英国节日论文开头摘要模板

风俗文化是经济基础的反映，风俗文化是原始宗教、礼法的上源等观点，英国人的风俗礼仪丰富多彩，很有讲究。他们重礼仪，知常理，在处理事情和工作中，善于为他人着想。下文是我为大家整理的关于英国风俗文化论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!

浅谈英国人的风俗习惯

摘要：英国人的风俗礼仪丰富多彩，很有讲究。他们重礼仪，知常理，在处理事情和工作中，善于为他人着想。英国人事业心责任感极强。反应机智灵敏，处理问题很灵活。本文将简要对英国人的风俗习惯进行论述。

关键词：英国;风俗;习惯;尊重

英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，其首都是伦敦。伦敦以雾大闻名于世，经常是连续多日浓雾不退，距离两三米以外就什么都看不清了，因此伦敦被称为“雾都”。英国的地理位置处于欧洲的西部，面积约为二十五万多平方公里，人口不到六千万，其中英格兰人占绝大部分。英国在世界上是最早开始进行工业化发展的国家，工业发展历史悠久，技术水平高，在世界的工业化发展进程中占有着举足轻重的地位。目前，英国是世界第四贸易大国，它依靠对外贸易发展本国经济，是世界上最大的工业原料和食品进口国之一，也是经济发展较早的国家之一。

英国人重礼仪，知常理。懂得理解人、帮助人、体谅人。在处理事情和工作中，善于为他人着想，尽自己做大的努力把事情办好，把自己最好的一面留给对方，颇具绅士风度。英国人事业心责任感极强。有钻研的精神，只要认准了一个目标，确定了方向，就会不惜付出一切，把它做好，力求完美。在与人交往中，英国人很平易近人，容易接触，与朋友初次见面行握手礼，不随便拥抱接吻等，注重端庄得体。英国人与人相处懂得推己及人，反应机智灵敏，处理问题很灵活。英国人的风俗礼仪丰富多彩，很有讲究。

如果你有幸被英国朋友邀请至家中做客，若仅是以愉快为目的的邀请，进行交往聚会，那么你若提前到主人家就是不礼貌的行为了，因为主人一旦没有准备充分，你提前的到来会让主人感到尴尬不快，会让他很难堪，所以大约晚到十分钟左右，不超过半小时是最好的。聚会结束后不要在主人家坐的太晚，晚餐结束以后稍作聊天，大约一小时之后，或者在晚上十点至十一点之间离开是最佳的，这样不会影响主人的休息，又显得有礼貌。

英国人的邀请招待客人的方式主要分为宴会和茶会两种。茶会又有正式和非正式之分。在用餐过程中，英国人不会像中国人一样热情的劝客人喝酒尽兴的，他们很尊重客人的选择，随兴趣选择就好。如果没有喝酒的意愿在主人给你斟酒时你只需用手遮住杯口就好，绝不会勉强。当然，英国人大多数是对酒情有独钟的，毕竟英国也是个拥有着丰富酒文化的大国。

英国人习惯食用烧烤、煎炸类的食物，但是却又喜欢清淡的口味。对肉类和海鲜以及蔬菜类食物都有独到的烹饪方式。英国人对牛肉很是喜爱，特别是烤牛肉再加上新鲜的蔬菜，撒上少许的芥末酱或者奶油等精选的作料，香喷喷、油腻腻，咬上一口外酥里嫩，实属英国人的最爱。

中国有句老话叫“一天之计在于晨”，早晨的心情状态等影响着一天的精神状态。同样，英国人也很注重清晨的美好时光。特别是早餐的准备上更是细心周到，讲究丰富的营养，他们的早餐多以熏肉、面包、果酱、果汁、鸡蛋、燕麦粥、炸蘑菇、煎肉肠、咖啡、茶等为主。早餐美味丰盛，精神百倍地开始新一天的工作。英国人的午餐却很简单，大约在中午一点左右，一般都是在单位或外面简单完成的。习惯早晨在家做好三明治带到单位中午食用，十几分钟就解决，继续投入工作。下午四五点钟是下午茶时间，下午茶主要包括茶饮和各种小点心，例如蛋糕、饼干、三明治等，是多年来英国人一直保留下来的传统习惯。英国人最重视晚餐，一般称为正餐或者大餐。大餐选择的时间较晚，食物较为丰盛，主要以肉类和菜品为主，持续的时间较长。

在与英国人用餐时还须注意的是英国人在进餐的过程中不喜欢戴帽子、不喜欢用手肘支在餐桌子上、嘴里边吃东西边说话、大声的打嗝等都是极为不礼貌的行为，所以在英国生活了解餐桌礼仪还是很关键的。

英国人很注重外表举止形象，社会交往方面礼貌端庄。英国人总会给人一种高雅、端庄、矜持的感觉。他们不习惯主动与人接近或接触，不习惯激动的感情外露，即使心情很不好有伤心事，但是他们也不会表现出来。他们总是很谦虚谨慎，能够时刻控制自己的情绪。

