿瘤大小，肿瘤的血供以及肝功能状况等均是影响TACE疗效的因素。 如何进一步提高TACE的疗效鉴于上述影响TACE疗效的诸多因素，目前临床除改进操作方法外，多采用以TACE为主的综合疗法以提高疗效。如采用微导丝精细超选插入荷瘤肝段乃至肝亚段或末梢的肿瘤供养动脉，使肿瘤在高浓度化疗药物作用下，大剂量栓塞剂最大程度栓塞血管，可使肿瘤完全坏死；若存在肿瘤血管的动脉-门静脉瘘，栓塞剂又可进入门静脉支内，使荷瘤动脉、门静脉支的供血被阻断，导致肿瘤完全坏死，同时最大限度保护肝组织；此外重视对寄生血管的处理等都是提高TACE疗效的措施。近年国内有报道TACE经肝动脉置管注入放射性同位素，在化疗栓塞基础上加内照射治疗肝癌，3、5年生存率提高到74％和56％。自Kan等提出肝癌存在双重供血后，临床研究行肝动脉与门静脉双重化疗的报道增多。有报道肝动脉及门静脉双化疗加瘤内注射碘油、乙醇治疗肝癌，治疗后2年生存率可从21％提高至％。也有研究采用球囊导管暂时阻断瘤段肝静脉，同时行超选择性TACE，其疗效明显高于单纯TACE组。但这一新技术开展时间短，病例少，尚难评价。此外，大剂量碘油栓塞法，高温碘油热栓塞或加入中药（华蟾素、喜树硷等）TACE疗法，或TACE后结合放疗、无水乙醇注射、微波固化或射频消融等联合疗法，同时结合免疫，中药等进行综合治疗可进一步提高对肝癌的疗效。2、肝癌的超声介入疗法由于各种原因，如肝功能异常，其他严重疾病影响，肿瘤部位、大小等因素，暂不能采用手术治疗的肝癌，可在B超引导下，对肝癌行局部治疗，包括瘤内药物注射、微波固化、射频消融、氩氦刀局部冷冻等，近年该疗法国内外开展较多，进展很快。 经皮穿刺瘤内药物注射注射药物包括无水乙醇、醋酸、高热蒸馏水或盐水等，其中瘤内无水乙醇注射（PEI）治疗肝癌，方法简便、安全、适应证广、疗效好等受到临床重视，应用最普遍。第二军医大学东方肝胆外科医院，总结2000例肝癌病人，31000次PEI治疗，肿瘤坏死缩小率可达％，肿瘤直径＜3cm的2、3、5年生存率达85％、80％和55％，疗效不亚于手术根治性切除。＞5cm者2、3年生存率也达到％和15％，延长了病人生存期；作者认为如能联合TACE等多种疗法综合治疗，可进一步提高疗效。15-50％的醋酸瘤内注射，较PEI有更强的组织渗透力，浸润范围更大，对瘤组织破坏比PEI大1倍以上，其注射药量及次数比PEI减少。Dodd等研究报道，醋酸治疗小肝癌，3、5年生存率可达79％和49％，完全可取代手术切除。近年，高温蒸馏水（PHDI）或盐水瘤内注射疗法国内外也始有报道，疗效与PEI相仿，但其副反应极少，安全性高。有报道经PHDI治疗，肿瘤坏死率达％（56／69），认为对直径≤6cm的肝癌疗效优于PEI。然而，由于注射量大，瘤内压力高，能否引起肿瘤扩散等并发症及疗效如何，尚待大宗病例观察。 射频消融（RF）治疗这是一种微创治疗肝癌的新技术，近年国内外文献报道较多，疗效较肯定。Rossi等报道39例癌结节直径＜4cm的小肝癌和11例转移性肝癌经射频治疗后，前者中位生存期44个月，在平均约个月的随访中，局部复发率＜10％。该组原发性肝癌的1、3、5年生存率分别为94％、68％、40％。第二军医大学东方肝胆外科医院（2001）报道100例肝癌经RF治疗，63例＜5cm的肝癌治疗后总有效率达％，瘤体完全凝固坏死率达％，其中59例生存1年以上（仍随访中）。认为RF对小肝癌治疗可达到与手术根治切除同样的疗效。国内另一组报道也认为RF对直径≤3cm的肝癌，其组织坏死率可达90－100％，疗效好，延长生存期。此疗法适用于肝功能差、年老或不宜手术治疗；或肿瘤位于肝中央，肝门区；或手术困难的复发性肝癌（＜5cm，尤其是＜3cm）的病例；无手术指征的大肝癌也可试用，配合TACE综合治疗可提高疗效。虽然+,疗法有安全、适应证广、疗效可靠等优点，但也应注意穿刺出血、脓肿形成、邻近脏器损伤、穿孔等并发症，对有黄疸、腹水、凝血功能障碍、肿块巨大，与胆道关系密切的肿瘤应视为禁忌。 微波固化（MCT）治疗通过微波热效应，使肿瘤组织加温至50℃以上，致瘤组织凝固坏死。此疗法国内外已经应用多年，取得显著疗效。SATO报道应用MCT治疗19例不能切除的肝癌（直径5-9cm），31个病灶中，28例完全消融获得根治，2例长期存活，10例无瘤生存10－64个月，3例带瘤生存17－22个月，疗效满意。国内一组报道27例直径＜3cm的44个肝癌结节，经MCT治疗后，肿瘤完全消融率％，1、2、3年生存率为％、％和％，显示MCT对肿瘤的疗效满意，特别对那些因肝硬化重，肝功能异常，或肿瘤位置特殊，手术风险大或要切除大块肝组织的小肝癌，MCT无疑是一种简便、安全、经济、疗效好的方法。也有报道此疗法可导致肝功能衰竭、出血，周围脏器特别是胆道等损伤等并发症，应注意适应证选择和细致的操作。 氩氦刀靶向冷冻损毁术冷冻技术治疗肝癌，在国内外已开展多年，获得一定疗效。氩氦刀冷冻损毁术是近年临床开展的冷冻治疗新技术，氩氦刀通过4或8个能单独或组合应用的热绝缘超导刀，插入肝肿瘤组织内，由于超导刀为中空，当输出高压氩气，藉氩气在刀尖急速膨胀作用，使刀尖区域在1min内降温至－140℃，肿瘤组织呈冰球状，冷冻15－20min，肿瘤低温坏死。理想的治疗是，B超下可见冰球超过肿瘤范围1cm以上。冷冻结束后开启氦气加温系统，使刀尖温度回升，病变区在数分钟内解冻并升至20－45℃，化冻过程冰球膨胀爆裂，对瘤组织也能造成严重损伤，然后再重复以上循环。这一疗法适应证是：（1）病人一般状况好，无其它重要疾病；（2）肝功能正常或轻度异常，Child A或B；（3）3个以内肿瘤，肿瘤直径＜5cm；（4）由于某种原因不能行手术或其它疗法疗效差的病人。对于较大肿瘤可以逐次试用多根超导刀，或术中多点穿刺治疗，术后与TACE等治疗结合仍能获得好的疗效。开腹行氩氦刀治疗时，因在直视下操作，可采用5-8cm大直径超导刀，多点穿刺，对半肝以内较大肿瘤也可采用此疗法。国外作者报道转移性肝癌行冷冻治疗较多，国外作者报道123例肝转移癌，治疗后5年生存率达44％，5年无瘤生存率为30％，10年生存率19％，疗效显著。对于＞5cm的大肝癌，配合TACE治疗仍有相当的治愈率，明显延长病人生存期。作者研究，病人术后CD3+、CA4+、CD8+及NK细胞等多种免疫指标均有明显上升，提示该治疗可激发机体免疫功能增强抗肿瘤效应。上海东方肝胆外科医院行氩氦刀治疗31例肝癌（原发21例，转移10例），肝癌直径≤5cm，治疗后AFP转阴率达80％，CT、MRI复查示肿瘤完全坏死率为％。由于该疗法创伤小，恢复快，不影响机体免疫功能，常可获得良好的疗效，目前国内逐渐开展这一新技术。并发症有针道或肝包膜出血，上消化道大出血，邻近器官损伤，血红蛋白尿甚至导致肾功能不全等。对较大肿瘤的治疗，术中需输液加温或铺电热毯加温，防止冷休克；术后行碱化尿液、利尿等保护肾脏等治疗。 如何上传文件？？
