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阅读文章类型

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阅读文章类型

GRE阅读想要做得好,考生需要对阅读材料的类型和特点有所了解。虽然GRE阅读材料本身可谓千变万化,但其本质却是基本保持不变的。下面天道小编就为大家汇总介绍GRE阅读材料的常见类型及特点。

GRE阅读材料常见类型

1. Presentation:作者阐述说明和解释一个观点、方法和主张,即立论。

2. Argumentation: 作者对于别人的观点给予评论, 如果不同意, 还要给出自己的观点,即评论。

同时所有的GRE阅读文章都是围绕一个特定的主题展开, 主题即为文章的主线, 在新 GRE 阅读中有着无比重要的地位。迅速找到主题,按主题去思索文章是 GRE 阅读成败之关键。

按主题层面和细节层面分类

除主题之外,其他内容均可看作支撑主题内容的细节。从这个角度而言, 新GRE阅读文章又可划为主题层面和细节层面:

主题层面:

首先,主题内容 subject 特指“说了什么” ,出现在文章的首段和二段第一句

其次,主题内容 theme 特指“为什么说” , “作者态度是什么” 。

主题类型:

1. 现象――解释型

2. 问题――回答型

3. 结论――说明型

4. 新老观点――对照型

5. 错误――反驳型

细节层面:作者按照特定的逻辑关系来支持、说明论据和论点。

细节类型:

1. 现象――解释型

2. 问题――回答型

3. 结论――说明型

4. 新老观点――对照型

5. 错误――反驳型

以上就是天道小编为大家汇总介绍的GRE阅读材料常见类型和特点。在结构和类型上去深刻地认识GRE阅读,将有助于在宏观结构上把握GRE阅读文章的脉络,进行GRE阅读文章分类。同时,还应认识到GRE阅读类型,并不是松散的,而是彼此相互联系的,分清主题内容,细节内容,抓住各部分之间的逻辑关系将对解题时的 “定位”大有好处。同学们在GRE备考时多积累练习,才可以在考试中运用得得心应手。

TIPS:GRE阅读应学会先读全文再看题

关于做阅读,一直以来有这么一种说法,那就是先读题目再看文章,看似能节省很多时间,其实却是最愚蠢不过的做法。带着一肚子问题看文章,先不谈能记住多少问题,首先脑子里就已经塞进了一堆东西,这种状态下的阅读只会降低效率,最后文章没看懂,题目全忘了,白费一番功夫。正确的做法是先读完全文。仔细看完整篇文章并在此基础上进行解题,而不要囫囵吞枣的快速看过,其实什么都没记住。

初中语文阅读都有什么类型浅层阅读有:1.文言文阅读2.说明文阅读3.议论文阅读深层阅读的类型有:1.记叙型(一般是记录事实,稍加虚构)2.议论型3.散文型(这是属于难度比较大的)4.小说型

文章的类型包括:记叙文、抒情文、议论文、说明文、应用文。(一)、记叙文:是以记叙、描写为主要表达方式、以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主要内容的一种文体。1、记叙文的分类(1)从内容及表达方式分:①简单记叙文。②复杂记叙文。(2)从写作对象的不同分:①以写人为主的记叙文。②以叙事为主的记叙文。③以写景为主的记叙文。④以状物为主的记叙文。(二)、说明文:以说明为主要表达方式,用来介绍或解释事物的状态、性质、构造、功能、制作方法、发展过程和事理的成因、功过的一种文体。1、说明文的分类从说明对象(内容)分:①实体事物说明文。②事理说明文。③科学小品文。从语言表达方式分:①平实说明文。②文艺性说明文。2、说明文的特点:(1)内容上具有高度的科学性。(2)结构上具有清晰的条理性。(3)语言上具有严密的准确性。(三)、应用文:应用文是一种切合日常生活、工作及学习的实际需要,具有一定格式、篇幅短小、简明通俗的实用文体。1、应用文的种类:(1)书信类:一般书信、专用书信(感谢信、表扬信、慰问信、介绍信、公开信、证明信、申请书、建议书、倡议书、聘请书)、电报、汇款。(2)笔记类:日记、读书笔记。(3)公文类:命令、决定、公告、通告、通知、通报、议案、报告、请示、批复、意见、函、会议纪要等十三种。(4)宣传类:广告稿、演讲稿、板报、新闻、通信、产品说明书。(5)告示类:启示、海报。(6)礼仪类:请柬、祝辞(贺信、贺电)、唁电、唁函。(7)契据类:条据(收条、借条、领条、欠条、请假条、留言条等)、合同(协议书)、公约。(8)传志类:传记、地方志、家史(校史、村史)。(四)、议论文:议论文是以议论为主要方式,通过事实、摆道理,直接表达作者的观点和主张的常用文体。(1)、议论文的分类:按内容目的分:①一般性政论文。②评论。③杂文(随笔、杂谈、笔记)。④读后感。按论证方式分:①立论文。②驳论文。1.命题作文。就是试卷给定作文题目,学生根据题目去定体、立意、选材、作文。2.半命题作文。就是试卷给定作文题目的一部分,另一部分则由学生自己去补充。3.条件作文。就是有条件限制的作文形式,它常常是给学生一定的限制条件,如时间、内容、主题、体裁等,使学生在作文时受到限制,然后在条件后面附有要求,让学生按条件和要求作文。4.供料作文。就是试卷给出一定的材料,学生根据材料写文章。它的立意又是与命题作文很不一样的。命题作文的立意要求对所给题目认真审题、联想,结合自己的生活和知识,从而产生文章主题。而供料作文面对的是卷面提供的材料和要求,文章的立意必须从所提供的材料中来。它要求学生认真分析卷面的标准,只要正确地把握住了所供材料的中心,文章的立意就容易得出了。5.读后感。就是阅读一篇文章或一本书,把自己的心得体会、感受和感想用文字记录下来。它不仅有助于学生提高阅读、欣赏水平,深入领会书中的内容,掌握文章的要点,还能培养分析问题和解决问题的能力。6.看图作文。就是学生根据命题人所提供的画面意境及相关的要求写出文章。7.续写。它是一种想像作文,是一种要求学生根据提供的文章的内容、故事,继续写下去,使原文能够合理发展的一种作文形式。它可以培养学生的逻辑、想像和文字表达能力。此外,不定期有改写、扩写、缩写等作文类型。

GRE阅读文章题目类型主要有两种: GRE阅读可以分为两类,一类是立论性文章,作者通过记叙说明解释作者的观点方法和主张;另一类是评论性文章,作者对于别人的观点给予评论,如不同意,给出自己的观点和方法。而阅读可以被分为6大题型:主题题型,态度题,类比题,细节题,逻辑题,结构题。以下是阅读的一些小技巧: 文章涉及的专业知识是不必读懂的:GRE阅读涉及到了太多的专业知识,而考试的解题点并不在上面,是要明白句子和句子之间的关系,句子和段落的关系,段落和段落的关系。提高阅读的速度:GRE每个section的时间只有30分钟,所以考生要每分钟基本要阅读150-160个单词才能算过关,所以当做题到了一定的量之后再着重提高自己的解题速度。总结出题者的思维和出题的套路:这样更有助于在考试中节约时间,准确把握题目考点,快速找出答案。希望上述的答案对大家有所帮助哦。

