英语毕业论文中西颜色文化差异

颜色词在中英文化中的差异具体如下：

1．黑色

黑色在中国文化里有沉重神秘之感，它象征严肃、正义，如传统京剧中的张飞、李逵均用黑色脸谱；同时，它也象征邪恶，如指阴险狠毒的人是“黑心肠”。

而黑色在西方文化中基本为禁忌色。它象征了死亡、凶兆、灾难。如：在葬礼上，人们通常穿黑色服装；“不吉利的话”译为“black words”；第二，它也象征邪恶、犯罪，如：“恶棍、流氓”译为“black guard”；另外，它还象征耻辱、不光彩、沮丧、愤怒等。

2．蓝色

在汉语中，蓝色通常可以给人们带来安详、美好的联想；此外，蓝色还指“破旧”，因此，在重大喜庆之日时，人们基本不会用蓝色来作装饰。

在英语中，蓝色有“社会地位高、有权势或出身名门望族”的引申含义，如：“blue room”指的是“美国总统在白宫的，用来会见挚友亲朋的会客室”；蓝色也代表了特定的身份职业，如：“blue collar”指“从事体力劳动的人”；此外，众所周知，在西方文化里，蓝色还有忧郁、感伤等其他消极含义，如“色情电影”译为“blue film”。

3．红色

红色是我国文化里崇尚色。它象征吉祥、喜庆、繁华、热闹、漂亮等，如女子美艳的容颜为“红颜”。

西方文化中红色主要指鲜血的颜色，多指血腥、暴力、恐怖、危险等，如“red ruin”指火灾；红色也常用于情感上，当某人生气时，常用“see red”或“red with anger”形容；另外，其还有“亏本”等消极意义。