社会交往中，英国人第一次见面行握手礼，言语客气。不论身份、地位、职业、贫贱、都以礼相待;请求别人帮忙时，态度不强硬不蛮横，讲究委婉真诚，请求帮助;英国人尊重妇女，凡事女士为先，无论是在路上行走、公交站乘坐公共汽车、商场乘坐电梯等男人们都很绅士的请女士先来，漫于在街头，男人也要走在外侧女人则走在内侧，做好随时保护女人的准备，当然也很少有人在大街上散步时手拉手，因为他们很注重言谈举止;英国人习惯“以貌取人”，他们很讲究服装打扮，不同的场合不同的时间选择不同的服饰，佩戴不同的首饰。对于男子来说三件套的西装，打上整齐的领带，笔直的西裤是英国的传统服饰风格。在英国，无论男女只要一外出，精心穿戴一番已经是一种习惯。

英国人在社会交往、谈生意的过程中，态度严谨认真。在商讨一件事的过程中他们不随意的点头或赞许，只有经过深思熟虑后，同意对方的观点或者向对方表示祝贺时，才会宣布最终的决定或与对方握手。在谈生意中，他们一般不邀请对方早餐谈工作，午餐又很简单显得不雅，所以晚餐时间是职场人群谈生意最好的选择。因此重大的活动内容都集中在晚餐，也就是正餐时进行。赴宴时，随手带上一束鲜花作为礼物最好不过了。当然，菊花和百合花在某种意义上讲都有死亡的涵义，所以不宜随便送人，其他花就都没有问题了，一定会得到主人的喜爱。

英国人崇尚简朴，摒弃铺张浪费。无论是在饮食还是在日常生活中他们都以简单朴素为主。举一个简单的例子，如果两位朋友到家中做客，他们以茶相待，在泡茶煮水时，他们肯定只煮两份水，不会多煮一点水，因为他们讨厌浪费的行为。英国人热衷于饮茶，不论男女老少都喜欢喝茶，每天清晨以茶开始，夜晚以茶结束，特别是浓郁的红茶更是英国人的最爱，有时还在茶品中添加一些牛奶，味道香浓纯正，醇香可口。英国是一个饮茶大国，英国人每天的饮茶次数绝不低于六次，令人叹为观止。

当然在与英国人交往过程中一定要注意一些忌讳：第一、不能插队。英国人注重良好的生活习惯，讲文明懂礼貌，先来后到，有序排队是英国人的传统习惯。无论是上公交车、还是乘坐火车、点餐吃饭、购物等等他们都井然有序的排队进行。加塞是英国人极为厌恶的一种行为。

第二、不要讲价。在英国买东西人们最讨厌的就是讨价还价，觉得砍价的行为很让人难堪，没有脸面。在选购的过程中如果这件商品你认为值就买下，不值也没有必要多费言语。果断干脆为好。

第三、询问女士的年龄。每一个人都想永远年轻漂亮，害怕老去。英国的女士更是如此，他们视自己的年龄为私人秘密。询问女士的年龄是英国女士极为反感的问题，他会认为你很没有涵养没有礼貌，所以说，对于中年的妇女，如果你夸她一句：“你真年轻!”她是再开心不过的了!当然，在英国，男人的收入问题、婚丧问题、职业以及宗教问题都属于个人的私事，日常交际中都不易随便谈论。

英国人还讨厌“13”这个数字，认为它是一个不吉祥的数字，所以日常生活中都尽量避开它;英国的交通规则和中国也有所不同，它们是靠左行驶，经常多雾，交通行驶一定多加小心;英国的医疗保障体系很优越，一切病人都免除医疗费，即使是来英国的游客有医疗需要的话都可享受免费的待遇。

在英国每年的七月、八月、圣诞节和复活节，属于长假期，商务活动明显减少。大多数的商务人士都会休假。所以不方便开展商务活动，从事商业活动的人士尽量不要在这两个时间段来英国从商，容易徒劳无获;英国人为了避免贿赂等敏感问题，在接收礼物时，拒绝较大较贵重的物品，从政清廉;英国人很守时，很有时间观念。在商务活动中，要提前预约，不得迟到早退;工商界人，从商严谨认真，不易受感情左右，公事公办，不轻易做出决定，看重沉着稳重的举止言谈。

如果你去英国旅游，见到英国人不要轻易的问对方：“您吃饭了吗?”“最近心情怎么样?”“你要去哪里啊?”等问题，因为每个国家都有自己独特的习俗和生活习惯，这些问题也许在中国看来很普遍很热情，但是在英国人眼中，这些问题却是很隐私很不礼貌的。所以说，要尊重对方的习惯，谈论一下天气状况“今天天气很不错啊!”是很友好和明朗的话题。

在英国旅游要时刻警惕，英国的交通规则是左侧通行，一定要遵守纪律，严于律己，排队有序，过马路行车千万不要粗心大意，安全第一。

英国人讲究消费的礼节。在餐馆用餐、宾馆入住、外出打车等，一般都要按照正常付费的百分之十，给予服务生相应的小费，有时在主人家做客，根据情况而异，都要付给家中佣人一些相应的小费。当然，有时公共场所会把小费列入到账单中，那样就不必再另付小费了。

英国的风俗礼仪讲究很是丰富多彩。通过以上我们对英国人的风俗习惯的了解来看，大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国的传统民族文化特色深深地影响着英国人的生活轨迹，一代一代传承至今。英国人的朴实简单、彬彬有礼也充分的体现了英国传统文化的内涵。不屈不挠的英格兰人作为英国的主体民族，其民族性格对英国的发展起着重要的作用。英格兰人性格具有务实、重视传统、尊重个人自由的鲜明特点。这些独具的特色，推动了英国创新精神的延续和发展。英国所以能够在一个世纪的时间里保持着自己的优势不受侵犯，在很大程度上得益于英国人的创新精神。大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国历史悠久，文化底蕴丰富，简单而高雅。其实我们在学习一门语言的过程中，不仅仅是在学习这种语言的本身，我们更是在学习这门语言的文化。也可以说要想学好一门语言，首先要从这门语言的文化学起。既要学习文化中的语言，也要掌握语言中的文化。

参考文献：

[1]阿建.英国一瞥[J].初中生，2005，(7).

