发布时间：
Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and cultures. After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long period. It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to developed. The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full blooming. Romantics, which emphasized individuali *** and intuition and Tnscendentali *** represented by Emerson came out into being. This was an exciting period in the history of American literature. Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same time. They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High Romantics. But due to the influence of Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent situation. The writings about local life, critical reali *** and unveiling the dark side of the society were increased. After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature began. My piece of paper is written in chronological order as these periods developed in order to have a clear outline of its progress. Keywords: National Literature, Romani *** , Transcendentali *** , Local Color, Reali *** , Modern literature
哥们 你也 XJTU的 不是把 - -```我都搜到N个一样题目的了 你说我还敢抄嘛- -！。。。。。
你这个是一定要按照论文的形式写么？我们开过美国史的课，不过论文我不会写，但是可以给你1000字的思路，然后你改成论文的格式。只是这分数确实有点低了，什么时间要？
从美国汽车看美国文化 英文专业毕业论文American Culture—From the Perspective of AutomobileAbstractSino-US relationship is one of the most important bilateral relations in the world. It connects the world’s most populous country with the only Superpower. The mutual understanding is related to the quality of two countries’ relation. Therefore, it is urgent to increase the understanding of the United States. Understanding the United States includes the understanding of American culture. Automobile is an important traffic tool and an essential element in Americans’ life. It is also an American culture carrier. It is an aspect for Chinese people to understand the United thesis introduces the definition of culture and the significance of studying American culture, and then analyses, in American culture, the individualism, humor, materialism and Americans’ pursuit of change in their life. At last the author draws a conclusion that from the perspective of automobile, Americans are individualistic, humorous, and good at pursuit of materials and change in their Words American Automobile; the United States; Culture给你个参考吧。论文一定要有个着眼点。美国文化太大了。比如这里就从汽车这个着眼点谈论
美国作为一个只有200年历史的国家，美国并不像中国一样拥有悠久的历史 文化 底蕴。下文是我为大家整理的关于美国文化论文的 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读参考!
从影视作品简析美国文化价值观
[摘要]影视作品就像历史文化的一面镜子，透过影视作品我们可以了解不同文化背景下人们的生活观念与态度。美国的影视作品之所以俘虏了全球人的眼球，一个重要的因素就是将美国文化价值观巧妙地贯穿于其中。本文从捍卫梦想、追逐民主自由以及人性的光辉三个方面对美国影视作品中的文化价值观进行了分析与 总结 ，让我们在通过影视作品了解美国文化的同时，也能对自己的人生观、价值观有重新的定位与思考。
[关键词]影视作品;美国文化;价值观
美国的大部分影视作品都是选用亲情、友情、爱情、正义以及科幻为线索。大规模耗资制作的华丽场面，再加上其政治、经济、文化的优势，使美国文化中的个人主义、英雄主义、自由与民主借助影片完整地展现在观众眼前，由此引起人们的思索与探究。美国影视作品传达出的道德关怀和人道主义，物质进步和增长以及追求自由与平等的价值观都值得观众借鉴和学习，而这些不仅是美国经济、文化发展的支柱，同时也成为世界上大多数国家所乐意标榜的完美价值观。
一、美国的文化价值体系
美国文化体系的构建大多数来源于它的移民文化，所以美国的文化被称作一个“大熔炉”[1]。美国的 传统文化 大多数是盎格鲁撒克逊人从他们的原住地所带来的，尽管融入了许多移民国的文化，大体上还是以英国的传统文化为主。自由女神像，芭比娃娃，《美国哥特式》，野牛镍币和山姆大叔被视为美国传统文化的五大象征，由此派生出的民主政体、自由原则、个人主义和英雄主义也就成了美国传统和主流的文化价值观。由于美国是一个新兴的资本主义国家，传统文化保留的时间也相对较短。美国的现代文化也是由传统文化逐渐过渡而来，主要表现在美国梦，自由与平等，道德主义与人道主义之上。无论是美国人，还是亚洲和拉美人，他们都把美国看成是实现梦想的摇篮，并想通过自己的努力在这片土地上有所获。同时，作为一个建立在自由之上的国家，自由与平等同样在美国文化体系中占据了最重要的位置，这是由于早期的美国殖民大多数来自殖民国的中下层阶级，他们严格反对“旧世界”的许多不平等现象，希望实现真正意义上的自由，即自己管理自己的生活。大多数美国人都有着虔诚的宗教信仰，因此道德主义和人道主义也被视为美国文化价值观中的一个重要组成部分。总的来说“美国的现代文化正在从隔阂走向统一”[2]。当然这与美国的社会体制的改革密不可分。
二、从影视作品透视美国文化价值观
(一)捍卫梦想
1.不同人的不同梦想
电影虽作为一门视听艺术，但是在物欲横流的今天，大多数电影也不过是人们在闲暇之余以供消遣娱乐的玩物。但是对于真正让人看后有启示、有收获的电影还是一样会得到观众的热衷与好评。美国的大部分影视作品都在造梦，它并不仅仅局限在某一小小的部分。有希望实现种族平等的梦;有渴望过上富足生活的梦;有盼望登上万众瞩目的舞台，成为明星的梦;也有期望拯救全人类，探索未知世界的梦。而这些无一例外地都从另一个角度彰显了美国人的个人主义和英雄主义的价值观。无论是哪种意义上的梦，人们都笼统地把它称作现代意义上的“美国梦”。尽管不同的人对这个词语有自己不同的理解，但是他的轴心始终不会改变，美国这块土地提供一个可以实现梦想的平台给人们，即“人人都有成功的希望和创造奇迹的可能”[3]。
2.从《阿甘正传》浅析阿甘的永不放弃
美国的许多电影都对“美国梦”有一个非常完美的诠释。影片《阿甘正传》和《当幸福来敲门》就是展现美国梦的典型。在《阿甘正传》中阿甘由始至终都贯穿着“笨有笨的作为”这一思想。尽管他是一个智障儿，但是凭着对生活永不放弃的信念，他顺利地完成了大学学业并参了军，最终还成为人们心目中的战斗英雄。命运对每个人来说都是未知数，我们永远无法知道等待我们的下一站会是什么。上帝为你关上一扇门的同时，也会记得帮你打开一扇窗，透过窗户，阳光依然可以照进来。阿甘的 故事 教会人们只要敢想敢做，一切皆有可能。
3.从《当幸福来敲门》中解读克里斯是如何捍卫梦想
另一部将现代意义上的“美国梦”诠释得很完美的电影就是The pursuit of happiness，美国电影《当幸福来敲门》取材于真实的故事。故事的主人公就是当今著名的投资专家Chris grander。这部电影属于 励志电影 ，但是却与简单地描述个人了奋斗与梦想的励志电影截然不同。它成功地刻画了一位濒临破产，老婆弃家，只有和儿子相依为命的穷酸落魄业务员的形象，最后是如何凭借自己的努力成为知名的金融投资家的故事，而这一过程没有坚强的意志与精神的支柱，常人是很难做到，儿子就是他不断奋斗下去的动力。克里斯在影片中说：“我生活的这一部分叫做搭公车;我生活的这一部分叫做冒傻气;我生活这一部分现在的一部分叫做疲于奔命，我生命中这个阶段的阶段叫做幸福。”这部影片不是一味地强调个人的奋斗，脚踏实地抑或是凭借聪明的才智去获得成功。这里的幸福不是一个目标，一个方向，更是一种责任，一种权利。追逐梦想不是一味地行走，偶尔也需要停下来思考一下，人生的目标究竟是什么，有梦想就要好好地去捍卫它。
(二)追逐民主自由
1.美国文化价值体系中的自由与民主
平等与自由是美国人一直以来普遍认同的观念，美国人虽然没有统一的思想，但却有普遍认同的观念，即以平等和自由为中心的价值体系。美国的《独立宣言》更是将平等与自由放在了首位，他明确地指出“我们认为以下这些真理是不言而喻的：“人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干而不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权，自由权和追逐幸福的权力。”美国的自由与民主似乎就是上帝赐予他们的光环。在好多美国电影的开始，都有过这样的一幕，在一片金色的光芒中，一个象征着美国人民争取自由、对美好生活的向往与追求的女神像高高地耸立在纽约港口的自由岛上。因此民主与自由也就被反复地穿插在影视作品中。
2.在《肖申克的救赎》中安迪和瑞德对自由的追求
说到美国文化中的追求自由，同样也会把大多数观众的视觉拉回到1994年上演的《肖申克的救赎》当中。“有一种鸟儿是永远也关不住的，因为它的每片羽翼都沾满了自由的光辉。”这部电影用第三人称的旁白描绘了肖申克监狱所发生的故事，以瑞德的视角描绘了安迪的所作所为和因为他而得到救赎的肖申克监狱的人们。本片最能吸引观众的还是主人安迪公强大的内心的力量和对自由生活的执著。他说人生可以简单地归于两个选择：忙着活，或者忙着死。影片的整个过程中我们可以看到主人公渴望自由的执著从来没有停止过。花19年用石锤凿出一个洞，是什么给了他动力，是内心的希望的火种。“Fear can hold you prisoner，hope can set you free.”这也是作品本身所要告诉人们的。
(三)人性的光辉
1.人性的光辉是美国电影持久不衰的秘诀
美国的电影自始以来虽然在极力制造各种英雄神话，以各种视觉效果打造影片的独特文化。如《真相至上》《战马》《泰坦尼克号》《2012》《惊涛大冒险》《危情时速》等。但无论是法制题材的电影抑或是一些巨型的灾难片、科幻片，他之所以吸引观众的注意力，一个重要的秘诀就是将人性的光辉巧妙地穿插在了整部影片当中。
2.《绿里奇迹》中黑人死囚约翰及监狱长的身上所呈现出的人性的光辉
拍摄于1999年的《绿里奇迹》，它同1994年的《肖申克的救赎》一样同属监狱题材的电影。监狱，是最阴暗恐怖的场所，充满恐惧又令人毛骨悚然。尽管在这样的地方，也不乏闪耀着人性的光辉。在《绿里奇迹》中，黑人死囚犯约翰·科菲相貌恐怖，体形硕大，但却身上有着温暖的爱心和神奇的力量，他和监狱长保尔·艾治科姆一起诚心地帮助死囚们平静地、安心地走过了人生最后的旅途，演绎出一段感人的故事。而中国恰巧相反，尽管监狱中也有许多感人的故事，但是因为教条主义的影响，很少有人去触及。
3.《泰坦尼克号》中人性的真、善、美
影片《泰坦尼克号》是一部里程式的电影，自1997年上映至今，一直为人们津津乐道，这部电影之所以震撼人心，不仅仅是因为伟大的爱情，还有人性。“让妇女和 儿童 先上”而不是“领导先走”。这是在船沉没的那一刻，霍利克用钱收买大副要求先上救生艇这一戏剧冲突强烈地表现了出来。在生死面前男士们自己浸在水中，让妇女儿童先上救生艇，他们克服了人性的自私，他们都是英雄。在“泰坦尼克号”沉没的那个瞬间，船上相拥赴死的老年夫妇，母亲讲着故事和两个孩子一起葬身海底，牧师在最后一刻还不忘给予人们精神的安慰，这都显示出人类那无与伦比的伟大和无畏，他们就像会思考的芦苇在自然的毁灭中迸发出了撼天动地的力量。一场灾难，见证了人的脆弱，但也同样见证了人性本身所含有的真、善、美。关于人性的主题，无论电影、电视剧、动画片，总会让人看后有思考、有收获，也会成为人们永久歌颂的美话佳谈。
4.从《拯救大兵瑞恩》中看硝烟弥漫中闪烁的人性的光辉
《拯救大兵瑞恩》在大多数观众眼中，它不过是一部精心制作的美国爱国主义宣传片。但如果仔细观看，将会领悟影片其深层次的含义。一个母亲有四个儿子参战，三个同时战死，于是美国参谋总长下令无论如何要将身陷前线的第四个儿子安全撤回。作为现代民主的发源地之一，美国的立国精神就是强调个人价值。尽管“战争没有仁慈，杀戮没有良知，但硝烟弥漫中仍闪耀着人性的光辉”[4]。八个去救一个人，为的是不让一个年老体衰的母亲，经历所有儿子都命丧战场的噩耗，相信看过此片的大多数男性也会在此片中找到自己的影子。[5]
三、结语
美国的影视作品凭借其别具一格的文化特色在全球范围内树立了标杆。美国影视作品所反映出的寻求梦想，追逐自由以及对个体生命价值的尊重等价值观已成为全球文化价值评判的标准。欣赏影视作品不仅可以帮助我们不断提高对美国文化的深入了解，而且可以掌握语言本身的应用能力。大多数影视作品中都对中美文化的差异及冲突进行了描写和探讨，了解不同的文化背景、历史背景和地理区域的差异，可以有效地促进跨文化交流的顺利进行。取其精华，去其糟粕，更好地继承和发扬中华传统文化。
浅谈美国多元文化 教育
摘 要：多元文化教育是美国现代教育的一种基本取向，学习风格理论和多元智能理论为之提供理论基础。本文介绍了美国多元文化教育的产生背景、教育 方法 、及其为我国多民族教育提供的有益启示。
关键词：多元文化教育;教育方法
美国，多元文化教育被认为是一种教育概念，一种思想，一种教育改革和过程。美国研究多元文化教育的著名专家詹姆斯·班克认为，在学校中无论性别、种族、民族的学生都应该享受平等的受教育的权利。他还认为多元文化教育的概念应该是广义的。按照克瑞斯汀(Christine,1999)的观点，美国的所谓多元文化教育是指“基于对民主的珍视和信仰，在有文化差异的社会中和多种文化相互依赖的世界中确认文化多元化的一种教学和学习取向”。所以，多元文化课程是多元文化教育理论的一种必然产物。
一、美国多元文化教育产生的背景
自20世纪60年代以来，世界移民风起云涌，第三世界国家的人口纷纷涌入美国，30%以上的美国居民由欧洲白种人后裔的“少数民族”组成。据统计，目前美国大约有270多个民族，逐渐构成了新的少数民族群体。随着美国少数民族数量的增长，以及在国家中扮演的角色重要性的提高，他们迫切要求在教育中体现自己民族文化的特殊性并提高其地位，这直接推动了美国多元文化教育的迅速发展。
(一)教育民主化的深入是主要因素
从某种意义上来说，现代教育的发展过程就是教育的民主化过程。在20世纪50年代以前，教育民主化主要体现为“个体取向”：追求个体受教育权利的尊重和教育机会;的均等化。50年代以后，人们越来越强烈地意识到，离开种族文化的平等与教育的“反种族主义”。
(二)在学校教育中树立全球意识正成为公民的一种紧迫任务
因为人们越来越充分认识到人类只有一个地球，而这个地球正面临诸如：臭氧层、污染、贫穷和疾病、核武器、全球性饥荒、艾滋病、国际恐怖主义等许多问题。人类要解决这些问题，就需要全球性的合作，而这种合作就需要人们具有一定的跨文化理解能力。这种能力在学校教育中的培养则要求实行多元文化教育。
(三)美国的在校学生在构成上具有明显的异质结构
美国学校的在校学生中大约有25%的儿童来自少数民族。而且这个比例有增无减。据估计，到2020年在校学生中有色人种学生将超过30%。研究者认为，教育应直面这种存在而加以改革。如果学校教育不实行多元文化教育，那么种族歧视、黑社会等社会问题就会日益严重。美国人一贯主张民主、强调人权。在这样复杂的社会构成中消除社会偏见，尊重人们的生活选择，让所有人享有平等的机会以使其在智力、社会能力和个人成长等方面的潜力都得到最充分的发挥，就成为公民的一种迫切要求。
