关于研究孔子的论文英文

confucius Confuius's given name is Qiu, also styled Zhongni. He was born in QuFu, China, 551 ., and died in 479 .. Confucius founded confuciansism--the famous philosophical school in the history of China. The kernel of his thought is Ren(benevolence), its form of expression is Li(the Rites). Confucius travlled from one state to another preaching his doctrines until he was old. He spent his last years in compiling and editing. His works include Book of Spring and Autumn, Book of Odes, Book of History, Book of Rites, Book of Music and Book of change. These six books regarded as the classical works of Confucianism have been handed down to the present time. He founded the first private school in Chinese history. He was the teacher of 3,000 disciples among whom 72 were Sages. His major sayings were written down in Lun Yu (The Analects), one of the Four Books. Confucius lived in the late Spring and Autumn period(770-476 ). In his last years he lived in relative poverty and no longer enjoyed great fame. But after his death, his thought continued to influence the Chinese people for over 2,500 years. His doctrine on morality and ethics has had a great effect on their ideology, strenthening the unity of the nation and making it known to the world for its courteous dealing and solemn rites. Confucius said, "Let there be three men walking together: from the nmuber I should be sure to find my instructor." "To make accomplishment you must help others to be accomplished too." "Never be satiated with you knowledge and never be tired of teaching."... Today, these philosophical sayings are still shining brilliantly. In the long span of the Chinese history, the descendants of the Yellow Emperor have been righteously proud of the existence of the outstanding Confucius. The influence of the great thinker and educator has now exceeded the national boundary and spread to other parts of the world. It is our earnest hope that through more understanding of Confcius and the bridge of friendship and cultural exchange, we can make the world filled with more love, justice and peace. We wish also that we offspring of the Yellow Emperor, either in China or abroad, through better understanding of Confcius and academic research, will be more inspired with nationalism, and find a new way of making the past serve the present, and redouble our efforts for rejuvenation of China.

