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西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从开始到结束到充满了浪漫气息。新娘的礼服一般为白色,新郎是黑色的礼服,使整个婚礼显的庄重严肃.到教堂去举行结婚仪式是整个婚礼最重要的环节.首先,随着婚礼进行曲的节奏,新娘挽她的父亲的手走到新郎面前,由她的父亲将她亲手交到新郎手中.牧师会要求新郎新娘对对方作出一辈子的承诺,这也是整个婚礼的高潮.然后他们会在牧师和众人的祝福下,交换结婚戒指并亲吻对方。而新娘手中的花球也不是一般的装饰用品.在婚礼结束时,新娘就会抛给到场的女宾客,如果谁接到花球,谁就是下一个结婚的人,这就使整个婚礼在欢声笑语中结束了。二．西方人结婚时的很多习俗都是大家所熟悉的，婚庆场面既欢快热闹，又美丽浪漫。由于中国的不断开放和东西方文化交流，我国的婚俗不少方面也在受其影响，例如穿婚纱、戴钻戒等等已经成为都市婚礼不可或缺的重要内容。然而究其渊源和象征意义，并不是所有人都很清楚的。下面就简要介绍一下一些西方婚礼用品和名词的来历和含义。 三．比如以浪漫著称的法国就被称为白色婚姻，白色是浪漫的法国婚礼的住色调；在菲律宾，观礼的嘉宾会轮流与新郎跳舞，并把金钱钉在他们的衣服上，有时后候双方亲戚朋友还会比赛哪方得到的金钱多。韩国的婚礼服装也挺有特色，值得一提――“两点”，新娘韩国新郎会穿上大礼服，新娘的嫁衣则是七彩的丝织服，配以长袖子和黑丝顶冠，这以阿拉伯的婚礼服装我认为是挺相似的，因为阿拉伯的新娘会穿着华丽的土耳其长袖袍子，不同的是视礼的女士会依习俗为新娘出嫁而恸哭，所以阿拉伯的婚礼又称为“恸哭”，当然这与我所谈论的服装无关。 四．而西方的婚礼风俗则是浪漫式的，婚礼重在礼而不在乎排场。婚前礼节也没那么复杂。一切都爱轻松自在的气氛下进行。而结婚在西方国家也是各国有各国的独特的方式。如：法国的白色为婚礼的主色调。无论是布置用的鲜花，还是新娘的服饰。可以看出法国人眼中的婚姻应该是纯洁无暇的，而新人用的杯子，也有特定的名称，名为“Coupdemarriage”，意思为“婚礼之杯”。而德国人的“疯狂”与德国人一直崇高的理智与冷静不同。他们的婚礼更多呈现出疯狂的一面。德国人在婚礼中会举行party（派队），派对中，新人会被戏弄。这类似于我们中国的“闹洞房”，其中重头节目就是兴高采烈地将碟子掷碎……西方给东方人带来的最亮点大概就是举行教 回答者：anonymous首先，是在传统结婚仪式上面。中国的传统婚俗有三书六礼”三拜九叩”这些繁俗礼节。所谓三书”，就是指聘书、礼书、迎亲书。（聘书订亲之书，男女双方正式缔结婚约。纳吉（过文定）时用。 礼书过礼之书，即礼物清单，详尽列明礼物种类及数量。纳征（过大礼）时用。 迎亲书迎娶新娘之书。结婚当日（亲迎）接新娘过门时用。）而六礼”是指纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。（纳采古时婚礼之首，属意女方时，延请媒人作谋，谓之纳采，今称「提亲」。 问名男方探问女方之姓名及生日时辰，以卜吉兆，谓之问名，今称「合八字」。 纳吉问名若属吉兆，遣媒人致赠薄礼，谓之纳吉，今称「过文定」或「小定」。 纳征奉送礼金、礼饼、礼物及祭品等， 回答者： 缚灵
1.色彩差异首先我们最能一目了然的就是中西文化在婚礼上，使用的颜色的差异，在中国结婚是喜庆的代表色的大红色，希望新人能够红红火火、吉祥如意。但是在国外结婚的代表色彩是白色，纯洁的白色，代表了新人纯真的爱情，因为白色代表的是天使，也是祝愿新人婚后像天使一样生活的美好幸福。2.仪式差异其次，就是婚礼上仪式的区别，比如在中式婚礼中父母环节是很重要的，需要新人双方给父母行叩拜礼，敬茶等，这传扬的是中国的孝道，结婚是感谢父母对自己的养育之恩，以及新人互相讲过对方的父母，正式认门，是非常重要的仪式。而西方国家是没有叩拜礼敬茶这些环节的，我们在婚礼上能看到的关于父母的环节其实就一个，而且还只能看到父亲，就是父亲在进场的时候，女儿挽着父亲的手，父亲亲自将女儿待到新郎面前，将女儿交给对方，希望新郎能像自己一样去爱护呵护自己的女儿。3.服饰差异中国与西方结婚，服饰上的差异也是巨大的，例如在中国基本采用的是唐装或者是汉服，女性穿着就是凤冠霞帔、秀禾服、旗袍等等，男士一般都是唐装或者汉服的马褂新郎服。在西方新娘服饰礼服、婚纱，一般情况下都是婚纱，近年来我国也很多穿婚纱结婚的，男士就是西装，在重要场合男士的服装都是西装，是最得体最隆重的服饰。4.总结如果是一一列举的话肯定还有很多很多，但是近年来的中西方文化的融合发展，互相之间的借鉴采纳，形成了很多结合式的婚礼新形势，比如年轻人喜欢西式也喜欢中式的，在迎亲时候采用中式婚礼格调，酒店仪式的时候采用西式婚礼，这也是很好的结合，也充分体现了现代多元化的文化时代。
首先，是在传统结婚仪式上面。中国的传统婚俗有“三书六礼”“三拜九叩”这些繁俗礼节。所谓“三书”，就是指聘书、礼书、迎亲书。（聘书：订亲之书，男女双方正式缔结婚约。纳吉（过文定）时用。 礼书：过礼之书，即礼物清单，详尽列明礼物种类及数量。纳征（过大礼）时用。 迎亲书：迎娶新娘之书。结婚当日（亲迎）接新娘过门时用。）而“六礼”是指纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。（纳采：古时婚礼之首，属意女方时，延请媒人作谋，谓之纳采，今称「提亲」。 问名：男方探问女方之姓名及生日时辰，以卜吉兆，谓之问名，今称「合八字」。 纳吉：问名若属吉兆，遣媒人致赠薄礼，谓之纳吉，今称「过文定」或「小定」。 纳征：奉送礼金、礼饼、礼物及祭品等，即正式送聘礼，谓纳征，今称「过大礼」。 请期：由男家请算命先生择日，谓之请期，又称「乞日」、今称 「择日」。 亲迎：新郎乘礼车，赴女家迎接新娘，谓之亲迎。）而在这之间更有换庚谱、过文定、过大礼、安床等一系列的活动。而在这些活动中有着大量的禁忌和礼俗，比如新娘嫁妆中要有剪刀（蝴蝶双飞）、痰盂（子孙桶）、尺（良田万顷）、片糖（甜甜蜜蜜）、银包皮带（腰缠万贯）、花瓶（花开富贵）、铜盆及鞋（同偕到老）、龙凤被、床单及枕头一对、两双用红绳捆着的筷子及碗（有衣食）、七十二套衣服，用扁柏、莲子、龙眼及利是伴着（丰衣足食）等物，每样物品都有其不同的含义。同时，在婚礼进行时也有一定的顺序，按一般的情况，在整个婚礼过程中有：祭祖（男方在出门迎娶新娘之前，先祭拜祖先。）、出发（迎亲车队以双数为佳。）、燃炮（迎亲礼车行列在途中，应一路燃放鞭炮以示庆贺。）、等待新郎（礼车至女方家时，会有一男童侍持茶盘等候新郎，新郎下车后，应赏男孩红包答礼，再进入女方家。）、讨喜（新郎应持捧花给房中待嫁之新娘，此时，新娘之闺中密友要拦住新郎，不准其见到新娘，女方可提出条件要新郎答应，通过后才得进入。）、拜别（新人上香祭祖，新娘应叩拜父母道别，并由父亲盖上头纱，而新郎仅鞠躬行礼即可。）、出门（新娘应由福高德劭女性长辈持竹筛或黑伞护其走至礼车，因为新娘子在结婚当天的地位比谁都大，因此不得与天争大。）、礼车（ 在新娘上礼车后，车开动不久，女方家长应将一碗清水、白米撒在车后，代表女儿已是泼出去的水，以后的一切再也不予过问，并祝女儿事事有成，有吃有穿。）、掷扇（礼车起动后，新娘应将扇子丢到窗外，意谓不将坏性子带到婆家去，扇子由新娘的兄弟拾回，掷扇后必须哭几声，且在礼车之后盖「竹筛」以象征繁荣。）、燃炮（由女方家至男方家的途中，同样要一路燃放礼炮。）、摸橘子（迎新车队到达新郎家时，由一位拿着橘子或苹果的小孩来迎接新人，新娘要轻摸一下橘子，并赠红包答礼。这两个橘子要放到晚上，让新娘亲自剥皮，意谓招来「长寿」。）、牵新娘（新娘由礼车走出时，应由男方一位有福气之长辈持竹筛顶在新娘头上，并扶新娘进入大厅。进门时，新人绝不可踩门槛，而应横跨过去。）、喜宴（时下颇流行中西合壁式的婚礼，大都在晚上宴请客人同时举行观礼仪式，在喜宴上，新娘可褪去新娘礼服，换上晚礼服向各桌一一敬酒。）、送客（喜宴完毕后，新人立于家门口送客，须端着盛香烟、喜糖之茶盘。）、闹洞房（新人被整之灾情大小，端视新人是否曾在其他的婚礼上戏弄别人，或平素待人够不够忠厚等。）、三朝回门（在婚后第三天，新妇由夫婿陪同下，带备烧猪及礼品回娘家 祭祖，甚至小住一段日子，然后再随夫婿回家。）。有此可以见到我国文化的繁琐，但不要以为繁琐是我国婚礼的特有特征，其实，不同国家虽然有不同的婚俗，但从繁复的细节与用品的喻意，都可见对婚姻的尊重和期许无分国界。在西方国家中，婚礼时有旧（Something Old）、新（Something New）、借（Something Borrowed）、蓝（Something Blue）等习俗。旧是指母亲传下来之婚纱，头饰或首饰，代表承受美好的一切；新是指朋友送的礼物如裙子，饰物，象征新的生活；借是指可向任何人借东西回来，据说从富裕亲友借来金或银放在鞋内，象征带来财运；蓝是指新娘的一些小饰物或花束用蓝色，意味着新娘的纯洁及贞洁。而在进行婚礼时，西方亦有大量的习俗。比如，在结婚时新娘总要带着一方手帕，西方人认为白手帕象征好运。根据民俗说法，农夫认为新娘在磨擦婚当天所流下的泪能使天降甘露，滋润家作物。后来，新娘在新婚汉天流泪，就变成她将有幸福婚姻的好兆头。而在婚礼典礼时，新娘总是站在新郎的左边，据说，古时候，盎格鲁撒克逊的新郎必须保护新娘子免得被别人抢走。在结婚典礼时，新郎让新娘站在自己左边，一旦情敌出现，就可以立即挥出配带于右边的剑，吓退敌人。在进行结婚晚宴时，要特别定制结婚蛋糕，根据历史记载，自罗马时代开始，婚礼结束时，人们会在新娘头上折断一条面包的材料----小麦象征生育能力，面包屑则代表着幸运。新人必须以糖霜，就形成今天的结婚蛋糕了。由此可见，西方的婚俗并不比中方简洁。其次是在服装方面。在进行婚礼不只是有仪式习俗需要遵守，在穿着方面也有讲究。中国传统婚礼进行时新郎和新娘具着红色的礼服，象征的吉祥如意，预示在结婚后日子红红火火。而西方的新娘则穿白色的礼服。自罗马时代开始，白色象征欢庆。1850年到1900年之间，白色亦是富贵的象征。到了本世纪初，白色所代表的纯洁意义更远超其他。西方认为白色与童贞有关。古罗马的新娘穿着白色的婚纱，蒙着鲜橙黄色的面纱，象征着激情的火焰。在西方的天主教传统里，白色代表着快乐；其他一些地区，白色在他们的婚礼和葬礼里指示各种各样的通路典礼和意义。例如，在安达曼群岛（Andaman Islanders），白色代表一种地位的变化。“传统”的白色结婚礼服，在早期是贵族的特权。在多利亚女王时代，大多数的新娘只能穿传统的国家服装，只有上层阶级才能穿代表权力和身份的白色婚纱。一直到近代，贵族阶级的特权消失以后，白色的婚纱才成为普通新娘的礼服。而相对于西方白色婚纱的历史，中国婚礼中的大红色的凤袍的历史则较简单。龙凤在中国的神话中有着重要的地位。龙主阳凤主阴，而阳则代表男子，阴就表示女子。因此新娘就用凤表示。所以在红色的礼服上绣着凤也就很容易理解了。还有就是在一些小的习惯上面，中西方的婚俗有相似的地方。例如，中国古代有抛绣球迎亲的习俗；而西方的新郎新娘在教堂举行婚礼后，会把手中的鲜花抛向空中，如果有人接到的话就预示着他将很快结婚。中西方在婚俗上面有以上种种的差异，这和中西方人在思想思维的差异有直接的联系。中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。直到近代西方的文化传入以后，中国的传统文化才开始向西方转化，但在很大的程度上任有中国传统婚俗的礼仪。而中国人爱热闹的性格在中国传统婚礼中可以得到充分的体现。除了中西方都有的结婚晚宴以外，在中国的传统婚俗中，还有一个为新娘饯行的结婚午宴。其次在婚宴结束以后，新人的亲朋好友会去新房中闹洞房。认为在新房中越热闹，新人在婚后的生活越幸福。因此闹新房的成员们无不用所其极，用种种方法刁难新郎新娘。西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘手挽着父亲捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给你，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。她是今天最美的新娘。 在神圣的教堂上空，他们的誓言在回荡，带上永结同心的婚戒，只到神父说：“你可以亲吻你的新娘了…… 结婚是一生的盟约，你是要为之坚守一辈子的誓言。 主耶稣说：上帝所配合的人便不可分开。 这一生一世的爱情，因为今天而完美。”然后新郎新娘或是去晚宴地点或是去渡蜜月，并没有中国传统婚俗的种种礼节。另一个造成中西方差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从开始到结束到充满了浪漫气息。新娘的礼服一般为白色,新郎是黑色的礼服,使整个婚礼显的庄重严肃.到教堂去举行结婚仪式是整个婚礼最重要的环节.首先,随着婚礼进行曲的节奏,新娘挽她的父亲的手走到新郎面前,由她的父亲将她亲手交到新郎手中.牧师会要求新郎新娘对对方作出一辈子的承诺,这也是整个婚礼的高潮.然后他们会在牧师和众人的祝福下,交换结婚戒指并亲吻对方。而新娘手中的花球也不是一般的装饰用品.在婚礼结束时,新娘就会抛给到场的女宾客,如果谁接到花球,谁就是下一个结婚的人,这就使整个婚礼在欢声笑语中结束了。中国的婚礼就不同于西方,整个婚礼的主色调是红色,这也是中国的传统的代表喜气的颜色。这也就使婚礼变的喜气洋洋.在传统婚礼中,新娘一般穿着红色罗衣,头戴凤冠,上面还有一块红色丝巾.而新郎就穿着红色的长衫马褂,头戴红色大沿帽。新娘乘着大红花轿在后,新郎骑着马在前,随着红娘和迎亲队伍到新郎家中拜堂.双方家长坐在上堂,而新郎新娘在下堂成婚.整个婚礼由司仪主持,在他的指挥下,新郎新娘一拜天地,下拜高堂,然后夫妻对拜,送入洞房.闹洞房是婚礼的高潮,新娘先回洞房等待新郎,而新郎就在外招待客人,酒足饭饱后,新郎在一大堆人的簇拥下来到洞房.众人就开始闹洞房了,新郎新娘在大家的起哄下做各种游戏……这样整个婚礼就在一片笑声中结束了。
