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可以写，但是没有什么用。吃中国饭的吃西餐尝尝鲜而已，反之亦然。没有什么人深究。文化的差异是思想上的，不好写。在中国人们最关心的大概是如何学好英语的问题，百多年来还没弄明白呢！文字的不同也很有意思。英文有先后，历史分段明显，古字、今字大不同；汉字无古今，几千岁的汉字今天还用。汉语是本民族语，人为地搞得很难，很多居心叵测的家伙们故意搞的，回字有四种写法算有学问；英语是侵略者的语言，竟然打遍天下到如今，连殖民地都是用侵略者的语言，英语，获得了独立。如果殖民者用汉语管理殖民地会怎么样？等等很多很有趣的题目。祝优秀毕业。
檫，我今年也是这题目
Customs on eatingFood between China and Western countries are totally different styles. China has 5000 years history. We probably spend half of time on food. Chinese people choice food very carefully. They only use fresh material to make food. For example they only eat fresh fish. Chinese have a lot of ideas and techniques for cooking. We can cook a chicken in over ten ways. That’s why Chinese food is so popular in the world. Western country like English or American, they don’t have fresh food because they buy their food from supermarket which only sells stored materials. Western people would also prefer fast food like burgers and chips. They are unhealthy to human body. Western people do not have many skills for cooking, mostly they only boil, steam and bake the food. By the way, western people are very good at making desert and chocolate. They can make very good cake and chocolate. They are very sweet but it’s sort of food which make you become fat china if you invite people for meal, the person who invited other people would pay for the meal but it’s not the way in Western country. In western country people will think you only invited me but it’s not your responsibility to pay for me. I can afford it. They won’t be happy if you pay for them. People in China would always put dishes into customer’s plate to show their hospitality, but they will think it’s not healthy because your chopsticks have been used by you. In western coountry like America not England, people will always give tips to waiter after they finished meal in a restaurant. If you don’t they will not be happy because tips are one of their major income. In china this only happen in some top restaurants and hotels in large international cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Western people will also think you are rude if you make sound during the meal. Western people do not hold their bowl up even when they have a bowl of is also a huge difference between Chinese and Western people. Chinese people use chopsticks and western people use fork and knife. Usually people who use fork and knife will use fork to hold the meat and cut it by knife and use fork to help to get that piece of meat into mouse. Chinese just use chopstick to pick things and pass it into your people only have three meals during a day. But western people will have more, they have afternoon tea. Usually they would have fruits, homemade cake, tea (black tea) or biscuit with cheese. If you are a housewife and have a lot of time, you may have morning tea as well.该文章转载自：/译文：饮食习惯中国和西方国家的饮食风格完全不一样。中国有五千年的历史。我们可能花了一半的时间在饮食上。中国人非常细心的选择饮食。他们仅选择新鲜的物料做食物。例如，他们只吃新鲜的鱼。在做饭上中国人有许多的想法和技巧。我们能用十多种方法做一只鸡，这就是中国食物在全世界如此出名的原因。西方国家像英国或美国，他们没有新鲜的食物因为他们只能从超市购买储藏的物品，西方人也喜欢快餐像汉堡包和炸土豆条。他们对人的身体是不健康的，在做食物上西方人没有太多的技巧。他们大多数仅用沸水煮、蒸汽和烘烤食物。随便说，西方人擅长做干燥的食物和巧克力。他们能做许多蛋糕和巧克力，除了其他几种以外他们喜欢甜食，很快的使他们肥胖
你可以从以下几点着手： 一．餐桌礼仪概述 1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用. 二. 各国间不同的饮食文化 1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异. 4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点. 5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源. Table Manners The main difference between Chinese and W estern eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impopssible to finish. A typical meal starts with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally a soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple"food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. One thing to be aware of is that when eating with a Chinese host, you may find that the person is using their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there, and maybe cover it up with a little rice when they are not looking. There is a certain amount of leniency involved when dealing with Westerners. So you won't be chastised. Eating No-no's Traditionally speaking, there are many taboos at Chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. However, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. 1) Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead,lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table! 2) Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. The spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting,usually just outward from the table. 3) Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook. Eat Local You can get expensive, delicious meals in any of the large hotels, but if you are looking for atmosphere, you have to go to a local joint. Not only is it cheaper, but you can get a good look at the locals and what normal people are like. And what the food lacks in presentation is made up for in the taste. Some restaurants have English menus, but don't count on it. A good way to choose dishes is to look at what othes are eating and point at it for the waitress. The other option is to play "Myatery Dinner," where players randomly point at items in the menu and wait for the surprise dishes to come. Whoever orders the braised dog heart with scallions in shark vomit sauce wins! If you bring your Guide with you, however, you can use the food guide in the back of the book to choose some safe and delicious fare. Also, be sure to sample the local brew, Yanjing Beer. Drining Gan Bei!(cheers!) Alcohol is a big part of eating in Beijing. Especially when dining with Chinese hosts, you can expect the beer to flow freely and many beis to be gan-ed.(Gan Bei literally means "dry the glass")Besides beer, the official Chinese alcoholic beverage is bai jiu, high-proof Chinese liquor made from assorted grains. There are varying degrees of bai jiu, and some are quite good. The Beijing favorite is called Er Guo Tou, which is a whopping 56% alcohol. More expensive and less formidable are Maotai and Wuliangye, which go for about 300-400 yuan per bottle. In comparison, Er Guo Tou costs a modest 4or 5 yuan per ping(bottle). If you are not a drinker, or don't feel up to the challenge, just say "wo bu hui he jiu"(I don't drink). It is generally acceptable to use Coke or tea as an alcohol substitute.
The dining product as a result of factor and so on region characteristic, climatic environment, manners and customs influences, will appear in raw material, the taste, the cooking method, the food habit varying degree difference. Was precisely because of these differences, the dining product had the intense localization. Between China and the West culture's difference has accomplished China and the West diet culture difference, but this kind of difference and gets along with people the philosophy from the West different thinking mode. The Chinese pays great attention “the beauty to unite”, the westerner pays great attention “humanist”. here chats the Western diet culture difference briefly from the following three aspects.
Brief Discussion of cultural differences in the Western diet food products as geographical features, climate environment, customs and other factors, will appear in the raw materials, flavors, cooking methods, eating habits, the different degrees of difference. It is because of these differences, food products have a strong regional. Cultural differences between Chinese and Western food culture creates differences, but this difference different from the Western way of thinking and philosophy of life. Chinese people pay attention to "Heaven", Westerners focus on "people-oriented." Here we briefly turn from the following three differences between Chinese and Western food culture. First, the concept of comparing two different diets focus on "taste" of the Chinese diet, the West is a rational eating. Regardless of food color, aroma, taste, how to shape and nutrition must be assured that one day pay attention to intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on. Even the same taste, also must eat - because nutritious. The food concepts to the whole of Western philosophy is compatible. Metaphysics is the main features of Western philosophy. The object of study of Western philosophy for the reason of things, things and objects often metaphysical grounds, consistent with each other metaphysical reason, they form a metaphysical philosophy. This philosophy has brought vitality to Western culture, so that in the natural sciences, psychology and methodology to achieve a rapid development. But in other respects, this philosophy advocates greatly impeded the role, such as food culture. In the banquet, you can pay attention to tableware, attention to materials, pay attention to service, attention to vegetables, raw materials, shape and color with respect; but no matter how high-end luxury, from Los Angeles to New York steak is only one flavor, no arts to speak of. As a dish, chicken is chicken, steak is