教育类文章阅读

第一始业日 十七日今天开学了,乡间的三个月,梦也似的过去,又回到了这丘林的学校里来了。早晨母亲送我到学校里去的时候,心还一味想着在乡间的情形哩,不论哪一条街道,都充满着学校的学生们;书店的门口呢,学生的父兄们都拥挤着在那里购买笔记簿、书袋等类的东西;校役和警察都拼命似的想把路排开。到了校门口,觉得有人触动我的肩膀,原来这就是我三年级时候的先生,是一位头发赤而卷拢、面貌快活的先生。先生看着我的脸孔说: “我们不再在一处了!安利柯!” 这原是我早已知道的事,今天被先生这么一说,不觉重新难过起来了。我们好容易地到了里面,许多夫人、绅士、普通妇人、职工、官吏、女僧侣、男用人、女用人,都一手拉了小儿,一手抱了成绩簿,挤满在接待所楼梯旁,嘈杂得如同戏馆里一样。我重新看这大大的休息室的房子,非常欢喜,因为我这三年来,每日到教室去都穿过这室。我的二年级时候的女先生见了我:“安利柯!你现在要到楼上去了!要不走过我的教室了!” 说着,恋恋地看我。校长先生被妇人们围绕着,头发好像比以前白了。学生们也比夏天的时候长大强壮了许多。才来入一年级的小孩们不愿到教室里去,像驴马似的倔强,勉强拉了进去,有的仍旧逃出,有的因为找不着父母,哭了起来。做父母的回了进去,有的诱,有的叱骂,先生们也弄得没有法子了。 我的弟弟被编入在名叫代尔卡谛的女先生所教的一组里。午前十时,大家进了教室,我们的一级共五十五人。从三年级一同升上来的只不过十五六人,惯得一等奖的代洛西也在里面。一想起暑假中跑来跑去游过的山林,觉得学校里暗闷得讨厌。又忆起三年级时候的先生来:那是常常对着我们笑的好先生,是和我们差不多大的先生。那个先生的红而卷拢的头发已不能看见了,一想到此,就有点难过。这次的先生,身材高长,没有胡须,长长地留着花白的头发,额上皱着直织,说话大声,地瞪着眼一个一个地看我们的时候,眼光竟像要透到我们心里似的。而且还是一位没有笑容的先生。我想:“唉!一天总算过去了,还有九个月呢!什么用功,什么月试,多讨厌烟!” 一出教室,很不得就看见母亲,飞跑到母亲面前去吻她的手。母亲说: “安利柯啊!要用心罗!我也和你们用功呢!”我高高兴兴地回家了。可是因为那位亲爱快活的先生已不在,学校也不如以前的有趣味了。好长的啊!!这是第一章,其他的不说了..

来咯哦无聊咯无聊咯哦哦

教师教育叙事文章内容7篇

美术教学要创造一个优美的环境,运用各种方式,激发学生的创作兴趣。作为美术老师,你有在美术教学之前写一篇美术教案?块和我们分享一下。你是否在找“教师教育叙事文章内容”,下面我收集了相关的素材,供大家写文参考!

教师教育叙事文章内容精选篇1

体育游戏时间,我正和孩子做“网小鱼”的游戏。孩子们扮成小鱼围着我欢乐的游来游去。可是我发现仅有娇娇一个人坐在自我的位置上看着我和小朋友游戏。

娇娇是我们班一个比较特殊的孩子,她胆子比较小,做事比较慢,对人不信任,总是拿着某种物品作为自我的依恋物。看得出来她也想参加我们的游戏,可是又不敢参与进去。尽管我不停的鼓励她游戏,她还是不愿意。怎样办呢?我想再多等她一会,看看她的表现。我边和小朋友游戏边关注着她。当我唱到“一会上一会下,好像欢乐的小朋友”故意走到她身边和她亲近亲近、和她抱一抱、对她笑一笑。孩子们也模仿我的动作,相互拥抱。娇娇被我们的气氛感染了,经过一次又一次的重复游戏,在我的邀请下,她最终迈出了第一步和我们一齐游戏。

对于小班幼儿来说,抱一抱、笑一笑是让他们接纳别人最好的方式。何况和教师的交往才短短的几个星期。活动时她不愿意参加,我没有强求她。因为孩子的适应有快有慢。让她有一个调整适应的过程。最终用自然亲密的动作打动她,让她参与游戏,让她迈出勇敢的第一步。看着她的提高,我也感到无比的欣慰。

教师教育叙事文章内容精选篇2

教育之路已经快一年了,在这一年当中不能说我的经验就积累了很多,相对于其他老教师来说我就像一个初出茅庐的小孩,还有很多值得我去学习。在从事教育这一个行业当中我发现这条路并不像我想象的这么简单,以前我总以为教书很轻松,只要有知识就足够了就可以将学生教好,可现在才发现原来有知识是不够的,因为在一节课当中你不能只是把知识灌输给学生,他们学习的也不只是只有知识,还有很多的东西要学,比如习惯的养成、能力的培养等等,而且一堂课当中纪律好不好直接影响了一节课的质量,学习要在一个宽松安静的环境下才能有良好的效果,所以一个教师要掌握的不仅仅是知识还有管理的艺术,教育是智慧与爱并存的行业,为了能成为一名好的人民教师我会努力使自己的教育理论知识丰富起来,在学习中进步在进步中提高,使我的学生能快乐的学习成长。

今年我刚接手了二(3)班这个班,起初我非常不愿意接手这个班,因为在我看来当班主任是一件苦差事而且事实本来就是,很多人不愿意当班主任就是因为做班主任有太多琐碎的事要管了,再加上现在的孩子就是一块宝,苦口婆心的他也不懂,要想成为一个好的班主任那是非常难得一件事,之前担任过五年级的班主任,虽说年纪会大一点但还是不懂事的孩子,由于经验的不足管理起来总觉得心有余而力不足,幸亏有学校领导的关心和照顾才顺利的完成了教学任务。现在的这个二年级,人数多管理起来我觉得更加的吃力,孩子的年龄也小很多事还是由班主任亲手做比较多。班上现在有一个多动症的学生,起初想着给他多一点的关心也许能让他变得乖一点,可后来发现他并没有多大的改变,反而他偷人家的东西的行为更加的频繁,面对这样的一个学生我应该采取什么方法?跟他家人沟通也没办法因为在他家人的眼里他是一个跟别人家的孩子不一样的孩子,我的理解是他的家长已经对他失去了信心了,试想一下连对自己的孩子都没有信心的人老师该如何做?虽然在教育之路上会遇到很多意想不到的事,不管这条路有多难,但我还是坚信有爱有智慧彩虹会在风雨后的,自信是成功的一半。

苏霍姆林斯基曾说过:“一个好教师意味着什么?首先意味着他热爱孩子,感到跟孩子交往是一种乐趣,相信每个孩子都能成为一个好人,善于跟他们交朋友,关心孩子的快乐和悲伤,了解学生的心灵,时刻都不忘记自己也曾是个孩子。”大爱无痕,润物细无声,教育无处不在,老师的一个微笑,一个和蔼的眼神,一个爱抚的动作,一句关心的话语,都会给学生带来欢乐、带来智慧,我为学生,为事业不懈地努力着。