很多自己摘录些吧His ancestry is unknown and was largely self-educated according to the history. Later became a teacher, philosopher and political theorist, but was unable to gain a worthwhile position where he could put his theories into practice and, after years of traveling, returned home to continue teaching until his death at the age of 72. Although during his lifetime he had little influence outside his own band of disciples, Confucianism has been the dominant philosophical system in China for over 2000 ' Social PhilosophyConfucius' teachings and his conversations and exchanges with his disciples are recorded in the Lunyu or Analects, a collection that probably achieved something like its present form around the second century BCE. While Confucius believes that people live their lives within parameters firmly established by Heaven—which, often, for him means both a purposeful Supreme Being as well as ‘nature’ and its fixed cycles and patterns—he argues that men are responsible for their actions and especially for their treatment of others. We can do little or nothing to alter our fated span of existence but we determine what we accomplish and what we are remembered represented his teachings as lessons transmitted from antiquity. He claimed that he was “a transmitter and not a maker” and that all he did reflected his “reliance on and love for the ancients.” (Lunyu ) Confucius pointed especially to the precedents established during the height of the royal Zhou (roughly the first half of the first millennium, BCE). Such justifications for one's ideas may have already been conventional in Confucius' day. Certainly his claim that there were antique precedents for his ideology had a tremendous influence on subsequent thinkers many of whom imitated these gestures. But we should not regard the contents of the Analects as consisting of old ideas. Much of what Confucius taught appears to have been original to him and to have represented a radical departure from the ideas and practices of his also claimed that he enjoyed a special and privileged relationship with Heaven and that, by the age of fifty, he had come to understand what Heaven had mandated for him and for mankind. (Lunyu ). Confucius was also careful to instruct his followers that they should never neglect the offerings due Heaven. (Lunyu ) Some scholars have seen a contradiction between Confucius' reverence for Heaven and what they believe to be his skepticism with regard to the existence of ‘the spirits.’ But the Analects passages that reveal Confucius's attitudes toward spiritual forces (Lunyu , , and ) do not suggest that he was skeptical. Rather they show that Confucius revered and respected the spirits, thought that they should be worshipped with utmost sincerity, and taught that serving the spirits was a far more difficult and complicated matter than serving mere ' social philosophy largely revolves around the concept of ren, “compassion” or “loving others.” Cultivating or practicing such concern for others involved deprecating oneself. This meant being sure to avoid artful speech or an ingratiating manner that would create a false impression and lead to self-aggrandizement. (Lunyu ) Those who have cultivated ren are, on the contrary, “simple in manner and slow of speech.” (Lunyu ). For Confucius, such concern for others is demonstrated through the practice of forms of the Golden Rule: “What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others;” “Since you yourself desire standing then help others achieve it, since you yourself desire success then help others attain it.” (Lunyu , ). He regards devotion to parents and older siblings as the most basic form of promoting the interests of others before one's own and teaches that such altruism can be accomplished only by those who have learned self-restraint involves studying and mastering li, the ritual forms and rules of propriety through which one expresses respect for superiors and enacts his role in society in such a way that he himself is worthy of respect and admiration. A concern for propriety should inform everything that one says and does:Look at nothing in defiance of ritual, listen to nothing in defiance of ritual, speak of nothing in defiance or ritual, never stir hand or foot in defiance of ritual. (Lunyu )Subjecting oneself to ritual does not, however, mean suppressing one's desires but instead learning how to reconcile one's own desires with the needs of one's family and community. Confucius and many of his followers teach that it is by experiencing desires that we learn the value of social strictures that make an ordered society possible (See Lunyu .). Nor does Confucius' emphasis on ritual mean that he was a punctilious ceremonialist who thought that the rites of worship and of social exchange had to be practiced correctly at all costs. Confucius taught, on the contrary, that if one did not possess a keen sense of the well-being and interests of others his ceremonial manners signified nothing. (Lunyu ). Equally important was Confucius' insistence that the rites not be regarded as mere forms, but that they be practiced with complete devotion and sincerity. “He [., Confucius] sacrificed to the dead as if they were present. He sacrificed to the spirits as if the spirits were present. The Master said, ‘I consider my not being present at the sacrifice as though there were no sacrifice.’” (Lunyu )While ritual forms often have to do with the more narrow relations of family and clan, ren, however, is to be practiced broadly and informs one's interactions with all people. Confucius warns those in power that they should not oppress or take for granted even the lowliest of their subjects. “You may rob the Three Armies of their commander, but you cannot deprive the humblest peasant of his opinion.” (Lunyu ) Confucius regards loving others as a calling and a mission for which one should be ready to die (Lunyu ).2. Confucius' Political PhilosophyConfucius' political philosophy is also rooted in his belief that a ruler should learn self-discipline, should govern his subjects by his own example, and should treat them with love and concern. “If the people be led by laws, and uniformity among them be sought by punishments, they will try to escape punishment and have no sense of shame. If they are led by virtue, and uniformity sought among them through the practice of ritual propriety, they will possess a sense of shame and come to you of their own accord.” (Lunyu ; see also .) It seems apparent that in his own day, however, advocates of more legalistic methods were winning a large following among the ruling elite. Thus Confucius' warning about the ill consequences of promulgating law codes should not be interpreted as an attempt to prevent their adoption but instead as his lament that his ideas about the moral suasion of the ruler were not proving troubling to Confucius was his perception that the political institutions of his day had completely broken down. He attributed this collapse to the fact that those who wielded power as well as those who occupied subordinate positions did so by making claim to titles for which they were not worthy. When asked by a ruler of the large state of Qi, Lu's neighbor on the Shandong peninsula, about the principles of good government, Confucius is reported to have replied: “Good government consists in the ruler being a ruler, the minister being a minister, the father being a father, and the son being a son.” (Lunyu ) If I claim for myself a title and attempt to participate in the various hierarchical relationships to which I would be entitled by virtue of that title, then I should live up to the meaning of the title that I claim for myself. Confucius' analysis of the lack of connection between actualities and their names and the need to correct such circumstances is usually referred to as Confucius' theory of zhengming. Elsewhere in the Analects, Confucius says to his disciple Zilu that the first thing he would do in undertaking the administration of a state is zhengming. (Lunyu ). Xunzi composed an entire essay entitled Zhengming. But for Xunzi the term referred to the proper use of language and how one should go about inventing new terms that were suitable to the age. For Confucius, zhengming does not seem to refer to the ‘rectification of names’ (this is the way the term is most often translated by scholars of the Analects), but instead to rectifying behavior of people so that it exactly corresponds to the language with which they identify and describe themselves. Confucius believed that this sort of rectification had to begin at the very top of the government, because it was at the top that the discrepancy between names and actualities had originated. If the ruler's behavior is rectified then the people beneath him will follow suit. In a conversation with Ji Kangzi (who had usurped power in Lu), Confucius advised: “If your desire is for good, the people will be good. The moral character of the ruler is the wind; the moral character of those beneath him is the grass. When the wind blows, the grass bends.” (Lunyu )For Confucius, what characterized superior rulership was the possession of de or ‘virtue.’ Conceived of as a kind of moral power that allows one to win a following without recourse to physical force, such ‘virtue’ also enabled the ruler to maintain good order in his state without troubling himself and by relying on loyal and effective deputies. Confucius claimed that, “He who governs by means of his virtue is, to use an analogy, like the pole-star: it remains in its place while all the lesser stars do homage to it.” (Lunyu ) The way to maintain and cultivate such royal ‘virtue’ was through the practice and enactment of li or ‘rituals’—the ceremonies that defined and punctuated the lives of the ancient Chinese aristocracy. These ceremonies encompassed: the sacrificial rites performed at ancestral temples to express humility and thankfulness; the ceremonies of enfeoffment, toasting, and gift exchange that bound together the aristocracy into a complex web of obligation and indebtedness; and the acts of politeness and decorum—such things as bowing and yielding—that identified their performers as gentlemen. In an influential study, Herbert Fingarette argues that the performance of these various ceremonies, when done correctly and sincerely, involves a ‘magical’ quality that underlies the efficacy of royal ‘virtue’ in accomplishing the aims of the . Confucius and EducationA hallmark of Confucius' thought is his emphasis on education and study. He disparages those who have faith in natural understanding or intuition and argues that the only real understanding of a subject comes from long and careful study. Study, for Confucius, means finding a good teacher and imitating his words and deeds. A good teacher is someone older who is familiar with the ways of the past and the practices of the ancients. (See Lunyu ) While he sometimes warns against excessive reflection and meditation, Confucius' position appears to be a middle course between studying and reflecting on what one has learned. “He who learns but does not think is lost. He who thinks but does not learn is in great danger.” (Lunyu ) Confucius, himself, is credited by the tradition with having taught altogether three thousand students, though only seventy are said to have truly mastered the arts he cherished. Confucius is willing to teach anyone, whatever their social standing, as long as they are eager and tireless. He taught his students morality, proper speech, government, and the refined arts. While he also emphasizes the “Six Arts” -- ritual, music, archery, chariot-riding, calligraphy, and computation -- it is clear that he regards morality the most important subject. Confucius' pedagogical methods are striking. He never discourses at length on a subject. Instead he poses questions, cites passages from the classics, or uses apt analogies, and waits for his students to arrive at the right answers. “I only instruct the eager and enlighten the fervent. If I hold up one corner and a student cannot come back to me with the other three, I do not go on with the lesson.” (Lunyu ).Confucius' goal is to create gentlemen who carry themselves with grace, speak correctly, and demonstrate integrity in all things. His strong dislike of the sycophantic “petty men,” whose clever talk and pretentious manner win them an audience, is reflected in numerous Lunyu passages. Confucius finds himself in an age in which values are out of joint. Actions and behavior no longer correspond to the labels originally attached to them. “Rulers do not rule and subjects do not serve,” he observes. (Lunyu ; cf. also ) This means that words and titles no longer mean what they once did. Moral education is important to Confucius because it is the means by which one can rectify this situation and restore meaning to language and values to society. He believes that the most important lessons for obtaining such a moral education are to be found in the canonical Book of Songs, because many of its poems are both beautiful and good. Thus Confucius places the text first in his curriculum and frequently quotes and explains its lines of verse. For this reason, the Lunyu is also an important source for Confucius' understanding of the role poetry and art more generally play in the moral education of gentlemen as well as in the reformation of society.