医学外科论文
随着外科医学技术的不断发展、医学知识的不断更新及患者对医疗服务要求的不断增强,培养基本功扎实、职业素质过硬的医学生已经成为了外科教育的重要目标。下面是我为大家整理的医学外科论文，供大家参考。
摘要： 目的：探讨微课字外科护理实验教学中的应用。
方法：选取20XX年2月至2014年度7月咸宁职业教育学校学习的20XX级护理专业学生70名，随机分为对照组和观察组，每组各35人。对照组学生接受常规实验教学模式学习，观察组则在此基础上进行微课教学模式，比较两组教学模式下学生的实验成绩考核水平，以及对教学效果个人评价的差异。结果：经过一个学期的实验授课，观察组护生的各项实验考核成绩明显高于对照组，差异符合统计学意义(P<),同时观察组护生对教学评价也明显优于对照组，对教学模式满意程度较高，差异具有统计学意义(P<)。结论：微课在学校外科护理实验教学中具有较好的应用效果，可显著提高护生对教学课程的理解，激发学习兴趣，利于提高学生专业基础护理操作水平，并且学生对教学模式的评价更高，值得在学校外科护理实验教学中广泛应用。
关键词： 微课;外科护理;实验教学;
一、引言
外科护理实验教学作为护生在进入临床实习前的一门必修课程，是指导学生对基本操作熟悉以及掌握的关键环节。常规实验教学模式下，由于时间较紧，学生往往难以实现单向操作的熟练掌握，因此加强实践教学力度，提升教学质量显得尤为重要。有研究表明，引入微课教学，可有效提高护理实验教学效率，促进学生的专业水平的提升[1]。为进一步探究微课教学在外科护理实验教学中的的应用价值，选取咸宁职业教育学校的70名同年级护生进行研究，就不同教学模式的效果报道如下。
二、材料和方法
第一，一般资料。选择2015年2月至2015年7月在咸宁职业教育学校进行进行外科护理实验技术操作学习的70名护生为研究对象。随机均分成两组，对照组35名，其中男性6名，女性29名，年龄在20-23岁，平均年龄±岁。观察组35名，其中男性5名，女性30名，年龄在19-23岁，平均年龄±岁。对照组接受常规实验教学模式，观察组在常规教学基础上引入微课教学。每组均配置两名教学经验丰富的教师指导学生学习。两组学生在一般资料上比较差异均无统计学意义(P>)，故有可比性。第二，方法。对照组采用常规教学方式，即根据课程安排由教师讲解示范，并在学生学习操作过程中进行指导。观察组在常规教学基础上引入微课教学，即在教材中副带讲解相应知识的视频，并提供常见操作问题示范事例的视频录像演示，以及各项操作中的主要注意事项以及细节处理的关键。同时构建校园网络课程，观察组护生在课余时间均可登录此平台进行相应视频的观看，并进行教学点评和意见反馈。授课教师适时在平台为学生进行答疑，解释学生的困惑，学生也可将教学视频通过下载至手机等移动设备进行随时观看[2]。第三，观察指标。其一，根据学生在各项实验考核中的成绩评价教学效果，基础操作考试包括导尿术、肌肉注射、静脉注射以及心肺复苏四项。其二，根据两组学生对实验教学的授课的满意度反馈性评价结果，以教学方式是否利于激发学习兴趣、提高专业知识掌握以及促进学习效率并结合课程学习的`个人评价的问卷调查，分为非常满意、满意、不满意。第四，统计学方法。选择进行数据统计，计量资料以x±s表示，计数资料采用χ2检验，计量资料采用t检验;P<为有统计学意义。
三、结果
第一，通过对两组护生的最终实验操作课程考核，可以发现观察组经微课学习后在导尿术、肌肉注射、静脉输液以及心肺复苏等各项考核成绩均明显优于对照组，差异均符合统计学意义(P<)。第二，通过两组学生对教学满意度的评价，可以发现，微课教学在外科护理教学中学生的满意度明显高于对照组经常规实验教学模式，差异符合统计学意义(P<)。
四、讨论
微课教学观念最初是由美国提出，并逐渐推广到全球高校教学中，通过引导学生在线以及移动学习，实现实验教学水平的全面提升[3]。由于微课视频具有小而精的特点，在较短的视频中简明扼要的抓住教学的关键点，利于学生掌握和记忆关键的操作步骤，同时因其可在移动终端播放，越来越受到现代的学生青睐，提高了学生的学习积极性。传统的课堂授课模式下，对于一些性格较为腼腆的学生而言，不敢上课提问，以及发表个人看法，往往容易错失老师指导的机会，不利于后续学习。通过构建人性化的网络平台，微课提供了较为便捷的师生互动渠道，有利于师生间学术的交流，促进学术的交流[4]。本次研究通过从不同实验教学模式在学生外科护理的教学效果观察，可以发现从实验基础操作考核中，观察组经微课辅助教学的导尿术、肌肉注射等各项考核成绩均显著优于对照组，差异符合统计学意义(P<)，同时观察组护生对教学的满意度()也显著优于于对照组()，学生认同度较高，差异符合统计学意义(P<)。
五、结束语
综上所述，在高校外科护理实验教学中辅以微课教学，可有效提高学生的实现操作考核成绩，并有利于提高学生的学习兴趣以及自主学习能力，为今后的临床工作打下结实的基础，同时护生对教学满意度较高，增进了学生与教师的沟通交流，值得推广应用。
参考文献：
[1]梁乐明,曹俏俏,张宝辉.微课程设计模式研究-基于国内外微课程的对比分析[J].开放教育研究,2013,19(1);65-72.