二、美国教育者采用的多元文化教育方法
多元文化教育思想认为学生不论性别、种族、民族都应该有平等受教育机会。多元文化教育力图使多种群体的学生在学业上获得成功的发展机会，提高不同性别、不同民族和不同文化群体的学生以及一些特殊学生的素质。美国许多教师进行多元文化教育时，所采用的教育方法如下：
(一)因材施教法
是对特殊的、文化上有差异的学生的教学。它的主要目的在于帮助有色人种的学生、低收入家庭的学生和接受特殊教育的学生掌握和吸收知识，并在现存的社会中获得成功。这种方法认为，美国与西方文化为公民提供了大量的机遇，并且表明在文化发展中处于领先地位。那些学业未成、事业未就的学生，更希望在他们的文化背景与学校之间架设起座座桥梁，以便使学校课程成为更有用的东西。可以称为“桥梁”的东西包括基于学生学习方式上的教育策略、相关的文化材料、用学生的母语来授课以及其他方式的补习计划等。教师采用这种方法，常常对学生的学业成绩期望很高，他们相信传统的学业课程对所有的学生都是适合的，只是不同的学生需要不同的方法。因此，他们并不主张改变学习科目的重点和内容，仅仅是将它们用更有效的方法传授给构成多样化的学生。如果这些学生能在学校里获得一个高分，那么，这些学生无论其文化背景如何，都能走向生活并获得他们所要得到的东西。
(二)情感活动互动法
它试图通过课堂的教学与活动，在不同民族的成员之间培养起积极的人际关系，增强每一个学生的自我意识。在这里，教师所关注的主要是学生们的相互感受和交往。人际关系课包括消除成见、比较个体之间的异同，以及学生所属的种族团体对社会的贡献等内容。许多学校在多元文化教育的名义之下所做的工作，大部分实际上是人际关系，如举办民族集会节或某个团体特殊的庆祝活动，主要目的是联络感情，消除成见，以利学生对本民族、本社团已经做出的贡献产生良好印象和感觉。人际关系方法对教师之所以有吸引力，是因为他们把整个美国社会看作是公平和开放的。他们认为，学生之间的不和谐，如种族性谩骂、活动场上的分离状态等，乃是误解和虚妄的成见导致的结果。因此，他们相信，只要向学生提供有关不同民族、种族和社团情况的正面教育，增加实际接触的机会，这种不和谐状况就会得到消除。
(三)多元文化方法
这种方法旨在重新建构整个教育过程，提高质量和促进社会文化的多元化发展。它所倡导的课程内容，是围绕着美国不同的种族和民族，不分男女，残废人以及不同的社会阶层而重新组织起来的。这种方法特别提倡，学校的教职员队伍应包括各类人才，具备不同的教学能力，要打破传统的指任角色的观念，使教学以学生的学习风格为基础，适应学生的技能水平，进而引导学生积极思考和分析活生生的现实。尤其鼓励那些非英语的学生保持其母语，并且鼓励所有学生习得多种语言。在多元文化课堂教学中，学生们将习惯于把不同的观点都看作是“正确”的，他们 辩论 不同的观点并思考多样性是否实际上意味着“怎样都行”。这种方法特别注重促进所有各不相同的民族、社团的学生都取得平等的学业成绩;学生的学业成绩也不会因民族、团体的不同所形成的人际关系而居于榜尾。此外，采用多元文化方法，体现多元文化性，学校全部课程会在吸收单个民族和社团研究成果的基础上加以重写。
三、美国多元文化教育在实施中面临的问题
多元文化教育的蓬勃发展一直在理论、概念、研究和决策方面，而不在教师和行政人员能够在中小学易于贯彻执行的实际策略的研制方面。对待一种思想，教师与行政人员在能够看到它如何在学校里或课堂上起作用之前，往往会采取冷漠的态度。许多教师尤其是那些数学和理科教师对多元文化教育感到迷惑不解，这种迷惑不解的表现形式常常是对多元文化教育的抵制。即使教师对多元文化教育有深刻的理解和认同，他们的教学仍面临着艰巨的任务，即内容整合、知识构建和 教学方法 的变革等。随着美国种族构成的不断变化，多元文化教育模式将更趋于多样化，但问题依然存在，而且会继续面临各种新的挑战。
四、多元文化教育对我国教育的借鉴作用
多元文化教育的目的是，继承各民族优秀遗产，加强各民族间的文化交流，促进多民族大家庭在经济上共同发展，在文化上共同繁荣，在政治上各民族相互尊重、平等、友好与和睦相处，最终实现多民族国家在多元一体格局下的各民族大团结。我国也是一个多民族国家，长期以来都在不断努力探索少数民族教育发展的途径与 措施 。经过建国50多年的建设与发展，少数民族教育在数量与规模上已不是主要问题，其关键是如何切实提高教育的质量。美国学者曾在 1993-1995年期间对美国黑人儿童进行了大量的问卷调查研究，结果显示，学生们普遍认为如果在学校中能学到他们自己的文化和其他族群文化内容的话，学校教育就会对他们更有兴趣和吸引力，也会与他们更加相关和使他们更加投入。
少数民族学生学业成就的低落并非因其来自于贫困的文化背景，而是因为他们的文化和学校文化不同之故。而这主要是学校的责任，因为学校的教育远离他们的生活文化背景，使他们时常面对“文化中断”带来的诸多困惑，从而影响他们获得高学业成就。虽然我国的少数民族教育与国外相比有诸多的差异，但世界上任何国家、民族的任何类型和层次的教育总是在一定的文化背景中进行的。我国民族教育也要考虑和适应各民族文化环境，提高学校教育对少数民族文化的适应性，克服学校教育的“文化中断”。
众所周知，我国学校正规课程以汉语为信息载体，绝大多数地区使用全国统编教材，课程内容也主要以汉文化为背景。对于少数民族儿童来说，往往与所学课程存在一定的文化隔膜。比如有学者曾指出，在小学教材中，让藏族儿童背诵李白、杜甫的诗歌而不谈《格萨尔王》，这样的课程远离了藏族儿童的生活空间，很难让藏族儿童感兴趣。因此，民族教育必须对因为文化差异而造成的文化隔膜与中断给予充分关注，改革现有教育中不能反映民族文化的大一统的课程模式，提高课程对少数民族文化的适应性。目前，我国正在大力推行新一轮基础教育课程改革，为了使学校课程更好的反映文化、地区、学生之间的差异，确立了国家课程、地方课程、学校课程三级课程、三级管理的课程开发与管理机制，这为建立既体现民族文化特色又反映现代科学文化知识的民族中小学课程体系提供了课程空间和制度保障。
他山之石，可以攻玉。美国多元文化的教育至少能给我们以下几点启示：打破单一设置民族文化课程的开发模式;在保持必要张力的原则下，尝试整合模式，通过多种途径将少数民族文化的内容与现代科学知识有机结合;将多种课程形式作为民族文化的载体，关注活动课程、潜在课程、非正式课程;充分利用各种课程资源，探索地方与学校层面的课程开发;重视教师在课程开发中的作用，使之成为课程开发主体。
Diet Culture difference between China and America.（中美饮食文化的差异）这篇可以参考：）~ The main difference between Chinese and America eating habits is that unlike, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests (. four people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to finish. A typical meal starts with some cold dishes, like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple" food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. ╮(╯_╰)╭ 给分 给分采纳哦
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
文化差异(Culture Difference):种族 National race The whole question of the changing role of Blacks in American society as been the subject of newspaper articles around the world so frequently that visitors to the United States do not know what to expect when they arrive. They may be surprised when they see that Blacks and Whites work side by side in offices , factories , and schools across the country . The majority of Blacks in the United States, however, live in and around only a small number of American cities. Many dark-skinned visitors arrive in the United States fearing personal attack or expecting various degrees of racial prejudice. Some forms of discrimination [1] still exist ,unfortunately, especially in the areas of the housing , schools , and jobs . The school equality is still more a dream than a reality. There are still too many areas of the country where Black Americans do not enjoy the same full opportunities as White Americans . However, the vast majority of American s are working , studying , and sharing public places together. This was not true even a few years ago in some parts of the country , but progress is steadily being made . You will be able to observe the improvement in race relations as soon as your plane lands . You will see it in the airport, in public buses and trains , in theaters , restaurants , rest room, in sops and libraries , in offices and factories . Close personal friendships between Blacks and Whites , full trust and social relationships are still not common , except in certain areas, However, even in this - the slowest area of progress-there has been change , especially among young people. [1] discrimination n. 辨别, 区别, 识别力, 辨别力, 歧视 Excerpted from " A Guide to . ", edited by Li Yang, Li Yi, published by Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Culture Difference 发表日期：2005-04-22 10:58:52 作者：洪恩在线 It is not a novel knowledge that culture difference exists between eastern and w estern countries. But not until I heard the lecture given by a Chinese scholar, who has been lived in Australia for several years, did I came to understand that how different it is. The scholar summarized that we, as Chinese, prefer to think in a spiral, casual way, while western people, more often than not, are fond of a linear, business-i s-business way. Supporting the idea, he named out examples he himself experience d while staying in Australia. Here are some excerpts. Firstly, line up matter. If you are in China, it is not rare to see that a crowd of people throng in the supermarket, trying to get service first. People in Ch ina do line up, the scholar said in a humorous tone, but they prefer to line up at a horizontal way. In contrast, in western countries, say, in Australia, people always line up, no matter in a big bank or a small grocery store. And they take it for granted. Lin ing up has long since become part of their life that they scarcely doubt it or g row impatient while doing it. Secondly, first come, first served. Though in words it is a normal principle her e in China, it’s mostly not the case in reality. Take an example of what usuall y happens in a bank. Here when we are in a middle-sized bank, and suppose we are talking with the cashier, it always tends to have someone butt in, claiming tha t his or her request takes only one second. And it seems that we have already been accustomed to it. So has the cashier. But in western countries, it never applies. It is always rude that you butt in whil e the cashier is serving his customer. No matter how little time your request co sts, the cashier, more often than not, is likely to turn you down. Only one cust omer at a time is his principle. Thirdly, change stuff. Suppose I am in a shopping mall and the stuff I purchase cost me 142 RMB. While lining up at the casher’s and happening to check my wall et, I find I have 200 RMB and two one-yuan coins. What will I do? To give the ca shier 200 RMB, or give him 200 RMB and the two one-yuan coins so that he could r eturn me 60 RMB, which is more convenient for both of us. I think when the Chinese were in this situation, they would mostly choose the la tter one. But the scholar said, in Australia, they won’t do so. He then told th at he himself did try it once, and he thought it was self-evident to do so. But the cashier did not understand. So the scholar latter on summarized that western people are prone to lack of fle xibility while doing their work. Then how about us in their eyes? They think we Chinese have a tendency to