Kong Zi is a great thinker, statesman and educator of ancient China, the Confucian school, the theory has not only affected the development process of China for thousands of years, also profoundly affected the patterns of thought and behavior of each of the Chinese people, become the theoretical foundation of Oriental character and psychology. Profound Confucian culture represented by Kong Zi created, constitute the mainstream and the foundation of Chinese traditional culture, today is still in social life play a significant positive advocated kindheartedness, emphasized by the ritual music system support interpersonal harmony, harmony, building a harmonious society this is modern social the modern Confucius culture is still very popular. The creation of Kong Zi culture festival held in and around the Kong Zi Institute have allowed Kong Zi to continue to improve the cultural influence is not 译文：孔子是中国古代伟大的思想家、政治家、教育家，儒家学派创始人，其学说不仅影响了中国几千年的发展进程，还深刻地影响著每一个中国人的思想和行为模式，成为东方人品格和心理的理论基础。以孔子为代表创立的儒家文化博大精深，构成了中华民族传统文化的主流和基础,时至今日仍在社会生活中发挥着巨大的积极作用。他倡导仁爱，强调以礼乐制度支持的人际和谐，以和为贵，这也是现代社会构建和谐社会的思想。在现代孔子文化依然很流行。孔子文化节的举办和各地孔子学院的创建都使孔子文化的影响力不断不提高生词多吗？望采纳！很辛苦的。

Confucius is the founder of Confucianism, the core of his thought is "benevolence", "ceremony." "Benevolence" of the claim is "benevolent love", the idea is to require the ruling class people, and against tyranny. Confucius believed that, to achieve the "love", but also follow the "Faithfulness and Forgiveness" is "Do unto others, do not impose on others" requirements. "Li" is the idea of "Misinterpretation", that is to restrain themselves so that they comply with "gift" requirement, Confucius, the pursuit of "ritual" is a particular sub-system level of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Confucius was further proposed the "rectification of names" proposal is the correct hierarchical order to achieve equal status and orderly. This reflects the conservative side of his political thinking. Confucius, Mencius thought comes. Mencius, Confucius's "benevolence" to "benevolent" doctrine. He believes that the implementation of "benevolent" to be "system property from the public," so that each household has acres of fields, mu of the house, have a basic means of production; "not won the farming season" to ensure that farmers work time; " Province penalty, tax grabbing thin "so that people have the lowest material living conditions; strengthen moral education so that people understand," filial piety the faithful, "the truth. Mencius see people suffer exploitation and oppression of the feudal landlord class suffering in an attempt to use these measures to ease class conflict, to consolidate the rule of the landlord class, but it is still good for the development of production. With the "benevolent" theory linked, Mencius also proposed a "people Gui-Jun light" idea, said: "people, boat followed, the king of light" ("Mencius down"). He believes that people only with the support of monarchy, to obtain and maintain a dominant position, so he should implement the main Zhang Guojun, "benevolence", and the public "fun." The monarch harm people, people can kill. Business King Zhou was a famous tyrant in history, King Wu, he thought killing right, said: "Kazuo Zhou Wen punish men, and did not hear Regicide also" ("Mencius, under King Hui of Liang"). Mencius, although sympathetic to the people, condemned the tyrants of the side, but his political ideas, or maintenance of the feudal system, so he preached: "Auntie who govern people, labor are governed. Rule in the people who eat people, government people who eat others observed throughout the world righteousness "(" Mencius Tengwen Gong on "). This view has long been the system of exploitation as a defense for the theoretical basis.

关于孔子的思想研究论文

孔子作为中国私学教育的第一人，是我国最早、最有影响的思想家和教育家。下面是我给大家推荐的论孔子教育思想的论文，希望大家喜欢!

《浅析孔子的教育思想》

摘要：孔子的教育思想主要有三个方面：一是孔子办教育为实现自己的政治理想服务;二是孔子教育弟子全面发展，把德育放在首位;三是教育弟子了解国情，热爱祖国，弟子积极参加改革。

关键词：教育思想;德育;德政礼治

中图分类号：G632 文献标识码：B 文章编号：1002-7661(2015)05-314-01

孔子是我国古代一位伟大的思想家、政治家和教育家。他创办私学，把文化知识传播到民间，为中国古代文化教育事业的发展作出了不可磨灭的贡献。孔子的教育思想非常丰富，值得我们总结和借鉴的东西很多，下面仅从三个方面加以探讨：第一，孔子办教育为实现自己的政治理想服务;第二，教育弟子全面发展，把德育放在首位;第三，教育弟子热爱祖国，积极参加改革。

一、孔子办教育的目的是为实现他的政治理想服务的

孔子生活在春秋晚期，社会历史正处于大变革时代，奴隶社会正在崩溃，封建社会即将诞生，历史潮流不可逆转。孔子要历史回到西周奴隶制盛世去是不可能的。他在鲁国从政与当权者季氏不合，从三十五岁开始招收门徒，培养自己的追随者。随后又带着弟子遍访东方各国，历尽艰辛地宣传自己的主张，终不被各国执政者所用，最后，他只得痛苦地回到鲁国。返鲁后，他广招门徒，开门设教，意欲通过办教育培养人才，为实现自己的政治理想服务。

孔子的教育思想是要培养推行德政礼治的人才。在一个国家推行德政礼治，要靠圣君、贤臣和良民。圣君、贤臣、良民不是天生的，但可以通过教育培养出来。因此，他很重视教育的作用。他说：人之“性相近也，习相远也”。他主张人人都应受教育，这就是他的“有教无类”的光辉思想。在他看来，春秋时代不但没有圣君，就是具有君子品德的圣君也没有见过。即使如此，既定之君是神圣不可侵犯的，否则就是非礼和不忠。受过教育的小人就成为良民，是施政、供驱使的对象。贤臣是实行“德政礼治”的决定力量。而贤臣主要是从受过教育的贤人、君子、士中选拔出来的。贤人是具有最高品德的知识分子，只要当权者任用他，就成为贤臣，有了贤臣，就可以把国家治理好。君子是德才兼备的知识分子，士是一般的知识分子。有了合格的君子和士，也可以从中选出贤臣。孔子办教育的目的就是要通过教育培养出一批贤人和优秀的君子与士，供各国国君选作贤臣。通过贤臣治国，实行“德政礼治”，就可以使国家达到像西周初期那样的“太平盛世”。

二、孔子办教育也非常重视全面发展，并把德育放在第一位

首先，孔子“四教”，德育为主。孔子施教的首要内容是“子以四教：文、行、忠、信”。四教之中，文是文化历史知识的学习，行、忠、信都是思想品德的修养。孔子认为思想品德教育是主要的，文化知识的学习是从属的，只有先接受他所要求的思想品德教育，然后学习文化知识才有用处。因此，他说：“弟子入则孝，出则弟，谨而信，泛爱众而亲仁，行有余力，则以学文”。他要求弟子首先培养自己具有奴隶主贵族的思想品德，“行有余力”，然后才学文化知识。孔子还说：“君子博学于文，约之以礼”。也可以看出孔子在教育学生时，把思想品德教育是放在首位的。

其次，孔子施教把德育放在首位，从古人概述孔子传授《六经》的教育意义时，也可以得到证明。最早提到《六经》的《庄子》载：“邹鲁之士，多能明之。《诗》以道志，《书》以道事，《礼》以道行，《乐》以道和，《易》以道阴阳，《春秋》以道名分”。《礼记・经解》和《史记・滑稽列传》也有类似记载，不过是出自孔子之口。可见孔子总述《六经》的教育意义和教育价值时，把进行政治思想教育放在《六经》教育的第一位的。