steak, even with matching, that is conducted in the session, a "French-style rack of lamb" while up mashed potatoes, side lean lamb chops, cooked green beans with the other side, plus a few pieces tomato and serve. The color contrast, but the taste of the variety of materials independent of each other, reconcile, each is different in flavor, simple and clear. Chinese people attach great importance "to eat", and "Food" proverb speaks with the day we see as important eating. As our nation for thousands of years the low level of productivity, people are always hungry, why we have a unique all else to eat the food culture, I think this is probably out of a survival need it. If as a culture to eat first thing, then there will be two phenomena: on the one hand this will eat into full play to the extreme, not only survive, but also use it to maintain health, which is "drug tonic as "the cultural basis; the other hand, eating too much attention, will make people praise of the delicious pursuit. Chinese cooking technique in pursuit of delicious almost perfection, and the Chinese people living overseas have to open a restaurant for the industry in the world we want to settle down into the root! Unfortunately, when we consider the pursuit of delicious as the first request, we have neglected the most basic food of nutritional value, many of our traditional food to go through the long slow fire hot ravioli fried and boiled, so the nutritional content of dishes destruction, many nutrients are lost during processing of the.。Hence the mention of the nutritional problems, in effect, goes to the biggest weakness of Chinese food culture. Folk saying goes: "Food, food to taste first." It is this pursuit of the delicious, down so that we ignore the true meaning of eating. Chinese cuisine in the tasting, they tend to say that this dish "delicious" dishes that "taste bad"; However, to further ask what "delicious," why "delicious," "delicious" Where, I am afraid that is not easy to clear. 。 This shows that Chinese people eating is a kind of hard to explain in words the pursuit of the "mood", that use of commonly called "color, smell, taste, shape, device," to put this "state" specific, probably still difficult to cover all his. The reason why Chinese food has its unique charm, the key lies in its taste. And delicious produce, is to reconcile, to make the food taste, cooked taste after heating, plus ingredients and excipients, flavor and seasoning to reconcile the flavor, mixed with the integration of coordination, so that complement each other, mutual penetration, perfect harmony You have me, I have you. China cuisine stresses the harmony of the United States, is the essence of Chinese culinary art of office. Dishes point the shape and color is something external, while the taste is something inherent, intrinsic rather than deliberate modification of re-appearance, flavor and not too heavy dishes expose dishes the shape and color, this is China and the United States concept of food The most important performance. In China, the diet has suppressed . pursuit of rationality, this concept with the traditional Chinese diet philosophy is consistent. As a representative of the Chinese philosophy Eastern philosophy, its distinguishing feature is the macro, intuitive, vague and elusive. Chinese food production is to reconcile Ding Nai, ultimate goal is to reconcile a kind of good taste. The stress is measured, is the overall co-ordination. It contains a wealth of dialectical thought of Chinese philosophy, all to the good taste of food, as the degree of harmonization, within the ever-changing degree of the decision of the Chinese food on the rich and richly varied, determine the characteristics of China's Cai Cai system and even every cook characteristics. Second, differences between Chinese and Western food object that the dishes are Westerners eat, it eats a large piece of meat, whole chickens and other "hard food." China's cuisine is "taste", so the Chinese cooking at the selected materials also show great randomness: many Westerners as discarded things in China are excellent raw materials, foreign chefs can not handle things, the hands of a chef in China, we can achieve the impossible. Indicates the Chinese food in the materials used for the extensive arbitrary. According to a survey of Western botanists, Chinese food has more than 600 kinds of vegetables, six times more than in the West. In fact, in Chinese cuisine, the vegetarian is a common food, meat dishes only on holidays or the standard of living is high, before entering the normal diet, so ancient it will have "fresh vegetables", which eat vegetables in the diet in the usual dominant. Chinese plant-based dishes, and Buddhist advocacy of thread 10000 wire with 1000 links. They see animals as "lives", while the plant is "no soul", therefore, advocated vegetarianism. Western diet, introducing features of their own country, I felt more than in China with emphasis on the rational nutrition, there are more developed food industries, such as canned food, fast food, etc., although the same taste, but to save time, and good nutrition, it is their country than the Chinese people generally robust body: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular development; the Chinese people will look tall and skinny, short legs, narrow shoulders, weak quality color yellow. According to the Western diet was significant difference in the characteristics of the object, called the plant the Chinese character, Westerners called the animal character. In the diet, the different ways in the Western diet is very different, these differences also have an impact on the national character. In China, a banquet, no matter what purpose, there will be only one form, is everyone sitting round and round, sharing a seat. Use round-table banquet, which created a unity in form, courtesy of Fun atmosphere. Delicious food on the table's center, It is the table of people appreciate the object of taste, but also a table of people exchange feelings vehicle. People to toast each other for food and advised food, in the face of good things, reflects the mutual respect between people, courtesy of the United States and Germany. Although from the health point of view, this diet has obvious shortcomings, but it is consistent with our nation, "happy," the general state of mind, reflecting the classical Chinese philosophy "and" this area thinking of future generations, to facilitate collective emotional communication, and therefore difficult to reform so far. Western-style banquets, the food and wine, although very important, but in fact it is as a foil. Friendship is the core of the banquet, with guests sitting next to the conversation between the purpose of friendship. If the friendship of the banquet and dance analogy, it can be said that Chinese banquet is like a dance, and Western-style banquet is like a dance of men and women. Thus, Chinese style banquet dinner and the purpose of friendship is very obvious, but more Chinese banquet of friendship reflected in the All seats, while the Western-style dinner and more reflected in the friendship between the neighboring guests. 。 And Chinese food more obvious differences in the way of Western popular buffet. This method is: all the food 11 are listed, all what they want, not fixed to the seat to eat, walk free, this way to facilitate communication between individuals, the emotional, if not all of the table also reflects the the Westerners on the personality of the self-respect. 但 However, eat all of, each disturbance, the lack of a number of Chinese people celebrating together, the mood of talking. So, after all, or the difference between emotional and rational. However, this difference seems to change with the development of science and the fuzzy. More and more Chinese people to no longer focus only on food color, aroma, taste, and more emphasis on its health and nutrition of the. Also, because more people are busy working, that Chinese food can not be bothered to do than to a hamburger and convenient. As a difference in the diet also not clear when. 。 But the saying goes, "there are disadvantages also be conducive to the sword", that is, in the scientific era, Chinese and Western restaurants are still there can not be ignored on the shortcomings and disadvantages. So how to avoid and eliminate the shortcomings of both, to improve both diet and how to combine the two, how the Western diet and make greater contributions to human health. We are a group of subjects especially after careful investigation and careful comparison, here a brief talk from the following four differences between Chinese and Western food culture. !