make things complicate. What an interesting contrast! Here I don’t intend to tell which is better and which is worse. What I try to s ay is just that we might well be in conformity with the customs and be aware of the culture differences while being abroad. Like the saying goes—while you are in Rome, do as Romans do. If you don’t want to put yourself in the public, bear ing all this in mind is perhaps the best policy. Caroline This article has been read by 276 persons. Copyright: This article was written by caroline. and first posted in HongEn online. The author owns the copyright, and HongEn online owns the right of using it. Any other unit or individual should get the author's approval before using, repasting or quoting. The author will assume all the civil and penal responsibility, directly or indirectly caused by posting the article. The SYSOPs and board masters have the right to reserve or delete the article. Reply|Digest|Return|Search Replied Articles Title Author Size Post Time Grade Re：Culture Difference tdeanxx(Tim) 1K 01:19 Dear Caroline, I think your scholar friend spent several years in Australia and completely miss ed the most important value represented in his examples. That value is egalitar ianism. The principle that people should be treated equally. When the bank teller insists on attending one customer at a time the principle i s not "only one customer at a time" it is "this customer waited in line and so w ill you, no matter how tall, how well dressed or how loud your voice." And you can be sure if the customer is a poor working man and the impatient man is a wel l dressed business man, the customer will very bruskly insist on his rights not to be interrupted. A well run bank will have a customer service person who can answer questions, but people doing transactions must wait their turn. My impres sion of a business or a nation where people are not treated equally in the marke tplace and a bully can obtain service without waiting is a place where there is a class oriented culture and/or where one can bribe one …………[文章太长，没有全部显示，点击本文标题阅读全文] Re：Culture Difference caroline.(caroline) 2K 12:25 Dear Tim, The lecture given by the scholar is mainly on English learning. That's for he na med such examples. He just aimed to tell the audience how important to understan d a culture is, which is different from our motherland. What you said is indeed right. And I am with you on this. The corruption in Chi na is rampant these years, you relate it with class. Well, I haven't thought abo ut it. But I do agree that the idea of class roots in many people's mind. Like the example you took in the article, I almost could be sure that here the c ashier would definitely turn to the well dressed business man. You say that the poor working man will insist on his rigts not to be interrupted. But here I gues s he would just pretend not to mind it and let it be. I myself experienced this once, in fact. Once I was in a post office to have a p ackage posted. You know, it was crowded inside and the people lined up in a wayw ard way. So when it was my turn, and when I was just about to tell the man my re quest, one guy …………[文章太长，没有全部显示，点击本文标题阅读全文] Re：Culture Difference panpanpan 210 08:32 You've got a sharp eye for the human conditions, Tim. -- Learning is like rowing upstream; not to advance is to drop back. Learning is like sailing a boat against the current; it either advances or retre ats. Re：Culture Difference tdeanxx(Tim) 351 12:47 Dear Panpanpan, I wouldn't have written in such a non-diplomatic fashion except that I wanted to see what people thought, and that sort of behavior is particularly irritating t o me. I will try not to lose my temper when I am in China. I don't want to get "kung fu'd". Great to hear from you, friend. I want to hear more of your thou ghts. Tim Re：Culture Difference smdyfc(Dont happy) 263 18:05 English is so good!Do you announce some articles more again?Did you graduate?Wor ker, should have of, all of you have brains!Can come to our company to work? -- Power is everything!!Falling behind would be beaten!! I'm never,never,never,never give up!!! Re：Culture Difference spoilme(maple) 804 06:02 "Thirdly, change stuff. Suppose I am in a shopping mall and the stuff I purchase cost me 142 RMB. While lining up at the casher’s and happening to check my wal let, I find I have 200 RMB and two one-yuan coins. What will I do? To give the c ashier 200 RMB, or give him 200 RMB and the two one-yuan coins so that he could return me 60 RMB, which is more convenient for both of us. I think when the Chinese were in this situation, they would mostly choose the la tter one. But the scholar said, in Australia, they won’t do so. He then told th at he himself did try it once, and he thought it was self-evident to do so. But the cashier did not understand. " It won't happen in New York. Maybe the cashers in NY are smarter. :) -- Be not afraid of going slowly, be afraid only of standing still.参考一下Diet Culture difference between China and America.（中美饮食文化的差异）这篇也可以参考一下The main difference between Chinese and America eating habits is that unlike, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests (. four people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to finish. A typical meal starts with some cold dishes, like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple" food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on
2010年9月1日上午9点整，北京市奋斗小学38个教学班的学生安静地坐在教室里，收看《开学第一课》。当电视屏幕上出现一群朝气蓬勃的少年握紧拳头、坚定地说出“少年智则中国智，少年强则中国强;我的梦是中国梦，中国的梦是我们的梦”时，孩子们个个坐得笔直，全神贯注，生怕错过了精彩的瞬间。今天，全国共有亿名中小学生同时收看了《开学第一课》。开学第一天，由教育部和中央电视台联合推出的以“我的梦·中国梦[1]”为主题的大型公益节目《开学第一课》在中央电视台播出。节目分为“我的梦”、“坚持梦想”、“探索梦想”、“中国梦”4个篇章，既有袁隆平院士、马云、李连杰、房祖名、章子怡等知名人士参与，也有一批少年英雄登台亮相,如豆豆、张子枫。节目还通过网络征集了全国中小学生的10万个梦想。编辑本段上课详情当主持人王小丫讲述舟曲孩子的梦想时，几度哽咽，也感动了电视机前的学生们。韩璇是舟曲县城关一小二年级学生。灾难来临时，她的爸爸从离家200米的地方飞奔回来，但看到的已是一片泥沙。整整3天，爸爸在泥土堆里拼命地挖啊找啊，直到看见了那枚红色的发卡。泥土堆里的韩璇，长发上满是泥浆，爸爸为心爱的女儿最后一次洗净了头发，亲手为她扎起了小辫。爸爸说，小韩璇的梦想是当一名老师，他们家有一块小黑板，小韩璇经常在上面写写画画，还让爸爸妈妈坐在小板凳上，听她讲课。虽然小韩璇没有机会实现这个梦想，但梦想绝不会消逝，即使是房屋倒塌，生命不再，梦想一定还在!今天上午9点，湖北800万中小学生同上开学第一课。武昌实验小学利用多媒体教学系统为全体学生播放了《开学第一课》。不时爆发的掌声、满含泪水的双眼……精彩的节目震撼着师生的心灵。该校四年级(A)班的黄小璐说：“以前我总是一遇到困难就想放弃，节目里那个没有手臂却能用脚弹出美妙琴声的大哥哥让我明白，只有永不放弃，才能实现梦想。”“这种开学第一课的形式非常好，既能吸引学生又能教育学生。”“钢琴王子”郎朗小学期间的班主任、现任沈阳市浑南一小校长冯凝说：“全社会都来宣传和弘扬崇高的理想，是对教育工作的最大支持。过去往往是学校‘单枪匹马’地进行德育，而今天的第一课，为孩子树立了追寻梦想的榜样，这一课上得非常有意义!”2010年9月1日，湖南桂东县、安化县、龙山县相关学校均组织广大师生同时收看了《开学第一课》，并举行了梦想大集合活动。安化县二中高一学生唐倩说，自己连续三年收看《开学第一课》，这次感触尤其深刻：进入高中了，梦想就是努力考上一所理想的大学，要像袁隆平那样用自己的智慧，倾尽毕生精力造福全人类。北京奋斗小学1400多名学生今早一到校，先参加了隆重的开学典礼。结合即将播出的《开学第一课》，典礼的主题定为“做脚踏实地的快乐追梦人”。校长见培炎充满激情地讲道：“我愿全校每一个同学的心中都装有很多的梦、美好的梦、多彩的梦……我希望同学们能把自己的梦想和祖国的强盛、人民的幸福紧紧地联系在一起。希望同学们大胆地做梦，快乐地追梦，在追梦中成长，成为造福于祖国和人民的人。”亿名中小学生是中国未来的希望，从小培养孩子们的梦想，对中国未来发展至关重要。每个孩子的梦想聚集起来，就汇成了明天的中国梦。央视一套节目部副主任许文广告诉记者，希望《开学第一课》成为孩子们一个共同的记忆，成为引领其价值观和人生观健康发展的推动力量，这正是《开学第一课》的意义所在。
中国梦是追求个人利益与集体利益的统一。美国梦是追求个人利益与个人价值的实现。