三、教育弟子热爱祖国，弟子积极参加改革

孔子本人就是一个爱国主义者，他对生育他、长养他的鲁国，怀着深厚的感情。当祖国处于危急的时刻，他挺身而出去拯救她，使她免受耻辱。如鲁定公十年(公元前500年)，鲁定公与齐景公会盟于夹谷，孔子为相，正当两君相见时，齐人恃其强大，发动突然袭击，“鼓噪而起，欲以执鲁君”。面对这突发事件，孔子不畏强暴，临危不惧，坚持面对面的斗争，终于赢得胜利，鲁定公平安回国。充分反映了他不辱君命，维护鲁国尊严的爱国主义精神。孔子自己爱国，也教育弟子爱国。公元前484年，齐恃强伐鲁，鲁政在季氏，孟孙氏和叔孙氏向齐求和，孔子的弟子冉求和樊迟在季氏门下为吏，则主战，二人带着季氏门下的七千甲士和三百徒卒，大败齐师于鲁郊。孔子称赞冉求、樊迟说：你们“能执干戈以卫社稷”保卫了祖国，使人民免遭屠戮。

孔子办教育，重视教书育人，为社会培养出一批有用人才。孔门弟子有三千人，他们开始把文化知识传播到民间作出了重大的贡献。弟子中学有成就者七十二人，被称为“贤人”。如颜渊、闵子骞、冉伯牛、仲弓，德行最好;宰我、子贡善于言辞，长于办外交;冉有、季路，善于从政;子游、子夏，善于文学。由于孔子施教重视社会实践，弟子在实践过程中，逐步看清了社会需要，学成后，不拘泥于师教，积极参加社会改革。其中，有名的要数子夏。孔子死后，子夏到魏国河西收徒讲学。他曾“为魏文侯师”，“文侯师事之，咨问国政焉”，给战国初年任用李悝变法，大力推行改革政策的魏文侯出谋划策，作出过重要贡献。其他弟子在学习期间，就陆续从政者有：子路为鲁季氏宰(总管)、为卫蒲邑大夫，后又做过卫大夫孔悝的邑宰。子夏为莒父宰，冉求为季氏宰，子游为鲁武城宰，冉雍为鲁季氏宰，密子贱为鲁单父宰，巫马期也曾为单父宰，仲弓为莒父宰，子羔为费宰，宰我为临淄大夫，子贡常相鲁卫，惠叔兰曾为卫司寇等。他们大都是在积极推行改革政策的大夫门下任得力助手。子路、冉求、冉雍等在帮助鲁国新兴势力的代表季氏推行改革政策方面，作出过突出的贡献。

综上所述，我们可以看出孔子的教育思想主要有三个方面：一是孔子办教育为实现自己的政治理想服务;二是孔子教育弟子全面发展，把德育放在首位;三是教育弟子了解国情，热爱祖国，弟子积极参加改革。概括起来就是：教育要为政治服务，教育要把德育放在首位，教育弟子爱国。这些我国古代优秀的教育思想，我们今天在进行教育改革时，还值继承和借鉴。

孔子教育思想论文【1】

摘要：在东方的教育发展史上，孔子是不可不提及到的人物，他的教育思想至今对我们产生影响。

解读他的教育思想，对当今社会教育具有启发和教育的重大意义。

关键词：孔子《论语》因材施教仁教学思想启示

孔子(约公元前551-前479年)是我国春秋末期的思想家和教育家，儒家学派的创始人。

孔子学说的核心是“仁”和“礼”，提倡“仁者爱人”、“克己复礼为仁”、“非礼勿视，非礼勿听，非礼勿言，非礼勿动”，强调忠孝和仁爱。

教学思想与教学方法是承认先天差异，但更强调“学而知之”，主张“有教无类”，重视因材施教，这些思想在《论语》中得到了充分的体现。

孔子的教育思想从多方位的分析和总结，形成了比较完整的教育思想，了解他的思想，对于教育的发展意义重大。

一、教育对象：有教无类

据记载，孔子门生三千，而孔子生活的春秋时代，教育沿袭着“学在官府”的传统，教育被贵族子弟垄断，平民子弟是没有机会接受教育的。

之所以有这么多学生，是因为孔子首次提出“由教无类”认为世界上一切人都有享受教育的权利。

无论贫贱之人，还是富贵之人，都有接受的权利。

孔子说：“自行束�以上，吾未尝无诲焉”(《论语・述而》)。

“束修”是一条腊肉干，是当时贽见老师的礼物，只要有愿行束修之礼的，也就是愿意在孔子门下接受教育的，孔子是不会拒绝的。

这并非孔子受他的礼，而愿意教他学习，只是“束�”是当时人们都能承担的，任何人均可到他们下接受学习。

这是其中之一，另一个故事跟能说明孔子对待受教育者资格的要求。

有一个名为互乡的地方，此地之人不善，难与言。

互乡一童子求见孔子而孔子接受了，门人非常疑惑，孔子解释说：“与其进也，不与其退也。

唯何甚，人洁己以进，与其洁也，不保其往也”(《论语・述而》)这就是说，只要一个人肯进取，不管其曾经怎样，只要现在能洁身自爱，以求获得教育机会，我们就不可以剥夺他受教育的权利。

充分说明了有教无类的教学思想。

二、教育方法，内容和目标

1.教育方法

在孔子的教学思想中，“因材施教”和启发诱导是教育的基本方法。

因材施教，根据学习的人的志趣、能力等具体情况进行不同的教育。

孔子说：“柴也愚，参也鲁，师也辟，由也�。”(《论语子路》)这就体现了孔子对学生的了解。

子曰：“中人以上，可以语上也;中人以下，不可以语也。”(《雍也》第21章)意思是教学上要根据不同学生，不同的智力水平，教授难度不同的教学内容。

此举虽无“因材施教”四字，但在朱熹的《四书集注》中“夫子教人，各因其材”，充分说明孔子教人，因材施教。

子曰：“不愤不启，不悱不发。举一隅不以三隅反，则不复也。”(《论语・述而》)意指：一个人不到他倾全力去尝试了解事理，但却仍然想不透的程度，我是不会去启示他的。

不到他尽全力想要表达其内心的想法，却想不到合适言词的程度，我是不会去开导他的。

如果告诉他一个角落是这样的，他还不能推悟出其它三个角落也是一样的，那我就不会再多说什么了。

句中一“启”一“发”充分体现了孔子的启发式教学。

这个方法对当代教育具有启示的作用。

2.教育内容

孔子教育内容：“孔子教学继承了西周六艺教育传统，教学纲领是“博学于文，约之以礼”，基本科目是诗、书、礼、乐。

子以四教：“文、行、忠、信”(《论语・述而》)其中道德教育内容：仁与礼、孝悌、忠信。

子曰：“人而不仁如礼何?人而不仁如乐何?”(《论语・八佾》)意指：人心若没有了仁，把礼来如何运用，人心若没有了仁，把乐来如何运用。说明仁礼在教学的重要。子曰：“事父母几谏。见志不从，又敬不违，劳而不怨。”(《论语・里仁》)意指侍奉父母，他们若有过失，要婉言劝告。