[2]罗文平,赵惠,刘海波,等.手术病人护理微视频在高职外科护理教学中的应用效果研究[J].护理研究,2015,29(2):616-617.
[3]李德伟,孙红梅,任恩发.浅谈微课在人体解剖学实验教学中的应用[J].中国临床解剖学杂志,2013,31(4):134-135.
[4]黄晓鹂,李树民.基于翻转课堂的医学信息检索教学模式构建[J].中华医学图书情报杂志,2013,22(11):33-36.
英美文学经典作品是英语语言学习中的一个非常重要的组成部分。下面是我带来的优美的英文段落带翻译，欢迎阅读!
优美的英文段落带翻译精选
信心成就一切
Nothing succeeds lacks confidence. When you are truly and justifiably confident, it radiates from you like sunlight, and attracts success to you like a magnet. It's important to believe in yourself. Believe that you can do it under any circumstances, because if you believe you can, then you really belief keeps you searching for answers, which means that pretty soon you will get them. Confidence is more than an attitude. It comes from knowing exactly where you are going and exactly how you are going to get there. It comes from acting with integrity and confidence. It comes from a strong sense of purpose. It comes from a strong commitment to take responsibility, rather than just letting life happen. One way to develop self-confidence is to do the thing you fear and to get a record of successful experiences behind you. Confidence is compassionate and understanding. It is not arrogant. Arrogance is born out of fear and insecurity, while confidence comes from strength and integrity. Confidence is not just believing you can do it. Confidence is knowing you can do that you are capable of accomplishing anything you want,and live your life with confidence. Anything can be achieved through focused, determined effort and self-confidence. If your life is not what you want it to be,you have the power to change it,and you must make the changes on a moment by moment basis. Live your priorities. Live with your goals and your plan of action. Live each moment with your priorities in mind. Act with your own purpose, and you will have the life you want.
信心成就一切，当你真正自信时，它就像灿烂的阳光一样从你身上散发出来，就像磁铁一样将成功吸引到你身上。 相信自己非常重要。要相信自己无论在任何情况下都会成功。因为如果你相信你能做到，那么你就真的会做到。这种信念促使你不断的去寻找答案，而不断的探索就意味着你很快就会找到答案。 信心不只是一种态度，它来源于你确切地知道自己要去干什么并且确切地知道怎么去干。它来源于正直和自信地去行动。它来源于强烈的目标感。它来源于强烈地勇于承担责任的许诺，而不是让生命放任自流。 培养自信的一种 方法 是去做你害怕做的事情，并将它做成功。 信心是富有同情心和善解人意的。它一点都不傲慢自大。傲慢是由于害怕和缺乏安全感才产生的，而信心则出于坚强的决心和诚实正直。 信心并不是仅仅认为你可能会成功，而是确信你一定能成功。确信你有能力实现自己的愿望，并充满信心的生活着。 如果你足够专心、坚决和自信，那么任何事都能做成。如果生活不像你预想的那样，你有力量去改变它，并且你必须一步一步的去实现这些改变。铭记你生命中最重要的事情。有目标并且有计划的去生活。为你的目标而奋斗，你就会拥有自己想要的生活。
优美的英文段落带翻译欣赏
The Old Farmer
An old farmer had spend all his life on his farm in the countryside, far from the city. One day, he dicided to visit the big city. Everything was new and strange to him, because this was the first time he had traveled to the city. He went into a large hotel and saw an elevator. As he watched, an old lady got into the elevator and closed the door. After a while, the door opened again and a very pretty young girl came out. The old farmer was amazed. “What an incredible little room! ” he said to himself. “It’s magic! It can change an old woman into a young girl. The next time I come here, I’m going to bring my wife along. ”
一个老农民一辈子住在远离城市的乡下农场里。有一天他决定到大城市里去观光。他觉得城市里的一切又新鲜，又奇特，因为这是他第一次到城市去旅行。他走进一家大旅馆，看见那里的电梯。当他瞧着的时候，一位老太太走进电梯关上了门。过了一会儿，门开了，一位年轻美貌的姑娘从电梯里走了出来。老农民惊呆了。“这真是一个不可思议的小房间啊!”他自言自语地说：“这简直是 魔术 !它能把一个老太太变成年轻姑娘。下次我再来的时候，我要带我的老婆一起来。”
优美的英文段落带翻译大全
Reading Makes a Full Man
We see that the real factor by which a “full man” is made is neither education nor experience; it is reading. By reading scientific treatises, we are informed of many facts; by reading geography, we know the earth’s surface, forms, physical features etc.; by reading history, we are told of the growth of nations.
With eyes we can see; with ears we can hear. But at a distance, small objects can hardly be distinguished by naked eyes, and ordinary sounds are not audible to our ears without a transmiter. It is by reading that we can know many things without actually seeing or hearing them. Besides, a fair knowledge of what the world is thinking and doing can only be acquired by reading newspapers and magazines.
Therefore, no matter how advanced our education may be, or how much experience we may have, we cannot become “full man” unless we keep on reading.
我们知道造就一个“完人”的真正因素既不是 教育 也不是 经验 ，而是读书。通过阅读科学论文，我们能知道许多事实;通过阅读地理，我们知道地球的表面、形状和物理特征等。通过阅读历史，我们了解到了国家的发展历程。
我们能用眼睛看，用耳朵听。但在一定距离，靠肉眼就难于辨认小的事物，没有传话筒我们就听不见一般的声音。只有通过读书，我们才能知道许多不是我们耳闻目睹的事。而且，关于世界上正在思考和正在做的事情的很多知识，我们只能通过阅读报纸和杂志来获得。
所以，不管我们所受的教育程度多高，也不管我们有多少经验，我们都不可能因此而成为“完人”。除非我们不断地读书。
优美的英文段落带翻译汇总
Happiness Is Your Own Choice
Most of us compare ourselves with anyone we think is happier — a relative, someone we know a lot, or someone we hardly know. As a result, what we do remember is anything that makes the others happy, anything that makes ourselves unhappy, totally forgetting that there is something happy in our own life.