美国梦的定义①所谓的美国梦（American Dream），是一种相信只要在美国经过努力不懈的奋斗便能获致更好生活的理想，亦即人们必须透过自己的工作勤奋、勇气、创意、和决心迈向繁荣，而非依赖于特定的社会阶级和他人的援助。通常这代表了人们在经济上的成功或是企业家的精神。许多欧洲移民都是抱持著美国梦的理想前往美国的。尽管有些人批评美国梦过度强调了物质财富在衡量胜利和快乐上扮演的角色，但许多美国人的确认为，这种获得成功的机会在世界上其他国家是找不到也并不存在的。因为与其他大多数国家不同的是，在美国拥有的经济自由相当多，政府扮演的角色相当有限，这使得美国的社会流动性极大，任何人都有可能透过自己的努力迈向巅峰。从美国独立直至19世纪末期，广大的土地都无人居住和拥有，任何有心人都可以加以占据并投资和开垦。而到了工业革命时期，美国庞大的自然资源和先进的工业技术则使得快速的社会流动变的可能，而且这种趋势仍在一天一天的增加中。依据历史学家的说法，美国快速的经济发展和工业扩张并非只是因为美国的自然资源丰富，更是因为所有人都有机会藉由自己的奋斗获取财富。美国梦成为了吸引世界各地人民移民美国的主要原因—无论过去或现在。在今天，每年有超过一百万的人成为美国公民，是世界上最受欢迎的移民地点。编辑本段美国梦的内涵 五月花号300年前，当英格兰移民乘坐着五月花号横穿大西洋来到马里兰，寻找一块清教徒能居住的“净土”时，“美国梦”(American Dream)已开始悄然萌芽——美国给了全世界每一个人均等的机会，只要努力奋斗，都可以实现自己的梦想。300年后，这个国家已成富饶之邦，然而，“美国梦”并没有消逝，只是随着历史的变迁，它拥有了更多的“内涵”。什么是“美国梦”？“众多历史学家和社会学家观点不一，不同的美国人也有不同的解读。”加州大学洛杉矶分校历史学教授朗·梅勒接受《环球》杂志记者采访时如此回答。不过一般而言，“美国梦”包含几个要素：美国提供了人人都能成功的机会；成功取决于自己的才能和努力，而不是家世和背景；人人都拥有平等的权利；人人都有信仰的自由。“这些要素是与历史密不可分的，也必须和时代背景结合起来看。”朗·梅勒说。编辑本段土地和黄金的原始梦18~19世纪的欧洲，贵族尚未退出历史舞台、社会等级森严、财富分配不公、宗教歧视严重……孟德斯鸠、笛卡尔等启蒙运动的先驱，开始对美国这块神奇的土地赞颂不已，这也燃起了弱势群体的“美国梦”。18世纪来到美国的移民都是欧洲的弱势者，最典型的是英格兰的清教徒和德国的破产小农民，当他们来到还是殖民地的美国时，政治平等的要求就格外强烈，也自发地落实了民主。于是，“平等权利”成了“美国梦”的一个内涵。梅勒解释道，“人人都能成功”，缘于早期美国土地广袤而人口稀少，移民都能获取大片肥沃的土地。当时的美国还是农业经济为主，不言而喻，“土地就意味着财富，意味着成功”。随着18世纪末、19世纪初美国西部发现多处金矿，有些幸运儿开始因掘金而一夜暴富，这波“淘金潮”的传奇，推动了移民西进的浪潮，也为“美国梦”抹上了浓厚的金黄色彩。不过，这般“美梦”的背后，也是一部血淋淋的历史：欧洲移民的大片土地，是屠杀了数百万印第安人而获得的“无主之地”；高产农田的耕种者，大多是从非洲劫掠来的黑奴；西进掘金的劳力，是血泪交加的华人苦工。可以说，早期的“美国梦”，更多的是欧洲移民的梦。梅勒指出，当代的美国历史学界也有不少人在正视和反思这段历史，这都是“美国梦”不义的一面。编辑本段奋斗加智慧的新榜样南北战争前后，美国开始了工业化。欧洲来的移民更多地进入纽约、芝加哥、底特律等新兴的工业城市。从此，“美国梦”有了新的内涵。这一时期，出现了许多奋斗起家的工商业巨子。比如依靠个人发明而创立通用电气公司的爱迪生，采石油的洛克菲勒，搞银行的摩根，发明汽车生产线的福特。他们的共同特点是：起家寒微，但通过勤奋终于创立了自己庞大的事业，成为传奇人物。也许，这些“传奇”多少带有后人美化的成分，甚至所谓的“爱迪生发明”，也有不少是助手们的成果。梅勒更是认为，当时美国已处于经济急速膨胀时期，到第一次世界大战前，美国已成为世界经济实力最强的国家，国内的经济运行也处于“无序到有序”的变化阶段，各行业出现巨富寡头，原是应有之义。到了21世纪的信息时代，微软的比尔·盖茨、雅虎的杨致远以及GOOGLE的三个创立者变成了“美国梦”的新偶像。他们凭借自己的智慧，年纪轻轻就积累了数百亿美元的庞大资产。他们活生生的故事似乎表明，只要有智慧，有天才，在美国就可以成功。编辑本段褪色和变味的梦想“美国梦”背后的真正动力是什么？一些历史学家认为，就是对财富的渴求和追逐。康涅狄格州立大学历史学教授马修·沃肖尔指出：“对金钱的追求，是‘美国梦’中不变的成分。然而，“恰恰是对财富的过度追逐，使‘美国梦’也在变味，逐步丧失了对世界各地人们的吸引力。”沃肖尔在他的文章《谁想成为百万富翁——变化中的“美国梦”概念》中敏锐地观察到美国社会风气这几十年的变化。如果说早期的美国人还提倡“诚实和勤奋”来致富，今天则是越来越热衷于寻求“快速致富”。比如，现在美国人最推崇的致富方式是：与大企业打赔偿官司、去拉斯维加斯赌博或买彩票、以及参加有奖电视竞赛节目。沃肖尔认为，这表明美国社会正在逐渐丧失勤奋劳动的动力。早期来美国的欧洲移民，信奉的是政治权利平等和宗教平等。而今天，美国的政治也在演变成为金钱的游戏。这一点沃肖尔也不否认：布什家族在美国政治上的成功就是“石油金钱的成功”。在宗教领域，美国所提倡的自由仅限于基督教各教派内部，而少有金钱支持的伊斯兰教，在美国只能处于极度弱势的地位。梅勒也认为，在时代的变迁中，“美国梦”对世界的吸引力可能越来越小。美国在世界政治中的霸权地位和独断专行，使不少外国人一提及“美国”这个词就充满反感；一个反恐法案堵住了不少移民进入美国的门路；经济的投机化、泡沫化使普通人永远害怕自己的财富突然消失。美国梦的代表美国梦的化身：西奥多·罗斯福；美国前总统：约翰·肯尼迪；美国现任总统；巴拉克·侯赛因·奥巴马；路易斯安那州州长金达尔；布什政府的劳工部长赵小兰；商务部长古铁雷斯；奥巴马政府的能源部长朱棣文；商务部长骆家辉；奥巴马政府内阁秘书卢沛宁；加州州长施瓦辛格；百人会会长傅履仁。————来自百度百科
区别如下：
1、路径不同
从路径选择上讲，美国走的是资本主义道路。我们走的是中国特色社会主义道路，弘扬中国精神，凝聚中国力量，具有鲜明的中国特色中国风格中国气派。
2、概念不同
从概念内涵上讲，“美国梦”主要以自由、繁荣为标签，宣称一个人无论什么背景，只要来到北美新大陆，通过个人奋斗，就可以实现自己的梦想。中华民族伟大复兴的“中国梦”包括国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福三个层面，落脚点是“人民幸福”。全国各族人民是实现“中国梦”的主体力量，也是实现“中国梦”的直接受益者。
3、趋势不同
从动态或趋势上讲，“美国梦”早已褪去其耀眼光环，缺少新内涵和活力，缺乏可持续性。我国则持续保持着强劲发展势头，中国社会充满生机和活力，“中国梦”正一步步地从理想变为现实。
中国梦基本内涵：
梦想对于一个人来说，或多或少、或大或小，都是有的，不管你是为了改善自己的生活或是为了报效国家而学习、工作，这些都是我们的梦想。同样一个国家也有自己的梦想。
实现中华民族伟大复兴，是近代以来中国人民最伟大的梦想，我们称之为“中国梦”，基本内涵是实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福。
从美国汽车看美国文化 英文专业毕业论文American Culture—From the Perspective of AutomobileAbstractSino-US relationship is one of the most important bilateral relations in the world. It connects the world’s most populous country with the only Superpower. The mutual understanding is related to the quality of two countries’ relation. Therefore, it is urgent to increase the understanding of the United States. Understanding the United States includes the understanding of American culture. Automobile is an important traffic tool and an essential element in Americans’ life. It is also an American culture carrier. It is an aspect for Chinese people to understand the United thesis introduces the definition of culture and the significance of studying American culture, and then analyses, in American culture, the individualism, humor, materialism and Americans’ pursuit of change in their life. At last the author draws a conclusion that from the perspective of automobile, Americans are individualistic, humorous, and good at pursuit of materials and change in their Words American Automobile; the United States; Culture给你个参考吧。论文一定要有个着眼点。美国文化太大了。比如这里就从汽车这个着眼点谈论
哥们 你也 XJTU的 不是把 - -```我都搜到N个一样题目的了 你说我还敢抄嘛- -！。。。。。
每个社会、每个民族都有自己的理想和自己追求的目标。当这些理想和目标具体化时，它们就演化成价值观。价值观一经社会认可，就呈现出两种功能。第一，它明确无误地告诉社会成员，什么是崇高的、许可的行为，什么是禁止的、受人谴责的行为。这实际上是规范人们行为的标准。第二，它激励社会成员努力去追求价值观所体现的理想，为理想社会的实现作出自己的贡献。这实际是为人们的行为提供精神指南。与其他社会的价值观一样，美国人的价值观也有它的历史形成过程。这种价值观既是美利坚民族形成之日起在政治、经济、社会、思想、文化和道德等方面的演变结果，也是美利坚民族赖以生存、得以继续发展的动力源泉。从这个意义上说，探讨和弄清美国人的价值观对我们从整体上认识美国人的民族特性，以及这些特性在推动美国社会向前发展的作用具有重要的意义。 记得1998年我参加过一项美国人对中国人价值观和美国人价值观的调查和对比（美国英语学会主办），他们让你说出你自己人生当中最看重的，然后再按照大家所说的几率排出中国人最看重的前十项，也就是中国人的价值观展示。结果出来了，中国人第一看重的是“金钱”，其次是“家庭”、“爱情”、“工作”、“学历”等等。美国人的价值观中位居第一位的是我们做梦都想不到、并且在中国人的价值观中根本就没有一席之地的：change（变化）。美国人最崇尚的是“变化”，而因此美国人号称世界上著名的“mobile race”（流动民族）。其次他们看重的是：“时间”、“挑战”、“机遇”等等，“家庭”和“爱情”自然也在其中，“金钱”也在其中，只不过位置在中间和靠后。美国人喜欢变化，他们老喜欢变换自己的工作环境，甚至是生活环境。他们的这个变化其实主要是针对于自己的工作而言的。只有变化，人才能发现自己的潜能，才能活的有意义，才能让自己的人生丰富而多彩。美国人就是看重自己价值的最大限度的实现。“人挪活树挪死”，中国人虽然也很赞成这句话，但真正实践起来却很害怕，因为“变化”就意味着“挑战”和“不稳定”，甚至是“危险”。我自己也一直想变换自己的生活和工作环境，可却一直拖到现在不愿意离开这个可以衣食无忧的地方。所以我崇尚的两个字也是“变化”，我用此来激励自己，看看能不能突破自己。 这场调查有十个美国教师志愿者主办，在中国的一所大学里。当时调查完排出顺序并进行对比以后，好多中国人都不好意思，毕竟中国人最爱“钱”。而美国人就从“变化”里争取得到更多的“钱”，远远没有中国人直接。那也就是说中国人看重结果，美国人看重过程。他们认为人生当中的“过程”是非常重要的，人离不开钱，但如果通过挣钱这个过程可以让人的才华和潜能得到最大的发挥，那才是人最幸福的。所以他们看重：人在自己喜欢的环境当中干自己喜欢的工作，并能够挣最大限度的Money.结束以后，让中国人提问题，十个美国老师一并排站在讲台上，足足等了约十五分钟，全场几百人无一人发问，他们尴尬的走下了讲台。中美价值观有差别，文化有差别，就连性格、教育方式、思维方式都有很大的差别。但彼此对比和借鉴应该说是有必要的。美国人的价值观，对中国的孩子甚至大人应该有一定的启发。 美国的宪法规定，总统副总统都是任期四年。因此每四年选一次。但是，对于总统连任，或是多次当选，宪法最初并没有限制。可能考虑既然是每四年选一次，连任也是再选举选出来的，只要选举公正，连任也不会有大问题。干得好就再干下去呗。所以，美国历史上有过当选三次的总统，如罗斯福总统。 但是，随着时代的发展和美国本身的发展，美国政府的行政机构迅速膨胀，总统所掌握的财力人力物力甚至军力也水涨船高，无形大增。美国人又一次感到不安全。尽管有罗斯福总统这样良性的例子，他们还是觉得应该在总统的连任上也加以限制。因此在1951年的宪法第二十二条修正案中，规定了一个人在总统的职位上只能任职两次（即连任一次）。这也是美国人对于“收银机”机制的又一次改进。这一修正案事实上更强调了对于“人是不可靠的”这一基本出发点的坚持。 美国人认为让一个凡人连续多年处于这样的权力中心，无论如何都是危险的。即使这位总统看上去干得很出色，也得请他下来。即使换上去的新总统相对更没有经验，能力也不如前任，那也要换上去。因为，对于美国人来说，安全第一。只要能够让防止出现专制和暴君的整个“收银机”机制能够正常运作，其他都是次要的。四、美国人的价值观因为在本书中我们经常需要对美国社会进行分析和讨论，因此，简要叙述一下美国文化的一些主要方面——赋予美国人生活以意义的共同价值观和信仰，是很有帮助的。这样一个简述也为我们提供了对一个社会展开详尽观察的机会。对我们而言，美国的文化价值观是那样的熟悉，因此很难注意到它们。它已成为了我们的生活背景，我们离不开它们，就像鱼儿离不开水一样。它们是一种想当然的东西，从我们的出生到最后死亡，文化一起决定着我们的生活。如何文化发生了变化，那么我们也就不能成为现在的自己了。美国人的种族、职业、信仰多种多样，因此，美国文化是最多元性的文化之一。煤矿工人和公司经理、爱尔兰血统的波士顿天主教徒和新奥尔良的科利奥尔人——他们都是美国社会的一部分，同时也为美国文化增添了光彩。但是，尽管存在着这些差异，某些共同的价值观模式还是能够清楚地被区分出来的。1、美国人的传统价值观罗宾·威廉斯在他的《美国社会：一个社会学的解释》（罗宾·M·威廉斯，Jr.，1970）一书中给出了一套美国人的基本价值观，为我们这一部分的讨论提供了基础。此外，许多其他社会学家也区分出了一系列美国人共有的价值观。这些论断已得到了外国游客的赞同，他们观察到了同样的典型美国人的特征。在美国人中进行的民意测验也证实了这些价值观，测验结果表明美国人仍然信守冈纳·莫德尔（Gunnar Myrdal，1962）所说的“美国人的信条”。威廉斯列出了如下传统的美国人价值观：个人成就。个人成就是所有美国人评价最高的价值观之一。美国人赞扬和奖励那些才艺出众和成就辉煌者，尤其是那些通过艰苦工作而取得成就的人。一个人的价值常常被赞同于其在商业、艺术或其他重要领域中的成就。但是，对成就的这种强调，特别是往往用经济方面的状况来衡量成就，就与尊重一个人仅因为是其自身的原因的观念相冲突。工作。美国社会是建立在艰苦工作的基础上的。来到这片荒原的早期移民必需努力工作，这不仅仅是为了争取较好的社会条件，更是为了能生存下去。丰富的自然资源为人们的生产提供了可能性，同时，这些殖民者也意识到，一个农民、猎人或矿工的劳动不仅仅给他自己，而且也给整个社会带来了财富。这就形成了这样一种价值观，工作被视为是取得较好的社会条件的手段。这个新国家开放流动的社会结构也为那些努力工作的人们提供了出人头地的机会。到现在为止，工作仍然是美国文化中一个重要的价值观。道德关怀和人道主义。作为美国人虔诚的宗教信仰的一部分，早期美洲殖民者对那些比他们不幸的人们的福利有关深切的关注。不过在实际生活中，美国人并不经常把这种价值观付诸实施。同时，人道主义价值观与美国人其他的一些主要价值观存在逻辑矛盾。比如，个人成就的价值观就使很多美国人难以接受国家福利计划。在他们看来，让社会的一部分人来养活那些根本不工作的人是不合理的。但是，如果其他人显然是由于其自身难以抗拒的原因而陷入贫困的（例如水灾受害者），则大部分美国人的态度是十分慷慨的。要解决诸如上述个人成就与道德关怀之类核心价值观之间的冲突是很困难的，而且很容易导致个人层次的混乱和不稳定。效率和实用主义。美国人倾向于用实用主义来评价事物：这是否可行呢？是否值得这么做？这种价值观很大程度上是受美国边缘地区传统的影响。边缘地区的危险环境使当时的殖民者对那些缺乏效率和不够实用的工具、武器甚至人都十分轻视。作为一个实用主义者，美国人喜欢尽快解决手头上的问题。结果，美国人往往比较注重技术，并有一种想控制物质世界的强烈欲望。美国人一般不愿意追求长远的、不切合实际的目标。进步和物质增长。作为一个建立在希望之上的国家，美国一直对进步的思想感兴趣。这种思想的源泉之一就是对工作的重视，它直接导致了这样一种观念，即艰苦的工作将有助于建立一个美好的世界。早期的美国人努力提高他们的物质繁荣和享受的水平，这种努力使进步的思想和技术革新相联系起来：如果一种事物是新的，那它肯定就是好的。由于进步的思想和物质增长是紧密相关的，所以它们都意味着“美好生活”。由此，在美国的公司和企业中出现诸如“进步是我们最重要的产品”这样的口号也就不足为奇了，广告也竭力使我们购买它所宣传的产品，因为它是“新的”和“进步的”。平等。由于早期的美国殖民者大多来自殖民国的中下层阶级，所以他们大多反对严格划分阶级的观念。因此，“旧世界”的许多不平等现象在美国则不是问题。另一方面，由于这个国家具有大量的自然资源能够为所有人提供充足的供应，从而更增强了平等的观念。和许多其他主要价值观一样，平等观念也和其他一些价值观存在冲突，而且也往往在实践中难以得到体现。这里，我们再次看到了理想价值观和现实价值观之间的冲突。一种认为美国人生活中明显缺乏平等的观点指出，要体现平等价值观就要求每个人都能有一个平等的机会去争取成功，但实际上即使以这个最普通的标准去衡量，大多数美国人也很难做到这一点。许多中上层阶级的成员把他们在社会中的优越地位解释为对他们更高个人成就的一种奖励，而这种个人成就观点也是美国人的主要价值观之一。自由。在所有美国人价值观中，自由占据了最重要的位置。对美国人而言，自由意味着行为不受约束，又代表着一个明确的、完全的自由体制，包括：新闻自由、和平集会的自由、维持多党政府的自由以及私人经营企业的自由等。虽然美国人也接受一些对其自由的限制，但他们对任何过分强权的、直接要求他们如何生活的政府则表示出完全的不信任。这种不信任建立这样一种信仰之上，即人们应自己管理自己的生活。美国人的这种对政府控制的怀疑态度必然会产生这样一种冲突，即文化中自由价值观和平等价值之间的冲突（利普斯特，1963）。如果没有政府管理，一部分人会变得极端富有甚至专权。极端的财富紧接着就会带来对穷人、下层阶级的压迫。这就违背了我们所接受的平等价值观或至少是违背了平等机会的观念。民族主义和爱国主义。大部分美国人相信他们的生活方式是最好的，而且应被其他国家沿用。即使到今天，那些对美国社会提出建设性批评的美国公民有时会被认为是不爱国的。最近的一些社会学研究已发现了美国人和英国人的个人价值观之间存在许多相同点。正如表3-2显示的那样，在12种价值观中，两国的城市居民都把“身体健康”和“婚姻幸福”列在最重要的选择，而把“道德目的”、“团队工作的意义”、“赚大钱”列在最后。然而，两国公民对具体各项价值观的重视程度是不一样的。婚姻和朋友对英国人而言更为重要；美国人则更注重“有意义的生活”。可以推断，这些区别反映了两种文化间深层次的差异：中国文化更偏向于集体主义，而美国文化更偏向于个人主义。