[2]陈平润.英国见闻[J].八桂侨刊，1994，(2).

[3]路峻远.在英国办事要有耐心[J].神州学人，2004，(3).

[4]杰克.不列颠性格[J].教书育人，2004，(5).

[5]志明.吃在英国[J].少年文摘，2005，(2).

浅谈英国骑士文化

【摘要】骑士是中世纪的传奇，国内外对骑士制度的研究也从未中止过。而国内学者主要将骑士制度视为整个欧洲共有的军事文化现象，并对之进行了宏观方面的研究，对单个国家的骑士制度进行的探讨很少。文章将英国的骑士制度作为一个整体，对骑士的产生、英国骑士的特点、骑士制度在英国的表现和演变以及骑士文学进行了条理清晰的阐述和对比分析。

【关键词】英国;骑士制度;骑士文学

相信看过第70届奥斯卡金奖影片《泰坦尼克号》(Titanic)的人在感动于杰克(Jack)和罗丝(Rose)伟大浪漫爱情故事之余，一定不会忘记那些将生的希望让给妇女和儿童的英国绅士们及在危难时刻依然泰然自若地奏响灵魂安定曲的乐手们。“不惜牺牲生命来保护妇孺、弱小”的信念已成为英国人为人处事不言而喻的指导原则，那么他们这种给人心灵以震撼的翩翩 “绅士风度”从何而来?我们自然会将目光投向英国的历史。穿越时光的隧道回溯过去，我们可以从中世纪英国的骑士制度中找到答案，可以说没有昔日的骑士制度就没有今日的绅士风度。

骑士制度不是英国本土的产物，法兰克王国才是它的祖籍地。骑士制度从法兰传入英国后就在本地扎根、开花、结果，并结合本土的特色产生了一些区别于法国及欧洲其他国家的特征。

一、骑士的产生和册封

约从公元5世纪到15世纪，这1000年被称为欧洲中世纪，当时欧洲大陆封建割据，领地之间经常发生争夺战。在中世纪的欧洲战场上，出现了横刀跃马的骑兵，他们驰骋于战场，英勇奋战，在一些战役中充当主力。骑兵在欧洲战场的作为直接促使了以专门从事作战为职业的骑士阶层的诞生。中世纪本来是一个非常枯燥乏味的时代，但是因为众多骑士的活跃，平添了很多浪漫主义与英雄色彩，这也为西方文学家以及后来的好莱坞导演提供了无数可以混饭吃的素材。

骑士头衔类似现在的学位，只有受完初、中、高各级教育并且成绩合格者，才能册封骑士。在英国，骑士们必须从小在大贵族家里经过严格的学习与训练，经历侍童和扈从两个阶段，侍童阶段相当小学，主要干点杂活，跟着贵夫人及其女儿学习骑士礼仪与文化知识，以及唱歌、乐器等艺术科目。到了扈从阶段，就与中国古代教育的“六艺”很相似，骑士必须学习“骑士七技”，即骑术、游泳、投枪、剑术、狩猎、吟诗、弈棋等，总之是要文明其头脑，野蛮其体格。到21岁之后，就可以被册封为骑士了。册封仪式非常隆重而复杂，需要斋戒、沐浴、忏悔、祈祷、穿戴铠甲头盔、授剑等等，并且花费也比较大，后来由单个册封变成多人集体册封，类似现在的集体婚礼，这样更热闹也更经济一些。

二、英国骑士制度的特点

英国的骑士制度来源于法国，骑士制度的演变深受法国的影响，因此英国和法国的骑士制度在很多方面都显示了相同的特性。但英国的骑士制度又不完全等同于法国或者其他欧洲国家的骑士制度，它还存在自己的特征，正是这些不同给中世纪英国带来了战争的胜利和独特的文化。

(一)骑士直接效忠国王

与法国的骑士制度一样，英国的骑士制度也是建立在封建制度的基石之上的。但不同的是，在当时的法国，国王对王国的土地的所有权近似一种名义。在法国，每一级的封臣只向自己的直接封主宣誓效忠，威廉深刻认识到法国原来的制度不足以巩固他在英国的统治，于是他采取了三项措施来加强王权。一是1086年他派专员对各地各级封臣的地产占有和收入情况进行了严格的调查，编订《土地调查清册》。从经济上对骑士进行严格监控。二是威廉同年在索尔兹伯里召开效忠宣誓大会，要求英国所有领有土地的封主对他行臣服礼、宣誓效忠。三是原盎格鲁一撒克逊军队里的主力民兵被威廉加以重组和利用。从威廉起，这种直接控制骑士的传统得以继承和延续。私战在强大的王权下得到遏制，也成为了英国区别于法国及其他欧洲国家的一大特色。