So the best way to destory happiness is to look at something and focus on even the smallest flaw. It is the smallest flaw that would make us complain. And it is the complain that leads to us becoming unhappy.
If one chooses to be happy, he will be blessed; if he chooses to be unhappy, he will be cursed. Happiness is just what you think will make you happy.
我们大多数人都喜欢跟我们的亲戚、熟识的朋友或不怎么了解的人进行比较，总认为他们比我们快乐。结果呢，我们确确实实记住了令他人快乐的事，扎扎实实记住了使自己不快乐的事，完完全全忘记了我们自己生活中也有快乐的一面。
所以，毁灭快乐的最好方法是眼睛盯着某物并把注意力集中到最微不足道的缺点上。引起我们抱怨的，就是这些微不足道的缺点;而导致我们不快乐的，正是这些抱怨。
如果你选择快乐，你将得到祝福;如果你选择痛苦，你就会受到诅咒。那么，如果你选择快乐，你就快乐。
文艺复兴时期,欧洲产生了唯美主义的这种思想流派,这种思想流派随着时间的推移发生了演变,现在这种唯美主义的手法已经应用到各个领域。下面是我带来的唯美全英文 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
唯美全英文文章带翻译1
A Winter Walk冬日漫步
-by Henry David Thoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗
本文节选自梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》，译者为夏济安。一直以来，我都认为冬天是沉闷而萧索的，人也会因为冬天的毫无生机而慵懒。但是梭罗笔下瓦尔登湖边的冬天却是另一番景致。字里行间，感受到的是一个充满活力的冬天。
The wind has gently murmured through the binds,or puffed with feathery softness against the windows, and occasionally sighed like a summer zephyr lifting the leaves along, the livelong night. The meadow mouse has slept in his snug gallery in the sod, the owl has sat in a hollow tree in the depth of the swamp, the rabbit, the squirrel, and the fox have all been housed. The watch-dog has lain quiet on the hearth, and the cattle have stood silent in their earth itself has slept, as it were its first, not its last sleep,save when some street-sign or wood-house door has faintly creaked upon its hinge, cheering forlorn nature at her midnight work, - the only sound awake twixt Venus and Mars, - advertising us of a remote inward warmth, a divine cheer and fellowship, where gods are met together, but where it is very bleak for men to stand. But while the earth has slumbered, all the air has been alive with feathery flakes descending, as if some northern Ceres reigned, showering her silvery grain over all the fields.
风轻轻地低声吹着，吹过百叶窗，吹在窗上，轻软得好像羽毛一般;有时候数声叹息，几乎叫人想起夏季长夜漫漫和风吹动树叶的声音。田鼠已经舒舒服服地在地底下的楼房中睡着了，猫头鹰安坐在沼地深处一棵空心树里面，兔子、松鼠、狐狸都躲在家里安居不动。看家的狗在火炉旁边安静地躺着，牛羊在栏圈里一声不响地站着。大地也睡着了——这不是长眠，这似乎是它辛勤一年以来的第一次安然入睡。时虽半夜，大自然还是不断地忙着，只有街上商店招牌或是木屋的门轴上，偶然轻轻地发出叽格的声音，给寂寥的大自然添一些慰藉。茫茫宇宙，在金星和火星之间，只有这些声音表示天地万物还没有全体入睡——我们想起了远处(就在心里头吧?)还有温暖，还有神圣的欢欣和友朋相聚之乐;可是这种境界是天神们互相往来时才能领略，凡人是不胜其荒凉的。天地现在是睡着了，可是空气中还是充满了生机，鹅毛片片，不断落下，好像有一个北方的五谷女神，正在我们的田亩上撒下无数银色的谷种。
We sleep, and at length awake to the still reality of a winter morning. The snow lies warm as cotton or down upon the window-sill; the broadened sash and frosted panes admit a dim and private light, which enhances the snug cheer within. The stillness of the morning is impressive. The floor creaks under our feet as we move toward the window to look abroad through some clear space over the see the roofs stand under their snow burden. From the eaves and fences hang stalactites of snow, and in the yard stand stalagmites covering some concealed core. The trees and shrubs rear white arms to the sky on every side;and where were walls and fences, we see fantastic forms stretching in frolic gambols. across the dusky landscape, as if Nature had strewn her fresh designs over the fields by night
as models for man's art.
我们也睡着了，一觉醒来，正是冬天的早晨。万籁无声，雪厚厚的堆着，窗槛上像是铺了温暖的棉花;窗格子显得加宽了，玻璃上结了冰纹，光线暗淡而静，更加强了屋内的舒适愉快的感觉。早晨的安静，似乎静在骨子里，我们走到窗口，挑了一处没有冰霜封住的地方，眺望田野的景色;可是我们单是走这几步路，脚下的地板已经在吱吱地响。窗外一幢幢的房子都是白雪盖顶;屋檐下、篱笆上都累累地挂满了雪条;院子里像石笋似站了很多雪柱，雪里藏的是什么东西，我们却看不出来。大树小树四面八方地伸出白色的手臂，指向天空;本来是墙壁篱笆的地方，形状更是奇怪，在昏暗的大地上面，它们向左右延伸，如跳如跃，似乎大自然一夜之间，把田野风景重新设计过，好让人间的画师来临摹。
唯美全英文文章带翻译2
Life is like a Journey人生如旅程
人生就是一段旅程，人在地上也不过是寄居的，这世上所有的一切都会过去，然而就是在这个旅程中，人们可以去学习很多很多的东西，去寻找那具有永恒价值的意义之所在。
Life comes in a package. This package includes happiness and sorrow, failure and success, hope and despair. Life is a learning process. Experiences in life teach us new lessons and make us a better person. With each passing day we learn to handle various situations.
人生好似一个包裹。在这个包裹里藏着快乐与悲伤、成功与失败，希望与绝望。人生也是一个学习的过程。生活中的经历教给了我们全新的课程，使我们成为更好的人。伴随着每一天的过去，我们学会了处理各种各样的问题。
Love爱
Love plays a pivotal role in our life. Love makes you feel wanted. Without love a person could go haywire and also become cruel and ferocious. In the early stage of our life, our parents are the ones who showed us with unconditional love and care, they teach us about what is right and wrong, good and bad. But we always tend to take this for granted. It is only after marriage and having kids that a person understands and becomes sensitive to others feelings. Kids make a person responsible and mature and help us to understand life better.