教师教育叙事文章内容精选篇3

每一位家长都望子成龙,这也就意味着在“成龙”的背后,一定有聪明的家长为他做强大的'后盾。

我是一位平凡的女性,随着女儿的降临,我便成了一位名副其实的家长。我只有初中学历,在这个飞速发展的高科技时代,没有文化,没有技术,很显然我已经落伍了。当然,我不希望我的女儿像我一样,刚刚步入社会,就被社会的浪潮推上岸边,期盼着她能够成为一个有文化有修养的栋梁之才。

在女儿进入校园时,我便买了两本有关如何教育孩子的书籍,在我认真读过之后,感触很深,我总结了以下几点,希望能给其他家长做个参考。

第一培养孩子对学习的兴趣,把学习做成轻松的事。经常陪孩子读一些他感兴趣的书籍,书读得多了,识字自然而然的就多了;关于计算,经常和孩子做开“小卖部”的游戏,让孩子做“售货员”,爸爸妈妈就是顾客,拿“钱”来买他的“商品”,然后让她来计算,由简单到复杂,这样计算便不成问题了。

第二做好一生受用的品格教育。如何对孩子进行品格教育呢?不需要说教,不需要奖惩所有的奖惩都在日常生活里。比如孩子小的时候轻微的磕碰会经常发生,事情发生时,我们不要大惊小怪,尽量以轻松快乐的心情相对,让她觉得这是很平常的,甚至是有些趣味的事。假如碰疼她了,我们绝不能去打小板凳,而是赶快亲亲她的疼处,安慰她“马上就不疼了,宝宝不哭了”。等她状况稍好一些时,再像对待她一样,带着她给小板凳揉揉疼,告诉小板凳“马上就不疼了”。这样一个能给小板凳揉疼的孩子,她对别人会有更多理解和爱心,遇到问题从不偏执于自己的理由和利益。

第三做一个有智慧的家长。设立“记功薄”是个较好的办法,不用金钱和物质奖励孩子,最好的奖励就是这个小本中的一朵朵小红花,它无法用金钱计算价值,却无比珍贵,协助我们培养了孩子许多好品德。

第四让孩子有一个好的心情学习要比坏心情要好得多,好心情记忆更深刻。或者家长和孩子互换一下位置,让孩子当老师来叫家长学习,或者让孩子给家长判卷,这样孩子会有一种责任在她的身上,就会比较仔细的阅卷。偶尔家长故意出现的小错误被她找出来,他会很有成就感,然后很耐心的给你讲解他的答案,久而久之他就会很仔细了。

作为一个家长,我不认为我是一个合格的家长。我有很多做得不好的地方,我很愿意与我的女儿共同学习,共同成长。

教师教育叙事文章内容精选篇4

孩子的一日活动中有很多环节,每天中午的午睡也是很重要的环节之一。每次中午看午睡的时候我发现,我们班总是有几个孩子躺在床上翻来覆去的难以入睡,我们采取了很多让孩子能够尽快入睡的方法:讲故事给孩子听,但是对于那些难以入睡的孩子来说,几乎起不到什么作用,相信这也是一个困扰我们老师的常规的难题。孩子很难午睡,这可怎么办?

我想:这也许与孩子在家不同的习惯有关。例如:有的孩子在家睡觉时让家长陪着睡觉,有的孩子从小就没有午睡的习惯等,这些都与孩子在幼儿园难以入睡有关。我想,给幼儿创造一个安静的环境。在睡觉前,我们可以带领幼儿做一些安静的小游戏,还可以讲睡前故事给孩子听等来让孩子入睡,慢慢的让习惯成自然。另外我们还可以将午睡房的光线变暗一点,有一个安静睡觉的氛围。我们还要注意对于那些特别难以入睡的孩子尽量不要不耐烦的大声批评,要给他们讲一些道理,让他们明白如果自己不睡觉,在那里做小动作、发出声音,会影响其他小朋友睡觉的。

以后在睡觉前,我都会看看是哪个小朋友表现的最好,尽量多用鼓励的方式来让他们睡觉。现在,这几个孩子睡觉都比以前好多了,我想这种方法适合他们吧,在以后的时间里,我还会继续摸索方法,让孩子们都能安静入睡,养成每天午睡的好习惯!

教师教育叙事文章内容精选篇5

关于阅读区建立的重要性,我似乎已经不用多说了。越来越多的老师意识到幼儿早期阅读的重要性,绝大多数幼儿园都会有阅读区,供小朋友们阅读。然而,在幼儿园小班的阅读区中,存在着许多问题,许多幼儿园特别是小班的阅读区形同虚设。老师因为惧怕孩子把书撕坏,所以干脆不发给孩子书,除了幼儿的教材以外,不让孩子接触图画书。有的幼儿园虽然为孩子配了书,可是仅限于让老师拿着,给孩子讲,孩子没有操作的机会。笔者调查了几家幼儿园,不同程度地存在这样的问题。

其实,我园也曾经出现过类似的问题,一个学期下来,小班发下去的图书要么像新书一样,没有发挥它的作用,要么就被小朋友撕成一页一页,不能看了。以至于图书在小班变成了一种摆设。

对于小班来讲,图书区的管理是个非常重要的工作,作为老师,我们要从哪几方面入手,培养孩子的阅读能力,让我们的图书最大程度地发挥它的作用?这是目前最需要解决的问题。

首先,我认为图书区的建立要遵循几个原则,如便于孩子取放,购买图书时选择孩子感兴趣并对孩子有教育意义的图书,如绘本。在阅读区布置漂亮的环境,让孩子从喜欢环境开始喜欢阅读区,另外,如果有条件,可以放一些轻音乐,孩子会喜欢的。

我们首先要明确的一点,是必须让孩子接触图书。如果孩子没有接触图书的机会,那么良好的早期阅读习惯便如纸上谈兵,无从谈起。那种把图书束之高阁的作法无疑是不可取的。

也许有的老师会说:图书买来是看的,幼儿书的价格不菲,小班孩子还不懂事,让他们撕掉了多可惜啊!还不如等他们大了,懂事了再让他们看。是啊,等他们长大了,撕书的机率是少一些了,可是,小班时期接触图书的机会也失掉了,书与孩子阅读习惯的养成来比,哪个更重要?相信老师们的心中都有答案。

接下来,重要的环节就是阅读环节的管理,老师在其中扮演关键的角色。教师示范孩子们取书方法,翻页的方法时,动作要规范,要轻,让孩子在感官上感受到对图书要爱护。

当然,小班孩子的自控能力比较弱,撕书在小班是常常发生的事。小班宝宝为什么会撕书呢?原因有几下几点:

一是孩子的敏感期。三岁左右的孩子,手的肌肉正在慢慢发展,孩子会喜欢做一些手工,撕纸是孩子们喜欢做的工作。老师可以在美工区准备纸让幼儿撕。这样可以降低孩子撕书的概率。

二是图书资源不够。在图书资源比较少的情况下,孩子因争抢而导致图书损坏的现象时有发生。再次,不会保护图书,如翻页不注意,扔书等不良习惯。最后,模仿别的小朋友。孩子的模仿能力很强,看到有的孩子撕书,他们就会跟着学。

因此,作为老师,我们可以从以下几方面入手,防止孩子撕书:

首先,教给孩子正确阅读的方法,从取书、翻书、阅读、收书,都养成良好的习惯,这能有效防止孩子撕书。

其次,满足孩子手部肌肉发展需要,在手工区投放材料让孩子自由撕折。但是要尽量避免把旧书撕掉让孩子撕着玩。

再次,发现有损坏书的现象要及时做出反映,不能视而不见。在幼儿规则养成中有一条重要的理论:破窗理论。即,当一个孩子违规而没有被制止,孩子违规的行为会越来越多,相反,如果马上制止,就会有效扼制不利的影响。因此,老师看到孩子撕书时,首先要制止。并和撕书的孩子一起把图书复原。这样做听起来很麻烦,但对幼儿良好阅读习惯的培养却起了不可忽视的作用。

让孩子从小建立良好的阅读习惯是我们的责任,小班阅读区的建立不是一蹴而就的事。因此,我们不可忽视小班的阅读区,创造一切条件给小班幼儿阅读提供机会,理智地管理,使阅读区发挥它应有的作用,使孩子从小养成阅读的良好习惯!