Long history in China in 5000, western social process of world 56 a hundred is brilliant abundant, great and deep food culture;The western nation then has delicately and particularly , from become the food civilization of the west food cultural collision, exchanges and melted into whole mankind's civilization to fill up with wear colourful the Spanish turn of the difference of educated medium west food culture of difference, but this kind of difference come from medium the west different mode of thinking with conducting text introduced a medium Spanish to turn in the difference of food from the food idea, food object, food method, food ownership and property etc. carry on the comparison of the culture.
摘要] 由于自然环境和物产不同,形成了东西方不同的文化,中西饮食便沿着各自的道路发展起来.传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化和海洋文化,中国文化则是一种农耕文化和陆地文化,两种不同的文化反映出人们生产生活空间和方式的差异,其中饮食是具有代表性的一个方面,从菜单命名使用的词汇即可略见一斑.一、由于自然环境和物产不同,形成了东西方不同的文化,中西饮食便沿着各自的道路发展起来.传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化和海洋文化,中国文化则是一种农耕文化和陆地文化,两种不同的文化反映出人们生产生活空间和方式的差异,其中饮食是具有代表性的一个方面,从文化命名使用的词汇即可略见一斑.两种饮食文化的差别主要表现在原料种类、烹饪方法、进餐方式、菜式命名等四个方面.(一)原料种类.西餐原料主要是动物类和海洋鱼类,辅以植物类,中餐原料主要是植物类和淡水鱼类,辅以动物类.随着社会发展和中西方交流的增加,两种饮食体系所使用的原料有趋同的趋势,但差别仍然比较明显.中国人视为珍馐美味的猫、狗、鸽子西方人是不会尝试的,而西方人习以为常的海洋鱼类、贝壳类可能为多数内地中国人见所未见,中国人的"食谱"范围比西方人的丰富得多.(二)烹饪方式.这是中西餐饮的一大差别,也是饮食文化差异的隐性因素.烹饪方法的差异又表现在三个方面:首先是原料的粗加工,所谓"食不厌精、脍不厌细",基础就是原料的粗加工,中餐对此十分讲究,加工后的原料形状多种多样,有整体(Whole)、块(Cubes)、片(Slices)、卷(Rolls)、条(Strips)、段(Segments)、丝(Shreds)、丁(Dice)、粒(Grains)、末(Mince)、蓉(泥)(Mash)、浆(Thickliq 2uid)、汁(Juice)等,西餐原料的处理则较为简单,一般有整体、块、片、丁、泥等几种形状;其次是火候,中式烹调讲究用火,三十多种加工方法许多是西餐中没有的,西餐烹调加工时间较短、火温适中;三是调味,中餐的复合味型多,要求原料入味,西餐则强调原料本味及调料的独立使用.(三)进餐方式.这是中西饮食文化差异的显性因素,也是中西方文化中的社会心理、价值观、民族习俗方面的差异在饮食上的表现.刀叉与筷子、圆桌与条桌等各不相同,在菜式和道数上双方虽然都有程式,但一分一合,互相对立,由此产生的宴请礼仪、饮酒方式、席间气氛也大不相同.(四)菜式命名.中餐讲究"作",西餐注重"吃",中菜命名讲究文雅、含蓄和吉利,注重表情、联想功能,寓情、寓意,便使用了多种修辞手法,除少量大众化菜肴以原料直接命名外,相当一部分菜是以创始人、景物、典故和传闻来命名的,这种命名方法的缺点是菜名与原料无明显关联,往往不知所云,如"八仙过海""、佛跳墙"等.西菜命名则直截了当,突出原料,极少使用类似中菜命名的修辞手段,虽少了艺术性,但多了实用性.当然,西菜命名也讲究高雅,但表现方法则是以法文命名."WhenwetalkofmeatonourtableweuseFrenchwords,(porc)(boeuf).Chickensbecomepoultry(poulet),andacalfbecomesveal(veau).EvenifourmenuswerenotwritteninFrenchoutofsnobbery,theEnglishweusedinthemwouldstillbeNormanEnglish."《(高级英语》P28)这是由于罗曼人曾经征服英国,英国农民在牧养牲畜时,讲的是盎格鲁-撒克逊英语,而这些牲畜被端到餐桌上给法国统治者享用时,就有了法语名称,相沿成习,它变成了一种高雅.另外,由于菜单源于法国以及法国饮食文化对西方饮食文化的深远影响,许多西餐菜肴自然用了法语名称,如:胡萝卜蓉汤(Pureealacrecy)、罗宋汤(Bor2schalaRusse)、芝士左口鱼(Fletanalamornay)等.二、中餐菜单英译的基本原则中餐曾有"食单"而无菜单,它和"番茄"、"洋芋"一样来自于西方,并很快融入中国饮食文化,形成了自己的特色,成为餐饮业不可或缺的一项"硬件".随着东西方文化交流的更加深入和广泛,来到中国的外宾越来越多,一张好的菜单就是一份高明的宣传单,一份本土化的菜单将使他们的中国之行更加完满.菜单最初只是厨师备忘的单子,但今非昔比,当今菜单有了更多功能:11向客人说明食品饮料的种类和价格,便于顾客挑选;21反映餐厅的经营方针,标志着餐厅商品的特色和标准;31是客人和接待者之间的沟通渠道;41是菜品研究的资料;51加强宣传,促进销售.小小菜单,作用多多.由于东西方文化和食物原料、制作方法存在诸多差异,菜单的翻译远不象想象的那么简单.影响菜单翻译的最重要因素是烹饪方法和菜式命名,翻译时应把握好二者的特点,既要符合西餐菜肴命名习惯,又要体现中餐特色,切忌望文生义或按字面含义直译.翻译过程中必须把握以下六个原则:第一,注重菜单的信息功能,保证菜名提供准确、足够的信息,而不能简单地按照中菜名称的修饰词而直译,以便外宾选择.如"麻婆豆腐"译成"Pockmarkedwoman'sbeancurd"、"八仙过海"译为"EightImmortalscrossingthesea"",鱼香肉丝"译为"Fish-flavorshreddedpork"就会使外宾茫然或误解.第二,要发挥菜单的促销作用.应借鉴中菜命名的艺术手法,尽量反映中餐烹饪特色,尤其对一些历史悠久、流传广泛的菜肴在翻译后还可以附加说明.这样既保留菜名信息,又引人兴趣,以达到吸引食客的目的.第三,把握中餐烹调方法的类别.为反映中餐对火候的讲究和其艺术性,可进行适当修饰.中餐烹调方法分类如下:烧、烧、烩、 、焖Braise炖、煨Stew煎、炸、酥Deep-fry爆、炒、熘、滑Stir-fry、Quick-fry干炒、干煸、焙Sauté煮、汆、涮、白灼Boil烧、烤、烘、 Roast、Barbecue、Broil、Bake蒸、腌、卤、酱、熏、酿、扒、烫、糟等有对等词,可一对一翻译,较特殊的做法如"油淋"可归入"煎炸"类,西餐没有拔丝方法,类似方法有Candy、Toffee.第四,尽量译出原料加工后的形状.原料形状在西餐中并不重要,但在中餐中却能反映出烹调的技艺水平,译文应予保留,确实累赘的,则可省略.第五,把握原料这一核心,无论中菜如何命名,均须翻译出原料,再加上烹调方法和味型等辅助因素.第六,避免文化冲突.中菜命名为了吉祥,借用了一些不能食用的物品或西方人忌讳食用的动物名,翻译时应按原料名直译,如果原料本身是西方人忌食的,这道菜可省略不译.如"翡翠鱼翅"、"红烧狮子头",真正的翡翠当然不能食用的,其实它就是蔬菜,而狮子西方人更不会食用,我们也是以其威武来形容"肉圆"罢了,直译会引起"血腥"的感觉.又如"脆皮乳鸽",将象征着和平的鸽子烹而食之,也是西方人不能接受的,所以最好把它略过.三、中餐菜名英译的具体探讨上面提出了中餐菜单英译的六原则,下面就一些中餐菜名英译进行具体探讨.11以原料命名的菜不加修辞,直译最为简便,烹饪方法不必译出.中菜汤类命名一般按此方法,翻译的处理就是"原料加汤".如:双冬牛肉-Beefwithmushroomandbambooshouts口蘑菜心-Mushroomswithcabbageheart青椒肉丝-Shreddedporkandgreenchili豆腐汤-Beancurdwithmushroomsoup21以烹调方法加原料命名.因为烹调方法是饮食文化的核心组成部分,翻译时必须译出烹调方法.中菜的一些烹调方法是西餐所没有的,有些则相近,翻译时用近义词亦可.如"干煸"在西餐中没有,其操作过程是:先用油炸原料,然后以少许油翻炒,迅速将油炒干后起锅,并不是加油直接炒.英语中有两个字与之意义相近,一是sauté--friedquicklyinapanwithalittlehotbutterorotherfat.意识是"快炸、煎";一是torrefy--todryuporparchwithheat(.)意识是"烘干、烤干、焙干",从制作过程看,sauté更合适些.如:炸蛋卷-Deep-friedeggrolls回锅肉-Slicedporkdoublysautéedinsoysauce干煸牛肉丝-Sautéedbeefshreds31烹调方式加原料和作料命名.作料是决定味型的最重要因素,翻译时也不能省略.如豉汁蒸带子,省略作料就成了清蒸,味道完全不同.酱爆肉去掉"soypaste",成了无任何特点的"煎肉",二者有天渊之别.其它如:豉汁蒸带子-Steamedscallopswithcuredsoybean酱爆肉-Quick-friedporkwithsoypaste茄汁石斑鱼-Deepfriedgaroupawithtomatosauce41风味菜肴.风味菜主要因其味型特点而得以广泛流传,所以除原料外,应译出风味,一些有确切起源地的菜,还应该加上地名.鱼香肉丝的确切译名应为"Stir-friedporkshredsSichuanstyle"或"Stir-friedporkshredsingarlicsauce",不能译为"Fish-flavorshreddedpork",是因为"鱼香"作为川菜的一种风味,使用了固定搭配的作料,与真正的鱼没有任何关系,译为"Fish-flavor",菜中并无"Fish",给人以误导之嫌.其他风味菜还有:湘味牛肉丝-SlicedbeefHunanstyle糖醋排骨-Friedporkchopinsweet-soursauce荷叶粉蒸肉-Steamedporkcoatedgroundriceonlotusleaf51以人名、地名命名的菜肴,一般全部译出,人名前最好加上头衔或职业,对那些知之甚少或译出后外宾不能理解的,则去人名加味型.东坡肉-PoetDongpo'sbraisedpork毛氏红烧肉-ChairmanMao'sstewedporkwithsoysauce北京烤鸭-Beijingroastedduck东江酿豆腐-BeancurdstuffedwithporkminceDongjiangstyle61用象形手法或借用典故、传说命名.这是中菜命名的一个特点,它集中反映了中国饮食文化的特色,具有很深的社会内涵,也是翻译的难点,处理方法是还其本原,译出主料、作料或做法,能兼顾修辞含义时则兼顾,切不可拘泥于原名而直译.翡翠鱼翅-Double-boiledshark'sfinwithve 2getable翡翠不能食用,仅是一个代称,指绿色的蔬菜,翻译时不能按字面译为"Jadeshark'sfin",否则外宾会莫名其妙.蚂蚁上树-Sautéedbeanvermicelliwithspicymeatsauce蚂蚁在中餐中虽可以入菜,但此蚂蚁非彼蚂蚁,而是用酱油和淀粉和过的肉末.直译可能引起外宾的惊诧.桔瓣鱼汆-Quick-boiledfishballsorangepet 2alshaped这道菜是指鱼汆外形似桔瓣,其实菜中无桔瓣,也无桔味,翻译时不可将之作为原料,译名中加"orangepetalshaped",是为了增加美感,增强促销功能.叫化鸡-Bakedchickenvagabondstyle或Bakedchickenwrappedwithmud此菜相传为乞丐创制,取名时以"叫化"代"乞丐",是一种美化,翻译时,以"vagabond"代"beg2gar",也是一种美化.后一译名比较实在,但少了前者的浪漫味道.麻婆豆腐-Beancurdwithmincedporkinhotsauce这道菜在我国广为流传",麻婆"成了一个特殊的称谓,外宾没有它的文化背景,翻译时只能取味型.如将之译为"Pockmarkswoman'sbeancurd",即使外宾理解,也失去了美感.霸王别姬-Steamedturtleandchickeninwhitesauce寿比南山-Steamedchickeninpumpkin连生贵子-Lotusnutsinsyrup这些纯为吉利的象征名称,不仅不能直译,也无法直译,所以只能还原处理.如为了促销,可对这些菜附加说明.71菜名含器具的可译出器具,也可直译原料,作为一种特殊的做法,以译出器具为佳.有加工作用的器具在西餐中是不会搬上桌子的,这也是中餐的一个特点,它表现了中餐的艺术性.器具一般有火锅、锅仔、铁板、沙锅、煲等.八珍火锅-Eightdelicacieshotpot锅仔甲鱼-Braisedturtleinminipot铁板牛柳-Vealslicesfriedonironplate汆圆粉丝煲-Stewedmeatballsandbeanver 2micelliincasserole以上探讨了中菜英译的一些基本方法.由于中国菜种系繁多,原料区别大,烹饪方法各具特色,菜名千差万别,翻译时还需具体研究,否则不能把握其特点,准确翻译也就无从谈起.四、菜单的编排除命名方面的差异外,在菜的分类和编排方式上二者也不相同,这是由于用餐方式和上菜顺序不同所引起的.中餐菜单按原料分类,呈纵向序列,西餐菜单按一次食用菜的道数编排,呈平行并列.中餐菜单菜肴的排列一般是按冷菜凉碟类、肉类、鱼类、海鲜类、禽类、蔬菜类、汤类、点心水果类、主食类的顺序进行,饮料酒类单列.西餐菜单菜肴的排列则按进食顺序安排,分为开胃菜类(APPETIZERS)、汤类(SOUPS)、色拉类(SAL2ADS)、主菜类(ENTREES)(包括肉类、鱼类、海鲜
Individual greed and selfishness Individual greed and selfishness has been the basis of the modern society. Someone think that we must return to the olds， more traditional values of respect for the family and the local community in order to create a better world to live in. To what extent do you agree or disagree？ We are in a selfish world today. We are so busy looking out for number one， so saturated by our own problems， our own issues and our own little and often petty concerns that we failed to see how all could grow and being benefited by working together as a team. As far as I am concerned， the reason of the individual greed and selfishness were actually caused by the faster and faster development and more and more competition of the society. Some people yearn to return to the old and traditional values of respect for the family and the local community in order to create a better world to live in. According to them ， people were more honest and warm-hearted and the manner of traditional treating each other was simple and selfless in the past. Personally， I do not support this view . Even in the past， greed and selfishness existed in our society. These two factors never disappeared since human have instinctive material needs， individual wants and desires would swell surely with the advances of life and society. Moreover， old tradition has its own limit and could only adapt for a certain period. I believe that the key point here is to create a better world is the way of formulating moral criteria and improving the spiritual education. For example， religions play a significant role in respect for the family and the community. To sum up， selfishness and greed cannot be avoided and eliminated， because they exist， more or less， in everyone's heart， even sometimes they contribute to the prosperity. To control them depends on the well basic education from every part of our society， such as family， communities， academic institutions， etc.可以吗
In current society, people have known the importance of keeping healthy and good life habit. In the past, people ate three meals at home, and they ate more vegetables and less meat and fish. They were very strong and seldom went to see doctors. Now life is better, people eat more meat, fish, eggs and other food with more fat. They often go out for good meals with their families and friends. But they get easy to be ill, Why? I think more meat and fish, less exercise are bad for health. Good rest, less meat and fish, more vegetables and enough exercise are good for health. So I exercise every day. My eating habits are pretty good. I eat a lot of vegetables. I eat fruit and drink milk every day. I drink a cup of water 15 minutes before each meal and eat much vegetables and fruit. Of course, I love junk food, too, and I eat it once a week. And I sleep nine hours every day. The better we get into good eating habits, the happier our life becomes.