爱在我们的生活中扮演了一个关键的角色。爱使你感觉到被需要。没有爱，一个人将走向不归路，变得凶暴、残忍。在我们最初的人生道路上，我们的父母给予了我们无条件的关爱，他们教会了我们判断正确与错误、好与坏。然而我们常常把这以为是理所当然的，只有等到我们结了婚并且有了孩子之后，一个人才会懂得并注意别人的感受。孩子让我们变得富有责任心、变得成熟稳重，并且更好地理解人生。
Happiness and Sorrow快乐与悲伤
Materialistic happiness is short-lived, but happiness achieved by bringing a smile on others' face gives a certain level of fulfillment. Peace of mind is the main link to happiness. No mind is happy without peace. We realize the true worth of happiness when we are in sorrow. Sorrow is basically due to death of a loved one, failure and despair. But these things are temporary and pass away.
物质上的快乐往往是短暂的，然而，当你给予他人一个微笑的时候，所带来的满足却是无与伦比的。心灵的平静往往是快乐的源泉。没有平和的心态就没有快乐的心情。在伤心的时候，我们往往才能够体会到快乐的真谛。悲伤基本上都来自于所爱之人的去世、失败还有绝望，但是这样的事情都是暂时的，总会过去的。
Failure and Success失败与成功
Failure is the path to success. It helps us to touch the sky, teaches us to survive and shows us a specific way. Success brings in money, fame, pride and self-respect. Here it becomes very important to keep our head on our shoulder. The only way to show our gratitude to God for bestowing success on us is by being humble, modest, courteous and respectful to the less fortunate ones.
失败是成功之母。它让我们触及蓝天，教会我们如何生存，给予我们一条特殊的路。成功给我们带来了金钱、名誉、骄傲和自尊。这里，保持头脑清醒便显得尤为重要。感谢上帝所赐下的成功的唯一方式便是始终谦卑、柔和、礼貌并且尊重没有我们幸运的人们。
Hope and Despair希望与绝望
Hope is what keeps life going. Parents always hope their children will do well. Hope makes us dream. Hope builds in patience. Life teaches us not to despair even in the darkest hour, because after every night there is a day. Nothing remains the same, we have only one choice -keep moving on in life and be hopeful.
希望是人生动力之源。父母总是希望自己的孩子能够做得很好。希望我们有梦想。希望我们变得有耐心。人生教会我们即使是在最困难的时候都不要绝望，因为黑暗之后终将是黎明。没有什么事情是一成不变的，我们只有一个选择一就是充满希望地继续生活。
Life teaches us not to regret over yesterday, for it has passed and is beyond our control. Tomorrow is unknown, for it could either be bright or dull. So the only alternative is work hard today, so that we will enjoy a better tomorrow.
人生教会我们不要对过去的事情感到后悔，因为过去的终究是过去了并且我们已无法更改。明天是个未知数，因为它可以是光明的同样也可以是无趣的。所以，唯一的选择便是在今天努力工作，这样我们才能去享受更美好的明天。
唯美全英文文章带翻译3
Breaking Habit打破习惯
-By Walter Pater沃尔特.佩特
习惯是一种顽强的巨大的力量，它可以主宰人生。可见，习惯对于每个人的一生都有着巨大的意义和影响。
To burn always with this hard, gem-like flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in life. In a sense it might even be said that our failure is to form habits: for, after all, habit is relative to a stereotyped world, and meantime it is only the roughness of the dye that makes any two persons, things, situations, seem alike, While all melts under our feet, we may well grasp at any exquisite passion, or any contribution to knowledge that seems by a lifted horizon to set the spirit free for a moment, or any stirring of the senses, strange dyes, strange colors, and curious odors, or work of the artist's hands, or the face of one's friend.
闪耀着宝石般的光焰炽烈地燃烧，并且不断保持着这种亢奋的精神状态，乃是生命的胜利。在某种意义上，甚至可以说：一旦形成某种习惯，即意味着自己的失败。因为，归根结底，习惯总附于一个定了型的事态，而在粗疏的眼光下，两个人、两件事、两种情境常常会被看得彼此相似。只有当一切在我们脚下熔化，我们才能看清种种强烈的激情，种种似乎能提高人的眼界、使人精神豁然开朗的知识进步，种种感官的刺激，例如奇色异彩，奇香异味，以及艺术家的匠艺，或者自己某位朋友的面容。
Not to discriminate every moment some passionate attitude in those about us, and in the very brilliancy of their gifts some tragic dividing of forces on their ways, is, on this short day of frost and sun, to sleep before evening. With this sense of the splendor of our experience and of its awful brevity, gathering all we are into one desperate effort to see and touch. we shall hardly have time to make theories about the things we see and touch.
我们与周围的人们相处，在任何时刻，如果一点看不出某种受激情支配的姿态，从人们的光辉才华中竟然看不出某种力量分配方面的悲剧，那么，在我们这既有冰霜、又有阳光的短暂时日中，就意味着不待黄昏来临便昏昏睡去。感到了人生 经验 的五色缤纷及倏忽无常，我们拼出全部力气进行观察和接触，哪里还有时间去为自己观察和接触到的事物制订出一套一套的理论?
What we have to do is to be for ever curiously testing new opinions and courting new impressions, never in a facile acquiesce of orthodoxy Comet, or of Hegel, or of our own . Philosophical theories or ideas, as points of view, instruments of criticism, may help us to gather up what might otherwise pass unrecorded by us. "Philosophy is the microscope of thought".