4．黄色

在中国，黄色是红色的一种发展变异，是一种吉利色彩，如“黄道吉日”，龙袍、圣旨均为黄色。

Color Theory Resources:Excellent site on Color Theory: Color Theory Interactive - from the Poynter Institute. Good for middle school and up. See Causes of Color (science too) - Science of Color Vision and Art - Pigments through the Ages (lots of science). Additional Links for Color Symbolism:Use caution when teaching about color symbolism. Symbolism of colors varyfrom culture to culture. (See note to students) Color is considered one of the most useful and powerful design tools you have. People respond to different colors in different ways, and these responses take place on a subconscious, emotional level. In our American culture, black has long been associated with death, while white is believed to signify life and purity. In the Orient, however, white is the traditional color of mourning. In the United States, black has also come to suggest sophistication and formality. Americans generally associate trust an stability with the color blue, while Koreans have this reaction to pink and other pastel colors. In the Western Culture: Purple and gold are often associated with Royalty, wealth and opulence Red, White and Blue reminiscent of the American flag, immediately convey notions of patriotism and, to some extent, conservatism. Green has taken on a very strong connotation as the color representing ecology and concern for the environment, however, it also conveys meanings associated with money and the suggestion "to go ahead" which is obviously derived from traffic lights. Colors represent holidays and seasons of the year. The Fall foliage colors of Red, orange, yellow, and brown are clearly expressive of Thanksgiving. Halloween: Orange and Black. Red and Green represent Christmas. Purple and Yellow and other pastels colors represent Easter. Blue, Red, White and Grey = Stability, Power, Trustworthiness, Conservatism Yellow, Brown, Orange, Green = Nature, earthiness, warmth Red, Orange, yellow = more warmth Blues and Aquas = water and coolness Primary colors (Red, Blue, Yellow) = Convey fun Color symbolism in Zulu beading. Young girls learned bead work and the meaning of the symbols and colors used from their older sisters. The bead work was usually worn as a head or neck band. Men depended on female relatives to explain the code. The patterns and colors can also tell what region a woman comes from and what her social standing American Color SymbolismColors in Native American culture often symbolize different things fromculture to culture....African cultures have different meanings....andso on. Colors symbolize different qualities in various European American color symbols--CherokeeThe Four DirectionsColors were associated with the four represented North which meant cold, defeat and was South representing warmth, peace and was East, the color of the Sacred Fire, blood, and was black the color meaning problems and colors also had special was good but yellow meant trouble and Meanings of ColorsThis information was posted to Getty Teacher Art Exchange by Christine MerriamThe Four Sacred Mountains and directions are associated with colors. The Navajos belief is that their Creator placed them on the land between the following 4 mountains representing the 4 cardinal directions:White: Mount Blanca (Tsisnaasjini' - Dawn or White Shell Mountain) Sacred Mountain of the East near Alamosa in San Luis Valley, Colorado Blue: Mount Taylor (Tsoodzil - Blue Bead or Turquoise Mountain) Sacred Mountain of the South north of Laguna, New Mexico Yellow: San Francisco Peaks (Doko'oosliid - Abalone Shell Mountain) Sacred Mountain of the West near Flagstaff, Arizona Black: Mount Hesperus Dibé Nitsaa (Big Mountain Sheep) - Obsidian Mountain Sacred Mountain of the North La Plata Mountains, Colorado. The principal colors, white, blue, yellow and black are linked to the four sacred mountains as well as the directions- Red is often considered a sacred color and represents sunlight. (source for this is off line now)White Mountain ApachesFour sacred colors of the White Mountain Apaches in east central Arizona contrastinterestingly with the Cherokee colors:White represents the north, source of snowYellow is east, where the sun comes upGreen is southBlack is west, home of the sun's settingThese colors are used in a variety of settings, from the tribal governmentseal to the ribbons on the cane of Changing Woman (the girls' pubertyceremony).Medicine Wheel color symbolism:EAST- dawn of new day-Yellow-illumination-inspiration-eagleSOUTH- red or green-passion, heart, warmth-emotions-porcupine WEST- black-introspection, self examination, reflection-bear NORTH- wisdom of our elders-white-white buffalo The Flag of the Flag of the Iowa NationThe color of the streamers brings together the four primarycolors in Native American art, the black, yellow, red and white. Thesecolors are said to represent the four races of man and the four primedirections of the compass. With its use of color and its chosen emblems theflag of the Iowas may be the most typical of all Native below was from a site I would not go to with students (site is no longer online) I have omitted all of the pagan color symbolism from this page. Sources were not American Color Symbolism (varies by ethnic group - this source was not "authoritative")Red (Faith): CommunicationYellow (Love): Overcoming challenges through unconditional loveBlue (Intuition): Using intuition to teach and serveGreen (Will): Living willfullyPink (Creativity): WorkingWhite (Magnetism): SharingPurple (Wisdom): Gratitude/healingOrange (Learning): KinshipGray (Honoring): FriendshipBrown (Knowing): Self-disciplineRose (Seeing): MotivationBlack (Hearing) Harmony; listeningCrystal (Clarity): Wholeness Asian Color SymbolismRed: Happiness, marriage, prosperityPink MarriageYellow: Against evil, for the dead, geomantic blessingsGreen: Eternity, family, harmony, health, peace, posterityBlue: Self-cultivation, wealthPurple: WealthWhite: Children, helpful people, marriage,mourning, peace, purity, travelGold: Strength, wealthGray: Helpful people, travelBlack: Career, evil influences, knowledge, mourning, penance, self-cultivationAstrological Color Associations (this source was not "authoritative") (SIGN--COLOR) Aries -- WhiteTaurus -- YellowGemini -- Red or PurpleCancer -- Bright GreenLeo -- Golden Yellow/OrangeVirgo -- Pale Blue or VioletLibra -- VioletScorpio -- Reddish BrownSagittarius -- Orange or PurpleCapricorn -- Brown or BlueAquarius -- Dark BluePisces -- White or PurpleColor in Sacred ArtColor meaning in sacred art -- various cultures given -- research notes on religious art by Dr. . MarslandColor Therapy - Color and the Brain Specific colors have different effects (list copied from )Black: self-confidence, power, strengthBlue: calming, lowers blood pressure, decreases respirationGreen: soothing, relaxing mentally as well as physically, helps those suffering from depression, anxiety, nervousnessViolet: suppresses appetite, provides a peaceful environment, good for migrainesPink: used in diet therapy as an appetite suppressant, relaxes muscles, relieves tension, soothingYellow: energizes, relieves depression, improves memory, stimulates appetiteOrange: energizes, stimulates appetite and digestive systemRed: stimulates brain wave activity, increases heart rate, respirations and blood pressure.....