Differences Between Chinese Marriage Custom and Western Marriage Custom 中西方婚俗的差异AbstractThere are many procedures in Chinese marriage custom. The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage includes six etiquettes, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal presents to the girl's family, discussing the date of marriage and meeting the bride. In western marriage, there are four procedures. They are proposal, changing surnames, choosing the day and holding the wedding. As the different religions, cultural origins, marriage concepts and geographies, there are many differences existing in the two kinds of marriage customs. In Chinese marriage custom, the matchmaker functions almost all the time and youths have no right to choose and women are not on an equal footing with men. By contrast, in western marriage custom, the priest functions and the youths have legal right to choose whom they want to marry and men and women are equal. There also exist common things in the two sides. They have been maintained for thousands of years. But in recent years (especially after the founding of modern China), people have tended to discard some of the details and advocate simplified marriage procedures and wedding WordsMarriage custom; differences; reasons摘 要中国婚俗有着许多的仪式。最早记载婚礼习俗的《仪礼》云：“婚有六礼，纳采、问名、 纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。”而在西方国家主要有4个程序，即建议，改姓，选期和举行婚礼。由于宗教、文化根源、婚姻观念以及地理环境的不同在一定程度上导致了中西方婚俗的不同。在中国婚俗中，媒人起着决定性的作用，而作为婚姻当事人的青年男女却没有选择的自由和权力，而且男女在婚姻中的不平等现象也屡有出现。 在西方，是牧师在婚姻中起作用，并且青年男女有合法的权力去选择自己的夫婿或妻子。当然中西方的婚俗也存在相同的地方。它们存在了上千年之久。近年来（特别是新中国成立之后），中西结合的婚姻屡有出现。关键词婚俗；差异；原因IntroductionMarriage is formed in a long historical evolution of the marriage custom in a nation. It is the regularity of the activities that restrains people's awareness of marriage and marriage. Marriage custom’s binding does not depend on the law, and it can not rely on science tests neither, but on the force of habit, traditional culture and national psychology. During the development of human history, the institution of marriage and family system has experienced different processes of development. Human have experienced group marriage, the dual system of marriage and individual marriage system (monogamy).As a union of a man and a woman and a family formation stage, marriage includes not only marriage, but also the preparation phase for the marriage and the performance stage after the festivities. It runs through the whole process of life. These customs, as a national symbol and cultural development, plays a very important role in ethnic studies and the history of is a country with an ancient civilization and a long history, and many customs. Among so many customs, there is a particular marriage custom. This custom goes through various and long stages of development from ancient simple wedding ceremony to later complex ceremony, from feudal marriage custom to the modern free marriage custom. During these courses, people’s ideas are progressing, though we can not say that their ideas are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in all over the world at all over the time because there are still backward ideas existing in many places, in many people’s mind and they maybe will still exist for a long time. However, they are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in a certain stage of the uninterrupted development of civilization is the base of western culture. Britain plays an important role in western history and western culture, and of course marriage with each other, they are different in many aspects such as in right aspect and in freedom aspect and there are many reasons that result in these differences such as cultural reason and geographical reason. I. Chinese Marriage CustomLike other folk, marriage custom has the same development and evolving process. In the early days of humanity, the human relationship in a very long period of time still carried the irregular relations like the animal world. There was no marriage at all, if suggest some, the only "arbitrary marriage." In China, marriage has gone through for a long time. As a most grand etiquette, it has always been a high degree of attention. To control the marriage, the family and the whole society, since the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, Chinese marriage should comply with six procedures, which is the so-called "six etiquettes." And Later in Tang and Ming Dynasty in China, marriage also complied with the "six etiquettes". As time goes by, although many wedding customs experienced various changes "Six etiquettes" as the basic pattern has not changed much. It is still essential and core in marriage has changed much today, but in many places, there still remains traditional marriage feudal society, a marriage would be decided not by the youths’ love, but by their parents' desires. Only after a matchmaker's introduction and when parents considered the two family conditions were similar and could be matched, would the marriage procedures went forward. Conditions that should be taken into consideration included wealth and social status. If a boy's family was well-off or an official family, his parents would never permit him to marry a girl from a poor family. Essential to the marriage process were the commonly recognized 'three Letters and six etiquettes'. The three letters were the betrothal letter, the gift letter with a gifts list and the wedding letter used on the day the bridegroom met his bride at her home. The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage, usually, involves six necessary procedures, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal present to girl's family, discussing date of marriage and meeting the . Proposing:Proposing is the first etiquette in marriage and is the first meet between the members in the two families. Thus, it is very important. Using a common expression, it is making an offer of marriage to another family on behalf of the son or the parents thought that the girl could be the daughter-in-law in old times, they would ask a matchmaker for sending the gifts and bring the son and the girl together. If the girl’s parents also agreed on the marriage, they would accept the gifts. People usually used a wild goose when sending the gifts. Because the wild gooses could fly to the south or the north according to the seasons and they would never change it which implied the woman would be punctual and also because when the wild gooses flied they were in a row and when they stopped they were in a line which implied that woman should comply with the marriage rules and arrange in order that one should not breach . Asking the NameIt aims to ask for girl’s name and ancient times the girl’s name would not be known by other people until the girl was in an age of marriage. First, one must have the matchmaker and inform of the man’s family through a card. And the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Thus it can be seen that “asking the name” not only meant that the man’s family wanted to know the girl’s name, but also wrote down the woman’s birthday and Eight-characters (in four pairs denoting the time, date, month and year of a person’s birth, each pair consisting of one Heavenly Stem and one Earthly Branch, used in fortune-telling). If the birthday and Eight-characters were not harm the man, the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Sometimes the woman’s