我们必须做的，是要不断地检验新的意见、博取新的印象，而无论如何不能轻易接受不管是康德、黑格尔或是我们自己的什么泛泛的正统学说。哲学理论、哲学概念，作为立论观点、批评工具，可以帮助我们把那些可能习焉不察、轻轻放过的事物进行搜集、纳入限底。因为，“哲学是思想的显微镜”。
在生命中总会想起那样一个时刻，守望着温柔的九月，阅读着一些优美的英文的 散文 。下面是有优美英文散文带翻译，欢迎参阅。 优美英文散文带翻译：你点燃我的生命 是你，点燃了我的生命 You Light up My Life 善待，每一个和我们结缘的人;珍惜，我们身边的每一个朋友;爱，生命中，每一个和我们结缘的人。茫茫的人海中，相识，其实，就是缘份……感觉，奥修所说的，也许是一种纯净、超越世俗和男女，充满神性和佛性的博爱，弥发，一种禅性和机锋，而我，却好像永远，都，无法参透…… Be good to every one who becomes attached to us; cherish every friend who is by our side; love every one who walks into our life. It must be fate to get acquainted in a huge crowd of people...I feel, the love that Osho talks about, maybe is a kind of pure love beyond the mundane world, which is full of divinity and caritas, and overflows with Buddhist allegorical words and gestures, but, it seems that I cannot see through its true meaning forever... 也许，我并不只是"接受";而是，因为那种爱，让我，情不自禁、无法抗拒、不能拒绝……知道吗，是你，点燃了我的生命!而我，固执的相信，这种情感，在我的生命中，只有一次。因为爱，我们，不再孤单;因为思念，品尝，更多的寂寞。 Maybe, I do not just "absorb" your love; but because the love overpowers me and I am unable to dispute and refuse it...Do you know? It's you who light up my life! And I stubbornly believe that such love can only be experienced once in my life. Because of love, we won't be lonely any more; because of yearning, we taste more loneliness. 优美英文散文带翻译：微笑吧，多微笑可以让你多活七年 The broader your grin and the deeper the creases around your eyes when you smile, the longer you are likely to live. 你在微笑的时候嘴咧的越大，眼周围的皱纹越深，你可能活的越久。 Broader grins and wrinkles around the eyes reflect an underlying positive outlook on life that translates into better long-term health, the researchers believe. 大大的笑容和眼周深深的皱纹反应了你对生活潜在的态度，这种态度让你过一个长久健康的生活。 Experts studied 230 pictures of major league baseball players printed in the 1952 Baseball Register. 专家们从1952年的一些主要的 棒球 联盟中研究了230名注册棒球队员的照片。The researchers ranked each player according to whether they had no smile at all, a partial smile, where only the muscles around the mouth were involved, or a full-blown smile that featured a toothy grin, raised cheeks and creases around the eyes. The researchers then compared the photos with the life span of each player. 专家们按队员们的笑容进行等级分类，分别是“一点都不笑”，“笑了一点儿”，“微笑时嘴部肌肉有抽动”或是“笑的合不拢嘴”，以及“扬起脸，眼睛都笑出了皱纹”等这几个分类。然后他们把这些照片与队员们的寿命进行了比较。 The results revealed that of the 184 players that had since died, those in the ’no smile’ category had lived an average of years. 结果显示，在184名现已去世的队员中，那些属于在照片中“从不微笑”的人，他们的平均寿命是岁。 The findings support another study which showed that being happy can reduce the risk of heart disease. 这些证据同时也支撑了另一项研究，那就是保持快乐的心态会降低得心脏病的风险。 优美英文散文带翻译：年轻人，应该如何更好的生活? You’re young once only. How do you make the most out of it instead of wasting time only on the unnecessary parties and drinks all the time? Feross Aboukhadijeh, a web developer, designer, and Stanford computer science graduate, who has a company StudyNotes that helps students learn faster and better, shared on Quora what a young person should do to life. 你只会年轻一次。你该如何追求理想的生活而不总是把时间都浪费在无聊的聚会和酒宴上呢?费罗斯·阿巴克哈迪贾是一名网站开发师、设计师， 毕业 于斯坦福大学计算机科学专业。他创立了StudyNotes公司，致力于帮助学生更快更好地学习。他在Quora上分享了年轻人应该如何生活。 1. Prioritize learning. 把学习放在首位。 Learn the 10,000 hour rule. 不要忘记一万小时定律。 作家葛拉威尔在《异数》一书中指出：“人们眼中的天才之所以卓越非凡，并非天资超人一等，而是付出了持续不断的努力。只要经过1万小时的锤炼，任何人都能从平凡变成超凡。” Start early. 尽快开始。 Read a lot. 2-3 hours a day, at least. 大量阅读。每天至少2到3小时。 2. Don’t talk about doing stuff. Do stuff. 不要说要做什么事。做事。 The world is full of so many talkers, and so few doers. 世界上不乏空口说白话者，而行动者只是少数。 Too much planning is as bad as no planning. 考虑太多和没有计划一样糟糕。 "Posting about your plans is shadow of Done" “吹嘘计划是对实际行动的臆想。” Make stuff while your brain is young and fresh. The brain gets slower as you age. 趁你的思想年轻有活力时做事。你的大脑随着你的年龄的增长而变迟钝。 3. Figure out what you like. Try to become the best in the world at it. 找到你喜欢做的事。努力成为这个领域里的顶尖人物。 If you start early, you will have time to change your mind. 如果你趁早开始，你还有机会改变主意。 Don’t worry if it’s not "prestigious" or won’t make you a lot of money. If you’re good at it, you’ll make it prestigious. 不要担心你所喜欢的事情不“体面” 或者不能赚到很多钱。如果你很擅长这件事，你会让它受人尊敬的。 4. Experience stuff. 多多经历。 Watch epic movies/books/music. 去看史诗级的电影、书籍、音乐。 Go on adventures (road trips, travel to other countries). 去冒险(公路旅行、异国游)。 Talk to interesting people and really LISTEN. 和有趣的人交谈，认真倾听。 5. Spoil yourself on the stuff that matters. 在重要的事情上宠爱自己。 Eat well, sleep well, drink (water) well. 吃好、睡好、喝好(喝水)。 Buy a good bed (you spend ⅓ of your life in your bed). 买一张好的床(你一生有三分之一的时间在床上度过)。 Buy a good computer (since you will spend so much time on it). 买一台好的电脑(因为你会花很多时间在它身上)。 Similarly, good chair, keyboard, mouse, etc. 同样地，好的椅子、键盘、鼠标等等。 6. You may ignore the opposite sex until you are 20. 在20岁之前，你完全可以忽视异性。 At the very least don’t feel bad if you don’t have a girlfriend/boyfriend before age 20. You’re not "missing out" — in the grand scheme of things, it’s not very important. 