先不说内容，首先格式要正确，一篇完整的毕业论文，题目，摘要（中英文），目录，正文（引言，正文，结语），致谢，参考文献。学校规定的格式，字体，段落，页眉页脚，开始写之前，都得清楚的，你的论文算是写好了五分之一。然后，选题，你的题目时间宽裕，那就好好考虑，选一个你思考最成熟的，可以比较多的阅读相关的参考文献，从里面获得思路，确定一个模板性质的东西，照着来，写出自己的东西。如果时间紧急，那就随便找一个参考文献，然后用和这个参考文献相关的文献，拼出一篇，再改改。正文，语言必须是学术的语言。一定先列好提纲，这就是框定每一部分些什么，保证内容不乱，将内容放进去，写好了就。参考文献去中国知网搜索，校园网免费下载。
在学习、工作乃至生活中，大家总免不了要接触或使用作文吧，作文可分为小学作文、中学作文、大学作文（论文）。怎么写作文才能避免踩雷呢？以下是我精心整理的饮食英语作文，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。
The whole meal will be more enjoyable if you knows a little of the ancient traditions and beliefs that place the meal in a 5,000-year-old culinary heritage.
As a visitor or guest in either a Chinese home or restaurant you will find that table manners are essential and the distinctive courtesies displayed will invariably add to the enjoyment of your meals and keep you in high spirits!
customs and the kinds of food eaten vary according to region,it is most common for Chinese families to gather for three meals a day.
individual place setting for an everyday meal includes a bowl of Fan (rice),a pair of chopsticks,a flat-bottomed soup-spoon,and a of a napkin,a hot towel is often provided at the start as well as the end of the meal for the diner to wipe his hands and mouth.
real difference is that in the West,you have your own plate of food,while in China all the dishes will put on the table for everyone’s meat and vegetable dishes are laid out all at once in the center of the table,and the diners eat directly from the communal plates using their is also eaten from the common than for serving oneself a separate portion,the saucer is used for bones and shells or as a place to rest a bite taken from a communal plate when it is too large to eat all at once.
is perfectly acceptable to reach across the table to take a morsel from a far-away facilitate access to all the dishes,Chinese dining tables are more likely to be square or round,rather than elongated like their western counterparts.
one of the things that will surprise a Western visitor most is that some of the Chinese hosts would like to put food into the plates of their in formal dinners,there are always “public” chopsticks and spoons for this purpose,but some hosts may still use their own is a token of genuine friendship and is polite to eat the you don’t like to eat it,please just leave the food in the plate.
usually begins in order of seniority,with each diner taking the cue to start from his or her immediate superior.
order to cool the soup a bit and to better diffuse the flavor in the mouth,soup is eaten by sipping from the spoon while breathing method,of course,produces the slurping noise that is taboo in the West.
Fan in Chinese,is the staple eat Fan,a diner raises the bowl to her lips and pushes the grains into her mouth with is the easiest way to eat it and shows proper diner must finish the entire bowl of rice,otherwise it is considered bad manners a lack of respect for the labor required to produce it.
in China tend to over-order food,especially at banquets or get-togethers,for they will find it embarrassing if all the food is consumed or not enough.
In England,everybody knows Jamie has his own TV these programs,he tells how to cook healthy likes Jamie’s programs because his food is easy to make.
Jamie wants people to eat some schools in England,the food at lunch time wasn’t day,Jamie went to a school to make a TV program about healthy cooked the food with lots of fruit and first the children didn’t want to eat because they didn’t like fruit or after they tasted the food ,they started to enjoy it.
Now the food for children in schools has become much healthier.
I live in favouriate thing is to taste all kinds of delicious food every day.
One of them is called Ya Xue Feng food is good not only in smell but also in colour,but the method of cooking it is very starting the fire,you should make preparations for it.
First,you clean some vegetables and the blood of duck and put them in bowls for some proper water in the the water is hot,put the blood in the hot five minutes,put the vegetables into the water.
Finally,put the food into the bowl,and put some special star will enjoy it with the whole soul and heart.
In the past five years there have been many changes in people’s the table listed above,we can find that people consume more milk and meat than they used the other hand,they eat less grain,fruit and vegetables today than in the past.
What has caused these changes? There are mainly two the first place,with the development of economy people have more price of meat and milk is much higher than that of grain;therefore,in the old days people couldn’t afford now they have enough money to buy both meat and the second place,more and more people think that diet is very important to their a result,they change their eating habits eating more nutritious food such as milk and meat.
I think that milk and meat are important to one’s if people eat too much rich food,some problems will be conclusion,people should keep a balance in their only should they consume a lot of meat and milk but they should also eat enough grain,fruit and vegetables for the sake of their health.
Healthy eating habits are very important for our should build healthy eating should eat fresh vegetables and fruits supply rich and the necessary vitamins for also should eat less meat everday.
And we had better drink a glass of milk in the morning or at should focus on abalanced diet,which assures us the necessary food is a fatal killer for our health so that we should stay far from is said that most of students do not eat anything at all in the is very bad for our is the most important meal for people.
We must eat healthy food because it can bring us happiness but there are many kinds of food so we must know about healthy food now let me tell you.
The vegetables are good for your health why is it? To answer the question there are many nutrients in vitamins are good for your eyes skin and hair they are in vegetables and fiber are good too minerals can make your bones and teeth strong and fiber cleans the inside of your as carrots cucumbers onions and spinaches.
There are healthy foods I think you know what are healthy food so let’s choose and eat healthy.
I often used to eat a lot of fast and Mcdonald‘s are my favorite I eat so much junk food， I become children sometimes will play jokes on me and I realize the problem， so I decide to lose mother cook the healthy food for three months， I lose my weight and look like other am so happy and decide to keep the healthy diet.
我经常吃很多的快餐。我最喜欢的地方是肯德基和麦当劳。由于我吃了太多的垃圾食品，我变胖了。其他的孩子有时会戏弄我。我因此意识到了这个问题，所以我决定减肥。我妈妈给我做了健康的食物，三个月后，我成功减肥了，变得跟其他人一样了。我很高兴，决定保持健康的饮食。
We know that some of our students do not like eating lunch at school because the food isn’t they often go out of school to buy something which they like to I’m afraid that it’s bad for their health to eat lunch outside the school,because some of the food they buy isn’t healthy my opinion,if our schools want more students to be back and enjoy lunch inside,they should make the food more delicious,and also they should offer our students a larger choice of food as well.
I’m talking about / Here is my advice about how to keep health/fit? As a middle shool studentfirst you’d better do more exercise such as playing ball games running swimming and jumping you should pay attention to your diet or meals Don’t eat too much meat and suger but more vegetables and you need enough sleep or yourself people often say smiling makes you mustn’t drink wine or are bad for your is my hope you are healthy and enjoy your youbye!
Today,I received the readers was shocked at speaking,I think we should pay more attention to the food safety.
The government must make some necessary more,some businessmen shouldnt be only interested in making must care about peoples better not eat anything in dirty places though some food is delicious,because eating unhealthy food does harm to our health.
Finally,I hope the family in the accident will get better soon.
Hello name is I want to tell you something about my eating have some good eating habits.
I like salad 's delicious and healthy,but I don't like hamburgers because it can make me fat.