(二)盾牌钱的实施和骑士军事职能的转化

12世纪初开始，一种以钱代役的盾牌钱(shield money)制度在英国出现，骑士兵役义务也开始转化，这构成了英国骑士制度的第二个特征。早在威廉二世统治时期(William II，1056--1100，1087--1100年)，免服兵役税，即盾牌钱就开始在英国实施了。盾牌钱在英国出现，一方面引起英国军队内部结构、组织关系和作战方式的变化而使英国在战争中多次获得优势，屡战屡胜;另一方面，它对骑士阶层的发展产生了深远的影响。盾牌钱制度实施后，英国国王大量使用雇佣军，步兵和弓箭手成为英国军队的主力。在英法百年战争中，英国用这种由雇佣军和骑兵共同组成的混合编排军队对抗法国传统的骑兵阵容，取得了光辉的胜利。

三、骑士精神向绅士风度的转化

随着骑士军事职能的转换，虽然骑士阶层不再有军务的纷扰，但同时也失去了来自战争的额外收入。14世纪末发起的圈地运动和亨利八世(HenryⅧ， 1509―1547)时期进行的宗教改革所引发的地产转移使当时投身于土地投资的骑士、一些城市富裕的律师、商人及富裕的自耕农获利丰厚。由于有着共同的经济目标，这些人的社会属性逐渐接近，政治上也逐步靠拢，于是慢慢地形成了一个崭新的乡绅阶层。

骑士的思想和行为方式会影响到乡绅阶层的其他成员，其具体表现就是整个乡绅阶层在文化和意识形态方面极力模仿上流社会。他们一方面将这种向上模仿所得到的贵族骑士的价值观向市民社会推广传播，一方面也用自身形成的资本主义伦理价值观向上层社会施加影响。在英国社会中不断上升的中间阶层作为一种文化载体，在客观上促进了英国骑士精神与资本主义伦理精神的交汇融合，从而创造出了独具英国特色的绅士风度。

四、骑士文学

文学来源于生活，高于生活，它反映了当时人们的社会生活状况和理想，同时它又通过鲜活的人物形象来引导和塑造人们的思想观念。骑士文学产生于十一到十三世纪。由于骑士制度的确立、骑士阶层社会地位的提高，产生了他们自己的精神生活和道德准则。他们突破__的出世观念和禁欲主义，要求现世享乐，向往世俗的爱情，追求个人英雄主义的骑士荣誉和侠义的扶弱除强的骑士精神以及温雅知礼的骑士风度等。骑士文学就是这种精神特征的集中反映。

英语论文开头模板

一、引出开头1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（就我所知…）2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注）3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题）4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题）5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……）6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……）7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道...）二、表达不同观点1：People's views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……）2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解）3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）（人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异）4:There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同）三、表示结尾1：In short, it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……）2：From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……）3：Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……）4：Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……）5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.（毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点）6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.（总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题）四、提出建议1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了）2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视）3：Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……）4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……）5：Sparenoeffortto+V（不遗余力的）五、预示后果1：Obviously，if we don't control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.（很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险）2：No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……（毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……）3：It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation（很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展）六、表示论证1：From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.(在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)2：I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我无法完全同意这一观点）3：As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……（就我来说……）4：I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.（我真诚地相信……）5：Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……（最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……）七、给出原因1：The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子（...的原因是...） 2:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third，……。这一现象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三……3：For one thing,…… For another thing，…… ==On the one hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面……4：I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述，即……。其主要原因如下。八、列出解决办法和批判错误观点做法1：The best way to solve the troubles is……解决这些麻烦的最好办法是……2：As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言，……3;It is obvious that……很显然……4：It may be true that……but it doesn't mean that……可能……是对的，但这并不意味着……5;It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn't ignore that……认为……是自然的，但我们不应忽视……6：There is no evidence to suggest that……没有证据表明……九、表示好处和坏处1：It has the following advantages.它有如下优势2：It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它对我们有益处3:It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之处十、表示重要、方便、可能1：It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.对于某人做……是……2：It plays an important role in our life.十一、采取措施1：We should take some effective measures.我们应该采取有效措施2：We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我们应该尽最大努力去克服困难3：We should do our utmost in doing sth.我们应该尽力去做……4：We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我们应该解决我们面临的困难十二、显示变化1：Some changes have taken place in the past five years.过去五年发生了很多变化2：Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在国际交流中理所当然会发生很多大的变化3：It has increased/decreased from…to…他已经从…增加/减少到…4：The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.这个工厂7月份产量以增加了15%十三、表明事实现状1;We cannot ignore the fact that……我们不能忽略这个事实……2：No one can deny the fact that……没人能否认这个事实……3：This is a phenomenon that many people are interested （与...息息相关）十四、进行比较1：Compared with A,B……与A比较，B……2;I prefer to read rather than watch TV.十五、常用英语谚语1：Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩2：All is not gold that glitters.发光的未必都是金子3：All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马4：A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半5：Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊6：A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里7：Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母8:Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母9:It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老10:Knowledge is power.知识就是力量11:Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事，只怕有心人

英语写作能力的培养不是一日之功，必须从平时的练习中一点点培养。巧用一些经典句型会为作文添加一点亮色，多得一点印象分。本文整理了英语议论文常用的开头和结尾，希望对大家有帮助。

要求文章结构必须十分严谨，文章各个部分的功能都要十分清晰，开头、中间和结尾都有严格的要求。英语议论文共有三大特点：

1、观点鲜明的开头

2、紧扣主题的结尾

3、有主题句并且衔接自然的中间段落

另外，英语文章和汉语不同的是段落的主题句一定要放在段首，而不能按照中文的写作习惯放在段落的中间或者最后，换句话说，每段的内容都是根据首句来展开的，其顺序不能颠倒。

在中心统一这个问题,应该遵循英文议论文的写作思路和习惯：表示支持则旗帜鲜明地支彻彻底底地反对，而不能采取“墙头草两边倒”的做法。

goes without saying that…不言而喻…

can be said with certainty that…可以肯定地说……

the proverb says，正如谚语所说的，

has to be noticed that…必须注意到…

's generally recognized that…普遍认为…

1. It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.

很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展

2. From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.

在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理.

3. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……

我无法完全同意这一观点

far as I am concerned/In my opinion……

就我而言……

5. Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……

最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……

导语：议论文是英语写作中的一种体裁，下面是我收集整理的英语议论文万能写作模板，希望对你有帮助!

一.开头句型

far as ...is concerned 就……而言比如说：就我而言 As far as I concerned 2 It can be said with certainty that... +从句可以肯定地说......

the proverb says，正如谚语所说的，可以用来引用名言名句

4 .It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，...

5 .Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...

6 .Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...

7 .Its hardly that... 这是很难的......

8 Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认

9 .Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…

10 .whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…

二.衔接句型

case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...

3 But the problem is not so simple. Therefore，+句子 ( 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……) 4 .But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是… it’s a pity that….遗憾的是。。。

5 In spite of the fact that...尽管事实...... In spite of 尽管

6 .Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，...

7 .However , the difficulty lies in..+名词或者动名词 .然而，困难在于…

, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意...

9 As it has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的… (可以用来对前面所说的话进行补充说明)

this respect, 从这个角度上

, 然而…

三.结尾句型

will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…

, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…

things considered,总而言之 = In a word=In conclusion

It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......

, in my opinion,因此，在我看来，

what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…

data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....

can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来，如果……也许更好

四.举例句型

1. Here is one more example这里有不止一个的例子

… for example.就拿……为例子

五.常用于引言段的句型

1. Some people think that …. 有些人认为…

To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for thee reasons below. 坦率地说，我不能同意他们的意见，理由如下。

2. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 我认为这个论点是正确的，因为… 1

3. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that ….我无法完全同意….这一观点的说法…

4. Along with the development of…, more and more….随着……的发展，越来越多…

5 It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….它通常是认为…

6. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言，我完全同意前者/后者的观点。

六表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法

1. A is completely different from B. (A和B完全不同)

2 The difference between A and B is lies in +名词或者动名词 ( A和B不同的地方是。。。) .

七演绎法常用的句型

1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.有几个原因……，但一般，他们可以归结为三个主要的。

2. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题，但下面的可能是最有效的。 ( 可以用在保护环境等话题的作文)

4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说，这些优势可以列举如下。

5. The reasons are as follows. 。。。的理由如下 (可以用来列举理由原因)

八因果推理法常用句型

we read the book, we have learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。

2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。

3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, weve learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。

4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, weve learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。

论文摘要模板英文

下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。

Abstract

Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.

According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.

Abstract

A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。

Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.

Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.

Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.

Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.

Abstract

The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?

This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.

The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.

Abstract

Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.

This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.

To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.

There are three hypotheses:

1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?

Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.

Abstract

In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.

Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.

Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.

Abstract

Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.

With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.

The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.

Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.

英文摘要格式

①首行居中打印论文英文标题(TimesNewRoman四号加粗)。

②下空一行居中打印英文单词“Abstract”(TimesNewRoman小四号加粗)。

③下空一行打印摘要内容(TimesNewRoman小四，倍行距，两端对齐)。

④摘要内容后下空一行打印“KeyWords”(TimesNewRoman小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个关键词，TimesNewRoman小四号)。除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写。各关键词之间用分号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。

⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。

中文摘要：

①首行居中打印论文中文标题(宋体四号加粗)。

②下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字(宋体小四号加粗)，字间空一字符。

③“摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容(宋体小四号)。

④摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键词”三字(宋体小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个，宋体小四号)，各关键词之间用逗号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。

把握好内容的一致性

关于学术期刊论文中英文摘要的一致性，两"规范"都明确规定：英文题名应与中文题名含义一致，英文摘要的内容应与中文摘要相对应，中、英文关键词应一一对应。

可见，中英文摘要的一致性主要是指含义、内容、数量和顺序的一致性。英文摘要应忠实、准确地反映中文摘要的内容，不能随意更改或删去中文摘要的重点内容或重要信息，不能随意增补中文摘要中未提及的内容。

但这并不意味着英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，如果受汉语思维的影响生硬地按照中文字面意思直译或进行句对句、词对词的一一对译，一个词也不改动，这不仅会导致在表达上出现中式英语的现象，而且会使英文摘要用词重复累赘、句子繁杂冗长、语义不流畅。