parents also wrote down the official position of the woman’s great-grandpa, grandpa and father and the dowry that could be supplied. What’s interesting is that during this progress it was the matchmaker that functioned, not the man’s family or the woman’s family. Matchmaker was also important in the other procedures. In traditional Chinese marriage, people believed “behest of the parents and proposal of a matchmaker”. That’s why many marriages in the past were arranged by parents and matchmakers. Matchmaker’s proposal was the marriage’s valid basis in Tang has been simplified today. Many marriage does not need this . Asking for Fortune After asking the name, the bridegroom’s side had got the woman’s birthday and Eight-Characters and they went to consult a fortune-teller then which was called “asking for fortune”. It included two aspects of contents. One was consult the female virtues. Ancient people regarded female virtues as the most important one in the gospel of three obedience that were obedience to one’s father before marriage, to one’s husband after marriage, and to one’s son after one’s husband’s death and four virtues that was morality, proper speech, modest manner, and diligent work for a woman according to Confucian lichun, Zhuge Liang’s wife (Zhuge Liang was a statesman and strategist in the period of the Three Kingdoms, now a symbol of wisdom in Chinese folklore) was famous for her ugliness, wisdom and high female virtues. A man in old times always had many wives. In order to solidifying and stead in the family, people paid much attention to female virtues. Hence there was the saw “Marry wife is marrying virtues and take a concubine is marrying appearance”.The other one was consult good or bad luck. If they were not fit for each other in Eight-Characters according to the birthday and what’s more, the woman would harm the man, the result was that this marriage would not be held and would be cancelled. If the result was fit for each other and moreover the woman would make the man prosperous, the man’s side would inform the woman’s side through the matchmaker and send the betrothal gifts and exchange cards. Thus the marriage was actually decided to be . Sending Betrothal Presents to the Girl’s FamilyThe book propriety and ceremony wrote by the scholars in Han dynasty regards it as sending money. If there is no receipt of gifts, there is no marriage. Hence whether receipt the gifts or not is the implication of the agreement of the marriage by the woman’s significance of it includes two aspects of meaning. One is the thanks for the woman’s parents because the parents feed up her. The other is help the woman’s family prepare for . Discussing the Date of MarriageIn the past, the bridegroom’s side decided the lucky day and sent the matchmaker to inform of the woman’s family. People paid much attention to the marriage time. They usually had a person looked at the almanac or asked for fortune. They liked having marriage in spring or autumn because spring was the time that everything comes back to life and time when spring was changing into summer and was favor to pregnant with new life; autumn was the season of harvest. After the labor for a year, people had enough money to hold the , it is also an important event. People pay many attentions to . Meeting the BrideThe marriage is finally held after the five procedures. In the past, the bridegroom wore wedding suit, riding on a horse, and guided the bridal sedan chair to marry the bride on the day. And the bride wore a red cheongsam waiting for the bridegroom. Now, the bridegroom wares western suit, and the bride wares wedding dress and usually in a car.待续
从婚礼的细节
钻石戒指第一次被用作婚约是在1477年，由奥地利的马克西米连一世献给法国勃良地的玛丽公主作为订婚礼物。钻石不是为嫁妆而生的，西方人没有嫁妆的概念（倒是经常看见男方把祖传首饰送给女方代表求婚），在西方文化里最被普遍认同的是权力的象征和婚姻的见证。选择母女：如果你讲究的是代代相传和实际效用，那么钻石是永不落伍的选择，不会过时。
Differences Between Chinese Marriage Custom and Western Marriage Custom 中西方婚俗的差异AbstractThere are many procedures in Chinese marriage custom. The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage includes six etiquettes, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal presents to the girl's family, discussing the date of marriage and meeting the bride. In western marriage, there are four procedures. They are proposal, changing surnames, choosing the day and holding the wedding. As the different religions, cultural origins, marriage concepts and geographies, there are many differences existing in the two kinds of marriage customs. In Chinese marriage custom, the matchmaker functions almost all the time and youths have no right to choose and women are not on an equal footing with men. By contrast, in western marriage custom, the priest functions and the youths have legal right to choose whom they want to marry and men and women are equal. There also exist common things in the two sides. They have been maintained for thousands of years. But in recent years (especially after the founding of modern China), people have tended to discard some of the details and advocate simplified marriage procedures and wedding WordsMarriage custom; differences; reasons摘 要中国婚俗有着许多的仪式。最早记载婚礼习俗的《仪礼》云：“婚有六礼，纳采、问名、 纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。”而在西方国家主要有4个程序，即建议，改姓，选期和举行婚礼。由于宗教、文化根源、婚姻观念以及地理环境的不同在一定程度上导致了中西方婚俗的不同。在中国婚俗中，媒人起着决定性的作用，而作为婚姻当事人的青年男女却没有选择的自由和权力，而且男女在婚姻中的不平等现象也屡有出现。 在西方，是牧师在婚姻中起作用，并且青年男女有合法的权力去选择自己的夫婿或妻子。当然中西方的婚俗也存在相同的地方。它们存在了上千年之久。近年来（特别是新中国成立之后），中西结合的婚姻屡有出现。关键词婚俗；差异；原因IntroductionMarriage is formed in a long historical evolution of the marriage custom in a nation. It is the regularity of the activities that restrains people's awareness of marriage and marriage. Marriage custom’s binding does not depend on the law, and it can not rely on science tests neither, but on the force of habit, traditional culture and national psychology. During the development of human history, the institution of marriage and family system has experienced different processes of development. Human have experienced group marriage, the dual system of marriage and individual marriage system (monogamy).As a union of a man and a woman and a family formation stage, marriage includes not only marriage, but also the preparation phase for the marriage and the performance stage after the festivities. It runs through the whole process of life. These customs, as a national symbol and cultural development, plays a very important role in ethnic studies and the history of is a country with an ancient civilization and a long history, and many customs. Among so many customs, there is a particular marriage custom. This custom goes through various and long stages of development from ancient simple wedding ceremony to later complex