话说清楚了，却没有被接纳，仍然尊敬他们，不要违逆对抗，继续操劳而不怨恨。

这是孝悌充分体现。

子曰：“民无信不立”(《论语・颜渊》)意指人没有信用就没有立足之地。

一个国家不能得到老百姓的信任就要垮掉，强调忠信在教育上重要性。

他向学生讲授“六经”(《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》、《易》、《春秋》)，孔子儒学思想中教学内容后又增加“六艺”，包括为礼、乐、射、御、书、数。

包含了道德修养、知识传授和能力培养和训练。

孔子教学不以书本为学习全部资料，而是在书本学习同时，在生活中也同时学习。

这样为学生的全面发展打下基础。

3.教育目标

君子道者三：“仁者不忧，知者不惑，勇者不惧”(《论语・宪问》)意指一个真君子做到了内心的仁、知、勇，从而就少了忧、惑、惧。

这体现了孔子在教育人学习要达到的教育目标。

而在培养目标上，孔子注重“举贤才”为国家培养人才也是孔子教育的目标。

“学而优则仕”(《论语・子张》)与孔子的举贤才是一致的，从这句话中就体现了孔子为国家培养人才的目标。

孔子告诫学生“不患无位，患所以立”(《论语・里仁》)，孔子推荐学生担当政治事务，在举荐人才时有原则，首先，学习不优异，不可做官：其次，要在国家政治开明时才可做官，否则宁可隐退。

所以在孔子教育思想中只有做到“其身正，不令而行;其身不正，虽令不从”(《论语・子路》)，和“修己以安百姓”(《论语・宪问》)，才达到了教育的目的。

孔子教育思想对历史的贡献，提出“有教无类”的教育方针，扩展了教育对象;“因材施教”和启发式的教学方法，提升教学效果;;重视文化的传承，对教材进行建设，为后世儒家奠定了进经籍教育体系的基础;更提出了“终身学习”的思想，“吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩。”(《论语・为政》)通过他自己证明了这一说法，对教育的启示：在教学中，教师不放弃每一位学生，了解每一学生的心理特点和学习思想，从而选择适合学生方法进行教学，注重学生的全面发展，做到“活到老、学到老”，终身学习。

从而孔子的教育思想对于社会和个体的发展都有重要的意义，对于教育的发展做出的贡献更是不可磨灭的。

参考文献：

[1] 朱熹(宋).《论语集注》[M].济南：齐鲁书社，1992

[2] 刘嘉铭.《教育公共基础笔试》[M].北京：中国人事出版社，2011论文期刊：

[3] 曲红艳.《孔子教育思想浅析》[J].黑龙江科技信息 2008年21期

孔子教育思想研究【2】

[摘要]孔子作为我国古代一位伟大的教育家，在长期的教育实践中，积累了十分丰富的教学经验，创造了卓有成效的教学方法，总结倡导了许多宝贵的教育主张和原则，形成了比较完整的教育思想体系。

他的这些教育经验和原则，是中国传统教育思想的宝贵遗产，至今仍对我们的教育实践有着行之有效的指导意义。

我针对孔子著名的“有教无类”、 “乐学”、 “因材施教”以及一些比较具有参考价值的教育思想进行浅析。

[关键词]孔子“有教无类”“乐学”“因材施教”“变通”

正文：

孔子(前551-前479)，名丘，字仲尼，鲁国人。

中国春秋末期伟大的思想家和教育家，儒家学派的创始人。

孔子认为治理国家最根本的要靠教育，他说：“道之以政，齐之以刑，民免而无耻;道之以德，齐之以礼，有耻且格”。

这句话的意思是说如果只靠政令、刑律去治理国家，百姓只能被动地去遵纪守法，而不能够有廉耻之心，不懂得为什么要自觉地去遵纪守法，是不能够达到治理国家的目的的。

如果用教育的'方法去教育人民，使人民能够用礼法去约束自己，懂得言行的规范，就能够自觉地遵纪守法，那么国家就能够得到治理，孔子认为政令、刑律都不如教育更加有效，因而孔子一生开私塾，广收弟子三千，有才能者就有七十二人，因而孔子形成了自己的独特的教育思想，孔子的教育思想充分体现了“以人为本”的教育理念，重视学生的发展和老师的发展，他的教育思想给我们提供了许多有益的启示。

我在这里仅仅就其中有代表性的几点进行分析。

孔子主张：“有教无类”意思是说无论什么人都可以受教育。

又说：“自行束脩以上，吾未尝无诲焉”意思是说只要给我一些薄礼，我从来没有不教的。

这在当时是具有划时代意义的，不仅仅是王孙贵族，普通人的子女也可以接受教育，对于推动社会进步发挥了极大的作用。

孔子认为“我非生而知之者，好古，敏以求之者”。

他认为人的素质都是一样的，只因为环境与教育的不同，才使人有了差别，尽管当时孔子已被人尊为圣人，但他始终强调自己不是生而知之的人，是学而后知的。

由此可见，他认为任何人只要受到教育都可以成为圣人，他强调学而后知，不仅是谦虚，也是他的信念。

孔子提出“有教无类”的主张后身体力行，在教学实践中贯彻了他的主张，在他的弟子中就有各式各样的人，既有贵族，也有被称为鄙人的下层人士，也有像颜渊那样的贫穷的人。

孔子教导学生要注重提高道德素质，也提倡老师要讲究职业道德。

从以上可以看出，孔子把德育教育作为素质教育的重点。

如果我们的教育管理者，只懂搞教育，而不懂道德要求，那么其后果是难以想象的。

一个有很高科研水平和创新能力的科学家，却助纣为虐，为战争贩子研制杀人武器;一个掌握有高超印刷技术的科研人员却研究和大量印刷假币，严重干扰和威胁国家经济，这样的人于百姓、于国家、于社会有何益呢?值得欣慰的是，现在有许多有识之士已开始认识到素质教育的重点是道德教育。