教师教育叙事文章内容精选篇6

“爱的教育”这四个字,说来容易,做起来又何其难!在安利柯的生活中,父母老师如此细腻的用行动教会孩子怎样去爱。《爱的教育》中,作者把爱比成很多东西。的确是这样又不仅仅是这些。我想:“爱是什么”不会有明确的答案,但我知道,“爱”是没有限制的,同学之间的友好交谈,老师对学生的鼓励,父母对孩子无微不至的关爱,甚至萍水相逢的人们的一个微笑。

透过安利柯的描述,我了解到什么样的师爱才最让学生感到温暖:把学生当亲人的老师!当安利柯的老师说道:“你们以外,我没有别的家属在世界上,除了你们,我没有可爱的人!你们是我的儿子、女儿;我爱你们,请你们也喜欢我!你们之中,我一个都不愿责罚,请将你们的真心给我看看!让我们全班成为一家,给我慰藉,给我荣耀!”先生的这些话,让所有的学生都信服于他,这位老师的坦诚深深地打动了我!他让我们意识到,老师或家长用平等的目光看待孩子是多么重要!

每个人在生活中,在成长过程中,不可能不犯些错误,可是我们作为小孩子,却常常受到严厉的批评;而我们的进步却常常会被忽略!每个人都不希望成为老师心目中的差生,或者爸爸妈妈不喜欢的坏孩子。“只要你们有勇气承认自己的错误,我绝不会责怪你们”这是安利柯的老师给我们的安慰,也是最深刻的爱。

《爱的教育》在诉说崇高纯真的人性之爱,是一种最为真诚的教育,而教育使爱在升华。虽然,每个人的人生阅历不同,但是你会从《爱的教育》中,体会到曾经经历过的那些类似的情感,可我们对此的态度行为可能不同。它让我感动的同时也引发了我对于爱的一些思索。这本书教会我们要真正的把爱心,献给需要的人,应当从点滴的小事做起,从换位思考做起,学会理解、谅解和宽容。这不仅是大人们的事,我们逐渐长大了,很多事,同样也需要去理解辛辛苦苦教我们的老师,和养育我们的父母。有爱,才会让教育显得有意义。这是一本反映同学之间友爱的书。翻开书,将有着耐人寻味的感动!

教师教育叙事文章内容精选篇7

幼儿进入幼儿园就是进入了一个相对矛盾体。此时,幼儿的交往范围扩大,活动机会也与之增加,也就意味着他们生活矛盾不断增多。可以说,幼儿是在充满矛盾的世界中成长的。人与人、人与物、物与物的矛盾始终是幼儿生活过程中必不可少的一课。教师无疑是引导他们仿效前人,看前人是如何学会理解、处理各种矛盾,从而初步建立幼儿社会交往和独立生活的意识,为今后的人生之路打下一个了良好的铺垫。我想,在这一点的认识上应该是毋庸置疑的。问题是,在实际教学过程中,当矛盾处于相对激烈或十分突出的情况下,身为教师的我们该如何处理呢?

我所在的班级就有这么一个过于“活泼”的孩子,经常在大庭广众之下争夺或索要其他小朋友的玩具和文具用品之类的东西,导致班上一系列的哭闹事件时常发生。像他这样侵犯或妨碍别人,随意破坏集体或他人的利益,我该怎么办?作为一名新教师,“耐心的诱导”、“榜样的示范”是我的首选之策,然而,待这些策略用过之后,才发现自己的处理方法是不大奏效的。

对于自身教育的“失败”,我不断在思考,不断在摸索,不断在探究。我想,此刻讲究艺术地、合理地、适当地进行惩罚是不是必要?这能否在一定程度和范围内矫正他的一些不良的心理动向?是不是能够避免因理论上的回避而带来的实践上的差错?这一认识,恐怕许多人在理论和情感上都不太能够接受。

其实,在现实生活中,惩罚并不是因人们感情的接纳与否来确定其存在与否的。如果一定的惩罚能够达到让他释放肝火、提供息怒和静思反省的目的,又为何不可呢?这好比给小树修整枝叶,同浇水施肥一样都是必不可少的。

同时,我觉得对于像他这种生活在鲜花和温和语言环境里的幼儿来说,适当的承受一定的压力,尤其是来自集体的“乡规民约”的压力,是否能培养其心理承受能力?从某种意义上来讲,我认为,一定的压力有时恰恰能够成为他自尊和自信萌发的初始动力。事实上,通过我的实践证明—我的想法是入理的,“惩罚”运用得当,同样可以成为正面教育的辅助手段。

首先,对于这里所说的“惩罚”。有三点想在此略做解释:

一,端正指导思想。对像这类的幼儿实行适度的处罚,其出发点是帮助幼儿重新认识自己的行为,提供承认并改正错误的机会,让幼儿正确认识个人与集体的关系。在园,我们仍应坚持以正面教育为主,批评处罚为辅的方式,坚持以尊重幼儿的人格为前提,坚持耐心反复诱导的原则,反对无原则的滥用批评处罚手段。

二,严格掌握分寸。就事论罚、一事一罚,千万不要“算总帐”或采用“抵消法”。我们可采用“众人定罚”,达到全班小朋友共同执罚,相互监督的目的。不可教师一人包办制。

三,强调区别对待。正面教育、批评教育对于不同幼儿而言,效果是不一样的。幼儿的脾气、气质、年龄以及后天所处的生活环境,造就了幼儿们格式的性格。在此就要求教师要有针对性的进行施教,切忌教育方法“同出一辙”。

其次,我认为在幼儿园或家庭的一般处罚可以采用以下几种:①冷却法:暂行隔离,进行冷处理。但严禁将幼儿关在房子内,时间要控制好。②孤立法:被大家一致认为的规则遭到违反应受到集体的处罚。如,某一时候全体幼儿都不与发错误的幼儿说话。③自我约束法:违反公约和规则,应得不到公约的某些待遇或承诺,如放学前奖励的小红花。但切忌提法,如禁止吃饭、长时间罚站、抄写数字等等。

俗话说,治病要治本。如果能让幼儿少犯错误就可避免运用处罚方式了。所以,无论是家庭还是幼儿园,有必要,有义务给幼儿提供一个“和平共处”的友好和谐的生活环境,同时,时刻需要以自己的实际行动给幼儿做良好的示范,并且,应加强道德规范教育。如不得妨碍他人,不做有损集体利益的事,做事要有谦让精神等等。如果,我们每个人都能努力切实做到以上这些,我们的教师、家长就可以从中日解决纠纷的圈子解脱出来。更大程度上我们是拯救了幼儿,履行我们进园的承诺,执行我们应尽的义务。