ceremony, from feudal marriage custom to the modern free marriage custom. During these courses, people’s ideas are progressing, though we can not say that their ideas are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in all over the world at all over the time because there are still backward ideas existing in many places, in many people’s mind and they maybe will still exist for a long time. However, they are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in a certain stage of the uninterrupted development of civilization is the base of western culture. Britain plays an important role in western history and western culture, and of course marriage with each other, they are different in many aspects such as in right aspect and in freedom aspect and there are many reasons that result in these differences such as cultural reason and geographical reason. I. Chinese Marriage CustomLike other folk, marriage custom has the same development and evolving process. In the early days of humanity, the human relationship in a very long period of time still carried the irregular relations like the animal world. There was no marriage at all, if suggest some, the only "arbitrary marriage." In China, marriage has gone through for a long time. As a most grand etiquette, it has always been a high degree of attention. To control the marriage, the family and the whole society, since the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, Chinese marriage should comply with six procedures, which is the so-called "six etiquettes." And Later in Tang and Ming Dynasty in China, marriage also complied with the "six etiquettes". As time goes by, although many wedding customs experienced various changes "Six etiquettes" as the basic pattern has not changed much. It is still essential and core in marriage has changed much today, but in many places, there still remains traditional marriage feudal society, a marriage would be decided not by the youths’ love, but by their parents' desires. Only after a matchmaker's introduction and when parents considered the two family conditions were similar and could be matched, would the marriage procedures went forward. Conditions that should be taken into consideration included wealth and social status. If a boy's family was well-off or an official family, his parents would never permit him to marry a girl from a poor family. Essential to the marriage process were the commonly recognized 'three Letters and six etiquettes'. The three letters were the betrothal letter, the gift letter with a gifts list and the wedding letter used on the day the bridegroom met his bride at her home. The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage, usually, involves six necessary procedures, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal present to girl's family, discussing date of marriage and meeting the . Proposing:Proposing is the first etiquette in marriage and is the first meet between the members in the two families. Thus, it is very important. Using a common expression, it is making an offer of marriage to another family on behalf of the son or the parents thought that the girl could be the daughter-in-law in old times, they would ask a matchmaker for sending the gifts and bring the son and the girl together. If the girl’s parents also agreed on the marriage, they would accept the gifts. People usually used a wild goose when sending the gifts. Because the wild gooses could fly to the south or the north according to the seasons and they would never change it which implied the woman would be punctual and also because when the wild gooses flied they were in a row and when they stopped they were in a line which implied that woman should comply with the marriage rules and arrange in order that one should not breach . Asking the NameIt aims to ask for girl’s name and ancient times the girl’s name would not be known by other people until the girl was in an age of marriage. First, one must have the matchmaker and inform of the man’s family through a card. And the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Thus it can be seen that “asking the name” not only meant that the man’s family wanted to know the girl’s name, but also wrote down the woman’s birthday and Eight-characters (in four pairs denoting the time, date, month and year of a person’s birth, each pair consisting of one Heavenly Stem and one Earthly Branch, used in fortune-telling). If the birthday and Eight-characters were not harm the man, the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Sometimes the woman’s parents also wrote down the official position of the woman’s great-grandpa, grandpa and father and the dowry that could be supplied. What’s interesting is that during this progress it was the matchmaker that functioned, not the man’s family or the woman’s family. Matchmaker was also important in the other procedures. In traditional Chinese marriage, people believed “behest of the parents and proposal of a matchmaker”. That’s why many marriages in the past were arranged by parents and matchmakers. Matchmaker’s proposal was the marriage’s valid basis in Tang has been simplified today. Many marriage does not need this . Asking for Fortune After asking the name, the bridegroom’s side had got the woman’s birthday and Eight-Characters and they went to consult a fortune-teller then which was called “asking for fortune”. It included two aspects of contents. One was consult the female virtues. Ancient people regarded female virtues as the most important one in the gospel of three obedience that were obedience to one’s father before marriage, to one’s husband after marriage, and to one’s son after one’s husband’s death and four virtues that was morality, proper speech, modest manner, and diligent work for a woman according to Confucian lichun, Zhuge Liang’s wife (Zhuge Liang was a statesman and strategist in the period of the Three Kingdoms, now a symbol of wisdom in Chinese folklore) was famous for her ugliness, wisdom and high female virtues. A man in old times always had many wives. In order to solidifying and stead in the family, people paid much attention to female virtues. Hence there was the saw “Marry wife is marrying virtues and take a concubine is marrying appearance”.The other one was consult good or bad luck. If they were not fit for each other in Eight-Characters according to the birthday and what’s more, the woman would harm the man, the result was that this marriage would not be held and would be cancelled. If the result was fit for each other and moreover the woman would make the man prosperous, the man’s side would inform the woman’s side through the matchmaker and send the betrothal