第一个是列出各种颜色在中西方文化中的不同第2篇文章是用一些图做例子说明颜色对文化差异的不同

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。一、中西方颜色表达的差异不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。二、中西方婚礼文化差异首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

颜色差异英语论文范文

Colors颜色一直是雅思口语高频口语题。下面是雅思口语描述你喜欢的颜色的方法，跟我一起来了解下吧：

雅思口语范文：描述你喜欢的颜色

1. What is your favorite color?

你最喜欢的颜色是什么?

I love vibrant colors, especially bright red. You know, clearly, red symbolizes good fortune and wealth in our culture, so Chinese normally dress in red during Lunar New Year. Moreover, the jacket in red really makes me look energetic

我喜欢有活力的颜色，尤其是亮红色。很明显，红色在我们的文化中象征着好运和财富，所以中国人一般在春节的时候都会穿红色。而且，红色外套让我看上去充满活力!

亮点表达：

vibrant adj.充满活力的 energetic adj.精力充沛的，充满活力的;

2. Do you usually wear clothes in your favorite color?

你会经常穿自己喜欢颜色的衣服吗?

Yes, my favorite colors are black and white and I love wearing clothes in neutral colors because it can reflect my personality. Actually, I’ve seen some of the fashion magazines telling that monochronic shirt is the future fashion trend.

当然，我最喜欢的颜色是黑色和白色，我喜欢穿那种中立色(无色彩)的衣服，因为这能体现我的性格。我最近看过一些时尚杂志说纯色的T恤是未来流行的趋势。

亮点表达：

neutral adj.中立的; (化学中)中性的 reflect v.反映，反射 monochronic adj.出现一次的

3. Are there any colors that have a special meaning in your country?

你们国家有什么特殊意义的颜色吗?

Sure, Chinese people actually are quite superstitious. They put different meaning on colors, for example, red, yellow and green are occasionally used for festivals in order to express their joyfulness and happiness. So, they normally combine these colors together to decorate their home and courtyard.

当然。中国人其实很迷信的。中国人赋予颜色很多含义，比如红色、黄色和绿色有时候会在节日中出现来表达人们的欢乐和幸福。所以中国人一般装饰家和庭院的时候会把这几种颜色结合在一起。

亮点表达：

superstitious adj.迷信的; 有迷信观念的 occasionally adv.偶尔; 偶然; 有时候 decorate vt. 装饰; 点缀;

4. Do you think different types of people like different colors?

你认为不同类型的人喜欢不同的颜色吗?

Sure, well, I think people in different personality will certainly affect their favorite color, what I mean is, if they are sportive, outgoing with positive thinking, they’ll choose something like warm colors, you know like, red, orange and yellow, which tend to make you think of sunlight and warmth.

当然，我觉得人的不同性格一定会影响到他们喜爱的颜色。如果他们是运动型的，外向且思维活跃，他们会选择暖色，比如红色、橘色和黄色，这能让你想到阳光与温暖。

亮点表达：

certainly 当然 outgoing v.外向 positive thinking 思维活跃 tend to 倾向于

5. How important do you think colors are?

你认为颜色有多重要?

Well, I’d say, color is a crucial ingredient in our daily life, especially when related to culture and religion. For instance, in Chinese culture, yellow signifies freedom from worldly cares and that’s why all monks’ garments are in yellow.

我想说，颜色是我们日常生活中的一个重要因素，特别是与文化和宗教有关的时候。例如，在中国文化中，黄色意味着自由，世俗的关怀，这就是为什么所有的僧侣的服装都是黄色。

亮点表达：

crucial adj.关键的，十分重要的 ingredient n.因素 signifie 所指 garment 服装

雅思口语颜色话题如何描述

纵观当前的考查范围，可以说“色彩”几乎贯穿了整个口语考题的三个部分。在part 1中，有个topic关于颜色，着眼于考察考生们“最喜爱的颜色”，“偏爱深色还是浅色”以及“一些颜色在中国是否有着特殊的意义”等。而在part 2中，有个地点类话题“Describe a place you went to that was full of color”，要求考生描述一个多彩的地方，是一个典型的色彩与地点结合的考题。

下面，我们以“最喜爱的颜色”为例，剖析一下当前考生的状况。

Question:

What is your favorite color?