For breakfast,I usually have an egg and a cup of I have a piece of bread have rice and fish for are good for my about dinner? I often have some vegetables and dumplings.
What about you? What's your eating habit?
My eating habbits
I'm a middle school have good eating often drink a cup of milk and eat an egg for breakfast at don't like milk,but my mom thinks it's good for my often eat lunch at usually have some meat and like all kinds of vegeatbles and also like juck food ,but I only eat once or twice a usually drink water and juice,and I never drink coffee or you see,i eat well and I'm very well.
Under the take care of my mother,my eating habit is very often eat porridge in the my mother will prepare some pickles for sometimes I will put an egg into the porridge to have the egg noon,I will eat in school I will have night,my mother will prepare a big meal for dinner,I will eat a little fruit.
在我妈妈的照顾下，我的饮食习惯是很有规律的。我常常在早上喝粥。有时候我妈妈会帮我准备一些小菜。但是有时候，我就会放一个鸡蛋到粥里来喝鸡蛋粥。中午的时候，我是在学校饭堂吃的。有时候我会吃粉。晚上我妈妈会给我准备好丰盛的晚餐，晚饭后，我会吃一些苹果。
I’m talking about / Here is my advice about how to keep health/fit? As a middle shool studentfirst you’d better do more exercise such as playing ball games running swimming and jumping rope(绳子).Then you should pay attention to your diet or meals Don’t eat too much meat and suger but more vegetables and you need enough sleep or yourself people often say smiling makes you mustn’t drink wine or are bad for your is my hope you are healthy and enjoy your life．
Thank youbye!
Last night,I ate a lot of food,such as KTC and ice cream,before I slept,I ate some cold food in the midnight,I felt my stomach hurt badly,my family was woke up,they sent me to the hospital.
After seeing the doctor,he told me that I had eaten too much food,what’s more,the food was not healthy,so it hurt my then,I realized that I should not eat the rubbish food often,I should keep the healthy my diet is regular,I won’t take in much food before sleeping,my body is becoming the morning,I eat an egg and make sure I take in enough when I see the rubbish food is tempting,I take no hesitation to say no to am so proud of myself.
What is healthy diet? To the most people,healthy diet means more green foods,no junk green food is those pollution-free,high quality and nutrient food,including the organic vegetables and meats,fruits,eggs and so on.
The meals of healthy diet should be cooked with fewer salt and the junk food is those low nutrition,high calorie,processed food with much salt or oil,such as the fries,fried chickens,salted eggs and so foods will cause one get weight and increase the risk of many should keep a healthy diet,abandon the junk food to keep ourselves healthy.
Nowadays,there is a growing focus on health are pursuing a healthy healthy diet is one of the most important parts of the saying goes,bread is the staff of life,eating healthily and deliciously is the goal we my point of view,in order to build healthy eating habits,we should eat more vegetables and less fat and sugar.
Vegetable is the best source of s vitamin,because vegetables are rich in them,vitamin C and vitamin A are the most much fat and sugar can lead to obesity,which is harmful to more fruits and drinking more water is of great help.
To ensure us a robust constitution and a happy life,more and more people pay their attention to the issue about how to eat healthy these I get some information from the -variety in our need at least 7 nutrients in our daily diet,that is,carbohydrates,fats,protein,vitamins,minerals,water and fiber are complement of various nutrition can guarantee a banlance of acid-base,and keep metabolism in a good should eat more frutes and vegetables to reduce the risk of cancer and heart is very important in our body for it can accelerate the speed of metabolism,so we also should drink at least litres a day.
Today,I received the reader's was shocked at speaking,I think we should pay more attention to the food government must make some necessary 's more,some businessmen shouldn't be only interested in making must care about people's 'd better not eat anything in dirty places though some food is delicious,because eating unhealthy food does harm to our health.
Finally,I hope the family in the accident will get better soon.
Healthy eating habits are very important for our should build healthy eating should eat fresh vegetables and fruits supply rich and the necessary vitamins for also should eat less meat we had better drink a glass of milk in the morning or at night.
Besides,we should focus on abalanced diet,which assures us the necessary food is a fatal killer for our health so that we should stay far from is said that most of students do not eat anything at all in the is very bad for our is the most important meal for people.
Last night,I ate a lot of food,such as KFC and ice cream,before I slept,I ate some cold food in the midnight,I felt my stomach hurt badly,my family was woke up,they sent me to the seeing the doctor,he told me that I had eaten too much food,what’s more,the food was not healthy,so it hurt my then,I realized that I should not eat the rubbish food often,I should keep the healthy my diet is regular,I won’t take in much food before sleeping,my body is becoming healthy.
In the morning,I eat an egg and make sure I take in enough when I see the rubbish food is tempting,I take no hesitation to say no to am so proud of myself.
It is known that the experiences we have in childhood relating to consumption of food affect our perspective on food consumption in later life.
From this,we are able to determine ourselves our limits of how much we will eat,as well as foods we will not eat - which can develop into eating disorders,such as anorexia or bulimia This is also true with how we perceive the sizes of the meals or amounts of food we consume daily;people have different interpretations of small and large meals based on upbringing.
众所周知，我们在童年经历有关消费的食物影响我们对食品消费的看法。
由此，我们能够确定自己的`极限我们将吃多少，以及我们不会吃的食物——可发展成饮食失调，如厌食症或暴食症也是如此我们如何感知食物的大小或我们每天消耗大量的食物；小型和大型餐的人有不同的解释基于教养。
What is a good eating habit? In my opinion,a good eating habit is related to eat healthily and say it simply,Xiao Ming has breakfast about 7: 9: morning and lunch at also has dinner about 6: 7: in the he eats is healthy food,such as,meat,vegetable,fruit,egg,milk and so would not have some snacks for a also would not eat and drink too much or eat Ming sets a good example to have a good eating habit.
译文
什么是良好的饮食习惯吗？在我看来，良好的饮食习惯与健康饮食和饮食规律有关系。简单地说，肖明每天早上7:30到9:00左右吃早餐，之后中午再吃午餐。他大约下午6：30到7:00的时候吃晚餐。他吃的也是健康的食品，如，蔬菜，水果，肉，蛋，牛奶等。他不会把零食当饭吃。他也不会暴饮暴食或什么都不吃。肖明就是一个有良好饮食习惯的例子。
饮食安全假如你是一所国际学校校办英文杂志的学生编辑。你看了下面这封信后，也想写一篇关于该信的读后感，内容要点包括：你对此事件的看法；解释你的理由并提出你的建议；向受害者表达尽快康复的祝愿。
Today'I received the reader's was shocked at speaking'I think we should pay more attention to the food government must make some necessary 's more'some businessmen shouldn't be only interested in making must care about people's 'd better not eat anything in dirty places though some food is delicious'because eating unhealthy food does harm to our 'I hope the family in the accident will get better soon.
only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.