gifts and exchange cards. Thus the marriage was actually decided to be . Sending Betrothal Presents to the Girl’s FamilyThe book propriety and ceremony wrote by the scholars in Han dynasty regards it as sending money. If there is no receipt of gifts, there is no marriage. Hence whether receipt the gifts or not is the implication of the agreement of the marriage by the woman’s significance of it includes two aspects of meaning. One is the thanks for the woman’s parents because the parents feed up her. The other is help the woman’s family prepare for . Discussing the Date of MarriageIn the past, the bridegroom’s side decided the lucky day and sent the matchmaker to inform of the woman’s family. People paid much attention to the marriage time. They usually had a person looked at the almanac or asked for fortune. They liked having marriage in spring or autumn because spring was the time that everything comes back to life and time when spring was changing into summer and was favor to pregnant with new life; autumn was the season of harvest. After the labor for a year, people had enough money to hold the , it is also an important event. People pay many attentions to . Meeting the BrideThe marriage is finally held after the five procedures. In the past, the bridegroom wore wedding suit, riding on a horse, and guided the bridal sedan chair to marry the bride on the day. And the bride wore a red cheongsam waiting for the bridegroom. Now, the bridegroom wares western suit, and the bride wares wedding dress and usually in a car.待续
差异：一、婚礼形式 1.中国式婚礼形式及流程 ①纳采：即男方请媒人提亲后,女方同意议婚,男方备礼去女方家求亲； ②向名：男方在求婚后托媒人问女方的出生年月,准备合婚的仪式； ③纳吉：是把问名后占卜合婚的好消息再通知女方的礼仪,这是订婚阶段的主要礼仪形式。古代的风俗要用大雁作为订婚的信物,说明双方已经订婚。后来就发展成送首饰,绸缎,甚至是羊猪； ④纳征：是纳吉后,男方将聘礼送往女方,是成婚阶段的礼仪，俗称完聘或大聘,过大礼等。聘礼的多少及物品名称多取吉祥如意的含义,数目取双忌单； ⑤请期：送完聘礼后,选择结婚日期,备礼到女方家,征得同意； ⑥亲迎：就是新婿亲往女家迎聚的仪式。这项仪式往往被看作婚礼的主要程序,而前五项则当成议婚、订婚等过渡性礼仪。 2.西方婚礼形式 ①来宾入席； ②奏结婚进行曲，亲友点上蜡烛,牧师领唱诗班进场,宣布婚礼开始，伴郎伴娘和新郎陆续进场,女方家长陪新娘进场全体起立； ③女方家长入席，新娘挽着父亲的手，步入大堂,伴娘和花童一同进入会场,全体来宾起立,父亲郑重的把女儿交给新郎,女方家长就坐,全体来宾就坐； ④牧师证婚，新人进行结婚宣誓,宣告愿意结为夫妻； ⑤新郎新娘互戴婚戒，宣誓； ⑥献诗，来宾在唱诗班的带领下,唱祝福歌； ⑦礼成，奏乐,新郎站右边,新娘站左边，两人一起走出教堂，伴郎伴娘随后,家属以及来宾随后退场； ⑧茶会或晚宴。但是整个婚礼过程却有着让人不可亵渎的神圣与庄重 。二、婚礼服饰 1.中国式服装 中国服饰强调统一而不突出个性，在中国红色象征喜庆、幸福，吉祥如意。在传统的婚礼仪式上，新郎新娘都要穿着红色的礼服，是祝愿夫妻婚后的生活能够红红火火的意思。而且衣服上的龙凤图案也是必不可少的，按照中国传统龙象征男性，风象征女性都预示着吉祥。家里到处贴着红色的喜字，门两边也要贴上红色的对联，新房里的物品也大都是红色为主的。尽管现在受到西方的影响，也会穿婚纱，但在迎娶和婚宴开始后，还是要换上红色的衣服。 2.西方服饰 西方服饰强调浪漫纯洁而有个性，因白色在西方文化中象征着吉利、平安、善意，富贵和童贞。新娘穿着白色的婚纱，代表着对新郎的忠贞和自身的圣洁，新郎则是一声笔挺的西装。新娘的捧花和周围环境的装饰都是以白色为基调的。 三、结婚礼俗 1.中国结婚礼仪 传统新娘嫁妆中要有剪刀象征蝴蝶双飞，痰盂，即子孙桶，是多子多 福的意思，铜盆及鞋意为同携到老，银包 2.西方结婚礼仪 在古代的西方社会，新娘还需准备一些“旧、新、借、蓝”的东西。“旧”是指新娘头上的白纱必须是母亲用过的旧纱，表示不忘父母的养育之恩；“新”指新娘的白色礼服必须是新的，它是纯洁童贞的象征；“借”是指新娘手里拿的手帕必须是从女朋友那借来的，表示不忘朋友的友谊之情；“蓝”是指新娘身上披的缎带必须是蓝色的，表示新娘对爱情的忠贞之情。融合 ： 1.中西方婚俗融合的方面 中式的婚礼在世界上越来越受欢迎。一些外国人举行婚礼仪式都按照中国婚礼的风格。虽然婚礼饰物比如说婚车的装饰是西式的，但他们中的一些人表示在他们的婚礼上有很多的中国元素，例如，中国结、大红灯笼、红蜡烛、对联，这样会对整体气氛做到提升，增加喜庆气氛，还有就是婚礼请柬在西方婚礼中的应用。 在中国，现在的新娘通常有两组在婚礼当天的穿的礼服。婚礼仪式上新娘会穿着白色的婚纱，可以给新娘纯洁典雅的形象，更适合神圣的婚礼。当婚宴开始时，新婚夫妇向来宾祝酒时，新娘就会换上红色的旗袍作为婚宴礼服。从此也可以看出，中西方婚礼习俗在婚礼服饰方面的融合。 2.中西方婚俗融合的原因 中国的快速发展。新世纪的中国，经济等方面的快速发展，使得中国在国际上的地位不断提高，中国五千年的传统文化也逐渐成为焦点。中国婚礼文化作为传统文化的重要组成部分，也逐渐受到世界各国人民的喜爱，比如，中式婚礼礼服。因此，许多西方人受到中国文化的影响，婚礼仪式就选择中国婚礼习俗。全球化。随着社会的发展和不断的跨文化交流，人们可以更加轻松方便地了解各国不同的文化。婚礼文化作为文化的重要组成部分，也在不断地进行融合，比如中国的西式婚礼、西方的中式婚礼等。它们丰富了婚礼习俗的形式和婚礼文化。中西方婚礼习俗的融合反映了中西方文化的融合，我们能够更好地了解西方文化，了解文化差异的原因，从而更好地进行跨文化交际。
1、婚前习俗不一样
西方订婚戒，这个传统始于15世纪，当时奥地利大公麦西米伦以钻戒向玛丽许下海誓山盟。当时，他的亲信呈文献言：“殿下，在订婚时，您必须送一枚有钻石的戒指。”麦西米伦纳言。这个仪式从此流传至今，已有数世纪之久。
中方过大礼仪式，“过大礼”的仪式，这是订婚的最隆重，也是最重要的仪式；因为这仪式过后就等如正式定立了婚约。跟“过文定”一样，男家会选择一个吉日，带同聘金和各种礼品到女家；而女家亦会准备回礼礼品。
2、结婚当日流程不一样
中方，迎亲，就是在结婚之日，新郎会与媒人和亲友一起前往女家迎娶新娘。新郎前往女家之前会先到女家的祖庙行拜见之礼，然后以花轿接新娘回到男家。新人会在男家举行拜天、地、祖先的仪式，然后送入洞房。
西方：
（1）前往教堂
新人会前往教堂，到达后婚礼就正式举行。
（2）仪式开始
一般来说，西式婚礼是由牧师或神父主持的。亦有所谓的Civil Wedding，在此情况下，婚礼并没有任何的宗教仪式，那当然亦不会由牧师或神父主持了。）当牧师或神父到来时，伴郎及伴娘就会进入会场，这时也会播放或演奏进场的乐曲。而宾客即会起立；戒子童Ring Bearer 也同时会把戒子交给该牧师或神父。
跟着就会奏出婚礼进行曲，新娘会挽着她爸爸的手进场。新娘进场后，新娘的父亲就会把新娘交到新郎的手中。跟着就是最重要的时候了，全场的宾客都会肃静，而所有的奏乐也会停止。主持人会问新郎新娘会否愿意成为夫妇，这就是说I Do 我愿意的时候了！
然后是交换戒指的仪式；当然，在现今社会中，还需要签字作实，这才可以使西式婚礼具法律的约束力。
3、婚后习俗不一样
中方有三朝回门，即归宁，三朝是指婚后的第三天，新娘由丈夫的陪同下，带备烧猪及礼品回娘家祭祖，然后再随丈夫回到夫家。
西方，“蜜月”（Honeymoon） 一词的由来起源于古欧洲的习俗。新婚夫妇在婚后的30天内，或直到月缺时，每天都要喝由蜂蜜发酵制成的饮料，以增进性生活的和谐。古时候，蜂蜜是生命、健康和生育能力的象征。“蜜月”是新婚夫妇在恢复日常生活前的单独相处。
参考资料来源；百度百科-中国婚礼
百度百科-西式婚礼
首先，是在传统结婚仪式上面。中国的传统婚俗有“三书六礼”“三拜九叩”这些繁俗礼节。所谓“三书”，就是指聘书、礼书、迎亲书。（聘书：订亲之书，男女双方正式缔结婚约。纳吉（过文定）时用。 礼书：过礼之书，即礼物清单，详尽列明礼物种类及数量。纳征（过大礼）时用。 迎亲书：迎娶新娘之书。结婚当日（亲迎）接新娘过门时用。）而“六礼”是指纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。（纳采：古时婚礼之首，属意女方时，延请媒人作谋，谓之纳采，今称「提亲」。 问名：男方探问女方之姓名及生日时辰，以卜吉兆，谓之问名，今称「合八字」。 纳吉：问名若属吉兆，遣媒人致赠薄礼，谓之纳吉，今称「过文定」或「小定」。 纳征：奉送礼金、礼饼、礼物及祭品等，即正式送聘礼，谓纳征，今称「过大礼」。 请期：由男家请算命先生择日，谓之请期，又称「乞日」、今称 「择日」。 亲迎：新郎乘礼车，赴女家迎接新娘，谓之亲迎。）而在这之间更有换庚谱、过文定、过大礼、安床等一系列的活动。而在这些活动中有着大量的禁忌和礼俗，比如新娘嫁妆中要有剪刀（蝴蝶双飞）、痰盂（子孙桶）、尺（良田万顷）、片糖（甜甜蜜蜜）、银包皮带（腰缠万贯）、花瓶（花开富贵）、铜盆及鞋（同偕到老）、龙凤被、床单及枕头一对、两双用红绳捆着的筷子及碗（有衣食）、七十二套衣服，用扁柏、莲子、龙眼及利是伴着（丰衣足食）等物，每样物品都有其不同的含义。同时，在婚礼进行时也有一定的顺序，按一般的情况，在整个婚礼过程中有：祭祖（男方在出门迎娶新娘之前，先祭拜祖先。）、出发（迎亲车队以双数为佳。）、燃炮（迎亲礼车行列在途中，应一路燃放鞭炮以示庆贺。）、等待新郎（礼车至女方家时，会有一男童侍持茶盘等候新郎，新郎下车后，应赏男孩红包答礼，再进入女方家。）、讨喜（新郎应持捧花给房中待嫁之新娘，此时，新娘之闺中密友要拦住新郎，不准其见到新娘，女方可提出条件要新郎答应，通过后才得进入。）、拜别（新人上香祭祖，新娘应叩拜父母道别，并由父亲盖上头纱，而新郎仅鞠躬行礼即可。）、出门（新娘应由福高德劭女性长辈持竹筛或黑伞护其走至礼车，因为新娘子在结婚当天的地位比谁都大，因此不得与天争大。）、礼车（ 在新娘上礼车后，车开动不久，女方家长应将一碗清水、白米撒在车后，代表女儿已是泼出去的水，以后的一切再也不予过问，并祝女儿事事有成，有吃有穿。）、掷扇（礼车起动后，新娘应将扇子丢到窗外，意谓不将坏性子带到婆家去，扇子由新娘的兄弟拾回，掷扇后必须哭几声，且在礼车之后盖「竹筛」以象征繁荣。）、燃炮（由女方家至男方家的途中，同样要一路燃放礼炮。）、摸橘子（迎新车队到达新郎家时，由一位拿着橘子或苹果的小孩来迎接新人，新娘要轻摸一下橘子，并赠红包答礼。这两个橘子要放到晚上，让新娘亲自剥皮，意谓招来「长寿」。）、牵新娘（新娘由礼车走出时，应由男方一位有福气之长辈持竹筛顶在新娘头上，并扶新娘进入大厅。进门时，新人绝不可踩门槛，而应横跨过去。）、喜宴（时下颇流行中西合壁式的婚礼，大都在晚上宴请客人同时举行观礼仪式，在喜宴上，新娘可褪去新娘礼服，换上晚礼服向各桌一一敬酒。）、送客（喜宴完毕后，新人立于家门口送客，须端着盛香烟、喜糖之茶盘。）、闹洞房（新人被整之灾情大小，端视新人是否曾在其他的婚礼上戏弄别人，或平素待人够不够忠厚等。）、三朝回门（在婚后第三天，新妇由夫婿陪同下，带备烧猪及礼品回娘家 祭祖，甚至小住一段日子，然后再随夫婿回家。）。有此可以见到我国文化的繁琐，但不要以为繁琐是我国婚礼的特有特征，其实，不同国家虽然有不同的婚俗，但从繁复的细节与用品的喻意，都可见对婚姻的尊重和期许无分国界。在西方国家中，婚礼时有旧（Something Old）、新（Something New）、借（Something Borrowed）、蓝（Something Blue）等习俗。旧是指母亲传下来之婚纱，头饰或首饰，代表承受美好的一切；新是指朋友送的礼物如裙子，饰物，象征新的生活；借是指可向任何人借东西回来，据说从富裕亲友借来金或银放在鞋内，象征带来财运；蓝是指新娘的一些小饰物或花束用蓝色，意味着新娘的纯洁及贞洁。而在进行婚礼时，西方亦有大量的习俗。比如，在结婚时新娘总要带着一方手帕，西方人认为白手帕象征好运。根据民俗说法，农夫认为新娘在磨擦婚当天所流下的泪能使天降甘露，滋润家作物。后来，新娘在新婚汉天流泪，就变成她将有幸福婚姻的好兆头。而在婚礼典礼时，新娘总是站在新郎的左边，据说，古时候，盎格鲁撒克逊的新郎必须保护新娘子免得被别人抢走。在结婚典礼时，新郎让新娘站在自己左边，一旦情敌出现，就可以立即挥出配带于右边的剑，吓退敌人。在进行结婚晚宴时，要特别定制结婚蛋糕，根据历史记载，自罗马时代开始，婚礼结束时，人们会在新娘头上折断一条面包的材料----小麦象征生育能力，面包屑则代表着幸运。新人必须以糖霜，就形成今天的结婚蛋糕了。由此可见，西方的婚俗并不比中方简洁。 其次是在服装方面。在进行婚礼不只是有仪式习俗需要遵守，在穿着方面也有讲究。中国传统婚礼进行时新郎和新娘具着红色的礼服，象征的吉祥如意，预示在结婚后日子红红火火。而西方的新娘则穿白色的礼服。自罗马时代开始，白色象征欢庆。1850年到1900年之间，白色亦是富贵的象征。到了本世纪初，白色所代表的纯洁意义更远超其他。西方认为白色与童贞有关。古罗马的新娘穿着白色的婚纱，蒙着鲜橙黄色的面纱，象征着激情的火焰。在西方的天主教传统里，白色代表着快乐；其他一些地区，白色在他们的婚礼和葬礼里指示各种各样的通路典礼和意义。例如，在安达曼群岛（Andaman Islanders），白色代表一种地位的变化。“传统”的白色结婚礼服，在早期是贵族的特权。在多利亚女王时代，大多数的新娘只能穿传统的国家服装，只有上层阶级才能穿代表权力和身份的白色婚纱。一直到近代，贵族阶级的特权消失以后，白色的婚纱才成为普通新娘的礼服。而相对于西方白色婚纱的历史，中国婚礼中的大红色的凤袍的历史则较简单。