Possible answer from students:

Well, as for my favorite color, I think it is blue. Because I like blue sky, and the color of blue always reminds of the blue ocean and sky. You know, I really enjoy walking in the long and soft beaches and feeling the sea breeze.

解析：该考生的答案为“蓝色”，显然该考生是以大海的颜色为思路拓展展开的。当然，该联想是非常合理和常见的，但是，这样的答案也是显得较为“经典老套”的，很难让考官眼前一亮。其实，关于颜色的联想不仅仅局限在“大海”，考生们完全可以做出更深层次的联想，例如：文化、传统、服饰、性格、时尚、艺术等领域。

在“颜色”的联想中，我们将文化和各地传统方面的因素纳入考虑。

其实，不同的文化中，相同的颜色往往意味着不同的含义。例如上述答案中提到的“蓝色”。中国人面对蓝色肯定感觉是心驰神往般的舒畅。实际上，蓝色在英语国家有忧郁的含义，如美国有“蓝色星期一”(blue Monday)，指心情不好的星期一。blue sky在英语中意思是“没有价值”，所以，把“蓝天”牌台灯翻译成Blue Sky Lamp, 意思便是“没用的台灯”，这样的台灯怎能销得出去呢?另外，埃及人和比利时人视蓝色为倒霉的颜色。所以，上述考生的答案虽然客观陈述了天空和大海的颜色，但是因为考官对“蓝色”的西式理解是截然不同的，非常有可能引起不认同感和偏差感。

除此以外，关于一些“在中国有着特殊含义的颜色”，最先让人们能想到的可能就是“红色”，因为红色吉利喜庆，代表着热情红火。在中国一些婚宴场合，红色是非常多见的。但考虑到文化差异，红色在西方国家往往又有着截然不同的含义，西方人对红色的理解为血腥、暴力，警告等等。

除此以外，我们继续关注一下part2关于“色彩”与“地点”的联系。在描述一个多彩的地方话题时，难点往往在于将如何去阐述这个地方“多彩”的原因。其实，在解答这个问题的时候，往往也可以往“文化传统”方面去考虑。以下，笔者将结合自己曾经做志愿者的经历，以中东一个名叫Bahrain的国家为例，给各位展示“多彩”的古堡。

Describe a place you went to that was full of color

You should say:

Where it was

Why you went there

What you did there

And explain why you think this place was made so colorful.

Simple Answer:

If I have to say a few words on a place I went to that was full of color, what comes to my mind first is a place called Manama, the capital city of a middle-east country named the kingdom of Bahrain.

As far as I can recall, about 3 years ago, I joined a volunteer group and went there to do some volunteer job. Definitely, besides the job, I visited a lot of fantastic places and took thousands of pictures. A place, which impressed me most, is a fort. You know, forts can be commonly found in Arabic cities, but the forts in Manama are so unique. Because they are built in various colors, like dark yellow, white, light blue and even purple. That was so amazing that attracts millions of people from all over the word every year. One of my local friends told me that why should these fort been built in different colors is closely connected to local cultures. You know, different religions are mixed up in this mid east land.

I think I was deeply attracted by the amazing colorful forts there and even curious about its mysterious culture there.

雅思口语描述最爱的颜色

My favourite colour is green and I have loved this colour from my early childhood. Green is the colour of nature, liveliness, fertility and freshness. The first reason I like this colour is that the nature bears this colour everywhere. There is nothing more beautiful than the vast green trees, green vista and fields. Green is the symbol of life and it represents the safety. The colour green also represents good luck, health, tranquility. This colour has long been a symbol for fertility and that's why once been used in the wedding gowns mostly in 15th century. This colour is often used in decorating to show the calmness.

If we judge the colour green from the colour psychology perspective, we learn that green balances the heart and emotions and thus create the equilibrium in heart and brain. From the meaning of colour perspective, green is the symbol of growth, colour of spring and symbolizes renewal and rebirth. It is the sanctuary away from the complexity and stresses of the modern lives and the tranquility of the calm, fresh and greener area.

I have my wall painted in green colour and it is generally believed that green is an eye friendly colour unlike red. The mild green colour is a popular colour which does not look too violent or too dull. I liked this colour even in my childhood and that I can be sure from the dominant green usages in my childhood paints. My teachers sometimes laughed at my weakness on green colour when I painted a green sun and green moon. I still remember I pained a green alien and that painting became very famous among our friends.