中西文化历来是世界文化的两大派系，而饮食在两个文化中部占有非常重要的地位。中西文化之间的差异从而造就了中西饮食文化的差异，在两种不同的文化背景下，中西方饮食习俗，不论在其观念、性质，还是在其方式、对象等诸多方面，所存在的差异是非常鲜明的。笔者根据自己几十年从事西式餐饮的经验，提出以下几点看法，以供参考。1、中西饮食观念的差异历史上，中国是世界上最古老的国家之一，有5000年的悠久而厚重的历史，创造了无数的灿烂文明，在这种文化蕴藏中，使中国的饮食更加博大精深。随着时间的流逝以及辽阔国土的地域差异，四大菜系逐渐形成，四大菜系自成体系，各有特点，但共同点是用料复杂考究，制作方法复杂，口味、菜式多种多样，令人惊叹。西方以欧美为代表，其文化同样源远流长。到中世纪，欧洲文化已十分完善，在此期间，旧西方的饮食文化已经形成。其主要特点为：主食以面粉为主，原料也较为丰富，制作方法较中国简单，但同时也十分注重口味。由于中西哲学思想的不同，西方人于饮食重科学。重科学即讲求营养。故西方饮食以营养为最高准则，进食犹如为一生物的机器添加燃料，特别讲求食物的营养成分，蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜，热量的供给是否恰到好处以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收，有无其他副作用。这些问题都是烹调中的大学问，而菜肴的色、香、味如何，则是次一等的要求。即或在西方首屈一指的饮食大国——法国，其饮食文化虽然在很多方面与我们近似，但一接触到营养问题，双方便拉开了距离。中国五味调和的烹调术旨在追求美味，其加工过程中的热油炸和长时间的文火攻，都会使菜肴的营养成分被破坏。法国烹调虽亦追求美味，但同时总不忘“营养”这一大前提，一味含营养而求美味是他们所不取的。尤其是20世纪60年代出现的现代烹调思想，特别强调养生、减肥，从而追求清淡少油，强调采用新鲜原料，强调烹调过程中保持原有的营养成分和原有的味道，所以蔬菜基本上都是生吃。所以说西方饮食之重营养是带有普遍性的。2、中西饮食对象的差异西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”；而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的。所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。据西方植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多6倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千丝万缕的联系。佛教便视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好。故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。3、中西钦食方式、餐具及礼仪的不同中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席；筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人与人相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人与人之间相互尊重、争让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。在餐具方面，差异就更甚明显。众所周知，中国人包括亚洲一些黄种人的国家，使用的是筷子、汤匙，吃饭也用碗盛；而西方人呢，则是盘子盛食物，用刀叉即切即吃，喝汤则有专门的汤匙。筷子与刀叉作为东西方最具代表性的两种餐具，筷子和刀叉影响了东西方不同的生活方式，代表着不同的两种智慧。著名的物理学家、诺贝尔物理奖获得者李政道博士，在接受一位日本记者采访时，也有一段很精辟的论述：“中华民族是个优秀民族，中国人早在春秋战国时期就使用了筷子。如此简单的两根东西，却是高妙绝伦地运用了物理学上的杠杆原理。筷子是人类手指的延伸，手指能做的事它几乎都能做，而且不怕高温与寒冷。真是高明极了!”在礼仪方面，中西两者更显不同。在中国古代，在用餐过程中，就有一套繁文缛节。《礼记·曲记》载：“共食不饱，共饭不择手，毋放饭，……毋固获，毋扬饭，……卒食，客自前跪，撒饭齐以授相者，主人辞于客，然后客坐。”这段话大意主要是：大家共同吃饭时，不可以只顾自己吃饭。如果和别人一起吃饭，必须检查手的清洁。不要把多余的饭放回锅里，不要专占着食物，也不要簸扬着热饭。吃完饭后，客人应该起身向前收拾桌上的盘碟，交给主人，主人跟着起身，请客人不要劳动，然后客人再坐下。这些礼仪有的在现代也是必要的礼貌。在西方宴席上，主人一般只给客人夹一次菜，其余由客人自主食用：若客人不要，也不便硬让人家再吃，也不要按中国人的习惯频频给客人劝酒、夹菜。吃东西时，也不要发出响声，但客人要注意赞赏主人准备的饭菜。若与人谈话，只能与邻座的交谈，不要与距离远的人交谈。4、中西饮食性质的差异饮食观念的不同，使西方饮食倾向于科学、理性，中国饮食倾向于艺术、感性。烹调出自饮食，饮食原来是一个旨在供给维持生命的营养。西方饮食习俗的着重点仅仅是原始的饮食实用性的延伸；而中国饮食习俗中对味的偏重，就把饮食推向了艺术的殿堂。从这两种饮食观可以看出：西方饮食日趋规范化，中，国饮食随意性大。中西方饮食文化差异是明显的，而且各有长处。随着经济全球化及信息变流的加快，中西饮食文化将在碰撞中不断融合，在融合中相互互补。现在的中餐已开始注重食物的营养性、健康性和烹饪的科学性；西餐也开始向中餐的色、香、味、意、形的境界发展。中西餐饮文化将在交流中共同发展。
你可以从以下几点着手： 一．餐桌礼仪概述 1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用. 二. 各国间不同的饮食文化 1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异. 4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点. 5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源. Table Manners The main difference between Chinese and W estern eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impopssible to finish. A typical meal starts with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally a soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple"food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. One thing to be aware of is that when eating with a Chinese host, you may find that the person is using their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there, and maybe cover it up with a little rice when they are not looking. There is a certain amount of leniency involved when dealing with Westerners. So you won't be chastised. Eating No-no's Traditionally speaking, there are many taboos at Chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. However, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. 1) Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead,lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table! 2) Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. The spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting,usually just outward from the table. 3) Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook. Eat Local You can get expensive, delicious meals in any of the large hotels, but if you are looking for atmosphere, you have to go to a local joint. Not only is it cheaper, but you can get a good look at the locals and what normal people are like. And what the food lacks in presentation is made up for in the taste. Some restaurants have English menus, but don't count on it. A good way to choose dishes is to look at what othes are eating and point at it for the waitress. The other option is to play "Myatery Dinner," where players randomly point at items in the menu and wait for the surprise dishes to come. Whoever orders the braised dog heart with scallions in shark vomit sauce wins! If you bring your Guide with you, however, you can use the food guide in the back of the book to choose some safe and delicious fare. Also, be sure to sample the local brew, Yanjing Beer. Drining Gan Bei!