原则上讲，中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要，摘要的内容主要是 ① 点明主题，解析文章的目的或意图； ② 介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌； ③ 提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。但是，英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长，同样内容的一段文字，若用英文来描述，其占用的篇幅可能比中文多一倍。因此，撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了，力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性。对这个问题的认识存在两个误区，一是认为两个摘要的内容“差不多就行”，因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容，或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容，这样很容易造成文摘重心转移，甚至偏离主题。二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏，这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复，显得拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容，不能随意增删，但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动，具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则，符合英文专业术语规范，并照顾到英文的表达习惯。选择适当的时态和语态，是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。通常情况下，摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的，而应根据具体内容而有所变化，否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循，其中存在着如下一些规律： 1) 英文摘要的时态。英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。A. 一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。例如： This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to… ， The result shows (reveals) that… ， It is found that… ， The conclusions are… ， The author suggests that… ．涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，也要用一般现在时。B. 一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻（时段）的发现、某一研究过程（实验、观察、调查等过程）。例如： The techniques of questionnaire and interview were applied to study women customers' demand for cosmetics in January and August, 2005. 需要指出的是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何；所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。C. 现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用，但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如： Concrete has been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy. 2) 英文摘要的语态。采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。在多数情况下采用被动语态。采用被动语态的情况主要有：说明事实经过时，某件事是谁做的，无须一一证明；为强调动作承受者；有些情况必须用强调的事物做主语，例如： In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained. 在某些情况下，特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时，又常使用主动语态，其优点是鲜明有力。而且有时摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。例如： The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically 语感要强。 3) 英文摘要的人称。摘要的首句多用第三人称 This paper… 等开头，或采用更简洁的被动语态，一般不用第一人称。 4）遣词造句。掌握一定的遣词造句技巧，简单、准确地表达作者的观点，减少读者的误解。A. 用词力求简单，在表达同样意思时，尽量用短词代替长词，以常用词代替生僻词。但是当描述方法、步骤时，应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如，英文中有不少动词 do, run, get, take 等，虽简单常用，但其意义少则十几个，多则几十个，用这类词来描述研究过程，读者难免产生误解，甚至会不知所云，这就要求根据具体情况，选择意义相对明确的词诸如 perform, achieve 等，以便于读者理解。B. 造句。尽量使用短句，长句容易造成语义不清；但要避免单调和重复。一是熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：尽管英文的句型种类繁多，丰富多彩，但摘要的常用句型却很有限，而且形成了一定的规律，大体可归纳为（ 1 ）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首 In order to……This paper describes……The purpose of this study is…… （ 2 ）表示研究的对象与方法 The curative effect/function] of certain drug was observed/studied… （ 3 ）表示研究的结果： The result showed/It proved/The authors found that… （ 4 ）表示结论、观点或建议： The authors suggest/conclude/consider that… 。二是尽量采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语，少用关系代词 which , who 等引导的定语从句。由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时，使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变得复杂，而且容易造成时态混乱（因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的 “时间差”，而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定。采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语，在简化语句的同时，还可以减少时态判定的失误。 5) 注意事项。在英文摘要的写作过程中应避免一些常见的错误。 A. 冠词。主要是定冠词 the 易被漏用。 the 用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则，即当我们用 the 时，听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如： The author designed a new machine. The machine is operated with solar energy. 由于现在缩略语越来越多，要注意区分 a 和 an ，如 an X ray. B. 数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词，如： Three hundred samples are collected… 中的 Three hundred 不要写成 300. C. 单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。总之，多看英文文献，积累经验，摸索规律，提高英文写作水平，才能写好英文摘要。英文摘要常见句型1) This paper deals with... 2) This article focuses on the topics of...3) This essay presents knowledge that... 4) This thesis discusses...5) This thesis analyzes... 6) This paper provides an overview of...7) This paper elaborates on ... 8) This article gives an overview of...9) This paper provides a method of ... 10) This paper considers...11) The writer of this paper discusses... 12) This paper strongly emphasizes...13) This article explores... 14) This paper tries to describe...15) This article covers the role of chemicals in...16) This paper presents up to date information on...17) This article not only describes...but also suggests...18) This paper includes discussions concerning...19) This article compares...and summarizes key ) This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21) This paper offers the latest information regarding...22) This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23) This paper addresses important topics including... 24) This paper expresses views on...25) This paper reports the latest information on ... 26) This paper provides an analysis of ...27) This paper gives an account of ... 28) The aim of this paper is to determine...29) The objective of this paper is to explore...30) The purpose of this article is to review/ prove/ show/ present/ develop/ generalize/ investigate 4. 关键词关键词是反映文章最主要内容的术语，对文献检索有重要作用。关键词一般用名词，而且从标题或摘要中选取，每篇文章可选 3 ～ 8 个关键词，文章题名中的人名、地名也可作为关键词标出。应标注中英文关键词。中、英文关键词应一一对应。中文关键词前应冠以“关键词：”，英文关键词前冠以“ Key words ：”作为标识。多个关键词之间应以分号分隔，以便于计算机自动切分。将关键词扩展成词组 / 短语，毋用单一词汇，而是在单一词汇基础上进行扩展，如：营销→网络营销→网络营销管理。切记避免关键字堆砌。

一、标题

一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。

如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。

二、提纲

英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。

主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。

需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、摘要

1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。

2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距：统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。

4、英文题目：使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要： “Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。

6、英文关键词： “Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。

四、正文

有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。

正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。

在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

五、文中引述

正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式（即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。

引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。

六、文献目录

论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点：

目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。

目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。

标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。

各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。

英语论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。

摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。在论文发表后，论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词，并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。

论文的作用

论文为进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。不同的人发表论文的作用也不同：

1、评职称（晋升职称）：研究生毕业需要；教师、医护人员、科研院所的人员、企业员工等晋升高一级的职称时，发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。

2、申报基金、课题：教育、科技、卫生系统每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时，发表论文是作为基金或课题完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。

3、世界性基础领域的研究，比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学等领域开展的基础性研究，公开发表论文是对最新科技科学研究成果、研究方法的一种展示和报道。以推动整个社会的科技进步等。

参考资料来源：百度百科-英语论文

论文摘要英语模板

下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。

Abstract

Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.