I am not quite sure how my fascination started growing on green colour but I guess I started liking this colour as I had spent my childhood in an area where green was the most dominating colour. This was the colour of nature and I was surrounded by the beauty of nature. I noticed in my childhood that green is the colour for living and yellow and red means dying, specifically for the trees and plants I had. May be this idea influenced my preference of colour. May be this choice is not directly related to any of my experience and reflected in a later stage as part of my individuality and personal preference. Whatever is the reason, I guess Green is a colour of profound importance and is my favourite colour.

中西颜色词差异论文开题报告

论文开题报告基本要素

各部分撰写内容

论文标题应该简洁，且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。

摘要是对论文提纲的总结，通常不超过1或2页，摘要包含以下内容：

目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题，副标题应缩进。

这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景，缩小研究问题的范围，适当列出相关的参考文献。

这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要，而是必须对其进行批判性评论，并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。

这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下，主要研究问题应该足够广泛，而次要研究问题和假设则更具体，每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。

1. 传统文化对颜色所暗含的意义的思考2. 历史事件给颜色赋予不同的意义3. 汉英颜色意义的相同点，及其相同的原因4. 典型颜色的典型标签5. 颜色文化对我们的现代生活带来什么6. 怎样跨越汉英不同颜色含义的壁垒，以致更好的交流

你是写本科论文吗？用英文写四五千字够了吧。开题报告就写你打算怎么开展论文就可以了，论文只要四五千字的话，开题就只要几百字足以，加上参考材料。第一部可以介绍英语标题，再罗列一些特点，比如简洁，用词新颖大胆，押韵，幽默等等。还可以再介绍一下造成这些特点的原因，从历史，经济，文化等角度。然后再列举一些标题产生歧义的例子，所产生的影响。举例的方式最好以历史发展进行推进。比如1930s，1950s,1990s以及现如21世纪。最后一部分就总结一下历史对标题的影响。这篇论文好写，就看你怎么举例了。最好能找到影响力大，具有代表性的。