在学习态度方面，孔子推崇的是使学生“乐学”。

《论语》的第一句就说：“学而时习之，不亦说(悦)乎?”可见孔子非常重视要使学生愿意学习和乐意学习，他从自己长期的教育实践中认识到“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。”也就是说，只有把学习当作乐趣，迷上了学习，才能取得最好的学习成效。他说自己“其为人也，发愤忘食，乐以忘忧，不知老之将至云尔。”他还对别人说：“十室之邑，必有忠信如丘者焉，不如丘之好学也”。

从这些议论可以看出孔子本人就是非常乐于学习的人，正因为把学习当作乐趣，才能学得进，学得好，成为博学多识的人，所以孔子认为要想使学生学好，首先要让学生“乐学”。

为了使不同的学生都能学有所得，学有所长，他根据每个人的不同特点，在教学中 "因材施教"。

论语中有这样一个故事：子路与冉有向孔子请教同一个问题，听说了一件事，要不要马上去做?孔子对子路说：“有父兄在，不可以如此。”对冉有却说：“可以去做。”孔子的另一个学生公西华对此发生疑问，孔子解释说：“冉有退缩，故鼓励其进取;子路则勇于进取，故使之知有所退缩。”(见《论语·先进》)这个故事就是比较典型的因材施教的例子。

如上面所说，孔子的学生之所以各有所长，也正是他因材施教的结果。

孔子能熟练运用启发式教学，“不愤不启，不悱不发”，不到学生想弄明白而不能弄明白的时候，不去点拨;不到他想说而又说不清楚时，不去启发。

从而极大地调动学生的求知欲望。

孔子的教育方法灵活多变，有诸多辉煌创造：如循循善诱，因材施教，学思结合，知行统一，温故知新、循序渐进，叩其两端，举一反三等行之有效的方法，千古流传，至今仍在教学中发挥作用。

除了以上关于教学思想和教学方法等方面的贡献以外，孔子还难能可贵地提出了“终身学习”的思想，并且身体力行。

他现身说法地说：“吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩。”在孔子看来，学习是一辈子的事，没有年龄阶段的限制。

这种学而不厌的精神，不仅成为千百年来鼓舞中国广大知识分子“活到老、学到老”的光辉榜样，而且在当代被进一步发展成为信息时代最有价值、最富于创造性的教育理念——终身教育思想。

根据新课改的要求，为了培养学生独立思考的能力，从而进一步培养其创新、创造能力，教师要针对学生的不同情况开展启发式教学，要求学生做到举一反三，触类旁通。

目前我们还有相当部分教师还没有改变传统的“填鸭式”的教学方式，这种状况必须下大力气扭转。

哲学告诉我们：变，才是事物的发展规律，不变就不能发展，发展才是硬道理。

参考文献：

[1]《论语》

[2]《论语名言解析》

[3]讨论法在语文教学中的运用《广西教育》

[4]语文课程改革应当反思的几个问题《语文建设》

关于孔子思想的研究论文

对于孔子思想，大家的了解到底有多少呢？下面就随我一起去阅读关于孔子思想的研究论文，相信能带给大家帮助。

论文摘要:

孔子的教育思想有因材施教、启发诱导、学思并重、以约驭博、寓教于乐等,分析其教育思想对当今教学方法有重要启示。

论文关键词:

孔子;教育思想;当代教育

孔子(前551-前479年),名丘,字仲尼,春秋末期鲁国人,伟大的思想家、政治家和教育家,儒家学派的创始人。孔子一生非常重视教育,创立了我国历史上第一所私学,毕生从事教育事业,是我国历史上第一位伟大的教育家。孔子的教育思想中含有丰富的唯物辩证法因素,因此至今仍有不朽的生命力,它对今天的教育仍然有积极的指导意义,值得我们学习和借鉴,从中我们可以获得极大的教益和启示。

1 倡导“有教无类”,主张“因材施教”,发展学生个性与全面教育相结合

孔子,作为我国第一所私学的开创者,主张“有教无类”(《论语卫灵公》),提倡在教育面前人人平等,人人都有受教育的权力。孔子在招收弟子时,不重身份,不看财产多少,也正因为如此,孔子的弟子很多,各个社会、各个年龄段的人都有,还有父子二人同学于孔子的,如颜回、曾参等。孔子的这种思想观点,奠定了后世教育大众化的理论基础,开历史之先河,在中国教育史上留下了光辉的篇章。

教学中不能没有统一要求,但不从学生实际出发,忽视学生在资质、性格、才能、兴趣等方面的差异就无法达到统一要实现的目标。孔子将因材施教与全面教育巧妙地结合起来,解决了教学过程中的这一矛盾。在《论语》中,有不少生动的事例表明,同一个问题,孔子对不同学生有不同的教法,例如,在(《论语颜渊》)篇中记载,樊迟、司马牛、仲弓和颜渊均曾向孔子问仁,孔子做出了四种不同的回答:

樊迟问仁,子曰:“爱人。”司马牛问仁,子曰:“仁者,其言也仞。”仲弓问仁,子曰:“出门如见大宾,使民如承大祭。已所不欲,勿施于人。在邦无怨在家无怨。”颜渊问仁,子曰:“克已复礼为仁,一日克已复礼,天下归仁焉……非礼勿视,非礼勿言,非礼勿动。”

樊迟的资质较鲁纯,孔子对他就只讲“仁”的最基本概念——“爱人”;司马牛因“多言而躁”,孔子就告诫他:做一个仁人要说话谨慎,不要急于表态;仲弓对人不够谦恭,不能体谅别人,孔子就教他忠恕之道,要能将心比心推已及人;颜渊是孔门第一大弟子,已有很高的德行,所以孔子就用仁的最高标准来要求他——视、听、言、行、一举一动都要合乎礼的规范。这样,根据每个学生基础和造诣的不同,孔子对同一问题做出了四种深浅不同的回答,既切合学生的思想实际,就都符合“仁”的基本概念。

“因材施教”这个概念孔子本人并没有直接提出,是朱熹在概括孔子的教学经验时,指出:“夫子教人各因其材”,遂有了“因材施教”的名言。但孔子的教学实践却充分体现了这一原则,他始终针对学生的不同特点。从学生的实际出发,把学生培养成具有各方面才能的人。孔之之所以做到了这一点。与他对学生有深刻、准确、全面的了解是分不开的。孔子十分注意利用各种机会,通过各种方式,观察了解学生,他非常熟悉学生的特点,能够用精辟的语言相当准确地概括出学生的特征。如:“由也果”(认为子路果敢),“赐也达”(子贡为人豁达、大度),“求也艺”(冉求多才多艺),“柴也愚”(高柴较迟钝),“参也鲁”(曾参较耿直),“师也辟”(子张较偏激),等等。对每一位学生的才能特点、性格特征,孔子心里也都有数。并且他还把学生的性格特征分为三种类型:“狂者”、“中行”、“狷者”,他说:“不得中行而与之,必也狂狷乎!狂者进取,狷者有所不为也”,即人有偏激、拘谨和介于二者之间的三种不同性格。