目前，中美文化价值观的国内外研究呈现逐渐深入和广泛的趋势。在本土研究方面，学者们深刻分析中美文化差异和相似之处，挖掘出背后的历史、政治、社会等文化因素。而在国际研究方面，学者们则更多关注两种文化间的学术交流、理论碰撞和文化衍化。总体而言，中美文化价值观的国内外研究已经形成了相对稳定的研究架构，激发了对文化认知的思考与反思。
黑人民权领袖马丁路德金为美国民主献出生命，马丁·路德·金为黑人谋求平等，发动了美国的民权运动，功绩卓著，闻名于世。金在成为民权运动积极分子之前，是黑人社区必有的浸礼会的牧师。民权运动是美国黑人教会的产物，本文记叙金的第一次民权演说，揭示了民权运动与黑人教会的关系。马尔科姆·艾克斯于1925年出生在美国内布拉斯加州东部的奥马哈市，少年时期是个不学无术的街头混混，贩毒、吸毒、滥交、抢劫、杀人几乎无恶不作。终于自食恶果，被抓入监狱。入狱后，他居然从看字典开始，学习了世界历史，哲学，政治，自然科学等方面的知识，并参加了黑色穆斯林组织。出狱后，他投身黑人运动，成为声望仅次于马丁·路德·金的黑人运动领袖。
有关吉他的起源及发展简史，我个人认为大体可以分为以下八个阶段：1、有根据的吉他的远祖应该是公元前1400年前生活在小亚细亚和叙利亚北部的古赫梯人城门遗址上的“赫梯吉他”。这是考古学家找到的最古老的类似现代吉他（一样具有内弯的琴体）的乐器，是。8字型内弯的琴体决定了吉他属乐器特有的声音共鸣和乐器特点，这也成为吉他与其它弹拨乐器所不同（如琴体是半梨形的鲁特属乐器）的最显著特点。2、吉他一词最早出现为西班牙文吉他（Guitarra）一词,最早出现在十三世纪的西班牙。当时，已经出现“摩尔吉他”和“拉丁吉他”。西班牙语吉他（Guitarra）是由波斯语逐渐演化成的， 其中摩尔吉他琴体为椭圆形背部鼓起，使用金属弦，演奏风格比较粗犷；拉丁吉他琴体为与现代吉他类似的8字型平底结构，使用羊肠弦，风格典雅。如图：摩尔吉他 拉丁吉他3、吉他发展史上的第一个鼎盛时期是文艺复兴时期。四对复弦的吉他演奏高峰的出现是吉他进入第一个鼎盛时期的标志。（1）文艺复兴是14世纪至16世纪在欧洲兴起的一个思想文化运动，进而带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了现代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。马克思主义史学家认为是封建主义时代和资本主义时代的分界。 （2）文艺复兴发端于14世纪的意大利（文艺复兴一词就源于意大利语Rinascimento，意为再生或复兴），以后扩展到西欧各国，16世纪达到鼎盛。1550年，瓦萨里在其《艺苑名人传》中，正式使用它作为新文化的名称。此词经法语转写为Renaissance，17世纪后为欧洲各国通用。19世纪，西方史学界进一步把它作为14至16世纪西欧文化的总称。西方史学界曾认为它是古希腊、罗马帝国文化艺术的复兴。 3、十六世纪（1500年-1600年）四对复弦的吉他和它的近亲──用手指弹奏的比维拉琴，在演奏与创作方面都达到了很高的水准。吉他和比维拉琴不仅深受广大欧洲民众喜爱，而且还常常成为宫廷乐器。当时的吉他、比维拉大师有米兰（Luis milan）、纳乐瓦埃斯（Luys de Narvaez）、穆达拉（Alonso mudarra），以及十七世纪时五组复弦的巴洛克吉他时代大师桑斯（Gaspar Sanz）、科尔贝塔（Cor betta）、维赛（Vi see）等。他们的许多作品现在仍是现代古典吉他作品宝库中的不朽财富。当时吉他、比维拉琴等乐器所使用的记谱方法还不是现在的五线谱，而是用横线来代表各弦，用数字或字母表示音位和指法，与现在民谣吉他中使用的六线谱类似的图示记谱法。如图：四弦复弦吉他 （比维拉）当时十分兴盛的乐器还有被认为是吉他同宗的鲁特琴（Lute）。鲁特琴前身是阿拉伯的乌德琴（UD的原意是木头）。当时著名的鲁特琴大师道兰（Dowland）和魏斯（Weiss）等人的作品经后人改编，在今天的古典吉他曲目中也占有重要的位置。伟大的巴洛克音乐集大成者巴赫所创作的不朽作品中如大提琴、小提琴组曲、奏鸣曲的吉他改编曲，在古典吉他曲目中的地位举足轻重，尽管有学者对巴赫有没有创作过鲁特作品提出疑问，但他所传世的四首鲁特琴组曲和少量鲁特作品，首首都具有不朽的价值。巴洛克时期的其他一些作曲家如维瓦尔弟的鲁特琴、曼陀林协奏曲，和D.斯卡拉第的古钢琴奏鸣曲的吉他改编曲都在古典吉他曲中占有重要位置。4、吉他发展史上的的黄金时代出现在十八世纪后期。六弦吉他的出现，标志着吉他的发展的第一个黄金时代的到来。当时鲁特琴和比维拉琴逐渐退出了历史舞台，五对复弦和其后出现的六对复弦的吉他也渐渐完成了它们的历史使命。1800年前后，全新的六根单弦的吉他以其清晰的和声及调弦方便等优点很快得到了几乎全欧洲的青睐五对复弦吉他 六对复弦吉他六根单弦吉他5、有“吉他音乐的贝多芬”之称的索尔的出现，标志着六弦吉他发展到了颠峰。十九世纪初，活跃在当时古典吉他音乐中心巴黎、维也纳、伦敦的最著名的古典吉他大师有索尔（Sor），阿瓜多（Aguado），朱利亚尼（Giuliani），卡鲁里（Carulli），和卡尔卡西（Carcassi）。其中索尔和朱利亚尼除了是古典吉他大师外还是出色的音乐家，他们以杰出的才华为六弦古典吉他创作了包括协奏曲在内的第一批大型曲目，为六弦古典吉他日后的发展奠定了基础。尤其值得一提的是索尔，他在创作上承袭海顿、莫扎特的古典音乐传统，除写作歌剧、舞剧音乐外，还为古典吉他创作了包括系统的练习曲、教程在内的大量优秀作品，被音乐评论家称为“吉他音乐的贝多芬”。阿瓜多、卡鲁里、卡尔卡西的重要作品和他们所作的大量练习曲与吉他教程至今仍是古典吉他中的经典。在十九世纪还有不少音乐家喜爱并演奏古典吉他，如舒伯特、韦伯和柏辽兹，小提琴魔王帕格尼尼不但擅长演奏吉他，而且还曾放弃提琴演奏，献身于吉他达三年之久，为吉他写下了大量作品。十九世纪后期著名的吉他音有乐家科斯特（Coste）、默茨（mertz）、卡诺（Cano）、雷冈第（Regondi）等，他们为吉他创作的很多优秀作品都成为了十九世纪古典吉他音乐的经典。6、十九世纪中叶，由于钢琴和提琴乐器出现了一批名震青史的演奏大师，吉他逐渐受到冷落，进入历史上第一个低潮。在钢琴、管弦乐、歌剧音乐发展的巨大冲击下，吉他在十九世纪中期以后渐渐失去了往日的辉煌，演奏与创作一度处于低潮，这种情况一直持续到十九世纪末吉他才再度复兴。7、泰雷加的《大霍塔舞曲》的创作成功，标志着古典吉他发展的再度复兴。古典吉他在十九世纪末再度复兴的生命力是在西班牙获得的。吉他能在二十世纪蓬勃发展并达到前所未有的辉煌，在很大程度上应归功于“近代吉他之父”泰雷加对吉他从制做、乐器性能、演奏技术直至曲目等各方面的深入研究和革新。泰雷加和他的老师阿尔卡斯一直致力于与吉他制作家托雷斯（Torres）合作，并最终生产出了琴体扩大、音量增大、乐器性能明显改善的现代古典吉他。毕业于马德里音乐学院和声与作曲专业，并且是位出色钢琴家的泰雷加尽管公开演出不多，但一生潜心研究吉他，创立了全新的演奏方法，创作了大量糸统和科学的练习曲与出色发挥吉他乐器性能的不朽名曲，其中，《大霍塔舞曲》被广泛流传，为复兴古典吉他作出重要贡献。除此之外，他还选择改编了许多适合吉他演奏的古典音乐名曲，以扩大古典吉他的目曲范围。由于泰雷加的杰出贡献以及他的学生、后继者柳贝特（Llobet）、普霍尔（Pujol）等人的不懈努力，终于使古典吉他在十九、二十世纪之交重新获得了新的生命，为二十世纪古典吉他的辉煌打下了坚实的基础。托雷斯（Torres）古典吉他 二十世纪古典吉他8、塞戈维亚时代的到来，标志着古典吉他的辉煌二十世纪古典吉他强大的生命力是由伟大的吉他大师－－塞戈维亚（&127;Andre Seqovia 1893-1987），以其近七十年的演奏和探索一步步推向高潮的。塞戈维亚以他超凡的天才、坚定的信念和坚持不懈的努力，使吉他最终摆脱了沦为酒店、咖啡馆民间乐器的命运，使古典吉他作为音乐会独奏乐器的魅力被音乐界与世人所公认，最终使吉他克服了种种偏见，成为了和钢琴、小提琴一样被人们广泛喜爱的高雅乐器。塞戈维亚遍及世界各地的频繁演出不但使全世界了解了古典吉他，使吉他在全世界流行开来，还吸引了许多专业作曲家为吉他写下了大量高水平的音乐作品。这些作曲家中最著名的如：为吉他写下《五首前奏曲》与《十二首高级练习曲》的巴西作曲家维拉-罗伯斯（Villa-Lobos），《阿兰胡埃斯》吉他协奏曲的作者罗德里戈（Rodrigo）等。塞戈维亚还为吉他改编了大量著名音乐作品，如巴赫的无伴奏小提琴作品《恰空》等，大大丰富了古典吉他的曲目，最终使古典吉他的曲目在二十世纪无论在数量和质量上都达到和其他重要乐器一样的水平。在上世纪初几乎没有一个音乐学院开设吉他专业，塞戈维亚不但积极从事教学工作，培养了大批年青的吉他演奏家，他还积极呼吁世界各大音乐学院开设吉他专业，并鼓励他的学生们从事教学工作，至此，目前世界著名的音乐院校不仅开设了古典吉他专业，而且把其列为重要的学科加以建设。这是塞戈维亚对古典吉他的又一巨大贡献。现在活跃在世界各地音乐舞台上的无数优秀的吉他演奏家，都曾直接或间接地受过塞戈维亚的教诲或影响的。虽然大师已经离开了人世，但是每当我们演奏起古典吉他、或是学习古典吉他、或是观赏古典吉他演奏、聆听古典吉他音乐，甚至仅仅是谈论起古典吉他时，我们实际上都是走在大师以毕生的功绩铺就的宽阔大道上和不朽的光辉中，尽管我们末必能时刻意识到这一点。 对二十世纪吉他音乐产生重大影响的其他音乐家中，特别值得一提的是巴拉圭吉他奇才巴利奥斯（Agustin Barrios Mangore 1885-1944）。这位具有印第安血统的巴利奥斯自称为“吉他中的帕格尼尼”而且毫不为过，他除了是位出色的吉他演奏家和作曲家外，还是位哲学家、画家、宗教学者和诗人，除了在世界各地成功地巡回演出外，他还是第一个为古典吉他录音的演奏家。巴利奥斯出色的艺术才华在二十世纪的大部分时间里并末得到世人的公认，在上世纪后期，巴利奥斯以多种风格创作的大量丰富多彩的吉他曲逐渐被发掘出来，并成为了古典吉他音乐作品中最重要和最受人喜爱的曲目之一
The importance of family education Family education on the issue since ancient times by people's concern, but as a subject to study in China in recent years is also the matter. This is the development of the times, the demand, the National necessary to improve the overall quality of the issues involved. Here with the parents of the importance of family education, the aim is to the family and society, the education sector to shoulder the common task of educating the next generation. The education is a system of education works here include a family education, social education, collective (Tuoyouyuansuo, school) education, the three interrelated and organic combination of mutual influence, interaction and mutual constraints The education project from which one can, but in this project, family education is the foundation of all education. The former Soviet Union educators famous Su Huomu Belinsky transferred to a child than marble, he said, to shape this into a marble statue of need six sculptor: 1 family, 2 schools, 3 children of the collective; 4 child; books; 6 occasional factor. From the order, the family was included in the first place, can see the family in shaping children in the course of a very important role in the hearts of the educators occupy a position. For this reason parents understand the importance of family education is very necessary. First, family education is the starting point for education and basic point Family education generally refers to the family of parents and adult children of minors education process. Their educational objectives should be: the child into the community to accept collective education (kindergarten, school education) prior to guarantee the physical and mental health development of children, to accept the kindergartens, schools of education to lay a solid foundation. The child for admission into the school, with kindergartens, schools to moral, intellectual, physical, the United States, the various aspects of comprehensive development. Education is the focus of moral education mainly among children good moral quality and develop good habits mainly habits include: living habits, labor practices, learning habits, the church children how to learn "life." As a result of family education in the family, and kindergartens, schools of education, social education, compared with the following characteristics of these features so that family education to become the starting point for education and basic point is by no other educational advantages. (A) family of early education The family is the cradle of life of children, who are receiving education after the birth of a venue that is the first class life; parents are children's first teachers, that is, the Enlightenment division. Therefore, parents of children by the application of early education the most. Generally speaking, after the birth of a child after three years of development, access to early childhood, from the 3-year-old…… 6-year-old is preschool, which is said in the early stages of education, this is the physical and mental development of an important period. China's Gu Yan: "Cang, with the Cang, with the yellow, yellow." Childhood is gradually nurture life with the beginning of many basic human capacity is a stage of this age, such as language, and some basic moves Living habits, and so on, the character is gradually taking shape. . psychologists Bloom, a person's intellectual development if his 17-year-old regarded as the level reached 100 percent, then 4 years old when it reached 50 percent. 