龙凤在中国的神话中有着重要的地位。龙主阳凤主阴，而阳则代表男子，阴就表示女子。因此新娘就用凤表示。所以在红色的礼服上绣着凤也就很容易理解了。 还有就是在一些小的习惯上面，中西方的婚俗有相似的地方。例如，中国古代有抛绣球迎亲的习俗；而西方的新郎新娘在教堂举行婚礼后，会把手中的鲜花抛向空中，如果有人接到的话就预示着他将很快结婚。 中西方在婚俗上面有以上种种的差异，这和中西方人在思想思维的差异有直接的联系。中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。直到近代西方的文化传入以后，中国的传统文化才开始向西方转化，但在很大的程度上任有中国传统婚俗的礼仪。而中国人爱热闹的性格在中国传统婚礼中可以得到充分的体现。除了中西方都有的结婚晚宴以外，在中国的传统婚俗中，还有一个为新娘饯行的结婚午宴。其次在婚宴结束以后，新人的亲朋好友会去新房中闹洞房。认为在新房中越热闹，新人在婚后的生活越幸福。因此闹新房的成员们无不用所其极，用种种方法刁难新郎新娘。西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘手挽着父亲捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给你，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。她是今天最美的新娘。 在神圣的教堂上空，他们的誓言在回荡，带上永结同心的婚戒，只到神父说：“你可以亲吻你的新娘了…… 结婚是一生的盟约，你是要为之坚守一辈子的誓言。 主耶稣说：上帝所配合的人便不可分开。 这一生一世的爱情，因为今天而完美。”然后新郎新娘或是去晚宴地点或是去渡蜜月，并没有中国传统婚俗的种种礼节。另一个造成中西方差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。 西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从开始到结束到充满了浪漫气息。新娘的礼服一般为白色,新郎是黑色的礼服,使整个婚礼显的庄重严肃.到教堂去举行结婚仪式是整个婚礼最重要的环节.首先,随着婚礼进行曲的节奏,新娘挽她的父亲的手走到新郎面前,由她的父亲将她亲手交到新郎手中.牧师会要求新郎新娘对对方作出一辈子的承诺,这也是整个婚礼的高潮.然后他们会在牧师和众人的祝福下,交换结婚戒指并亲吻对方。而新娘手中的花球也不是一般的装饰用品.在婚礼结束时,新娘就会抛给到场的女宾客,如果谁接到花球,谁就是下一个结婚的人,这就使整个婚礼在欢声笑语中结束了。 中国的婚礼就不同于西方,整个婚礼的主色调是红色,这也是中国的传统的代表喜气的颜色。这也就使婚礼变的喜气洋洋.在传统婚礼中,新娘一般穿着红色罗衣,头戴凤冠,上面还有一块红色丝巾.而新郎就穿着红色的长衫马褂,头戴红色大沿帽。
Differences Between Chinese Marriage Custom and Western Marriage Custom 中西方婚俗的差异AbstractThere are many procedures in Chinese marriage custom. The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage includes six etiquettes, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal presents to the girl's family, discussing the date of marriage and meeting the bride. In western marriage, there are four procedures. They are proposal, changing surnames, choosing the day and holding the wedding. As the different religions, cultural origins, marriage concepts and geographies, there are many differences existing in the two kinds of marriage customs. In Chinese marriage custom, the matchmaker functions almost all the time and youths have no right to choose and women are not on an equal footing with men. By contrast, in western marriage custom, the priest functions and the youths have legal right to choose whom they want to marry and men and women are equal. There also exist common things in the two sides. They have been maintained for thousands of years. But in recent years (especially after the founding of modern China), people have tended to discard some of the details and advocate simplified marriage procedures and wedding WordsMarriage custom; differences; reasons摘 要中国婚俗有着许多的仪式。最早记载婚礼习俗的《仪礼》云：“婚有六礼，纳采、问名、 纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。”而在西方国家主要有4个程序，即建议，改姓，选期和举行婚礼。由于宗教、文化根源、婚姻观念以及地理环境的不同在一定程度上导致了中西方婚俗的不同。在中国婚俗中，媒人起着决定性的作用，而作为婚姻当事人的青年男女却没有选择的自由和权力，而且男女在婚姻中的不平等现象也屡有出现。 在西方，是牧师在婚姻中起作用，并且青年男女有合法的权力去选择自己的夫婿或妻子。当然中西方的婚俗也存在相同的地方。它们存在了上千年之久。近年来（特别是新中国成立之后），中西结合的婚姻屡有出现。关键词婚俗；差异；原因IntroductionMarriage is formed in a long historical evolution of the marriage custom in a nation. It is the regularity of the activities that restrains people's awareness of marriage and marriage. Marriage custom’s binding does not depend on the law, and it can not rely on science tests neither, but on the force of habit, traditional culture and national psychology. During the development of human history, the institution of marriage and family system has experienced different processes of development. Human have experienced group marriage, the dual system of marriage and individual marriage system (monogamy).As a union of a man and a woman and a family formation stage, marriage includes not only marriage, but also the preparation phase for the marriage and the performance stage after the festivities. It runs through the whole process of life. These customs, as a national symbol and cultural development, plays a very important role in ethnic studies and the history of is a country with an ancient civilization and a long history, and many customs. Among so many customs, there is a particular marriage custom. This custom goes through various and long stages of development from ancient simple wedding ceremony to later complex ceremony, from feudal marriage custom to the modern free marriage custom. During these courses, people’s ideas are progressing, though we can not say that their ideas are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in all over the world at all over the time because there are still backward ideas existing in many places, in many people’s mind and they maybe will still exist for a long time. However, they are up to the top of mankind’s ideas in a certain stage of the uninterrupted development of civilization is the base of western culture. Britain plays an important role in western history and western culture, and of course marriage with each other, they are different in many aspects such as in right aspect and in freedom aspect and there are many reasons that result in these differences such as cultural reason and geographical reason. I. Chinese Marriage CustomLike other folk, marriage custom has the same development and evolving process. In the early days of humanity, the human relationship in a very long period of time still carried the irregular relations like the animal world. There was no marriage at all, if suggest some, the only "arbitrary marriage." In China, marriage has gone through for a long time. As a most grand etiquette, it has always been a high degree of attention. To control the marriage, the family and the whole society, since the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, Chinese marriage should comply with six procedures, which is the so-called "six etiquettes." And Later in Tang and Ming Dynasty in China, marriage also complied with the "six etiquettes". As time goes by, although many wedding customs experienced various changes "Six etiquettes" as the basic pattern has not changed much. It is still essential and core in marriage has changed much today, but in many places, there still remains traditional marriage feudal society, a marriage would be decided not by the youths’ love, but by their parents' desires. Only after a matchmaker's introduction and when parents considered the two family conditions were similar and could be matched, would the marriage procedures went forward. Conditions that should be taken into consideration included wealth and social status. If a boy's family was well-off or an official family, his parents would never permit him to marry a girl from a poor family. Essential to the marriage process were the commonly recognized 'three Letters and six etiquettes'. The three letters were the betrothal letter, the gift letter with a gifts list and the wedding letter used on