再如,子路问:“闻斯行诸?”子曰:“有父母在,如之何其闻斯行之?”冉有问:“闻斯行诸?”子曰:“闻斯行之。”共西华曰:“由也问斯行诸,子曰:“有父兄在,求也问闻斯行诸?”,子曰:“闻斯行之赤也惑,敢问。”孔子曰:“求也退,故进之;由也兼人,故退之。”同样的问题,由于询问者的情况不同,孔子的答复也不同,“一进之,一退之,所以约之于义理之中,而使之无过不及之患也”。由于学生的个性特点不同,所以在他们问仁、问礼、问政、问孝的时候,孔子的回答往往是深浅难易、繁简详略各不相同。

在因材施教的同时,孔子非常重视对学生的全面教育。《论语述而》篇中说:“子以四教:文、行、忠、信”。《史记孔子世家》也记载:“孔子以诗、书、礼、乐教子弟”。孔子弟子三千,贤人七十二。但同样学习文行忠信、诗书礼乐,程度不同,能力也各异。有的“千乘之国,可使治其赋”;有的“千室之邑,百乘之家,可使之宰”;有的“束带立于朝,可与宾客言”,同样是身通大艺者,也各有特长,“德行:颜渊、闵子骞、冉伯牛、仲弓;言语:宰我、子贡;政事:冉有、季路;文学:子游、子夏”。

我们从孔子运用“因材施教”这一原则的经验中,可以受到两点启发:第一,教育和教学必须从学生实际出发,避免盲目性;第二,既要坚持共同目标和统一标准,又要善于发现和注意培养学生的某些特长,避免一刀切。

2 启发诱导的教学方法

谈到“启发式教学”,许多人都会想到古希腊哲学家苏格拉底以“产婆术”著称的启发教育,但事实上,孔子不仅一贯坚持启发式教育,而且“启发”这个名称本身也是由孔子所创造的。孔子所创造的启发式教学其内涵要比苏格拉底更丰富、更为深刻。我们不妨将之称之为“产婆术”的苏格拉底启发式对话与孔子的启发教学作一下比较。

一位名叫欧谛德谟的青年,一心想当政治家,为帮助这位青年认清正义与非正义的问题,苏格拉底运用启发式方法和这位青年进行了下面的对话(以下都苏问,欧答)问:“虚伪应归于那一类?”答:“应归入非正义类。”问:“偷盗、欺、奴役等应归于那一类?”答:“应归入非正义类。”问:“如果一个将军惩罚那些极大地损坏了其国家利益的敌人,并对他们加以奴役这能说是非正义吗?”答:“不能。”问:“如果他偷走了敌人的财物或在作战中欺敌人,这种行为该怎么看呢?”答:“这当然正确,但我指的是欺朋友。”苏问:“那好吧,我们就专门讨论朋友间的问题。假如一位将军所统帅的军队已经丧失了士气,精神面临崩溃,他欺自己的士兵说援兵马上就到,从而鼓舞了斗志取得胜利,这种行为该如何理解呢?”答:“应该算是正义的。”问“如果一个孩子有病不肯吃药,父亲他说药不苦、很好吃,哄他吃了下去,结果治好了病,这种行为该属于哪一类呢?”答:“应属于正义类。”苏格拉底仍不罢休,又问:“如果一个人发了疯,他的朋友怕他自杀,偷了他的刀子和利器,这种偷盗行为是正义的吗?”答:“是,他们也应属于这一类。”问:“你不是认为朋友之间不能欺吗?”答:“请允许我收回我刚才说过的话。”

从这一段生动的对话可以看出,苏格拉底启发式教学的特点是:抓住思维过程中的矛盾,启发诱导,层层分析,步步深入,最后导出正确结论。

下面再看孔子的启发式教学。子曰:“不愤不启,不悱不发,举一隅不以三隅反则不复也。”按照宋人朱熹的解释:“愤者,心求通而未得之意;悱者,口欲言而未能之貌;启,谓开其意;发,未达其辞。”可见,“愤”就是学生对某一问题进行积极思考,急于解决而又尚未搞明白时的矛盾心理。这个时候老师应该对学生思考问题的方法适时给以指导,以帮助学生启发思路,这就叫“启”。“悱”是学生对某一问题已经有了一段时间的思考,但尚未考虑成熟,处于一种想说又难以表达的状态。这时教师应帮助学生理清思路,弄清事物的本质属性,然后用比较准确的语言表达出来,这就是“发”。孔子启发式教学虽然只有八个字,但它却生动地表现出孔子进行启发式教学的完整过程,而且还深刻揭示出学习过程中遇到疑难问题时将会出现的两种心理状态,或者可以说两种不同的思维矛盾,以及这两种矛盾的正确处理方法。和苏格拉底对话法相比较,可以发现二者的共同之处是:彼此都十分重视学生思维过程中的矛盾,但二者处理思维矛盾的方法完全不同:苏格拉底是通过教师连续不断地提问,迫使学生陷入自相矛盾的状态,从而把学生的认识逐步深化,使问题最终得到解决。由此可见,苏格拉底的对话法实际上是以教师为中心,学生完全被老师牵着鼻子走,这种启发式教学虽然能够是学生印象深刻,但由于学生的主动性发挥得不够,对于较复杂问题的理解恐怕难以深入。

而孔子则是由教师或学生自己提出问题,由学生自己去思考,等到学生处于“愤”的心理状态,即遇到思维过程中的第一种矛盾而又无法解决时,教师才去点拨一下。然后又让学生自己继续认真思考,等到学生进入“悱”的心理状态,即遇到思维过程中第二种矛盾且暂无法解决时,教师再点拨一下,从而使学生柳暗花明,豁然开朗。可见孔子的启发式教学是以学生为中心,让学生在学习过程中自始自终处于主动地位,让学生主动提出问题,思考问题,让学生主动去发现去探索,教师只是从旁边加以点拨,起指导和促进作用。两相比较不难看出,尽管两种启发式教学都很有效,都能促进学生进行思维,但是,显然孔子的启发式有更深刻的认知心理学基础,更加符合学生的认知规律,因而具有更高的理论价值。