“人之初,性本善”,幼儿有着与生俱来的善良和纯真。成人万不可以世俗的眼光来看待这些“不谙于世”。幼儿的童心都是闪亮亮的,好似一面玻璃镜,它能毫不保留的折射出一切的光辉。

古今中外有哪些教育学著作?中国:《论语》《孟子》《学记》《大学》等外国:柏拉图《理想国》,夸美纽斯《大教学论》,卢梭《爱弥尔》,康德《康德论教育》,裴斯泰洛齐《林哈德和葛笃德》,赫尔巴特《普通教育学》,杜威《民本主义与教育》,苏联的苏霍姆林斯基《给教师的一百条建议》、《帕夫雷什中学》、《把整个心灵献给孩子》、《学生的精神世界》、《给儿子的信》等。阅读教育学名著要回归原点。中国的读《论语》和《孟子》就可以了,外国的读《理想国》吧,还有《爱弥尔》,重点推荐苏霍姆林斯基《给教师的一百条建议》和《把整个心灵献给孩子》。记住两条读书的经典语录:1、阅读经典,因为经得起考验,是人类优秀的思想文化的精华。2、回到原点。回到原点重新审视自我和自己。你也可以读些现代教育学者的文章,比如刘铁芳、肖川、叶澜等,重点推荐刘铁芳,读他的文章,不仅文字优美,更是思想的洗礼。

科普类文章阅读题

小题1:A小题2:C小题3:C 小题1:试题分析:BCD都缺少限制性词语“有些恒星”。小题2:试题分析:C时间段错误,不是“到了中年以后”,而是发黄光 就标志着恒星“已经到了中 年”。小题3:试题分析:C原文是“到目前为止比较了解的却只有一个”。

浩瀚无垠的海洋似乎是永远也不会干涸的。大海中的水是怎么来的呢?有学者认为,这些水是地球本身固有的。在地球形成之初,地球水就以蒸气的形式存在于炽热的地心中,或者以结构水、结晶水等形式存于地下岩石中。那时,地表的温度较高,大气层中以气体形式存在的水分也较多。地球在最初的5亿年,火山众多且活动频繁,大量的水蒸气通过火山口喷发出来,冷却之后便渐渐形成河流、湖泊和海洋,即所谓的“初生水”。为了探寻地球水的渊源,人们还把目光投向了宇宙。科学家托维利提出假说:地球上的水是大阳风的杰作。大阳风即太阳刮起的风,但它不是流动的空气,而是一种微粒流或带电质子流。根据托维利的计算,从地球形成至今,地球已从太阳风中吸收了17亿亿吨的氢,若把这些氢和地球上的氧结合,就可产生153亿亿吨水。科学家路易斯·弗兰克也提出了一个新理论:地球上的水有可能来自迄今为止还未观测到的由冰组成的小彗星。他在分析卫星图片时发现了一些黑色小斑点,而这些黑斑是高层大气中大量分子聚集而形成的气体水云。他认为,小黑斑现象是许多小彗星不断地把水从高层注入大气,形成彗星云团,而后化作雨降至地面。不久,在600多千米上空,他又发现了带状发光物,即含水破碎物留下的“尾流”。而这一高度恰好是此类彗星可能徘徊的地带。1990年,一块冰体从天而降,落在中国无锡梅村乡。我国专家潜心研究后认为,此冰块就是来自彗星。弗兰克理论还为一些未解之谜提供了解释。例如可能就是有大量的小彗星倾泻而下,造成地球气候剧变,才使恐龙及其他一些物种灭绝。1998年美国科学家打开了一块来自彗星的陨石,结果竟在里面发现了少量的盐水水泡!不久又发现另一块陨石里布满了奇怪的紫色晶体,这些晶体里竟然有水!对于小彗星是否为地球带来过大量降水,科学家们正在不断地观察,不断地试验。9.下列对“所谓的‘初生水’”表述准确的一项是( )A.存在于炽热的地心中的水蒸气。B.存于地下岩石中的结构水、结晶水。C.大气层中以气体形式存在的水分。D.由火山喷发的水蒸气冷却后形成的水。10.下列选项中,不能支持弗兰克理论的是( )A.地球上的水有可能来自由冰组成的小彗星。B.在彗星可能徘徊的地带发现了含水破碎物留下的“尾流”。C.经我国专家研究,落在中国无锡梅村乡的冰块来自彗星。D.有的陨石里含有盐水水泡或含水的紫色晶体。11.根据原文提供的信息,下列推断不正确的一项是( )A.根据托维利假说,人类有可能利用太阳风获取更多的水。B.根据弗兰克理论,人类有可能借助彗星云团进行人工降雨。C.对地球水源的研究,有助于预见地球气候还将发生剧变。D.对地球水源的研究,有助于了解其他行星是否有水存在。答案:9.D(ABC三项都在说明水存在于何处,但本题是要求解释“初生水”的含义,从字面理解是地球表面最初产生的水,结合语境看,应是地球内部存在的“水蒸气通过火山口喷发出来,冷却之后便渐渐形成”水,所以应是D项)10.A(通过分析题干可看出,本题是要求寻找不能支持弗兰克观点的论据。该题的答题区间在第四段,第1句是整个段落的中心句,是弗兰克理论的核心观点,从第2句至结尾是用事实论据作具体分析论证。A项恰恰是弗兰克提出的理论观点,而题干却要求回答:不能支持弗兰克理论观点的“论据”,A项显然属答非所问)11.C(AB两项,根据原文提供的信息来看,依据现代的科技发展速度,今后很有可能实现,判断客观。D项,人类目前类似的研究很多,自不必赘述。C项错误不在于“地球气候还将发生剧变”,而在于“对地球水源的研究”能帮助“预见”地球气候还将发生剧变,在文中没有暗示信息。事实上,从文中可知“地球气候剧变”,是由于“大量的小彗星倾泻而下” 造成的) 1998年9月,在渤海湾发现一大片海水在阳光下泛着褐红色,优如蕃茄汤一般。这就是赤潮现象。这是自1993年中国首次报道发生赤潮以来面积最大的一次,海域面积达3000平方公里。 海水中的某些微生物,在短时间内大量繁殖或聚集,会使海水的颜色发生变化,呈现出红色、黄色或褐色,因而称之为赤潮。 赤潮的生成离不开环境因素,除了有稳定的海水水体、适宜的水温(14—28℃)和盐度(17—34%)以外,水体的富营养化——丰富的营养盐、适量的微量元素和有机物也是生成赤潮的关键因素。由于海洋位于地球的最低位置,陆地上各处所有的废物终要汇聚入海洋。含有大量含磷洗衣粉、洗涤剂的生活废水及各种工、农业排放的废水进入江河最后汇入大海,这就会使海水富营养化。 在温度、盐度适宜,海水水体稳定而富营养化的情况下,赤潮生物(藻类等)迅速繁殖,海洋环境恶化,就形成了赤潮。 赤潮是一种严重的海洋灾害。赤潮生物迅速繁殖,会使海水水体中的氧气大量消耗,造成海洋生物窒息死亡。有些赤潮生物能释放毒素,毒死吞食赤潮生物的鱼贝类,再通过食物链危害人类。大量的赤潮生物还能遮蔽射到水下的阳光,影响海洋生物的光合作用,进而影响海洋食物链的正常循环。 渤海湾是一个半封闭的浅海内湾,水体交换能力差,自净能力低,加上近年来渤海地区的开发和发展缺乏环保措施,海湾沿岸大量排污,海域环境污染严重,致使赤潮频繁发生。中国海域赤潮记录在20世纪50年代以前仅3次,60年代1次,70年代发生了9次,80年代发生了29次,90年代更是有增无减,仅1990年就发生了34次。这不仅使渔业遭受了巨大损失,也使近海及沿岸生态系统遭到了破坏。 海洋是人类最大的公有领域,它以浩淼和深邃不断净化着自身。然而它的自净能力是有限的,赤潮无疑在向人们警示:如果人类无止境地向大海排污弃浊,向它的广袤挑衅,最终失去的将是大海的壮丽,得到的是生命的毁灭。 5、对“赤潮”这一概念的理解,准确的一项是( ) A、指海水在阳光的照射下,变为泛着褐红色,犹如蕃茄汤一样的现象。 B、指海水中的某些微生物在短时间内大量繁殖或聚集,使海水呈红色、黄色或褐色的现象。 C、指在温度、盐度适宜,海水水体稳定而富营养化的情况下,藻类生物迅速繁殖的现象。 D、指在一定条件下,赤潮生物迅速繁殖而造成的一种海洋灾害。 6、以下属于导致海水赤潮形成的最根本因素是( ) A、特殊海域环境,海水水体稳定,自净能力差。 B、海水温度为14—28℃,适宜于藻类等生物生长繁殖。 C、有丰富的营养盐、适量的微量元素和有机物。 D、人们弃置的生活废水废物及工农业生产排放的污水污物。 7、以下属于赤潮造成的最严重的后果的一项是( ) A、大量消耗海水水体中的氧气,使海洋生物窒息死亡。 B、释放毒素毒死鱼贝类,使渔业生产遭受巨大损失。 C、遮避阳光,影响海洋生物的光合作用,使海洋食物链不能正常循环。 D、破坏大海的广袤壮丽,祸及人类甚至毁灭生命。 8、根据原文所提供的信息,以下推断不正确的一项是( ) A、如今赤潮频发,与人口不断增加、人们的环保意识淡薄有着直接而重要的关系。 B、如果能最大限度地减少污水污物排放,大力治理污染,则赤潮就会少发生甚至不发生。 C、在开放式海湾,水体交换能力强,肯定永远不会发生赤潮现象。 D、人们认识了赤潮的危害后,一定会想办法治理赤潮,并且有能力防止赤潮的发生。答案:5、B(A项,只说出了表面现象;C项,“藻类生物繁殖”还只是“赤潮”形成的过程;D项,空泛,没抓住“赤潮的根本原因。) 6、D(人类对环境的破坏是根本原因。) 7、D(A项,程度并非最重;B项,只是一种危害,也只是“有些赤潮生物能释放毒素“;C项,也并不是最严重的危害。 8、C(推断犯了绝对化的错误。)