the day the bridegroom met his bride at her home. The book propriety and ceremony, which records earliest wedding ceremony, says that marriage, usually, involves six necessary procedures, namely, proposing, asking the name, asking for fortune, sending betrothal present to girl's family, discussing date of marriage and meeting the . Proposing:Proposing is the first etiquette in marriage and is the first meet between the members in the two families. Thus, it is very important. Using a common expression, it is making an offer of marriage to another family on behalf of the son or the parents thought that the girl could be the daughter-in-law in old times, they would ask a matchmaker for sending the gifts and bring the son and the girl together. If the girl’s parents also agreed on the marriage, they would accept the gifts. People usually used a wild goose when sending the gifts. Because the wild gooses could fly to the south or the north according to the seasons and they would never change it which implied the woman would be punctual and also because when the wild gooses flied they were in a row and when they stopped they were in a line which implied that woman should comply with the marriage rules and arrange in order that one should not breach . Asking the NameIt aims to ask for girl’s name and ancient times the girl’s name would not be known by other people until the girl was in an age of marriage. First, one must have the matchmaker and inform of the man’s family through a card. And the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Thus it can be seen that “asking the name” not only meant that the man’s family wanted to know the girl’s name, but also wrote down the woman’s birthday and Eight-characters (in four pairs denoting the time, date, month and year of a person’s birth, each pair consisting of one Heavenly Stem and one Earthly Branch, used in fortune-telling). If the birthday and Eight-characters were not harm the man, the man’s family would lastly receipt for postal remittance. Sometimes the woman’s parents also wrote down the official position of the woman’s great-grandpa, grandpa and father and the dowry that could be supplied. What’s interesting is that during this progress it was the matchmaker that functioned, not the man’s family or the woman’s family. Matchmaker was also important in the other procedures. In traditional Chinese marriage, people believed “behest of the parents and proposal of a matchmaker”. That’s why many marriages in the past were arranged by parents and matchmakers. Matchmaker’s proposal was the marriage’s valid basis in Tang has been simplified today. Many marriage does not need this . Asking for Fortune After asking the name, the bridegroom’s side had got the woman’s birthday and Eight-Characters and they went to consult a fortune-teller then which was called “asking for fortune”. It included two aspects of contents. One was consult the female virtues. Ancient people regarded female virtues as the most important one in the gospel of three obedience that were obedience to one’s father before marriage, to one’s husband after marriage, and to one’s son after one’s husband’s death and four virtues that was morality, proper speech, modest manner, and diligent work for a woman according to Confucian lichun, Zhuge Liang’s wife (Zhuge Liang was a statesman and strategist in the period of the Three Kingdoms, now a symbol of wisdom in Chinese folklore) was famous for her ugliness, wisdom and high female virtues. A man in old times always had many wives. In order to solidifying and stead in the family, people paid much attention to female virtues. Hence there was the saw “Marry wife is marrying virtues and take a concubine is marrying appearance”.The other one was consult good or bad luck. If they were not fit for each other in Eight-Characters according to the birthday and what’s more, the woman would harm the man, the result was that this marriage would not be held and would be cancelled. If the result was fit for each other and moreover the woman would make the man prosperous, the man’s side would inform the woman’s side through the matchmaker and send the betrothal gifts and exchange cards. Thus the marriage was actually decided to be . Sending Betrothal Presents to the Girl’s FamilyThe book propriety and ceremony wrote by the scholars in Han dynasty regards it as sending money. If there is no receipt of gifts, there is no marriage. Hence whether receipt the gifts or not is the implication of the agreement of the marriage by the woman’s significance of it includes two aspects of meaning. One is the thanks for the woman’s parents because the parents feed up her. The other is help the woman’s family prepare for . Discussing the Date of MarriageIn the past, the bridegroom’s side decided the lucky day and sent the matchmaker to inform of the woman’s family. People paid much attention to the marriage time. They usually had a person looked at the almanac or asked for fortune. They liked having marriage in spring or autumn because spring was the time that everything comes back to life and time when spring was changing into summer and was favor to pregnant with new life; autumn was the season of harvest. After the labor for a year, people had enough money to hold the , it is also an important event. People pay many attentions to . Meeting the BrideThe marriage is finally held after the five procedures. In the past, the bridegroom wore wedding suit, riding on a horse, and guided the bridal sedan chair to marry the bride on the day. And the bride wore a red cheongsam waiting for the bridegroom. Now, the bridegroom wares western suit, and the bride wares wedding dress and usually in a car.待续
字是中华民族文化的载体，华夏文明能够生生不息，汉字功不可没。因而，汉字和古代文化之间有着密不可分的联系。在古代婚姻进行中有一个字是必不可少的，那就是"娶"，这是个会意字，很直白的分为"取女"，取彼之女为我之妇。但是怎么"取"，这就涉及到一整套的婚俗文化体系，与中国古代婚俗的产生和发展有着密切的联系。