4-8 years old and a 30% increase ,8-17-year-old also won 20 percent. This shows that children in the 5-year-old former intelligence is the fastest growing period, the early intellectual development is the best, if parents in this period by the implementation of good family education, early child will be the key to intellectual development. Since ancient times, many people with lofty ideals, celebrities in the early years of fruitful period by a good family education is their future become an important cause. For example, the German poet, playwright Goethe's become, effective early education in the family. Goethe 2-3 years old, his father hold on to the outskirts of the field visit to observe nature, culture Goethe's observation capability. 3-4 years old, his father taught him to sing, the songs back, said a fairy tale, and we intend to let him in the face of public lectures, training his speaking ability. These are awareness education so that young Goethe optimistic, progressive, happy to think, be good at learning. Goethe-8-year-old can use, Germany, Britain, Italy, Latin, Greek reading books, 14-year-old wrote the script, the 25-year-old with a month's time wrote a famous poem in Europe, "The Sorrows of Young Werther . " Another example of ancient "and his son calligrapher," Wang Xizhi's known for, Wang Xianzhi, there have been a number of 1350 Edison invented the great inventors, the generation of literary star Guo Moruo, Mao Dun and other celebrities of the growth process that the family education in the early intellectual development is very important . Instead, the period of childhood are not good family education and intellectual impact on the normal development of many of the examples is. Such as India, "Langhai" Ka Mala, who was Diao to the wolf, when 8-year-old was found, but their living habits with the same people, their living habits and almost like a wolf, limbs, crawling, eating raw meat, day V Night, Later, a man-made training, two years before standing, after six years can be like walking Xiangren, four years learned to six words, in his 17-year-old, the intellectual level reached only 3-year-old child's level. According to "China Women" revealed that China's Nanjing City Xingma one of the workers suffering from mental and psychological diseases, Shenpa children persecuted by the people, will own three children from small lock at home, people so that they contacts with the outside world, has a long Up to 10 years, resulting in the children mental retardation, speech delay, compared with their peers, intellectual capacity and very different life, near idiots, so the family can not be neglected the role of early education, (B) family education continuity of family education second characteristic is the continuity. After the birth of a child, from small to large, almost 2 / 3 of time living in the family, Zhaochaomumu, all the parents in the education. Such education is the intentional and unintentional, planned and unplanned, consciously and unconsciously, are carried out, no matter what, in what time education, parents are in their own words and deeds at any time affect their children's education . Such education of children living habits, moral conduct and behaviour and so on in the style of conversation kept to influence and demonstrations, the subtle influence of the considerable role, accompanied by a person's life can be said to live to old to learn the old, some Parent educator again called for life teachers. This life of the education often reflects a family's Family Style, Family Style is good or bad often have to continue for several generations, or even a dozen, dozens generation, and this Family Style often with family members engaged in the employment-related . Such as: Xinglin family "," Pear Orchard House, "" family education ", etc. At the same time Family Style also reflects a family's style of study, study, good or bad is often the continuation of many generations, a dozen people, several dozens of generations . As in modern China, Wuxi people Yan Gong added-not "countries selected in the Museum", statistics from 2003-Shunzhi Branch to Guangxu 30 years Bing Xu Jia Chen Branch, the champion of 114 people, including his son by the first brothers Shuzhileishi Absolutely not, such as Suzhou Miao, Wu and Pan Sanxing, Changshu Weng, both surnamed Jiang, Chen Haining, Zhejiang, check the two surnames. See, family education is often the continuity of personnel groups have an important impact on the rise. This Situation. Ancient and modern times quite prominent in the contemporary with the development of science, and social needs of the unemployed increased, the broad people's careers, a family member can not have all engaged in the same work, but many see this situation That some family members work frequently appears in the results, be commended, but some family members one after another crime. This is a continuous education and family have great relations. (C) family education authority Family Education is the authority of parents in their children on their elders reflected by the power and power. The existence of the family, parents and children identified the blood relationship, upbringing, emotional, moral and ethical children in the living needs of the elderly parents have great dependence, family members and the fundamental interests of consistency, have decided The father of each of their children a greater role in the constraints. Parent education was easier to accept and submit to the children, parents and reasonable use of this feature, the children good moral character and habits formed the usefulness, for child care, in particular, is the case. Child care and other children in playing the game, when disputes arise when parents are often invoked to confirm their own speech act is right, if they like to say: "My father is saying this." Or "My mother is So do. "And so on. Children of parents in the eyes of the authority decided to accept the child how to treat the nursery schools and community education. The relationship between children and parents, the child is the first to face an important social relations. In this relationship, almost embodies the moral social ethics in all aspects, if such a relationship in the formation of cracks and defects, the children then to the community, in a variety of relationships will be reflected. Therefore stressed the importance of parental authority, but also because the children of parents in childhood has always played a dual role: the safety of children is not only the survival of protected persons, but also a life of the Wizard of Enlightenment. The effects of parental education, depends on the extent to establish the authority of parents, foster parents must be authoritative Built on respect for children on the basis of personality, rather than the feudal patriarchal system, parents are wise to understand the importance of establishing authority, but also know how to establish the authority does not rely on repression and force, subjective assumptions, but the method used Gangrouxiangji. Both parents in the education of their children's attitude on the first concerted and coordinate with each other, should be wide, wide, it should be strict martial law, in front of their children establish a kind of dignity and image, so that parents accept their children's education. (D) of the infected family education Parents with children between the blood relationship and kinship between the natural and close, making the parents of the children have strong