According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.

Abstract

A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。

Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.

Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.

Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.

Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.

Abstract

The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?

This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.

The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.

Abstract

Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.

This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.

To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.

There are three hypotheses:

1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?

Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.

Abstract

In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.

Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.

Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.

Abstract

Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.

With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.

The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.

Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.

英文摘要格式如下：

1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。

2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距：统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，倍行间距。

4、英文题目：使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要：“Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。

6、英文关键词：“Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。每个关键词使用四号字。

论文摘要应包含以下内容：

（1）从事这一研究的目的和重要性。

（2）研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作。

（3）获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解。

（4）结论或结果的意义。

以上内容参考：百度百科-摘要

以上内容参考：百度百科-论文摘要

英文论文摘要模板

英文论文摘要怎么写，你会写了吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于英文论文摘要模板，希望能够帮到大家!

ABSTRACT

As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.

This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China's sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.

Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor

Abstract

Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter's application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women'sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.

Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women's subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.

Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.

As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.

Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter'sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.

Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.

Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.

Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve

Abstract

In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.

The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.

Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.

For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.

In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.

Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.

Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network

英语四级议论文开头模板

一、提纲式作文1．对立观点式A．有人认为X 是好事，赞成X，为什么？B．有人认为X 是坏事，反对X，为什么？C．我的看法。Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。However, other people stand on a different ground. They consider it is harmful to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can give the details of this argument: 一个例子。They also argue that 反对X 的第二个理由。There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about（引起）, X also may X 的有一个坏处。二、批驳观点式A．一个错误观点。B．我不同意。Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented(提出） is that 一个例子。（According to a survey performed（执行） by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响）。There might be some element（元素、成分） of truth in these people’s belief. But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief. (以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。三、社会问题（现象）式A．一个社会问题或者现象。B．产生的原因C．对社会和我们生活的影响D．如何杜绝。（如果是问题的话）E．前景的预测。Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem. (X has increasingly become a common concern of the public). According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。（或者是一个例子）。There are a couple of reasons booming（兴旺） this problem/phenomenon. 下面参照辩论式议论文的写法。X has caused substantial（大量的、实质的） impact（影响） on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated（表达） in the following aspects（方面）. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast（预测） that more and more people will ……..图表式作文It is obvious in the graph/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone (经历）dramatic（引人注目) changes. It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably （相当地）in recent years (as X varies). At the point of （接近）X1, Y reaches its peak(达到高峰） value of …(多少).What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are … (多少) reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table. First of all, …(第一个原因). More importantly, …(第二个原因). Most important of all, …(第三个原因).From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. The trend described in the graph/table will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).辩论式议论文模版1Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据 importantly, 论据 important of all, 论据 summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或 From above, we can predict that 预测.模版2People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more one thing, 论据 another, 论据 but not the least, 论据 conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.模版3There is no consensus 一致of opinions among people about X（争论的焦点）。Some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion（观念） is preferable in many senses. The reasons are of all, 论据1。Furthermore, 论据2。Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 论据3。A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点。As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测常用句型：1．表示原因1）There are three reasons for this．2）The reasons for this are as follows．3）The reason for this is obvious．4）The reason for this is not far to seek．5）The reason for this is that．．．6）We have good reason to believe that．．．例： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。2．表示好处1）It has the following advantages．2）It does us a lot of good．3）It benefits us quite a lot．4）It is beneficial to us．5）It is of great benefit to us．例： Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．3．表示坏处1）It has more disadvantages than advantages．2）It does us much harm．3）It is harmfulto us．例： However，everything divides into two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion．4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth．2）We think it necessary to do sth．3）It plays an important role in our life．例： Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．5．表示措施1）We should take some effective measures．2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．例： The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．6．表示变化1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications．3）The computer has brought about（导致） many changes in education．例： Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．7．表示事实、现状1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．2）No one can deny the fact that．．．3）There is no denying the fact that．．．4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．5）However，that’s not the case．例： We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards（危害） of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．8．表示比较1）Compared with A，B．．．2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．3）There is a striking contrast between them．例： Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petrol（石油）．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．9．表示数量1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January．例： With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion（比例） of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased．

英语四级作文开头结尾模板

使用模板可以让我们在写作中节省时间。下面是我分享的英语四级作文模板，希望能帮到大家!

英语四级作文开头模板

直接抛出观点类

这一方法就是开门见山，直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法。模板句型：

1 、Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that.。.

2、Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of ..。.

故事引出类

这种方法就是先讲一个较短的、与文章内容稍有关联的故事来引发读者的兴趣，引出文章的主题。模板句型：

1 、I have a friend who ... Should he ....? Such a dilemma we are often confronted with in our daily life。

2、 Once upon a time, there lived a man who .... This story may be (unbelievable)， but it still has a realistic significance now。

观点对立引出类

这种开头是针对一个问题先给出其他人的不同看法，然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法，适用于有争议性的主题。模板句型：

1、 When asked about..., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that …. But I think/view a bit differently。

2 、Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that..... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether...。.