首先要把在准备工作当中搜集的资料整理出来，包括课题名称、课题内容、课题的理论依据、参加人员、组织安排和分工、大概需要的时间、经费的估算等等。第一是标题的拟定。课题在准备工作中已经确立了，所以开题报告的标题是不成问题的，把你研究的课题直接写上就行了。比如我曾指导过一组同学对伦教的文化诸如“伦教糕”、伦教木工机械、伦教文物等进行研究，拟定的标题就是“伦教文化研究”。第二就是内容的撰写。开题报告的主要内容包括以下几个部分：一、课题研究的背景。所谓课题背景，主要指的是为什么要对这个课题进行研究，所以有的课题干脆把这一部分称为“问题的提出”，意思就是说为什么要提出这个问题，或者说提出这个课题。比如我曾指导的一个课题“伦教文化研究”，背景说明部分里就是说在改革开放的浪潮中，伦教作为珠江三角洲一角，在经济迅速发展的同时，她的文化发展怎么样，有哪些成就，对居民有什么影响，有哪些还要改进的。当然背景所叙述的内容还有很多，既可以是社会背景，也可以是自然背景。关键在于我们所确定的课题是什么。二、课题研究的内容。课题研究的内容，顾名思义，就是我们的课题要研究的是什么。比如我校黄姝老师的指导的课题“佛山新八景”，课题研究的内容就是：“以佛山新八景为重点，考察佛山历史文化沉淀的昨天、今天、明天，结合佛山经济发展的趋势，拟定开发具有新佛山、新八景、新气象的文化旅游的可行性报告及开发方案。”三、课题研究的目的和意义。课题研究的目的，应该叙述自己在这次研究中想要达到的境地或想要得到的结果。比如我校叶少珍老师指导的“重走长征路”研究课题，在其研究目标一栏中就是这样叙述的：1、通过再现长征历程，追忆红军战士的丰功伟绩，对长征概况、长征途中遇到了哪些艰难险阻、什么是长征精神，有更深刻的了解和感悟。2、通过小组同学间的分工合作、交流、展示、解说，培养合作参与精神和自我展示能力。3、通过本次活动，使同学的信息技术得到提高，进一步提高信息素养。四、课题研究的方法。在“课题研究的方法”这一部分，应该提出本课题组关于解决本课题问题的门路或者说程序等。一般来说，研究性学习的课题研究方法有：实地调查考察法(通过组织学生到所研究的处所实地调查，从而得出结论的方法)、问卷调查法（根据本课题的情况和自己要了解的内容设置一些问题，以问卷的形式向相关人员调查的方法）、人物采访法（直接向有关人员采访，以掌握第一手材料的方法）、文献法（通过查阅各类资料、图表等,分析、比较得出结论）等等。在课题研究中，应该根据自己课题的实际情况提出相关的课题研究方法，不一定面面俱到，只要实用就行。五、课题研究的步骤。课题研究的步骤，当然就是说本课题准备通过哪几步程序来达到研究的目的。所以在这一部分里应该着重思考的问题就是自己的课题大概准备分几步来完成。一般来说课题研究的基本步骤不外乎是以下几个方面：准备阶段、查阅资料阶段、实地考察阶段、问卷调查阶段、采访阶段、资料的分析整理阶段、对本课题的总结与反思阶段等。六、课题参与人员及组织分工。这属于对本课题研究的管理范畴，但也不可忽视。因为管理不到位，学生不能明确自己的职责，有时就会偷懒或者互相推诿，有时就会做重复劳动。因此课题参与人员的组织分工是不可少的。最好是把所有的参与研究的学生分成几个小组，每个小组通过民主选举的方式推选出小组长，由小组长负责本小组的任务分派和落实。然后根据本课题的情况，把相关的研究任务分割成几大部分，一个小组负责一个部分。最后由小组长组织人员汇总和整理。七、课题的经费估算。一个课题要开展，必然需要一些经费来启动，所以最后还应该大概地估算一下本课题所需要的资金是多少，比如搜集资料需要多少钱，实地调查的外出经费，问卷调查的印刷和分发的费用，课题组所要占用的场地费，有些课题还需要购买一些相关的材料，结题报告等资料的印刷费等等。所谓“大军未动，粮草先行”，没有足够的资金作后盾，课题研究势必举步维艰，捉襟见肘，甚至于半途而废。因此，课题的经费也必须在开题之初就估算好，未雨绸缪，才能真正把本课题的研究做到最好。1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

中日颜色差异论文研究

创新点，颜色在轮回（天堂和地狱）中差异，颜色在继承时，中西差异1层》：轮回：黑白。天堂和地狱，东西方式是两种颜色。可怜的西方人不知道轮回这回事。2层》：继承，美国国旗，欧洲各国国旗，有继承，他们继承了同一文化。中国也在继承，继承下来许多标志性的颜色，这是华夏民族独有的继承。颜色可以区别天堂和地狱，颜色可以体现继承关系。