一、 封建统治下的传统婚姻在传统文化中，婚姻不仅仅是当事人，更是两个家庭甚至是两个家族的实务。所以，家庭夫妻关系的形成以“父母之命、媒妁之言”为准则，男女当事者个人，对自己的婚姻基本上没有选择的自由。而“父母之命、媒妁之言”又大多以“门当户对”或家庭经济情况为标准，对于年、貌、品、才，甚至身体状况，是不管的，更别提感情，青年男女毫无自主权可言。男女双方婚前可能都没有见过面，婚后的感情状况普遍不理想，没有建立在两情相悦的基础上的传统婚姻酿成了许多悲剧。在电视剧与文艺作品中，此类例子枚不胜举。清末的许多学者，都有过失败的第一段婚姻。传统婚姻中，早婚恶习，近亲结婚的习俗的风行。在清末社会，早婚有相当的普遍性，一般青年多在20岁之前完婚，甚至有“有年30抱孙子者，则戚族视为家庆，社会以为人瑞”，少年男女结婚带来的结果是身体易为情欲所伤，父母也不能给子女良好的家庭教育，给整体国民素质影响很大。近亲结婚，出于种种考虑，在偏远地区和皇族内甚为流行，给下一代的质量埋下了很大的隐患，严重影响国民素质。中国有漫长的封建历史，中国妇女一直生活在“三纲五常”的宗族制度之中和男尊女卑的传统伦理中，女子的婚姻全力基本被剥夺。蓄妾，三妻四妾，是旧时婚姻的重要组成部分，也是中国社会贫富贵贱分化和阶级制度的在婚姻制度上的体现。男子可以退婚再娶，女子则不能退婚再嫁，这是封建婚姻的违反人道主义的平等的地方。二、 辛亥革命到新中国成立前的婚姻状况的改变——传统婚姻制度与新式婚姻形式共存清末民初，新世纪初的婚姻在一片热闹沸腾的变革中开始。伴随着辛亥革命、五四运动，大批进步知识分子展开了对旧时婚姻陋俗的大批判。在新婚姻观的引导下，二十世纪初中国的婚姻习俗开始出现了现代文明与自由的曙光。辛亥革命对传统的婚姻制度的冲击还是相当大的，近代留洋后回来的人带来的人人平等，妇女解放等新观念给城市的青年以重大影响，推翻清政府的封建统治也让众多的城市民众开始渐渐改变旧的观念，接受新式的婚姻顾念也开始成为新式婚姻制度的开端。青年男女开始先谈恋爱，再结婚。在大城市接受高等教育的青年，受新式观念的影响，原来的旧的观念被渐渐摒弃，慢慢的解放天性，从自由恋爱开始，也接受一夫一妻制度，当然这只是一小部分人。偏远乡村和传统的家族依旧是传统的形式。梁思成先生和林徽因女士的婚姻即为林觉民和梁启超两位家长包办的。 婚礼的形式开始从简，花费也节省了许多。旧式婚礼的程序极为繁琐，规范了所谓的“六礼”，作为婚礼必要的程序。民国早期，众多有识之士对此进行了猛烈地批判，尤其是在“五四”前后，于是婚礼形式上开始趋于简单，，“往往有借旅馆及青年社结婚者，此亦嫁娶从简之好现象也”。礼俗趋于简朴，摒弃旧婚俗的繁文缛节，更是社会趋于文明，合理的的具体表现，有利于社会风气的转变，也有利于社会进步。男女的婚姻的年龄也开始正常起来，早婚的现象变少，人们开始重视起自己的教育，事业和革命，结婚年龄从原来普遍的16,7岁到20岁出头，这是社会显著的进步，有利于进一步提高下一代的质量。三、 建国后的婚姻状况和婚姻观念在新中国成立的初期，国家一切都刚刚起步，当时急需一部法律为新的婚姻制度作为新的婚姻规范，需要在全国范围内进行婚姻家庭领域内的反封建的民主改革，废除在中国已存在数千年之久的封建婚姻陋习于是， 在二十世纪五十年代的最初几年里，政治色彩颇浓而革命意义极大的《婚姻法》为中国人的婚姻带来了翻天覆地的变化。从其颁布为起始，“男女平等”、“婚姻自由”和“一夫一妻制”以法律形式固定了下来。一夫一妻制开始以法律的形式固定下来，开始在主流媒体的宣传中出现提倡“婚姻自由”，这一切都是过去的年代所没有的，新中国的成立以及《婚姻法》的颁布给中国的婚姻制度带来了质的改变，长足的进步。就在《婚姻法》颁布前一年，法国女权主义思想家西蒙娜·波伏娃的《第二性》出版。藉这本女权主义的“圣经”，波伏娃表达了对马克思主义妇女观的敬意，她坚信社会主义终将消灭男女不平等现象。当然，在这一时期婚姻制度也不是一成不变的。自50年代“反右”运动开始至“文化大革命”结束，中国处于一个政治高于一切的年代，政治成为一切的主题，婚姻如是。其时所谓的“红五类”之间的通婚是理所当然的，而企盼改变命运的所谓的“黑五类”也无一例外地希望能与“红五类”联姻，以便借此获得免于政治迫害的身份条件。与政治条件相比，人们对财富、职业的要求似乎并不高。也许在那个均贫富已被制度化的时代，经济方面的任何期待都显得不合时宜，甚至，人们连爱情也少有期待。爱人，首先应该是革命同志。1978年以后，政治权力与传统道德共同构建的社会监管体系日益松动，令置身其中的人们感受真切而又应接不暇。少了过度的政治负担，人们的婚姻重归朴实的爱情。1981年，新《婚姻法》颁行，将“感情破裂”规定为离婚要件，由此，中国人似乎开始意识到，爱情也是婚姻中颇为重要的东西。婚礼也跟上了开放和经济发展的潮流，新人穿上了套装西服婚纱、喜宴排场越来越大，婚庆事业也走上了快速发展的道路。然而，进入新千年以后， 这是一个规范日渐模糊的时代。80后相继步入婚龄，成为这时期结婚的主力，此时的婚姻染上了80后鲜明的个性色彩-在中国，一些人的爱情开始以“无政府”的方式蔓延，正如罗素在半个多世纪前在《婚姻革命》里说的，“爱是一种无政府的力量，如果放任自流，它是不会安于法律和风俗所规定的范围的。”同时，随着物欲与自由主义的膨胀，结婚的决定开始掺杂着更多无关爱情的考量??四、总结婚姻家庭制度是指被一定社会所公认并被人们普遍接受和遵循的婚姻家庭关系的规范体系，是社会上层建筑的一部分，始终受这个社会的经济基础的发展所决定。可以说，经济基础的变化和发展根本上推动了婚姻制度和婚姻观念的的变迁，当然这不是唯一因素。虽然我们不能确定婚姻制度的未来做准确预知，但是纵观变迁，我们并且发展趋势将是趋于合理与完善。 不能说着将最终决定于经济基础，
从婚礼的细节
男方出嫁妆迎娶女方，让女方成为他的爱人，从古代的一夫多妻制到现在的一夫一妻制，经过了所有人的努力才实现的。
相关范文：
分析中美贸易摩擦原因探求最佳解决途径
[摘要] 随着中美贸易的发展。中美之间的贸易摩擦不断增多，已成为中美经济关系中的一个重要问题。本文依据国家、市场和社会三个维度中的中美贸易互动关系，分析中美在双边贸易交往中存在的摩擦问题，针对这些问题探讨最佳的解决途径。
[关键词] 贸易摩擦 互动关系 共同利益
根据中国海关快报统计，2006年全年，中美双边贸易额达亿美元，同比增长％。其中，中国对美出口亿美元，同比增长％;自美国进口亿美元，同比增长％;贸易顺差亿美元，同比增长％。美国是中国第二大贸易伙伴( 仅次于欧盟)，第一大出口市场和第六大进口来源地，从美国前三季度的统计数据看，中国是美国第三大贸易伙伴，第四大出口市场和第二大进口来源地。
一、中美贸易“三维”互动关系
国家、市场与社会三个维度上的中美经贸关系，主要体现在中美两国政府、企业与社会利益集团之间的互动关系上，这种关系不可避免地包含合作与冲突两个方面：在一些问题上，合作大于冲突，在另外一些问题上，冲突大于合作。这些行为体的共同作用，构成了当今中美经贸关系的复杂格局。见表。
表 国家——市场——社会的中美贸易互动关系
1.国家—市场层面的中美互动关系
政府帮助公司打开国外市场，建立贸易“壁垒”保护本国的产业，国家出台的国内法规又影响着公司在国际经济竞争中的表现。尤为明显的是，国家与市场之间、政府与企业之间在海外市场的拓展上形成了一种结盟关系。比如，美国政府在帮助美国跨国公司打开海外市场方面是不遗余力的，政府与公司两方面合作之密切超过了任何一个国家。这与美国政府标榜的“经济自由”“自由竞争”大相径庭。从这个角度讲，国家并没有什么独立性可言，国家就是本国企业利益的代言人，这一观念其实早已深嵌在美国的政治制度中。中国政府在对开拓海外市场的中国公司来说，同样具有极大的帮助作用。
2.市场—社会层面的中美互动关系
市场与公司具有极大的影响力，它们是支撑经济、消费与社会稳定的重要力量。公司的状况关乎民生，关乎众多就业者与投资者的利益，因此，社会力量往往要求政府帮助公司改善经济与经营状态。但是，在另一方面，公共利益集团又可能指责公司盲目追求利润和少数股东的利益，而置社会责任于不顾。在经济全球化的今天，跨国公司在全球经济与生活中的作用显著加强。但是，它们与公共利益之间的冲突也同样大大增强。由于利益的差异，社会行为体又分化为不同的利益集团。公司利益结构的不同，特别是海外利益结构的不同，又导致利益集团之间的摩擦与对立。
3.国家—社会层面的中美互动关系
国家具有双重的职能。按照马克思主义的观点，国家的职能之一是作为阶级利益的代表，国家的政策反映统治阶级成主导集团的利益和意识形态，另一种职能则是维护社会的稳定发展。按照西方自由主义的看法，国家是公民选举出来的代表多数人意志与利益的政治代理人，国家必须维护公平正义，维护国家的长远利益。无论是知识产权协议，还是纺织品贸易协议、人民币汇率问题，都体现了这种双边合作化解国内利益集团压力的特性。正是这些复杂的互动关系，构成了中美贸易摩擦关系。
二、中美贸易摩擦的焦点问题
1.知识产权保护之争
知识产权的保护问题涉及到美国的经济垄断地位。从经济学角度来看，知识产权具有公共产品的特性。它的扩散有利于全社会的进步，它的国际扩散自然会让其他国家得益。而其他国家在科技上的进步，意味着美国在这领域的优势削弱。因此美国当然十分重视知识产权的保护问题。美国对中国的知识产权保护之所以指责不断，主要原因就在于美国在华利益涉及知识产权的份额日益加重。具体表现在以下几个方面：首先，美国是中国最大的知识产权引进地，中国对美国知识产权的保护程度直接影响到美方的利益。其次，版权产业在美国国民生产总值中具有重要地位。最后，美国批评中国对知识产权保护不力的目的是以知识产权为突破口，改善美国对华贸易逆差问题，进一步打开中国市场，扩大美国在包括知识产权在内的所有中国市场的占有份额。
2.市场准入问题
(1)中美钢铁贸易摩擦问题
美国是我国第三大钢铁出口目的地，仅次于第一位的韩国和第二位的欧盟。2007年上半年，双方钢铁贸易摩擦升温，美方已连续对我提起三件钢铁贸易摩擦诉讼案：钢钉、标准钢管和矩形薄壁钢管，涉及我国数百企业，金额上亿美元。中国钢材生产基于满足国内需要，出口是对全球钢材市场的有益补充，现在及将来都不会对全球的供需平衡造成威胁。中国钢铁对美出口增加，是因为美国粗钢产量基本稳定在1亿吨以下，不能满足当地需求。而美国本地钢铁，因错过两次产业技术革新机会而缺乏市场竞争力。
(2)农产品转基因问题
美国是世界最大的农产品出口国，长期以来推进贸易自由化，在国内对农业进行补贴，促进农产品的出口，因此，对申请加入世界贸易组织的中国，要求作出“入世”承诺，对美国农产品市场开放，并将此作为同意中国“入世”的交换条件之一。中国有关转基因安全管理法律法规的出台，引起美国的强烈不满，美国认为中国出台管理办法是为了阻止其产品进口而专门制定的，为此表示坚决反对。从1998年开始，中国对美国农产品出口开始逐年增加，尤其是中国加入世界贸易组织后，2002年对美农产品出口几乎翻了一番达到亿美元
（见图）。美国成为中国第四大农产品出口市场。这引起美国农场主的不安。
(3)倾销案问题
随着中美双边贸易规模的不断扩大，美国对中国输美产品实施反倾销也日益频繁。美国对华日益增多，范围不断扩大的反倾销案件也已构成了扩大两国经贸关系的现实障碍。近几年，美国对中国化工、五金及农副产品的进口采取反倾销的行动有增无减。造成这种状况的原因：一是美国不公正的对待中美贸易。我们知道，反倾销诉讼是国际社会认可的关税保护措施，但是美国的反倾销法在应对中美贸易之时立法不公正。这主要体现在坚持认为中国是“非市场经济国家”对中国实行差别待遇。这一做法不仅使中国企业在反倾销应诉中处于不利地位，容易败诉，而且促使国外企业增加对中国企业的反倾销诉讼．经过20多年的改革开放，我国经济体制已经发生了翻天覆地的变化，市场经济正在加速形成之中。
(4)高科技出口管制问题
放宽高科技出口管制是缓解并减少美国对华贸易逆差的捷径。美国根据意识形态、经济制定、与本国关系以及科技实力等因素， 将世界上的国家分为Z组、Y组、W组、Q组、T组和V组7个级别，限制最严格的是Z组，即全面禁运。新中国成立之时，中国被美列入Y组。朝鲜战争爆发之后，升入Z组。1979年随着中美外交关系的恢复以及苏联入侵阿富汉，美国政府开始放宽对华技术出口限制。1981年至1983年，中美关系一度出现挫折，致使中美贸易额连续两年下降。1983年2月21日，里根政府出于政治和经济的需要，为了改善中美关系和维护美国企业界的利益，决定在对华技术出口管制的国别分组上，把中国从P组升到V组，即同美国的非结盟友好国家列入同一大组。布什政府上台不久，“9·11”事件发生，国家安全超过了经济安全，成为美国政府第一关注的问题。美国对经济快速发展、技术水平不断提升的中国，也变得更加的警惕和多疑。
3.贸易失衡问题
中国加入WT0以后，对外贸易获得快速增长， 中美贸易关系的发展更是突飞猛进，与此同时中国对美贸易顺差在2006年达到创纪录的1 443亿美元(美方统计数据为2326亿美元)。中美经贸摩擦的领域正在由货物贸易向服务贸易领域和投资领域扩展，从劳动密集型产品向资本技术密集型产品延伸，从传统的农业、纺织汽车等向电子信息、通讯、飞机制造、生物等高科技产业领域升级， 由传统的轻工、化工等低附加值较低产品向机电等高附加值产品扩大，由企业投资个案向国家金融政策的调整、资本市场的开放、劳工权利和环境的保护、产业制度的重建等宏观经济体制层面。中美贸易不平衡的主要原因：一是统计原则不一致。美国按照原产国作为进口统计原则，中国内地的产品经由香港转口到美国，算作中国的出口。二是美国对华政策影响。美国出于政治目的，一直坚持对华出口管制，限制高技术产品出口。三是跨国公司生产基地的转移。由于生产成本的不断上涨，美国的跨国公司以及对美国出口的他国公司纷纷将生产基地转移到要素价格低廉的中国。四是中国企业竞争力的不断增强。近20年中国经济快速发展，推动了中国对外出口、投资、国际收支顺差的扩大。
三、探求中美贸易摩擦最佳解决途径
1.利用多边机制解决贸易摩擦
解决中国与其他国家的国际贸易争端我们应熟悉和适应及其他国际贸易规则，在实战中积极利用世贸组织多边机制维护自身权益，避免和应对各种可能的指控，并在贸易摩擦中处于有利位置，学会运用争端解决机制。国人应当加快熟悉规则的步伐，特别是要熟练掌握世界贸易组织争端解决机制规则，为抑制贸易战，打赢贸易战做好准备。
2.建立完善的预警机制解决贸易摩擦
有效的反倾销预警机制包括三个部分:市场预警，政策预警和政企沟通一个完善的预警机制，需要加强三个主体的作用一个是政府，政府有关部门要跟踪一些产品的进出口贸易，尤其是进口与出口激增，进口与出口价格急速变化的产品驻国外新闻记者也应具备极强的经济意识，及时跟踪和报导国外反倾销或限制进口的动向性信息，特别是对中国的主要贸易伙伴国的一切限制进口措施要进行详细报道。二是建立对政府有影响力的全国性行业协会组织，以发挥其协调，谈判和行业约束及服务的功能行业协会，积极主动地应对，指导、协调涉案国内企业参与应诉，力争取得对我有利的结果。三是国内企业不但要学会规则解决国际贸易摩擦，更要学会如何避免摩擦。我国应借鉴国外成熟的贸易救济机制，进一步完善我国反倾销，反补贴，保障措施及技术性贸易壁垒的法规，建立符合国际惯例的贸易救济体系，健全应对贸易摩擦的快速反应机制
3.加快实施知识产权战略减少贸易摩擦
我国目前被指控倾销的产品大多是科技含量较低的产品，本身很容易被替代。事实证明，技术层次高，有自主知识产权的企业不容易被反倾销，从而减少与其他国家之间在技术贸易等方面的摩擦。因此，无论是为了获得稳定的市场份额，还是提高经济效益，企业都应从提高产品档次，形成产品的个性化竞争优势入手，打造产品国际品牌只有让产品本身具有一种价值感，才能提高消费者对产品的忠诚度，这样一方面避免了反倾销，另一方面又形成稳定的顾客群从企业长期发展的趋势看，塑造品牌形象，提升中国产品在世界消费市场的信誉，走品牌竞争的策略才是出路。为此，政府一方面要通过完善知识产权保护体系鼓励企业创新，并尽可能给企业更多途径降低维权的成本;另一方面要引导企业创造条件到国外申请专利，这样不仅可以在国外市场获得创新所带来的利润，降低出口中知识产权问题带来的风险，还可以应对来自其他国家同类产品的竞争。
参考文献:
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[2]王勇:中美经贸关系[M].中国市场出版社，2007
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[4]黄晓玲:中国主要对外经济贸易伙伴[M].对外经济贸易大学出版社,2006
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仅供参考，请自借鉴
希望对您有帮助
《2019中美贸易摩擦始末》论文后面是需要附上参考文献的，这个是论文写作的基本格式要求，属于行文规范，所有论文都要有的。
论文参考思路：
美国依据所谓“301调查”，污蔑中国“窃取”美国知识产权，指责中国“强制”美国企业转让技术。多位专家表示：这些指责是毫无根据的。美方的所作所为严重违反世贸组织规定，是典型的单边主义和贸易保护主义，中国的反制是站出来捍卫多边贸易体制。
商务部研究院副院长李钢表示：商业领域的合同是你情我愿的情况下达成的，如果说是强迫一方接受另外一方的，强加的不平等的条款，那么我相信，合作是不可能达成的。在中美商业活动当中，并不存在所谓“中国窃取美国的知识产权”。
总体上来说，美国贸易摩擦对我们宏观经济运行影响不大，因为我们这个大的宏观经济回升向好的态势基本确立，所以说这个态势不会因为一点风浪就会改变这个趋势。
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