我想你要的是做科技文的方法。这是做一般阅读理解的方法与科技文差不多。步骤:1。扫描题干,划出关键词。选项不要看,用时越短越好。 2.通读全文,抓住中心。(1)a文章第一段必须逐字逐句读明白,可重复和回读b首末句原则:其余各段的首末句要读懂,其余可保持正常阅读,不要重复和回读。(2)读完文章不要忙着做题,要问问自己what’s the main idea,文章中有无核心概念,著者的大体观点是什么。3.仔细审题,返回原文。关键:定位。定位的三大原则:(1)关键词定位原则:由题干出发,寻找题干中的关键词,首选大写字母、数字等,其次是表时间地点人物的词。(2)自然段定位原则:考研中出题顺序与文章段落顺序大体一致。(3)长难句定位原则:答案一定蕴涵在长难句中。以上三大原则要综合运用。4.重叠选项,斟酌答案。(1)缩小范围的是答案。例如,欧洲人爱吃牛肉,可推出英国人爱吃牛肉。(2)扩大范围的不是答案。(3)原文和选项有交叉内容的不是答案。(4)不相关的不能选。即,只要选项中有文章中未出现内容就错。注意,将文章中的每一个选项带回文章一一查对,不要凭印象猜测

bbc文章阅读

New Year in the UK usually starts with a celebration on New Year’s Eve (31stDecember). 英国的新年从12月31日举行的庆祝开始。Some people spend the evening at home with their family, or have a party for friends at their house.一些人在那天晚上和家人呆在一起,一些人在与朋友在家里开PARTY。Others go to a pub to celebrate, or spend the evening in a large public space,for example Trafalgar Square in London.另一些人会到一个酒吧去庆祝,或是在一个大的公共场所度过那个晚上。例如去伦敦的Trafalgar广场。The beginning of the New Year is signified by the chiming of Big Ben, the famous London clock, at midnight, which is also shown on TV for those who are staying in.新年的开始是以伦敦著名的钟-大本钟的午夜12点的敲响来表示,为了那些呆在家的人们,这一场景会现场直播。In Scotland, New Year is called Hogmanay, and for some people, it’s a bigger celebration than Christmas. In big cities like Edinburgh and Glasgow there are street parties with around 100,000 people, enjoying music, entertainmentand fireworks at midnight.在苏格兰, 新年被称为Hogmanay, 对一些人来说,庆祝新年比圣诞节还要隆重。 在Edinburgh和Glasgow这样的大城市,大约会有10万左右的人涌向街头庆祝,享受音乐,观看娱乐表演,和午夜时候放的烟火。One Scottish tradition which is now popular throughout the UK as well as in the USA, is the singing of a traditional folk song. ‘Auld lang syne’, reminds us to think of old friends and remember the good times of the past, as we look tothe future.苏格兰有一个传统就是唱一首名Auld lang syne的传统民谣,它让我们在展望未来的时候想起了过去的美好时光,如今它正风靡英国和美国。Although New Year’s Eve involves drinking alcohol for many people, New Year’s Day signals the start of a healthier life, as some people make New Year’s these are connected with fitness and health, for example giving up smoking or drinking, taking more exercise or losing weight. 虽然新年除夕对许多人来说还包括去喝酒, 但由于一些人会许‘新年愿望’,许的愿望经常和健康有关,例如戒烟,戒酒,多运动,或是减肥。所以新年第一天却标志这一个更加健康的开始。Other people make a resolution to improve their life in other ways, such as spending more time with family, learning something new, or getting out of debt.另一些人决定从另外的途径改善他们的生活,例如多陪陪家人,学习新知识,或还清债务。Unfortunately, it’s not always easy to stick to your resolutions, especially if they are related to saving money. The January sales can provide shopaholicswith far too much temptation.可是,要坚持自己的做出的决定通常不那么容易,尤其如果是和储蓄有关的决定。 一月份的购物对一些购物狂来说简直具有太大的诱惑了。Almost every shop is full of special offers and bargains,which can make it hard to just go window shopping.几乎每家商店都有特价,打折活动,这使得要做到光看不买的去逛商店变的太难了。

New Year in the UK usually starts with a celebration on New Year’s Eve (31stDecember). Some people spend the evening at home with their family, or havea party for friends at their house.在英国的新年通常是从除夕(12月31日)晚的庆祝开始的,一些人们是一整个晚上和家人在一起,或者请朋友参加自己家里的派对。Others go to a pub to celebrate, or spend the evening in a large public space,for example Trafalgar Square in London.其它的则是去酒吧庆祝,或者一整个晚上在一些大的公共场所,比如伦敦的Trafalgar 广场。饭后待续……

左右BBC分级阅读一共有3个级别:A(初级)、B(中级)和C(高级)。A级文章是最简单的,长度约为100个词,涵盖了最基本的词汇和文法结构,适合初学者或孩子阅读。B级文章稍微复杂一些,长度约为400个词,涵盖了更多的词汇和文法结构,适合中级学习者阅读。C级文章是最难的,长度约为800个词,涵盖了更多的词汇和文法结构,适合高级学习者阅读。

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英语文章阅读医疗耗材类

s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.