(cheers!) Alcohol is a big part of eating in Beijing. Especially when dining with Chinese hosts, you can expect the beer to flow freely and many beis to be gan-ed.(Gan Bei literally means "dry the glass")Besides beer, the official Chinese alcoholic beverage is bai jiu, high-proof Chinese liquor made from assorted grains. There are varying degrees of bai jiu, and some are quite good. The Beijing favorite is called Er Guo Tou, which is a whopping 56% alcohol. More expensive and less formidable are Maotai and Wuliangye, which go for about 300-400 yuan per bottle. In comparison, Er Guo Tou costs a modest 4or 5 yuan per ping(bottle). If you are not a drinker, or don't feel up to the challenge, just say "wo bu hui he jiu"(I don't drink). It is generally acceptable to use Coke or tea as an alcohol substitute.
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中俄饮食文化差异论文
随着历史的发展,人类的进步,每一个民族都形成了自己独特的语言与文化。不同的民族之间在很多方面都存在着差异，下面为大家来探讨一下中俄饮食文化差异，欢迎阅读！
摘要 中国人常说：“民以食为天”，可见饮食在人们心中占据多么重要的位置。饮食文化是民族文化的重要组成部分，随着中俄两国在政治、经济、文化等领域交流的不断加强，饮食自然而然成为交流的重要环节。了解、尊重彼此的饮食文化能够减少交际过程中的摩擦与障碍使交流更加顺利的进行。
关键词饮食中俄文化
中国的饮食文化历史悠久、博大精深。中国人注重菜品的精致和丰富，注重菜的色、香、形、味，追求感观享受和审美价值。在中国一道菜便可诠释出一种文化理念和内涵。中国的鲁、川、粤、淮四大菜系正是凭借着高超的烹任艺术和地域特色而闻名于世。俄罗斯在饮食理念上，则较注重理性的观念，同中国相比他们不注重菜肴的色、香、形、味，而是注重健康与搭配的合理性。看似粗犷的俄罗斯饮食背后极好的诠释了俄罗斯人朴实的生活方式与豪爽的民族性格。
一、中俄两国“饮文化”对比
1、中俄酒文化对比
我国的酒文化源远流长，在中国人看来很多无法通过语言表达的东西比如亲情、友情、爱情等等都可以用酒来代替。白酒在我国的酒文化中占据重要的地位，在世界上也是独树一帜的。我们中国人在喝酒的时候很喜欢劝酒，比如“感情深，一口闷”、“感情浅，舔一舔”。适度的劝酒被看做是一种对待客人的礼貌行为也是显示我们热情好客的一种方式。俄罗斯的伏特加一词起源于水，因此人们赋予伏特加“生命之水”一说。俄罗斯大部分地区处于高纬度，气候寒冷，环境恶劣。俄罗斯人用酒来取暖，抵抗严寒。伏特加在俄罗斯已不单单是一种酒类而是俄罗斯民族品格象征，俄罗斯人喝酒豪迈、大方，他们喝酒时尊重对方的想法从不劝酒。伏特加就如同俄罗斯人一般具有水一样的外形，火一样的内心。
2、中俄茶文化对比
中国是茶文化的故乡，中国人自古以来便有饮茶的习惯。在中国人看来茶既有健身、治疾之疗效又富欣赏情趣，可陶冶情操。品茶、待客是中国人高雅的娱乐和社交活动，中国茶艺在世界享有盛誉。中国茶文化的历史及其发展，不仅仅是一种简单的饮食文化更是映射出一个具有上下五千年历史的民族的精神特质。俄罗斯的茶文化历史并不长，直到十八世纪茶叶才在普通百姓中传播开来，在此之前只有皇宫贵族才有幸饮用这种饮品。俄罗斯人喜爱喝茶并逐步创造出属于自己的独特茶文化。俄罗斯人喝茶喜欢味道相对较重的红茶，再配以砂糖、方糖、巧克力、牛奶等用茶炊引用，糖和茶在俄罗斯人看来是密不可分的，用以饮茶的茶炊也是匠心独具，精美绝伦的。
二、中俄两国“食文化”对比
1、食具的异同
在饮食的`餐具方面，俄语论文，中俄两国异同很多，众所周知，中国人用筷子夹菜，用汤匙喝汤、用碗盛饭。筷子的下方为圆形，上方为方形这其中蕴含着中国人天圆地方的理念显示出来中国人极高的智慧，而俄罗斯人用盘子装菜，用刀叉吃牛排、喝汤则用专门的汤匙。他们使用的是刀叉，其正确的摆放位置为叉子放在盘碟的左边，刀和羹匙放在右边酒杯要放在盘碟的前边。在进餐的时候应该是左叉右刀。除了刀叉之外，也有碟、盘、杯等等，但是较之我们的要单一得多。筷子和刀叉作为中俄两国最具特点的两种餐具反映出中俄两国不同的价值观，审美情趣，民族心理。
2、菜肴的异同
有人将俄罗斯的菜肴概括为"五大领袖、四大金刚、三剑客"。五大领袖为：面包、牛奶、奶酪、土豆、香肠。四大金刚为：圆白菜、胡萝卜、甜菜、圆葱。三剑客为：鱼子酱、伏特加、黑面包。这些几乎囊括了俄罗斯烹饪文化中所有主要食材，虽然单一，但贵在俄罗斯人民将这些仅有的平常单一的食材创造出无数美味的佳肴。俄罗斯的汤类非常之多有鱼汤、清鸡汤、肉杂拌汤以及红菜汤、蘑菇汤、奶汤和水果汤等等。其中，俄罗斯人非常爱喝红菜汤，它也被称之为罗宋汤。俄罗斯面包甚至早在解放前就已传入中国，中国人将其称为"大列巴"，并对麦香充裕的大列巴情有独钟。俄罗斯人还喜欢味道浓重的食物。他们以面食为主，鱼子酱、酸牛奶、咖啡等是俄罗斯人餐桌上必不可少的。这种简单却又不失变化的饮食折射出了俄罗斯人的简单豪爽的真性情。
中国人的饮食历来以食材之广泛、烹饪技术之精致闻名于世。南北朝时，梁武帝的厨师，一个瓜能变出十种式样，一个菜能做出几十种味道，烹饪技术的高超令人惊奇。鲁、川、苏、粤四大菜系形成的历史较早，后来浙、闽、湘、徽等地方菜也逐渐出名，就形成了我国的八大菜系。饮食在中国不仅仅是为了解渴充饥，这其中更蕴含着中国人认识世界的哲理。比如过年时吃饺子、鱼、年糕等，其实都是“醉翁之意不在酒”，饮食文化早已超越饮食本身，中国人是借助吃这种形式表达一种丰富的心里内涵与深刻的社会意义。
3、餐桌礼仪的异同
在中国博大的饮食文化发展历史进程中同样有无数的规矩与礼节，中国为礼仪之邦，阶级明确，等级分明。甚至饮食礼节都是世界上最为繁琐的国家，从座次到著名的中国酒文化，在中国的餐桌礼仪中都有淋漓尽致的体现。中国人喜欢聚食，中国餐桌上的热闹与西方餐桌上的安静形成鲜明对比，这也是中国人重视血缘关系和家庭观念在饮食方式上的反映。中国人在餐桌上会频频给客人布菜夹菜，这也是中国人热情好客的一种表现形式。俄罗斯人进餐时不能说笑，不能发出很难听的声音，要注意保持自己的绅士风度，不可失去礼节。俄罗斯崇尚自由，对自我十分尊重，俄语论文范文，因此人们不会做强人所难的事情，在吃饭的时候可以自己随意选择喜欢的菜肴，他们不会硬往你的碗里夹菜，如果你吃饱了，你可以示意一下，他们也不会劝你再吃。
关于任何一个国家和民族来说，饮食文化都是其文化不可或缺的组成部分。中俄饮食文化的异同不单单是饮食的不同，而是从历史、文化、性格、地理位置甚至气候条件等各个不同的方面从而产生的或复杂或单一的饮食习惯。随着两国跨文化交流的不断增强，两国的饮食文化也在不断地互补与兼容。了解彼此的餐饮文化对促进两国的交流与友谊很有必要。
摘要：随着时代的发展，世界各国的文化交流越来越频繁，了解和掌握不同地区、不同民族的文化，正确把握与各民族的人际交往尺度，克服因文化差异和礼仪差异带来的障碍，熟悉和掌握不同文化背景下的餐桌礼仪，就可以做到待人接物恰到好处，与他们的交流更加深入，否则就会在交往中感到手足无措，乃至失礼于人，闹出笑话。本文将从饮食、餐具使用、就餐氛围及餐桌话语等方面对俄汉民族餐桌礼仪进行比较，以便在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。
关键词：中国;俄罗斯;饮食;民族传统;俄汉民族
俄罗斯的饮食习惯，是在人们长期劳动和社会生活积淀中形成的。俄罗斯民族是在保留本民族传统的基础上，吸引外国饮食文化的精华，在融合和借鉴中不断完善自己的饮食结构，并把自己的优势发扬光大。俄罗斯对过去有着“光明的”记忆，同时又注意向西方学习，或许正是这种扬弃的态度才使俄罗斯的古老美食流传至今吧。
以汉族为代表中国饮食文化拥有万千余年的悠久历史，具有鲜明的民族特色。不同国家不同民族由于地域差异的原因，其餐桌礼仪和风俗习惯也千差万别。了解和尊重不同民族文化，掌握不同文化背景下人们的餐桌礼仪，对我们进行文化交际有很大帮助。
一、中俄饮食文化的相同点
（一）茶文化
俄罗斯人和中国人一样都喜欢喝茶，俄罗斯的饮茶，可以追溯到17世纪中叶，它见证了中俄文化交流的源远流长。中国是茶的故乡，也是茶文化的发祥地，俄罗斯的茶就是从中国传入的。[来自印度、格鲁吉亚等国家的红茶（чёрныйчай），也有来自中国昂贵的绿茶（зелёныйчай），俄罗斯人更偏重饮花茶（цветочныйчай）如茉莉花茶（жасминныйчай）。根据俄罗斯人的饮食习惯，喝茶一定要配一些食物，特别是甜食，如果酱（варенье）、蜂蜜（мёд）饼干（печенье）、糖果（конфеты）或蛋糕（торт）。中国是茶的故乡，也是茶文化的发祥地，俄罗斯的茶就是从中国传入的。
（二）酒文化
中国有句俗话“无酒不成席”，在俄罗斯也一样。俄罗斯人嗜酒，众所周知。俄罗斯人喝伏特加要豪放得多，哪怕是满满一大杯也“一口闷”。与俄罗斯人喝酒谈话，要坦诚相见，不能在背后谈论第三者，更不能说他们小气之类的言语。俄罗斯人的整个进餐过程都可有伏特加（водка）佐餐，饭后有时还喝香槟酒。伏特加和克瓦斯（квас）在俄罗斯人的饮食习俗中占有特殊的地位。可以认为，它们分别是俄罗斯“国饮”酒和饮料的代名词。饮伏特加酒，对俄罗斯人来说恐怕是生活中最大的乐趣之一。婚丧嫁娶、生日喜庆、家人团聚、朋友相约等，都少不了伏特加。俄罗斯的一般家庭比较体面的待客方式是先倒一杯伏特加，在端上一小盘鱼子酱、黄瓜与番茄，然后是一道熏鱼与灌装豌豆，在端上一块自烤的蛋糕，自始至终以伏特加为佐餐。除了喝酒以外，俄罗斯人也特别爱饮一种叫“克瓦斯”的清凉饮料。克瓦斯是俄罗斯民间最古老的发酵饮料，多以麦芽、面包屑或果汁为原料制作而成。俄式克瓦斯一般分为面包克瓦斯（хлебныйквас）和果汁克瓦斯（квасизфруктовогосока）两大类。