feelings on the role of infection. Children on the demeanour of the parents can often Xinlingshenkuai to intelligence-intelligence. In dealing with in and around the side of the relationship between matter and the issue of children on the attitude of parents is very easy to resonate. In the happy parents, the children will take part in joy, the parents showed irritability and Menmenbuyue, the child's emotions can easily be affected, even young children as well. If the parents lack of rational and emotional, hot temper, will enable blind children to absorb its weaknesses. Some parents in dealing with unexpected incidents, show panic anxiety, surprise, the impact on children is not good if the frightened parents the same, steady firm and children in distress will also calm the situation calmly, so the quality of child psychology training Play a positive role. (5) timeliness of family education Family education process, parents are parents of children in the family of the individual acts of education than kindergarten, school education should promptly. As the saying goes:知子莫若父, that women Morrow home. Overnight between parents and children, their situation can be said to be well known to the children was slightly changed, even a look, a smile can make parents Xinlingshenhui, so as parents through their children's every move, his every word and deed can make the best of At this very moment of their psychological state, found the child on the existing problems, timely education, timely corrective, not the problem overnight, so that bad habits in the embryonic stage of the eradication. And kindergartens, schools, teachers faced with dozens of children, only for the children of this age stage for general education, that is, education groups, because of time and energy constraints, it is impossible to take care of each child's characteristics, Prone to the phenomenon of loss, or even to take care of the children of teachers and the poor do not have a sense of trust, and parents could guide their children promptly correct understanding. So parents of children to the correct family education so that children can enter kindergarten before forming a good habit, to accept collective education has laid a good foundation, can make up for the lack of mass education. Second, a good family education is the 21st century created the necessary conditions for personnel "China's 1990s development program for children" in the specified: "Today's children are the masters of the 21st century, child protection and the bottom-up development is to improve the quality of the population base, which is a prerequisite for development. The healthy growth of children Related to the future and destiny of the motherland. Improve the quality of the entire nation, from the start with children. "And:" In 2000 to make 90 percent of children (under the age of 14) of the parents to varying degrees, master conservation, education of children of knowledge. "This Top targeted the parents shoulders for the state created the heavy responsibility of the 21st century talents. Can this generation of children training to become Dezhitimei the all-round development of people, this country is Houjiyouren relationship to the Bainiantaiji. Fu-Lu Bell also said: "The country's fate is not so much lies in the hands of those in power, we might as well have said to be in the hands of his mother." This sentence is very philosophical, it profoundly understand the parents pick in the education of their children in The role played by. Parents should first clear direction of education and national interests, the people's request in line with the principle, the child can not be regarded as private property, it is necessary to establish the idea of the country, correct educational purposes. China's 21st century is what the situation, with the words of Comrade Deng Xiaoping, to make our country in the middle of the 21st century to achieve the level of moderately developed countries, per capita income reached 4,000 . dollars, in gross national product amounted to 6 trillion . dollars. The 21st century should be a good ideologies and noble moral character, and improve the psychological quality, positive spirit of cooperation with others, strong adaptability, Chikunailao the comprehensive development of the new generation. If the 21st century do not have such a group of high-quality builders is very difficult to complete this great, with such a quality is not overnight can do, and a good family education training is a prerequisite for high-quality people. Third, a good family education is a catalyst to optimize the children hearts Children from infancy into childhood, with age, from the family environment will eventually enter the small community, contact with the crowd outside the home, things. Lee Jia Choue those in society from time to time to enter the child's perspective, adults take isolation tactics will not work, because in the family video from different angles will continue to reflect the reality in today's society, issues both positive and negative have The. Children, especially young children lack a rational ability to distinguish right from wrong, but sensitive than adults have the feeling of capacity. They occurred around the kind of terrible things, sensitive, and this sensitivity training is the ability to rationally distinguish between a good basis, as parents should take advantage of this extension, help the children feel in this capacity on the basis of , The development of the social life of the ability to identify and psychological capacity, social filter information, optimize the hearts of young children. If parents in their daily life can be for young children is not strong capacity to accept the characteristics specific to seize the day-to-day chores, help children understand the community in identifying the Shishifeifei, specifically so that they feel Lee's bright side, Experience to the ugly despicable, can help children enhance the Yangshan Chuxie sense of justice, thus resist the dark side of the ugly soul of the child erosion. For example, today's video into the urban residents in almost every family, the children almost every day to deal with them, it can be said is not out of their homes, Bianzhi the world. Which can be received from all over the world all kinds of information. There are political situation, scientific and technological progress, ordinary people of Sushi, from which you can learn a lot of knowledge and understanding of major domestic and international events, both within and outside small home. It is inevitable that some homicide violence, obscene absurdity of the lens Yingru child's eyelid. Parents should address these issues timely guidance, to improve their children's ability to identify, we need to keep their own perceptions of behaviour, for their children establish a positive image, optimizing the hearts of children, the prevention of child make mistakes, and even violations of law and discipline. Family to work in this area, help small and stability of the environment. The family is society's cells, with healthy cells, can we have a sound body, the sick cells, the body will cause disease. As an ancient saying goes: "body repair and then home-and-then-State governance, rule of the then-world", "Qijia, the country, the world-the" point of view is that this truth. For this reason parents do a good job in optimizing the work of children's mental stability and social, stability and national power in ages. In short, as parents to the importance of family education fully and conscientiously do a good job in their children's education, make good parents responsibilities and obligations for the country to train qualified personnel in the building.