If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.

First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.

Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.

Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy

Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog

All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。

有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。

人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。

其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.

令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.

在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。

Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文

Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?

Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.

As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.

范文二:

My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。

当今,由于人类社会的发展,生活节奏的加快,对于中年人群体老年疾病提前到来。中年人由于疾病的缠身,生活质量的下降等原因,给家庭和社会带来了很大的负面影响。下面是我带来的医学类英语 文章 ,欢迎阅读!

医学类英语文章1

指甲油、发胶或增加糖尿病风险

Chemicals commonly found in beauty products such as nail polishes, hair sprays andperfumesmay increase risk of diabetes for some women, new research suggests.

Chemicals commonly found in beauty products such as nail polishes, hair sprays andperfumesmay increase risk of diabetes for some women, new research suggests.

Researchers analyzed urine samples from 2,350 women who participated in the long-runningNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative sampleof Americanwomen. They were looking for concentrations of chemicals known as phthalates,which are oftenfound in personal care products and in adhesives, electronics, products used tomanufacture cars, toys, packaging and even some coatings for medications.

Phthalates are considered "endocrine-disrupting" because they can alter normal regulationofcertain mechanisms in the body, including hormone regulation, and have been tied inpreviousresearch to diabetes and obesity risk, Dr. Kenneth Spaeth, director of theOccupational andEnvironmental Medicine Center's department of population health at NorthShore UniversityHospital in Manhasset, ., told HealthPop. He was not involved in the study.

The researchers found that women with the highest concentrations of two types of phthalates -mono-benzyl phthalate and mono-isobutyl phthalate - were nearly two times more likely tohavediabetes compared to women with the least amounts of these chemicals. Women withmoderatelyhigh levels of the phthalates mono-n-butyl phthalate and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalatewere 70 percent more likely to have diabetes compared to their counterparts.

The findings were published in Environmental Health Perspectives, a journal published bythegovernment's National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.

"This is an important first step in exploring the connection between phthalates and diabetes,"saidDr. Tamara James-Todd, a researcher in women's health at Brigham and Women's HospitalinBoston, said in a press release. The researchers could not prove that phthalates causeddiabetes orhaving diabetes increased concentrations of the chemicals in a person's body.

"We know that in addition to being present in personal care products, phthalates also existincertain types of medical devices and medication that is used to treat diabetes and this couldalsoexplain the higher level of phthalates in diabetic women," she added. "So overall, moreresearch isneeded."

One of the problems is that chemicals like phthalates are practically unavoidable, accordingtoSpaeth.

"These chemicals are unfortunately ubiquitous," Spaeth explained. "It's pretty clear fromstudiesthat we're exposed all day long to these various household or personal care products."

Spaeth says it's a real challenge to reduce phthalate exposure because sometimes thechemical is ametabolic byproduct of another ingredient or a product label may not say itcontains phthalatesonly for phthalates to be found in the packaging the product came in, whichdoes not need to bementioned on a product label.

"It's really hard to make informed decisions about these kinds of things," he said. "Maybe we'llgetto a point when the health effects are more widely recognized, that there will be incentivetochange how products are made and packaged."

However Spaeth did say research has shown phthalates can find their way into householddustand people sometimes ingest them that way, so simple steps like frequent vaccuming anddusting, or washing your hands regularly before eating may decrease risk.

医学类英语文章2

西方快餐与亚洲人患心脏病风险存在联系

Even relatively clean-living Singaporeans who regularly eat burgers, fries and other staplesof fast food are at a raised risk of diabetes and more likely than their peers to die ofheart disease, according to an international study.

at a raised risk of diabetes:提高患糖尿病的风险

But Asian fast foods, such as noodles or dumplings, did not bear the same risk, the studypublished in the journal Circulation said.

bear the same risk:承受同样的风险

the journal Circulation:《循环》杂志

With globalization, fast food has become commonplacein East and SoutheastAsia. The study looked at more than 60,000 Singaporeans of Chinese descent.

"Many cultures welcome (Western fast food) because it's a sign they're developing theireconomics," said Andrew Odegaard, from the University of Minnesota School of Public Health,who led the study.

the University of Minnesota School of Public Health:明尼苏达大学的公共卫生学院

"But while it may be desirable from a cultural standpoint, from a health perspective theremay be a cost," he told Reuters Health.

a cultural standpoint: 文化 角度

The study participants were interviewed in the 1990s, then followed for about a decade.

Participants were between 45 and 74 years old at the outset. During the study period, 1,397 died of cardiac causes and 2,252 developed type 2 diabetes.

died of cardiaccauses:死于心脏病

Those who ate fast food two or more times a week had 27 percent greater odds ofdiabetes and 56 percent higher risk of cardiac death than those who ate little or no fast food,the researchers found.

greater odds of:更大的几率

Among 811 subjects who ate Western-style fast food four or more times a week, the riskof cardiac death rose by 80 percent.

Western-style fast food:西式快餐

The findings held even after the researchers adjusted for other factors that could influencehealth, including age, sex, weight, smoking status and education level.

In fact, the Singaporeans who ate Western fast food often were more likely to be younger,educated and physically active, and were less likely to smoke, than those who stuck to a moretraditional diet.

physically active:体力活动

Odegaard's team found that Eastern fast foods, such as dim sum, noodles and dumplings,were not associated with more cases of type 2 diabetes and cardiac deaths.

dim sum:中式点心

be not associated with:与……无关

"It wasn't their own snacks that was putting them at increased risk, but American-style fastfood," he said.

The profile of the fast food eaters differs markedly from that of the average fast foodconsumer in the United States, he added, with eating fast food in countries like Singapore astatus symbol and a way of "participating in American culture".

a status symbol:身份象征

The findings hold serious implications for recently developed and emerging countries, saidSara Bleich, an assistant professor of health policy at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of PublicHealth in Baltimore.

hold serious implications for:对……有严重影响

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health:约翰霍普金斯大学彭博公共卫生学院

"The big multinational fast food companies are increasingly looking to maximize profitoutside the United States, and they're looking to emerging economies like Singapore to dothat," she said. "So at the global level, the health implications are very strong."

maximize profit:追求利润最大化

emerging economies:新兴市场国家

医学类英语文章3

胖子的 记忆力 思考力下降快

Fatter people are more likely to lose their memories and brain power quicker than thosewho are thinner, according to British research.

据英国某一研究,相比瘦子,胖子的记忆力和脑力下降得更快。

Those who are obese, and have other health problems such as high blood pressure andhigh cholesterol, lose their memory and thinking skills almost a quarter faster, foundresearchers at University College London.

英国伦敦大学学院的一份研究表明,那些患有如高血压高胆固醇等健康问题的胖子和那些一般的胖子,比起瘦子来说,他们的记忆力和脑力下降速度要快四分之一。

Their study was based on almost 6,500 Whitehall civil servants, whose health wasmonitored between the ages of 50 and 60.