引用名句类

这类开头是先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法，来引出文章要展开论述的观点，在实际写作中运用还是比较多的。模板句型：

1、 "Education is not complete with graduation." This is the opinion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion。

2 、We often hear such traditional complains as this "...."。

现象分析类

这一类开头是先引出要剖析的现象或者问题，然后在进行分析评论。

1、Recently the issue of the problem/phenomenon of ...has been brought into focus/into public attention。

2、 Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly。

英语四级作文结尾模板

1 结论性--------- 通过对文章前面的`讨论,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点.

:

[1]. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw theconclusion that ……

[2]. In summary/In a word ， it is more valuable ……

2 后果性------ 揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果.

:

[1]. We must call for an immediate method ，because the currentphenomenon of …… ，if

allowed to proceed， will surely lead to the heavycost of ……

[2]. Obviously ， if we ignore/are blind to the problem ， there isevery chance that ……

will be put in danger .

3 号召性-------- 呼吁读者行动起来, 采取行动或提请注意.

:

[1]. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirabletendency of ……

[2]. It is essential that effective measures should be taken tocorrect the tendency .

4 建议性-------- 对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法.

:

[1]. While it cannot be solved immediately， still there are ways. Themost popular is ……

Another method is …… Still another one is ……

[2]. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward thesituation.

5 方向性---- 其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方向

或者指明前景.

:

[1]. Many solutions are being offered here ， all of them make somesense， but none is

adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in awide way .

[2]. There is no quick method to the issue of ……， but …… might behelpful/beneficial.

[3]. The great challenge today is …… There is much difficulty ，but ……

6 意义性--------> 文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义!

:

[1]. Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success， butthe pay off might be

worth the effort . It will not only benefit but alsobenefit ……

[2]. In any case ， whether it is positive or negative ， one thing iscertain that it will

undoubtedly …

1、Depending on personal experience, personal type and emotion concern, we find that some people hold the idea of..., while others prefer...

基于个人经历、个性类型和情感关注的不同，我们发现有人持……的观点，而另外一些人则更喜欢……

2、When asked about..., the vast/ overwhelming majority of/ most/ many/ quite a few people say/ think/ believe/ answer that... But...

当被问及……时，多数（大多数、许多）人认为（回答）……但是……

3、When it comes to ..., some think/ hold/ believe...

当提及……时，有人认为……

4、It has become apparent to us that...

对我们来说，……已经变得很明显了

5、Nowadays, it is commonly/ widely/ generally believed/ thought/ held that..., but I wonder/ doubt that...

如今，人们普遍认为……，但是我怀疑……

英语作文的写作技巧：

英语考试作文试题的一个最大的特点就是时限性，即在有限的时间内（一般分配30分钟）按试题要求完成作文试题。

有很多参试者最后交卷时作文题要么没有完成要么质量比较差，这其中当然有很多原因，但不可忽视的一点原因便是写作文时间不够来不及完成作文或来不及仔细思考写一篇合乎题目要求的文章。

英语作文试题一般要求字数在120字左右，段落一般为三段，因而有“三段论”一说。所谓“三段论”即全文分为三个自然段，一般结构为“首段摆事实（现象）、提观点（论点或问题），在这一部分参试者最好将题目要求中的第一个要点（一般为提出问题或观点）作为首段的内容之一；

第二段剖析现象、分析论点，这也是全文的主体部分。在这一部分参试者需要将试题要求中的所有要点的内容都加以阐述和扩展，同时注意不要信马由缰的写一些与文章主题无关的内容以免被当作跑题处理；

第三段为结论段，这一段的主要任务是为全文做一个结论性的终结，让文章显得完整和连贯。至于开头和结尾有一定的固定的套路可循。

一、用于作文开头的万能模板：1、Many people insist that... 很多人(坚持)认为……2、With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that... 随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为……3、A lot of people seem to think that... 很多人似乎认为……二、引出不同观点的万能模板：1、People's views on... vary from person to person. Some hold that... . However, others believe that.... 人们对……的观点因人而异。有些人认为.....然而其他人却认为……2、Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person. 人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异。3、People may have different opinions on... 人们对……可能会有不同的见解。4、There are different opinions among people as to... 关于……人们的观点大不相同。5、Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure). 对(失败)人们的态度各不相同。三、得出最终结论的万能模板：1、Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that... 把所有这些因素加以考虑，我们自然会得出结论……2、Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that... 考虑所有这些因素，我们可能会得出合理的结论……3、Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that... 因此，自然我们得出以下结论。。。4、There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits. 毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点。5、All in all, we cannot live without... But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise. 总之，我们没有……是无法生活的。但同时，我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。这句话一般用于作文结尾，属万能句式，句式较为简单，方便操作。四，提出最终建议的万能模板1、It is high time that we put an end to the (trend). 该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了。2、It is time to take the advice of ... and to put special emphasis on the improvement of ... 该是采纳……的建议，并对……的进展给予非常重视的时候了。3、There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of ... 毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够的重视。4、Obviously,.... If we want to do something... , it is essential that... 显然，如果我们想做某事，我们需要……5、Only in this way can we... 只有这样,我们才能...6、It must be realized that... 我们必须意识到...

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