二、中俄饮食文化的差异
（一）饮茶习惯
从饮茶习惯看，中国人喜欢喝绿茶，俄罗斯人则喜爱红茶。[
俄罗斯人喝茶与中国人喝茶大有不同，中国人喝茶喜欢慢饮，而俄罗斯人喜欢一饮而尽。
（二）饮食区别
俄罗斯人的祖先是游牧民族，他们吃肉喝奶，没有主、副食之分。面包是俄罗斯人最钟爱的主食，尤其是蒜味面包更是他们至爱。面包分为白面包和黑面包，俄罗斯人偏爱黑面包（燕麦面包）。面包和盐是俄罗斯人迎接客人的最尊贵的礼物。往往是主人双手托着盘子，上面铺着一块漂亮的绣花巾，正中放一个大圆面包，面包上是一个盐罐（солонка）。这象征着主人的殷勤好客。中国人的祖先是农耕民族，很早就以粮食及其制品为一日三餐必不可少的主要食品，以蔬菜、肉、鱼为辅助食品，中国人的主食分为麦类、米类和杂粮类，米类包括糯米、及以它为原料的米制品和米分制品，麦类包括小麦、大麦、燕麦及其制品如馒头、面条和烧饼，杂粮类包括玉米、高粱、豆类及其制品这些主食是中国人体力活动必需热量主要来源。俄罗斯人的正餐有三道菜，即汤（суп）和冷盘（холодныеблюда）、热菜（горячиеблюда）和甜食，汤的种类有菜汤（щи）、红菜汤（борщ）、鱼汤（уха）、清汤（бульон）等。
中国人的副食有调剂口味、引发食欲，补充营养成分的作用。中国人的副食十分丰富，除了常见的鸡鸭鱼肉等荤菜外，形形色色的新鲜蔬菜、豆制品、泡菜、咸菜也是菜桌上常见的菜肴，搭配的方式多种多样。
三、中俄饮食特点所反映出的文化差异
俄罗斯人一开始就分吃，由此衍生出俄罗斯人讲究独立。子女长大后就有独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制，突出了老老少少坐在一起的家庭单元。从而让中国人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。这种差异还反映了中国人和俄罗斯人的行为主义哲学，凸显了民族思维习惯及认知世界的方法。
中国饭桌上的“闹”能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。这大概源于“饮食所以合欢也”的集体主义思想，强调突出的是一个“合”字。
从俄汉民族餐桌话语中我们可以看出，中国人遵循了“贬己尊人”的原则，而俄罗斯人则强调了效率和实用主义价值观。在宴席上俄罗斯人从不议论令人作呕之事，但他们会千方百计采用含蓄文雅的词和赞美的词，向主任，尤其是向女主人说些道谢和赞美的话。由于文化差异，俄汉民族表达好客的方式是截然不同的。在这样的情况下，如果我们能彼此了解各自的差异，就会消除餐桌上的尴尬，双方的好客之情也都会自然流露了。
结语：
饮食文化在人的生活秩序中占有非常重要的地位。不同的地域，不同的国家，孕育着不同的餐桌文化。其餐桌礼仪和风俗习惯也千差万别。“入境而问禁，入国而问俗，入门而问讳”是当今国际交往的一条原则。在跨文化交际中，我们不仅要遵循国际礼仪，同时也要了解与尊重有关国家的礼俗，做到因人施礼，这样才能更好地学习和交流。
从中西饮食文化看文化差异论文
饮食是一个广泛的称呼与概念，包含吃、喝相关的文化及做为。 饮食是现代的一种文化，而中华美食则誉满天下。中国饭好吃，外国人爱吃也是不争的事实。下面是我为你带来的从中西饮食文化看文化差异论文 ，欢迎阅读。
摘 要： 本文通过阐述中西餐饮文化差异，分析中西餐饮文化在在哲学体系、价值观念、思维方式等方面的差异，从而促进中西方文化的融合，让更多的人通过饮食了解饮食背后的文化。
关键词： 中西文化 饮食文化 差异比较
提到饮食文化，人们总是会不约而同地首先想到“吃”，不错，饮食的确是人类生存和发展的第一需要，是社会生活的基本形式之一。然而加上了“文化”二字以后，饮食就不仅仅是“吃”这么简单了，它包括饮食文化的整体，是人类在饮食方面的创造行为及其成果，凡涉及人类饮食方面的思想、意识、观念、哲学、宗教、艺术等都在饮食文化的范围之内。
一、中西餐饮文化差异
中西方饮食文化最显而易见的不同就是使用的饮食器具。西方人以刀叉为食器，并且规定显明，不同规格的刀叉所使用的方式及场合不同，而且是不可以混用的。
中国人的餐桌上却不如西方人那么复杂，虽然是简简单单的一双筷子，但它在饮食文化中担任着十分重要的角色：筷子可以是我们的烹饪的工具，也是每家每户的搅拌器，打个鸡蛋，冲个饮料，无疑都需要筷子的帮忙。与西方如此严谨的规范相比，中国的筷子的确随意得多。
受科学导向的影响，西方烹饪的全过程必须严格按照科学规范行事，每道菜肴每次烹饪的过程、方法几乎完全一致，并且其所用的调料会精确到克，烹饪时间会精确到秒。
西方人对食物的选材极具规范，他们多以荤食为主，烹饪时往往以一整块肉或是一整只的禽类为主要食物，并且不吃内脏，认为内脏是弃料；对于蔬菜的选择上也比较单一，而且在饮食中以蔬菜为装点辅助之用，所以在西方人的饮食中蔬菜多为装饰工具。
相较于西方人而言，中国人在食物的选择与烹饪方式上就要随意得多。在中国厨师的手上也能变成一道味美的佳肴，这样的菜例比比皆是，如爆炒猪腰、糟猪肚、韭菜炒猪肝，等等。说到烹饪方式，更是层出不穷。不同于西方人的“精确到克”、“精确到秒”，中国人历来都是“随心所欲”，强调凭经验对结果进行把握。中国人喜素食，蔬菜的种类远多过于西方，这样，食材的相互搭配就变化多端，就以炒猪肝为例，可以是大葱炒猪肝，也可以是青椒炒猪肝，更可以是韭菜炒猪肝，每一道菜都各有风味。
西方人的饮食文化中注重食物的营养价值，因此，他们提倡吃生食，他们认为高温烹调会破坏了食物本身的营养，唯有生食才能最大限度地保存食物的天然属性和原汁原味，那么他们所追求的营养价值也可以被很好地保留。
中国饮食文化更重食物的味道，“美味”是中国饮食文化的第一要义，因此，中国人会借助一切技术手段、烹饪方式、调味方法使自己的食物变得鲜美无比，在中国，炒、煮、炖、烩、烧、烤、蒸、煎、炸、焖、熘等都是十分常见的熟食性烹调技术。
二、差异背后的文化根源
（一）哲学体系：形而上学与适度原则
西方哲学体系以形而上学为主要特点，也就是用孤立、静止、片面的观点看世界，认为一切事物都是孤立的，永远不变的；如果说有变化的话，那么只是数量的增减和场所的变更，这种增减或变更的原因不在事物内部而在于事物外部。反映到饮食文化就是所闻即所见，无论是菜单还是对食物的装点、摆盘，都是以一种最直接的方式呈现给人看，追求真实性，没有华丽的点缀，只体现食物的本源属性，这点与西方人的处事原则不谋而合，这样的哲学背景下就促成了西方人视“营养价值”为饮食的第一要义的观念，不在乎饮食的艺术性、创造性，目标性明确，即食物就是用来补充人对于营养需求的工具。
与西方人不同，中国传统哲学思想中最显著的特点之一是模糊、不可捉摸。它不像西方的形而上学那样追求事物的客观性、真实性，强调所闻即所见，而是凡是讲求分寸、讲求整体配合、讲求一个“度”。反映在饮食文化上的就是中国人将“美味”作为饮食的第一要义。在烹饪上，中国人讲究整体融合，没有西方人的精确，讲究的是凭经验将一道菜的各个部分相协调进而形成一道美味的佳肴。其中的经验又是模糊的，同一道菜，同一个师傅，每次做可能也会做出不同的味道，凭借经验对菜肴进行整体的把握，追求烹饪技术的随意性与艺术性，这便是中国人的传统哲学观念――模糊而完美。
（二）价值观：个人主义与集体主义
西方人推崇个人主义价值观念，个人目标高于对群体的忠诚。也就是说每一个只需要对自己负责即可，不需要服从其他任何一个集体，可以根据自己的喜好、需要选择自己喜欢的群体，但这样的选择并不是永久的，可以随时因为自己需求的改变而重新进行选择。如改变祈祷的教堂，更换雇主，等等。反映在饮食文化中最显著的就是西方人实行分餐制。
与之相对的，中国人崇尚集体主义价值观。在中国文化中，人们推崇谦虚知礼，不喜欢争强好胜，社会风气往往封杀过于突出的个人，正所谓“行高于众，人必非之”。在饮食文化中，这样的集体主义观念的确是受到了中国传统思想的影响，中国人的宴席多喜用圆桌，从形式上体现了团结、礼貌、共享的氛围。美味佳肴摆在桌子的中心，既是欣赏品尝的对象，又是交流感情的媒介。在这样的宴会气氛下，饮食已经不是宴会的主要目的，情感的交流才是宴会的中心。与西方人直截了当的交际方式不同，中国人的饮食目的依仗于一大群人的情感触碰、交流和共鸣。
（三）思维方式：个性与整体
西方人注重个性的发展，强调在集体中个性的最大限度发挥。他们追求差异性，凡事求异，认为每一个人都是独一无二的，强调天下万物都是独立的个体，彼此间没有联系，认为个性与个体的独立自主是人类社会发展的动力之一，因此对事物的看法与考虑往往从个性出发，西方人将独特的个性发展放置于一切行为活动的大前提之下。这无疑体现在了他们的饮食文化中，泾渭分明的摆盘和装点，虽同在一个盘子中，确是个性突出的各自为政，没有任何调和，肉即是肉，菜即是菜，土豆即是土豆，个性鲜明，味道明确，不会相互影响、相互混合。在烹饪上，同一个盘子中的不同食材也是被分开进行加工的，不会将它们放在一起烹煮，处处彰显西方人对于个体与个性的尊重和重视。 中国人注重整体的.发展，强调圆满、整合的思维方式和思想观念。不喜欢过于鲜明的个性张扬，反映在烹饪上更显见，无论是什么样的食材全部倒入锅中，再配以各种佐料进行烹调，即使原本个性鲜明，味道独特的食材在这样的磨合之下不会再显得如此锋芒。因此，中国菜尝起来滋味丰富，层次感强烈。再回过头看每一道菜，红不是那样鲜艳的红，绿也不是那样扎眼的绿，而是一种经过调和以后产生的和合之美。
（四）生活方式与生活节奏
在西方，流水线上的重复作业，实行计件工资制，生活节奏急促，人们有意无意地受到机械的两分法影响，将游戏与工作分得很清楚，即工作时工作，游戏时游戏，这样的生活方式十分单调、刻板，机械的工作生活模式逐步影响到了西方人对饮食的需求，导致饮食本身的单一性和简单性。
中国人则不然，中国人的随意性在这里体现无遗，不喜欢单纯的、机械的工作生活模式，推崇一种经验性的工作方式或者喜欢在工作中加入自己喜欢的元素或方法，就像中国的饮食烹饪一样，存在不稳定性，这样的不稳定性既指工作模式、工作方法的不稳定，又指工作结果的不稳定。就好像一道菜如果想要让它尝起来不那么咸，南方人可能会选择放糖冲淡咸味，如南方人的糖醋风味，就是用糖的甜与醋的酸中和酱油的咸味；而北方人则可能会把这道菜加水烹制食材，让食材变淡的同时改变了菜的性质，可能从一道炒菜变成了一道靓汤，因为生活经验、生活环境的不同而不同。这样并不稳定的经验性的改变方式，使原来单纯的一道菜变成了现在的三道菜而非两道菜，其中创造性与艺术性油然而生。
三、当前的餐饮文化发展与中西文化之间的融合
然而如今的中西方餐饮文化已不再像以前那样泾渭分明了，中餐中也融入了西式元素，西餐中处处彰显中国风，这是一种新型的饮食文化模式，中西合璧的饮食文化队伍将会越来越壮大，人们也可以通过了解饮食文化了解这个世界。
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