至少，在你20岁之前不要因为没有女朋友或男朋友而心情不好。你并没有”错过机会“——在庞大的人生计划中，这并不是非常重要。 7. Try to work hard to get into college. 努力学习进入大学。 In high school, try to get all A’s — even when the class is unpleasant. 上高中时，努力每个科目都拿到A——即使这堂课不是那么让人愉快。 University is such a formative experience, you’ll make lifelong friends and business partners, and learn a ton about yourself. 大学是一段有重大影响的形成经历，你会结交一辈子的朋友和商业伙伴，而且深入了解自己。 You’ll want to do this at the best possible school you can get into. 你当然会希望在你所能进入的最好的大学里完成这些事。 8. Don’t worry about your grades once you got into college. 进入大学后就不要太在乎成绩了。 Once in college, don’t worry about grades (caveat: unless you plan to go to grad school, especially law or PhD programs, or apply for a competitive job). 一旦进入大学后，不要为成绩操心了(警告：除非你想读研，特别是法律专业或者想读博，再或者你想应聘一份竞争激烈的工作)。 Optimize for learning and personal happiness. 充分追求知识和个人幸福。 Find time for side projects. 为业余活动腾出时间。 9. Be genuine. Be nice. 真诚。友好。 Being a generally nice person will make you so many awesome lifelong friends. 做一个大方友好的人可以让你结交到许多很棒的终生挚友。 Being genuine is freeing since you can just be yourself with everyone you know — you won’t have to worry about keeping lies straight in your head. 真诚就是自由，因为这样你能在所有认识的人面前做真实的自己——不需要因为脑中藏着谎言而担心。 10. Learn to delay gratification. 学会推迟享受。 Ability to delay gratification predicts future success. 推迟享受的能力预示着未来的成功。 Those who succumb to pressures and do what’s immediately satisfying miss out on later satisfaction. 那些向压力投降而享受片刻的欢愉的人，错过了享受以后的满足的机会。 Kids in high school who partied every night are bagging groceries at Safeway now, while those who delayed that "fun" for just a few more years get to work at their dream job for the rest of their lives. 那些在高中夜夜聚会的孩子们现在在西夫韦超市整理杂货，而那些推迟了不过几年“享受”的孩子可以在余下的人生里从事着他们梦想的工作。
Photographs: Walden Pond - Past & Present Walden, The Place - By Ronald Wesley Hoag Thoreau's own 1846 survey map of Walden Pond A ghostly Encounter - poem by Amy Belding Brown The Walden Woods of Thoreau's Youth - an early map From Google Earth - what Walden looks like from space Thoreau quotes, mostly from Walden, with links to their sources Search for words or phrases in Walden in the Princeton Text Archive For the more obscure words - Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913 Edition "Our problem today is that we have allowed the internal to become lost in the external ... So much of modern life can be summarized in that arresting dictum of the poet Thoreau: 'Improved means to an unimproved end'." - Martin Luther King, Jr., Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1964 "In Walden, Thoreau ... opens the inner frontier of self-discovery as no American book had up to this time. As deceptively modest as Thoreau's ascetic life, it is no less than a guide to living the classical ideal of the good life. Both poetry and philosophy, this long poetic essay challenges the reader to examine his or her life and live it authentically." - Kathryn VanSpanckeren "The best and most Romantic memoir an American has produced is Walden — though nobody calls it one. ... What Thoreau has to overcome during his time in the woods is not a lapse in mental health. His great problem is to escape the mental health of his neighbors, their collection-plate opinions, their studious repetition of gossip ... There's not a note in the book of self-pity, or nostalgia. And why did he quit his cabin in the end? 'It seemed to me that I had several more lives to live.'" - Benjamin Kunkel 就这多
我不懂你什么意思...说明白点
这是找的一篇论文后面这么写的，用的是英文，不过你需要的似乎是中文式的Photographs: Walden Pond - Past & Present Walden, The Place - By Ronald Wesley Hoag Thoreau's own 1846 survey map of Walden Pond A ghostly Encounter - poem by Amy Belding Brown The Walden Woods of Thoreau's Youth - an early map From Google Earth - what Walden looks like from space Thoreau quotes, mostly from Walden, with links to their sources Search for words or phrases in Walden in the Princeton Text Archive For the more obscure words - Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1913 Edition "Our problem today is that we have allowed the internal to become lost in the external ... So much of modern life can be summarized in that arresting dictum of the poet Thoreau: 'Improved means to an unimproved end'." - Martin Luther King, Jr., Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1964 "In Walden, Thoreau ... opens the inner frontier of self-discovery as no American book had up to this time. As deceptively modest as Thoreau's ascetic life, it is no less than a guide to living the classical ideal of the good life. Both poetry and philosophy, this long poetic essay challenges the reader to examine his or her life and live it authentically." - Kathryn VanSpanckeren "The best and most Romantic memoir an American has produced is Walden — though nobody calls it one. ... What Thoreau has to overcome during his time in the woods is not a lapse in mental health. His great problem is to escape the mental health of his neighbors, their collection-plate opinions, their studious repetition of gossip ... There's not a note in the book of self-pity, or nostalgia. And why did he quit his cabin in the end? 'It seemed to me that I had several more lives to live.'" - Benjamin Kunkel