中日动物，植物，色彩等文化符号中日两国对红色观念理解的最大差异。1、中国的红红色可以说是最具有中国色的颜色，现已成中华民族精神世界的象征。长期以来，红色在中国人的心中，占据了其他颜色无法取代的地位。2、中国的红红色可以说是最具有中国色的颜色，现已成中华民族精神世界的象征。长期以来，红色在中国人的心中，占据了其他颜色无法取代的地位。在原始社会初期，原始人还不懂得用火，只能吃生肉，并且忍受着寒冷的侵袭。直到火的出现才改变了这一切。火，使原始人吃上了熟食，摆脱了寒冷之苦，并由此迎来了文明的曙光。因此，对代表着火的颜色的红色，崇拜心理的产生尽在情理之中。中国人称自己为炎黄子孙，即是中国人对红色崇拜的直接证据。3、权势之红，杜甫有诗：朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨。这里的朱门即红色宅邸的正门。在中国封建时代，红色大门只权势贵族才能够使用，因此成为了权势的象征。朱门一词，便凸显了红色在等级制度森严的封建社会的至高地位。论文大全，比较。4、吉祥和幸福之红在中国，传统上新娘的衣服要选择红色。并且婚礼时要戴上红色的盖头才能举行仪式。此时的红色更能够衬托出新娘的美丽，酝酿出一种喜庆的气氛。汉族传统的结婚仪式上，场地几乎是清一色的红色，比如挂起红灯笼，贴上红双喜，除此之外，新娘新郎的房间也全部布置成红色。床上放着几床红色的被褥，点上红色的蜡烛，窗户上贴着红色的窗花，以表达人们的喜乐，祝福之意。中国在过年的时候，有贴红色对联的习俗。大大的红色福字以及对联贴在院子两侧和房间的门上，洋溢着新年的喜悦吉祥。这里的红色反映出中国人对吉祥和幸福的憧憬。5、日本的红，祭祀之红日本学者福田说，从古代族长的坟墓中不断发现的红色颜料可以看出，当时存在用红色来祭祀的一种文化。另有文献记载，绳文时代及古坟时代都发现了用红色涂染的人物塑像。那不仅仅是装饰，而更可能是蕴含着某种祭祀的意味在里面。这样看来，在古代日本，红色首先是用来表示祭祀的一种颜色。6、权势之红在日本，以天皇的玉玺为首，红色代表了朝廷的权威。再到武家社会，将军的红色朱印状成为了代表将军至高的地位及权利的保障。古代日本人使用的朱印是从中国传去的，因此同中国一样，代表着一种权势之意。7、扫除魔障之红，《魏志倭人传》中曾有用朱丹涂抹身体的记载，学者古川认为，那是一种扫除魔障的做法。论文大全，比较。另外日本学者山村也说，有一种传统上保留下来的贵重的伞，它是红色的，边缘弯折的、伞柄很长，鲜红的大伞，这把伞上红色的颜色，‘是除去魔障的颜色’。由此看出，在这里红色又成了一种除去魔障，辟邪的颜色。8、禁忌之红在日本传统观念中，有红即不净的说法。《古事记》中记载：红色是一种可怕的颜色，是带有死亡色彩的颜色。并且，日本在引进中国及朝鲜文化之前，红色是绝对禁止使用在建筑物上的。9、在中国，红色大体是被看做一种吉祥，富贵，权威等正面含义的色彩，而在日本，除了上述含义之外，还有不吉利的意思。这是日本传统上红即不净观念的影响。因为红色和流血、死亡相关联的缘故，日本赋予了红色负面的含义。而这一负面的含义的有无，应该是中日两国对红色观念理解的最大差异。