3 求知应求实,勤奋,学思并重

孔子说过:“知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也”。他主张求知应先端正态度,求知应先求实。一个有智慧的人贵在自知,明白自己知道什么,不知道什么,一个人能够做到自知,就能真正认识到自己的差距和不足,也就能通过学习来丰富自己的知识。另外孔子曾说过:“我非生而知之者,好古,敏以求之者。”(《论语述而》)他对当时人们对历史上不确凿的事任意牵强附会大为不满,教导学生做学问要实事求是,要向古人学习,古人对待历史不确凿的作法就是存疑。存疑,并不是有疑问不提出来而有所保存。恰恰相反,他是指在自己实事求是进行研究的基础上,要敢于对自己认为不确凿的问题提出疑问。“尽信书,不如无书”,在当今的教学实际过程中恰恰就需要这种思想,要鼓力学生用批判的眼光看待自己所接触到的事物,要敢于从课本中走出来,不要唯书本马首是瞻,对自己认为有错误的问题要敢于质疑。否则,科学严谨的治学态度一旦失去,在学习上就永远不会有实质性的进步。

一、孔子儒家思想在当代社会的突出价值

（一）自强不息

孔子的一生是奋斗的一生，年轻时，他好学上进，不断进德修业。他的政治思想形成后，便为实现自己的主张孜孜以求。孔子向往三代圣王之治，希望王道大行，实现仁政德治。孔子有自己的独立人格，他对社会历史与现实有清醒而深刻的认识，可他依然为实现自己的政治理想不懈奋斗。他希望教化社会人心，讲究仁爱，遵守秩序，并为之四处奔走，到处碰壁亦信念不改，甚至“知其不可而为之”(《论语·宪问》)。孔子心目中有一片圣洁的天地，这就是要实现天下为公、讲信修睦、谋逆不兴、盗贼不作的大同社会。孔子晚年喜爱《周易》，《易传》中多次提及的“刚健”、“有为”，《象辞》所说的“自强不息”，其实正是孔子生命主题的写照。

（二）与时俱进

孔子执着于自己的政治追求，但他绝不是愚顽不化的人。人们误解《礼运》篇，以为孔子向往的大同社会是所谓“原始共产主义时代”，其实，认真对读《孔子家语》与《礼记》的该篇，就会发现孔子所言是指“三代明王”时期。孔子思想的显著特征是主张“时变”，主张在变化的时势中找到最合适的切入点，《大学》引述古训日：“苟日新，日日新，又日新。”《易传》则有：“生生之谓易”以及“穷则变，变则通，通则久”的发展观念。《论语》、《中庸》、《易传》中都记有孔子的相关论述，而《周易》中所说的“与时偕行”，最为准确地表述了孔子的这一思想。

（三）天人和谐

孔子注重人与自然的关系，突出表现在他的天、地、人“三才”一贯思想上。在《易传》中，天、地、人被看成宇宙组成的三大要素。《贲·彖传》日：“刚柔交错，天文也。文明以止，人文也。观乎天文，以察时变；观乎人文，以化成天下。”人与自然并列，就应和谐相处，由此形成了儒家“天人相通”、“天人合一”的人与自然相互协调观念。孔子认识到客观规律不可抗拒，他说：“获罪于天，无所祷也”；孔子言行中包含有丰富的天人和谐等生态意识，认为人应当自觉认识与遵守自然规律。《论语·述而》说孔子“钓而不纲，弋不射宿”；《孔子家语·五帝德》记孔子说：“治民以顺天地之纪”、“仁厚及于鸟兽昆虫”、“养财以任地”、“履时以象天”、“春夏秋冬育护天下”之类，都包含有注重生态平衡，遵从自然规律的意义。

二、孔子儒家思想对当代社会发展的指导意义

（一）教育

诺贝尔奖获得者杨振宁先生曾预言，二十一世纪的中国科技发展将会突飞猛进，这取决于四个有利因素：经济实力的强大、决策者的决心、大量的青年人才、良好的传统。在传统方面，杨振宁极为看重由孔子开创的儒家思想在教育方面的深远影响。众所周知，孔子非常重视教育，提出了许多重要的教育思想：因材施教、教学相长、学思结合、重视实践、学仕结合……其中的一些观点今天看来更显卓越。比如，他的富民而教的主张，几乎就是我国普及教育、提高民族素质，以实现“科教兴国”政策的古代版本。

再如，在兴起于西方的现代教育中，技术教育、职业教育是最重要的内容，道德教育、人格教育则普遍被忽视，其结果是人的工具化、物化，一孔子德才兼备、德智并重的教育思想在一定程度上可补其偏。

（二）经济

在追求利益最大化动机的驱动下．西方传统的管理思想强调高效率、标准化。在这种体制下，人只被视为整个生产流程中的一个环节、一道工序，或只是庞大而复杂的制造金钱的机器上的一个零件，他的生活和权利得不到企业管理者真诚全面的关心。与此相反，儒家管理思想的基本理念则是“以人为本”，实实在在地爱人、关心人，而不仅仅是利用人、控制人。这就使得生产者在企业中有一种“家”的归属感，企业的对内凝聚力、对外竞争力也由于生产者对“家”的忠诚奉献得以增强。用一位日本企业巨子的话说，儒家的管理模式就是：一手拿算盘，一手持《论语》。

儒家管理思想的基本精神在“儒商”身上表现得最为全面。其博施济众、依群利己的经营宗旨，以人为本、仁民爱物的经营原则，以义取利、诚信为本的经营道德，好学重教、以智经商的经营特色，以和为贵、和气生财的经营方法。——这一切无不是孔子思想在现代经济生活中的创造性运用。

（三）政治

当今世界有两大显著趋势，其一是随着科技的进步和经济全球化的扩展，人们被愈加紧密地联系在一个“地球村”中，其二是某些民族、国家间的冲突和矛盾似乎在朝着扩大、加剧的方向发展，帝国主义、国家主义、民族主义的幽魂仍在四处游荡。在未来的世界中，各国应当遵循怎样的政治伦理，才能使我们这个星球平安无事？1988年，世界三分之二的诺贝尔奖获得者在巴黎发表宣言说：“如果人类要在二十一世纪生存下去，就必须回头两千五百年，去汲取孔子的智慧”。孔子充满仁爱精神的“忠恕”之道应当是当今世界各个民族和国家相互尊重、和平共处的中心价值。孔子主张的“和而不同”应当是克服“西方中心主义”、“大国沙文主义”，实现文化多元存在、民族共同发展、国家共同繁荣的基本法则。亨廷顿的“文明冲突论”不应成为歧视和强权的现实借口，福山的“历史终结论”也不足成为人类未来发展的一元宿命。唯有彻底摒弃满怀恶意的达尔文主义的西方政治思维，将“己所不欲，勿施于人”、“己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人”作为世界政治生活中的最低共识，用孔子一样对他人充满善意的目光去看待其他的国家和民族，庶几人类可以实现“有道”的大同社会。

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