浅谈汉语典故成语的翻译摘要：本文分析了典故成语的特点和它隐合的比喻意义。同时阐述了它与文化和翻译之间的关系。由于目的语中存在文化空缺现象，为了使翻译的交际目的成功实现，从跨文化角度翻译典故成语时，归化优于异化。关键词：典故成语 文化翻译文化空缺 归化 异化 引言习语足某一语言在使用过程中形成的独特的固定的表达方式，它包含成语、谚语、歇后语、典故等。英汉两种语言历史悠久，都包含着大量的习语。至今为止，国内外的外语类学刊发表了不少有关英汉习语(idoms)的文章，但就汉语典故成语(idiom with allusion)的英译来说，还没有学者单独地谈论过它的翻译方法。本文将从跨文化的角度来探讨翻译汉语中的典故成语， 归化和异化孰优孰劣的问题。一、典故成语1．定义和特点典故成语是习语中比较特殊的语言群体， 是固定的四字结构，它不仅言简意赅，而且形象生动、趣味横生、意义深远，如“东施效颦” “名落孙山” “叶公好龙” “邯郸学步”等等，翻译过程中译者往往习惯性地把英语习语(idom)和汉语成语联系起来。成语承载着中华民族特有的文化，它与中图文化传统紧密相连， 它是“熟语” 的一种，是习用的固定词组，在汉语中多数由四个字组成。2．隐含的比喻意义典故成语的定义使我们知道，在使用中我们通常注重的足它的比喻意义，而不是从字面上看出的意思。例如：水落石出(苏轼 后赤壁赋》)字面含义是水落F去，水底的 头就露出来了。在具体使用时比喻事情的真相完全显露出来。“于是焉， 河伯始旋其面目，望洋向若而叹。”( 庄子》)现在， “望洋兴叹”比喻做事力量不够或缺乏条件而感到无可奈何。出自《史记·项羽本纪》中的“四面楚歌”现在比喻孤立无援， 四面受敌的处境。要想确切地弄清楚典故成语的这种比喻义，译者必须具备深厚的文化知识，了解中国悠久的历史文化。二、文化和翻译1．定义英罔人类文化学家爱德华·泰勒在《原始文化》(1 871)一书中首次把“文化”作为一个概念提了出来，并表述为： “文化是一种复杂的集合体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风格以及其在社会上习得的能力与习惯。” 可见文化的覆盖面很广，它是一个复杂的系统，语言作为文化的组成部分，反映一个民族丰富多彩的文化现象。虽然中国文化和英国文化有很大不同，在典故成语英译时有很大困难，但不是说中两方人无法互相沟通，翻译架起了跨文化交际的桥梁。美国著名的翻译理论家，尤金·奈达(Eugene ANida)，对翻译作了如下定义： “Translation consists inreproducing in the receptor language the closest naturalequivalent of the source language，first in"terms of mean ingand secondly in term s of style．”(Eugene A Nida，Charles RTaber：“The Theory and Practice of Translation”，1969)翻译过程不仅涉及两种语言， 而且涉及到两种文化， 它是通过语言机制的转换连接或沟通目的语文化(Target Culture)和源本语文化(Source Culture)的桥梁， 足具有不同语言文化背景的人们互相交际的媒介。他 时强调“翻译中，意义是最重要的， 形式次之，对应的形式会丢失源文本(the source text)的文化意义，这是源文本的交际特点， 这样会阻碍跨文化交流”(Nida，The Sociolinguistics of InterlingualCommunication，1996)。翻译是一种交际活动，为了使人们互相沟通，源文本的意义应该被清楚地传达，翻译主要是释义，从这个意义上说，翻译典故成语时，归化应是最主要的策略。2．异化、归化所谓异化、归化是就翻译中所涉及的文化转化而言，前者以源文化为归宿(source language cultureoriented，i．e．culture oriented)，后者以目的语文化为归宿(target language culture oriented，i．e．culture oriented)。即“异化”提倡泽文 。1尽量去适 、照顾源语的文化及原作者的遣训用字习惯，而“归化”则恰恰相反，主张译文应尽量适应、照顾日的语的文化习惯，为读者着想，替读者扫除语言文化障碍。3．文化空缺“语言词汇足最 的承载文化信息、反映人类社会生活的工具”。英汉训’『L的文化内涵极为丰富，但许多方血存在着不对 现缘。从语言学和跨文化交际学的角度来说，它的产生是 为每一种语吉都仃它自身所特有的语言体系和建构，每一个民族都有它[_I己的生活习惯、思维方式、语 心理、行为规范、价值观念和文化传统， 两种语言之问的语义和文化的对等是极为少见的。一种语 中的训 另一种语言中也许没有对应或契合的浏，所以 英洋典故成语时必须改变它的结构形式。4．举例下面通过几个例子来具体分析典故成语英泽时，归化和异化这两种翻洋方法孰优孰劣。(1)东施效颦(((红楼梦 第3 4章)译文．“Tung Shih imitating Hsi Shih”(Yang)洋文 Zhungzi’S story of the beatutiful Xi—Shi’S uglyneighbour，whose endeavours to imitate the hideous thatpeople ran from her in terror．(David Hawkes)译文．山EJ《红楼梦》，在处理含有文化特色的 故成语时，杨宪益先生采用了异化的洋法，把“东施”译成了“Tung Shih”，一个两方文化中 缺的人物形象，因此这样的泽文对J：曲方读者来说足毫无意义的。 霍克斯采用地道的英语表达法， 外 读者看来町是妙不可苦。(2)愚公移山(《A Dictionary of Chinese Idioms inEnglish))，Northern Art Printing Company)泽文．“The Foolish Old Man who removed themountains．”(异化)译文 “the determination to win victory and the couragrto surmount every dificulty”(归化)(3)请君入瓮(《A Dictionary of Chinese Idioms inEnglish))，Northern Art Printing Company)译文l"Will you kindly step into the jar?”(异化)译文2“Make a person suffer from his own scheme．”(归化)在例(2)中， 洋文采用l芹化的译法把“愚公” 洋成了“The Foolish Old Man”这样一个贬义的短语，严重误解了成语本身的内涵。例(3)的徉文同样用异化译法无法传达出成语本身所表达的J下确意思。而 例中的译文 都用归化译法翻洋山“愚公移山”和“请君入瓮”这两个成语的比喻意义。使口的语读 理解了原语意义，实现了翻泽的口的。三、结束语翻译的本质目的是沟通，足让译语读者理解懂得原文的意思。这就好比把一个人说的话翻译成哑语，再怎么“说”都没有用， 只有把蜕的话转换或日“归化”成用手势表示的哑语，才能让聋哑人明白。因此，翻译的本质目的决定了翻译典故成语时，归化是更好的方法。但同时， 归化法也并不排斥异化法， 而是两者互为补充。总之，在翻译时， 采取归化占主导，异化从属的方法，使两者相得益彰。参考文献：[1]包惠南．文化语境与语言翻译[M]．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2O01．[2]陈定安．英汉比较与翻译[M]．北京： 中国对外翻译出版公司，1998．[3]刘玉杰，钱莲生．汉语成语英译词典[M]．北京：北方文艺出版社，1 999．[4] 其昌．汉英翻译技巧[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1990．[5]工襦祥．文化与语言‘[M]北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2OO0．[6]许建平[M]．“跨文化翻译中的异化与归化问题”[J]．中 翻译，2002， (5)．[7] 治奄．人学汉英翻洋教程[M]．济南： 山东大学出版社，1999．[8]许 钧． 代美 翻译理论研究[M]．武汉：湖北教育出版社，2001．[9]夏征农．辞海[z]．北京：中 大百科全书出版社，1999．[10]郭建中．文化与翻译[C]．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000．[H]曹雪芹，高鄂．红楼梦[M]．北京：人民文学出版社，1982．[12]Baker，Mona，In Other Words：Translat／onCourse[M]．Beijing-Foreign Language Teachi—ng and Research Press， 2000．[13]Hawkes，David，The StOng of the Stone[Z]．Penguin Books， 1980．[14]Yang，Xianyi&Gladys，A Dream of Mansions[Z]．Bei Jing：Foreign Language Press，1994．[I5]Nida Eugene A．&Taber CharlesR，The Theory817d Prac tice of Translation[M]．Leiden：E．J．BriII，I969．[16]Nida EugeneA．。Language, ， ture and Translating[M]．Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Edu—cation Press。1993．