这份研究以将近6,500名年龄在50岁到60岁之间的白厅(英国)公务员的健康状况为研究对象。

They were weighed and measured, their blood pressure and cholesterol levels were taken,and they were also asked what medication they were taking.

研究人员对他们称了体重,做了测量,记录了他们的血压和胆固醇含量,同时还了解了他们目前在做哪些药物治疗。

In addition, they were asked to perform mental tests three times during the decade,which were used to assess memory and other cognitiveskills.

此外,研究对象在这十年时间里还要参加三次智力测验,这些测验结果将作为评估记忆和 其它 认知技能的依据。

Of the 6,401 civil servants in the study, nine per cent (582) were obese. Of those, 350 werealso classed as “metabolicallyabnormal”- meaning they had two additional risk factors such ashigh blood pressure, high cholesterol, were taking medication for either condition, or werediabetic.

在参与这项研究的6,401名国家公务员中,9%(即582人)是胖子。有350人的新陈代谢存在异常现象,这也意味着他们将面临双重危险,高血压和高胆固醇。他们需要服用治疗高血压和高胆固醇的药物。除此以外还有糖尿病患者。

The researchers found the obese tended to lose their mental powers faster than theirthinner colleagues, while those who also had additional conditions lost their memory andthinking skills fastest of all.

研究人员发现胖子比起他们的瘦子同事更容易失去大脑思考能力,而这个人群中最容易失忆和失去思考能力的是这些还有其它健康问题的胖子。

The latter group experienced a percent faster decline on their cognitive test scoresover the decade than those who were healthy.

比起健康的胖子,后一组研究对象(指还有其它健康问题的胖子)在过去的十年时间里在认知测试中得分下降高达。

Archana Singh-Manoux, of the Paris research institute Inserm, who contributed to thestudy, said their results indicated the idea that people could be obese but still healthy wasflawed.

巴黎研究机构Inserm的辛格-曼诺(Archana Singh-Manoux)负责这项研究。他说,他们的研究结果表明胖子是健康的这一看法是站不脚的。

Shirley Cramer, chief executive of Alzheimer’s Research UK, said: “We do not yet know whyobesity and metabolic abnormality are linked to poorer brain performance, but with obesitylevels on the rise, it will be important to delvea little deeper into this association.

英国老年痴呆症研究所的主管雪莉·克莱默(Shirley Cramer)说:“目前我们还不知道为什么肥胖与新陈代谢异常这两方面会和脑力衰弱有联系。但是随着肥胖程度的增加,进一步深入探究它们之间的关联将变得很重要。”

“While the study itself focuses on cognitive decline, previous research suggests that ahealthy diet, regular exercise, not smoking and controlling blood pressure and cholesterol inmidlife can also help stave off dementia."

“虽然这项研究本身关注的是认知能力的减弱,但先前的研究表明在中年时期,健康的饮食、定期锻炼、不吸烟、控制血压和胆固醇等有助于减缓痴呆症的产生。”

人食五谷杂粮,总会有生病的时候,这时医学就显得尤为重要。下面是我带来的关于医学方面的英语 文章 ,欢迎阅读!

关于医学方面的英语文章

Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 is one of the most acclaimed novels of the twentieth century. It is a black comedy about life in the military during World War II. It features bombardier John Yossarian, who is trying to survive the military’s inexhaustible supply of bureaucracy and who is frantically trying to do anything to avoid killing and being killed. Heller was able to use his own experiences in the Air Force during World War II to create this character and the novel.

Even though Catch-22 eventually became known as a great novel, it was not originally considered one. When it was first published in 1961, the reviews were tepid and the sales were lackluster. It was not well received at this point at least in part because it presented such a cowardly protagonist at a time when World War II veterans were being lauded for their selfless courage.

Within a few years of the release of the book, as an unpopular war in Southeast Asia was heating up, Heller’s Catch-22 found a new audience eager to enjoy the exploits of Heller’s war-averse protagonist. It was within the framework of this era that Catch-22 was newly discovered, newly examined, and newly credited as one of the century’s best novels.

Let me talk a bit about the expression catch-22. Do you understand what a catch-22 is? This expression is so well known now that it has entered the American lexicon: well, a catch-22 is a situation that is unresolvable, one where there is no good choice, not best path to take.

In Heller’s novel, the catch-22 is a very specific catch in a very specific situation. The situation in which the protagonist found himself was that he wanted to get out of combat by declaring himself insane. So you see that in this situation, there was a very specific catch. In American culture now, though, this expression is used more generally. It refers to any situation where there’s a catch, where there’s no solution, where there’s no way out.

One more bit of information about the expression catch-22, about the number 22 in the expression. This number doesn’t have any real meaning; it just signifies one in a long line of catches. Heller really could have used any number; it didn’t have to be 22. When Heller was first writing the book, he used the number 14; the book was originally titled Catch-14. Then, in the production process, the number was changed to 18, so the title was Catch-18. But then there was a problem with the number 18 because there was another book with 18 in the title, so Heller’s title became Catch-22.

Hemophilia is a condition in which the blood either clots slowly or fails to clot at all. Most people who get a little cut on a finger can put a bandage on the cut, and the cut on the finger will heal because the blood will clot. A blood clot forms from the polymerization of protein fibers that circulate in the blood. A number of protein factors take part in the process, and it is necessary for all of the protein factors to function correctly for blood to clot. Hemophilia exists when any of the factors is either missing or not functioning.

The most common kinds of hemophilia are hemophilia A (or classic hemophilia) and hemophilia B (or Christmas hemophilia), which was named after the first person known to have contracted it. Hemophilia A occurs when clotting factor 8 is not functioning properly; 85% of those who suffer from hemophilia have hemophilia type A. Hemophilia B occurs when factor 9 is not functioning properly; almost all of the rest of those who suffer from hemophilia have hemophilia B.

Hemophilia is generally passed from mother to son, though sometimes it seems to develop spontaneously in some women. Women carry recessive gene but do not generally develop the disease. A mother who carries the defective gene may or may not pass it on to her children. If a mother passes the defective gene to a daughter, the daughter will carry the gene but will most likely not develop the disease. If a mother passes the defective gene to a son, then the son will most likely develop the disease.

Probably the most famous case of hemophilia is often called Royal hemophilia. In this case, Queen Victoria of England, who lived from 1819-1901, was a carrier of the mutating factor 8 that leads to hemophilia type A. Queen Victoria may have inherited the mutated gene from one of her parents, though there is no sign of the mutated gene in the families of Victoria’s parents up to that time that she was born. The mutated factor 8 may also have mutated spontaneously in Victoria, as seems to happen sometimes.

However Victoria came to be a carrier of the gene with the mutated factor, she unfortunately passed it on to some of her children. She had nine children, and three of them, her daughters Alice and Beatrice and her son Leopold, received the mutated gene from their mother. Victoria’s daughters then intermarried with other royal houses of Europe and carried the disease with them. Through Queen Victoria’s daughter Beatrice, the disease was carried into the royal family of Spain. Through Queen Victoria’s daughter Alice, the disease was introduced into the royal families of Austria and Russia, though the disease no longer exists in the Russian family because Victoria’s granddaughter Alexandra and her children were all killed during the Russian revolution.

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