众所周知，美国黑人的先民是16世纪初到19世纪末从非洲西部被贩卖到北美来的黑奴，那时的西非音乐便是今天美国黑人音乐的主要渊源。（Maultsby 2001：571）因为当时并没有音乐学家对西非地区进行过系统的调查，所以我们对那时西非音乐的情况并不了解。20世纪以来，特别是70年代以后，许多音乐学家到这一地区调查，使我们对其当代民间音乐的情况有了较深入的了解。（Merriam 1959:13）考虑到当代民间音乐是古代民间音乐传承发展的结果，我们便可参考今天西非的民间音乐，推测16到19世纪西非民间音乐的主要特点。西非民间音乐强调运用打击乐器，其节拍和节奏非常复杂，欧洲音乐在同一时间里，各个不同的声部常常只用一种节拍，而西非民间音乐与此不同，各声部常常同时运用不同的节拍形式，如一个声部用四四拍，而另一个声部用八三拍和八五拍交替出现的八八拍，这种情况称为复节拍（poly-meter）。（Nettl 1972:400）此外，各种各样的切分节奏和复节奏也常在西非音乐中出现，这使它在节奏和节拍方面显得十分丰富多彩，西非民间音乐在节奏运用上的另一个特点是12拍为一个单位的循环出现。（Titon 2002：103）西非民间音乐的旋律和语言结合非常密切，因为西非语言有许多和汉语一样是有声调的语言（tonal languages），所以在旋律中也普遍运用摇声，许多音在进行过程中音高有所变化，并不固定在一个高度上。（Nettl 1972:401）西非音乐中多用重复手法发展乐思，具有代表性的演唱和演奏的方式是一领众和式。(Nettl 1972 ：399)西非民间音乐历来有即兴演奏、演唱的传统，不按照乐谱演奏、演唱，。(Nettl 1972：402) 它的表演场合也和欧洲古典音乐有所不同，不是在音乐厅或音乐会上，而是与劳动、游戏、仪式密不可分，和戏剧、舞蹈、美术、诗歌等不同的艺术形式结合在一起。西非民间音乐的另一个主要特点是提倡参与，在许多情况下，观众参与表演受到鼓励。（Titon 2002：90）通过对当前西非音乐和美国黑人音乐的比较，不难发现，美国黑人音乐在各方面都继承了西非音乐的传统。美国黑人音乐的品种和特点美国黑人音乐大致可以分为劳动音乐、宗教音乐和流行音乐三个类别。劳动音乐中主要的品种是劳动歌曲；宗教音乐中最有影响的是黑人灵歌（the Negro spiritual），福音歌（gospel music）；流行音乐中则有蓝调（blues）、爵士（jazz）、迪斯科（disco）等不同的品种。在这些品种中，最早出现的是劳动音乐，而最有影响的则是蓝调和爵士。劳动音乐中最重要的品种是被称为“field holler” 的号子，号子都是即兴编唱的，大都用虚词为歌词，只有很少一部分用实词为歌词，大多采用五声音阶，而且不少音“带腔”（bent pitches或flexible tones），后来就成为蓝调中的特有的蓝调音（blue notes）。号子多采用一领众和式，节奏比较复杂。（Ferris 1991：51）灵歌是信仰基督教黑人在教堂中演唱的宗教歌曲，其内容多表现痛苦的情感，如《你是否在场？》的歌词为：当我主被钉上十子架，你是否在场？当我主被钉上十子架，你是否在场？主啊！那情景令我发颤当我主被钉上十子架，你是否在场？当他被钉在树上，你是否在场？当他被钉在树上，你是否在场？主啊！那情景令我发颤当他被钉在树上，你是否在场？灵歌最初是即兴演唱的，也多采用一领众和的形式，所以也比较容易学。虽然它的内容是基督教的，但它的演唱形式和创作方式都保存了西非的传统。蓝调是一种具有民歌风的独唱曲，它最初是黑人自娱性的歌曲，后来非常流行，而且对包括爵士在内的几乎所有美国音乐品种都产生了深远影响。蓝调产生是在美国内战之后产生的，当时有不少被解放了的黑奴离开农场和家乡去做他们所不熟悉的工作，如修铁路、挖沟等，辛苦的工作和菲薄的工资使他们感到痛苦，便即兴编唱一些歌曲来表达自己的不幸，这便是最初的蓝调。晚上，黑人们在聚居地方唱蓝调自娱，这种蓝调称为“乡村蓝调”（rural blues）。后来有黑人歌手到城市中的酒吧和沙龙去演唱乡村蓝调，并用吉他、口琴或钢琴伴奏，这些由专业歌手所演唱的蓝调则被称为“城市蓝调”（urban blues）。蓝调歌词的主要题材是关于爱情和劳动生活，歌词最初的格律是每段一句，重复演唱三次，后来演变为每段两句，第一句重复，构成AAB形式，如：你还要像狗一样待我多少年？你还要像狗一样待我多少年？我宁可快些死去，在地下长眠。[3] （Titon 2002：194）蓝调所用的音阶基本和大调相同，但常出现降低半音的三级、七级甚至五级音，有时也会在这几个音级上用摇声，这些带腔的音被成为“蓝调音”（blue notes）（Ferris 1991：229）。蓝调的旋律一般是12小节，每句歌词唱4小节，3句正好是12小节，这种形式被称为“12小节蓝调”（twelve-bar blues）。12小节一段显然继承了西非音乐12拍为一个单位的传统。蓝调采用主和弦、属和弦和下属和弦伴奏，其和声进行的一般规律是第一句用主和弦，第二句前两小节用下属和弦，后两小节用主和弦，第三句前两小节用属和弦，后两小节用主和弦。和弦进行是进行即兴演唱和演奏的基础，歌手们能够根据这一简单的和声进行，即兴编唱出无数优美动听的曲调，也正因为用这个有12小节的和声进行为基础，歌唱家和器乐演奏家才能配合默契，即兴地进行创造。蓝调乡村蓝调演唱者多为男性，城市蓝调的演唱者则多为女性，蓝调的演唱家和演奏家经常和爵士音乐家合作，他们之间的关系密切。因为蓝调和爵士都是黑人创造的音乐，节奏复杂多变，旋律都用蓝调音，还都强调即兴演唱和演奏。谈到爵士乐就不能不提到拉格泰姆（Ragtime）音乐，在英文中“拉格”一字的意思是用切分节奏来演奏一个旋律。拉格泰姆出现在19世纪末，是当时的作曲家们创作的一种钢琴独奏曲，虽然它采用欧洲古典音乐的和声，但受黑人音乐的影响，充满切分节奏。在美国内战结束后，黑人音乐家们可以得到或用比较便宜价钱买到内战时期军乐队所用的乐器，新奥尔良的黑人音乐家便开始用他们自己方式演奏这些乐器。他们不仅在举行庆祝游行时和音乐会上演奏，也为葬礼演奏。葬礼结束后在从墓地回城市的路上，他们常用拉格泰姆音乐中切分节奏演奏流行歌曲，并自由地进行加花和炫耀自己的演奏技巧。黑人的管乐队逐渐从室外的仪式性乐队演变为以伴舞和娱人为主的室内乐队后，音乐家们用格泰姆音乐加切分节奏的办法来演奏欧洲的进行曲、舞曲，甚至歌剧选曲，并加上即兴演奏的段落。就这样，新奥尔良的黑人音乐家们便逐渐创造一种新的演奏方式-爵士乐。“爵士”诞生在20世纪初，最早写作“jass”、“jasz” 或“jazz”，后来才统一写为“jazz”。至于这种音乐为什么叫“爵士”也有不同的说法，但大多数研究家都认为这一称呼和新奥尔良地处斯道瑞维尔 (Storyville) 的红灯区有关，因为许多黑人音乐家最初就是在那一带的妓院和赌场里演奏的。（Ferris 1991：233）有人认为“jazz”一字源于“jasmine”（茉莉花），因为斯道瑞维尔的青楼女子多用茉莉花味的香水；也有人认为“jazz”源于“jezebel” （无耻的放荡女人），在19世纪末，这个单词在美国差不多就是妓女的代称。（Ward 2000：65）最早的爵士乐队包括黑管、短号、长号、鼓等乐器，由3到8个演奏员组成一个乐队，后来小号取代了短号，又加上了萨克管、吉他和倍大提琴等乐器，才形成了比较完整的爵士乐队。爵士音乐家们在选定一首乐曲后，决定为它配什么样的和声和如何重复后，便开始即兴演奏。他们当时所选的乐曲，可能是拉格泰姆、蓝调、进行曲或流行歌曲。在即兴演奏时，一般由短号演奏旋律，黑管环绕主要旋律演奏对位旋律，长号演奏和声基础，而鼓打出各种节奏。每件乐器除伴奏之外，一般也要即兴地演奏一段。所以，与其说爵士乐是一种独特的音乐，不如说它是一种以即兴独奏和集体合奏相结合的独特演奏方式。这种方式之所以能够被音乐家实践，是因为它吸取了欧洲音乐中的精华-和声，在和声背景的制约下进行即兴演奏，使集体的合奏和个人的发挥都有了依据。这种方式又之所以为全世界的广大听众所欢迎和热爱，也在于它的原则和西方古典音乐不同，更能体现近现代人对生活的看法和现代人精神方面的要求。1920年代，许多杰出的爵士乐演奏家从新奥尔良搬到了芝加哥，这样芝加哥便取代新奥尔良，成为爵士乐的中心。芝加哥的白人音乐家也喜欢爵士乐，便把一些流行的和古典音乐的曲调改编为爵士乐，但白人音乐家并不即兴演奏。这种根据事先写出总谱演奏的爵士乐被成为“甜爵士”（sweet jazz）。1924年，为了在卡耐基音乐厅演出，“甜爵士”的倡导者包罗.惠特曼（Paul Whiteman）请作曲家格什温（George Gershwin）按爵士乐的风格为交响乐队写了一首《蓝色狂想曲》（Rhapsody in Blue），这首乐曲演出后受到公众的热烈欢迎，被称成为“交响爵士” （symphonic jazz）。由于“甜爵士”和“交响爵士”都不是即兴演奏而是按谱演奏的，当时许多评论家都不认为它们是“爵士乐”。美国黑人音乐的影响爵士乐导致了“甜爵士”和“交响爵士”产生，但美国黑人音乐的影响远不止于此。有评论家认为爵士乐是美国人对世界文明三个最重要的贡献之一，（Ward 2000：VII）我十分赞赏这个看法。因为包括爵士乐在内的美国黑人音乐，在20世纪初为世界音乐史揭开了新的一页。从文艺复兴时代开始逐渐发展起来的欧洲古典音乐，在19世纪末发展到它的颠峰时代。从民族音乐学的观点来分析它，不难发现它有如下特性：1）在音乐家内部有细致分工，一般是作曲家负责创作，写出乐谱，演奏家和歌唱家负责表演，按照乐谱唱、奏，很少有即兴表演。表演艺术家所应当表达的应当是作曲家彼时彼地的感情，而不应当是他们自己此时此地的感情。2）这种音乐一般是在音乐厅中表演的，听众的职责是安静地坐在那里用耳朵听，一般不允许听众参与表演，在音乐的进行中听众必须洗耳恭听，不允许发出任何声音。3）这种音乐虽然是反映生活的，但却不在日常生活中演奏，一般也不和劳动、仪式、游戏、恋爱等活动结合。同时，古典音乐有很高的技术性，不经过长期的专门学习和训练，无法掌握它；不经过长期的熏陶，也无法理解它。如果把这种音乐文化和世界上其他音乐文化，如印度、中国、非洲、中东音乐文化加以比较，不难发现其他音乐文化都看重即兴演奏，都允许听众有某种程度的参与，都和日常生活本身密切结合，都有各种不同的实用功能，它们之间有更多的共性，西洋古典音乐和它们相比就显得非常特殊。欧洲的古典音乐文化的确是人类历史上一种杰出的，但也是比较特殊的音乐文化。按照安德鲁.克拉克的看法，欧洲古典音乐文化在20世纪已经成为“无源之水、无土之木”，“到20世纪20年代古典音乐创造性的一面开始沿着现代化的死胡同消失殆尽”，“只有那些最热忱的爱好者还坚持着”。（克拉克 2004：8）美国是全世界经济文化最发达的国家，早期移民主要来自欧洲，教授欧洲古典音乐是美国的大、中、小学校音乐教学的主要任务。然而根据2000年统计的材料看，美国只有10%到15%的人和欧洲古典音乐有所接触，在这些人中也只有一半对古典音乐真有兴趣，其他一半人只是偶尔听听罢了。也就是说，这个国家只有5%到7%的人对欧洲古典音乐感兴趣，而在这些人中间，听收音机的人最多，听唱片的次之，而去音乐会的最少。（Brown 2002：7）事实证明克拉克的看法很对，大众已不再对古典音乐感兴趣。而美国黑人音乐却遵循完全不同的原则创作音乐，它以即兴演奏为主，演奏家和演唱家也就是作曲家，他们在表演时，倾诉自己的、而非他人的感情；表演可在各种场合进行，提倡人们参与，修养不那么高的听众也不会被拒之门外，除听觉效果外，也强调表演的视觉效果；因为他们希望音乐尽量地贴近生活，最好能和和生活融为一体。所以他们的表演符合大众的需求，非常受欢迎。上述美国黑人音乐的原则，因为和欧洲古典音乐如此不同，所以能在古典音乐逐渐成为文化恐龙的过程中，为全世界指出了一个新的发展方向，许多不同民族的人都朝着这个方向努力，开辟了一个多元文化和方兴未艾的休闲文化的新时代。这是美国黑人音乐对世界音乐文化的影响所在，也是美国黑人对世界音乐历史做出的巨大贡献。