中国的是黄色，西方的是白色。

在人类语言中，颜色词语表现出的独特魅力，令人刮目相看。在汉英语言中，表示各种不同颜色或色彩的词都很丰富。我们不仅要注意观察它们本身的基本意义，更要留心它们含义深广的象征意义，因为颜色的象征意义在不同民族语言中往往有不同的特点，有些特点甚至构成了人们对经过引伸、转义以后颜色的崇尚和禁忌。由于我国与绝大部分英语国家相隔万里，地理位置、自然现象、历史背景、审美心理等千差万别，人们对于颜色的感受和表达不尽相同。这样，颜色的象征意义在中西文化之间自然又会产生很大的差异。本文拟就中西文化中词语的颜色、词语的象征意义作一些对比和探讨，以求教于同行和读者。从科学的定义来说，颜色是由物体发射、反射或透过一定光波所引起的视觉现象，是人眼视觉的一种基本特征。在西方文化中，颜色的象征意义往往比较直接，一般是用客观事物的具体颜色来象征某些抽象的文化含义，所以更易追溯其语义理据和逻辑理据。而中国文化中的颜色内涵和象征意义也十分丰富，颜色词的象征意义是多元的。下面我们就中西文化中颜色的不同象征意义进行具体描述：1．红色红色是我国文化中的基本崇尚色，它体现了中国人在精神和物质上的追求。它象征着吉祥、喜庆，如把促成他人美好婚姻的人叫“红娘”，喜庆日子要挂大红灯笼、贴红对联、红福字；男娶女嫁时贴大红“喜”字，把热闹、兴旺叫做“红火”；形容繁华；它也象征顺利、成功，如人的境遇很好被称为“走红”、“红极一时”。西方文化中的红色（red）则是一个贬意相当强的词，是“火”、“血”的联想，它象征着残暴、流血，如red revenge血@腥复@仇,它又象征激进、暴@力革@命，如a red revolution 赤@色革@命，它还象征着放@荡、淫@秽，如a red light district花街柳@巷（红@灯区）。2．白色在中国文化中，白色与红色相反，是一个基本禁忌词，体现了中国人在物质和精神上的摈弃和厌恶。在中国古代的五方说中，西方是刑天杀神，主萧杀之秋，所以白色象征死亡、凶兆。如自古以来亲人死后家属要披麻戴孝办“白事”，要设白色灵堂，出殡时要打白幡。它也象征失败、愚蠢、无利可得，如在战争中失败的一方总是打着“白旗” 表示投降，称智力低下的人为“白痴”，它还象征奸邪、阴险，如“唱白脸”、“白脸”奸雄。西方文化中的白色象征意义主要着眼于其本身色彩，如新下的雪、新鲜牛奶及百合花的颜色。西方人认为白色高雅纯洁，象征着纯真无邪，如（1）a white soul纯洁的心灵，（2）white wedding新娘穿白礼服的婚礼；它又象征正直、诚实，如（1）a white spirit正直的精神，（2）white hand廉洁、诚实。3. 黑色古代黑色为天玄，原来在中国文化里只有沉重的神秘之感，是一种庄重而严肃的色调，它的象征意义由于受西方文化的影响而显得较为复杂。一方面它象征严肃、正义，如民间传说中的“黑脸”包公，传统京剧中的张飞、李逵等人的黑色脸谱；另一方面它又由于其本身的黑暗无光给人以阴险、毒辣和恐怖的感觉。它象征邪恶、反动，如指阴险狠毒的人是“黑心肠”，不可告人的丑恶内情是“黑幕”，反动集团的成员是“黑帮”、“黑手”，称杀人劫货、干不法勾当的客店叫做“黑店”等。黑色（black）是西方文化中的基本禁忌色，体现了西方人精神上的摈弃和厌恶。它象征死亡、凶兆、灾难，如（1）Black Mass安灵弥撒，（2）a black letter day凶日；它象征邪恶、犯罪，如（1）Black Man邪恶的恶魔，（2）black guard恶棍、流氓；它也象征耻辱、不光彩，如（1）black sheep败家子，（2）a black eye丢脸、坏名声。4. 其他颜色黄色在中国文化中是红色的一种发展变异，如旧时人们把宜于办大事的日子称为“黄道吉日”，但是它更代表权势、威严，象征中央政权、所以黄色便为历代封建帝王所专有，普通人是不能随便使用“黄色”的，如“黄袍”是天子的“龙袍”，“黄钺”是天子的仪仗，“黄榜”是天子的诏书，至于现在流行的与“ 性”有关的“黄色”观念，有一种说法是中西文化交流融合的一种现象。据说美国纽约的《世界报》用黄色油墨印刷低级趣味的漫画以争取销路，人们便称这一类不健康的刊物为“黄色刊物”，所以黄色带有不好的象征意义，表示低级趣味的报刊、毫无文学价值的书籍。粉红色（pink）是红色的一种变异，可以将其视为红色的一种应合或复归。唐代诗人崔护写下“人面桃花相映红”的诗句，以桃花与女人相比，故粉红色可以象征女性，称男女之间不正当的性关系为“桃色事件”。在西方文化中，粉红色象征精华，极致，如the pink of perfection十全十美的东西或人。颜色词的象征意义在不同的民族文化里有着很大的差异。从根本上讲，在中国文化中，颜色的象征是基于过去中国的封建统治、封建迷信及其原始、落后的科学、教育状况而形成的，所以颜色的象征意义有相当强烈的政治化和神秘化倾向。而西方文化中的颜色象征则更多地得益于西方民族开放性及科学、教育的普及程度，其象征意义少了神秘，多了些理性。不同文化之间颜色象征意义又都是在社会的发展、历史的沉淀中约定俗成的，是一种永久性的文化现象。它们能够使语言更生动、有趣、幽默、亲切，所以我们应该予以足够的注意~

中西饮食文化差异英专毕业论文

略谈中西方饮食文化差异餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。一、两种不同的饮食观念对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。在中国的烹调术中，对美味追求几乎达到极致，以至中国人到海外谋生，都以开餐馆为业，成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本！遗憾的是，当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时，我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值，我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮，使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏，许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题，实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求，倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。中国人在品尝菜肴时，往往会说这盘菜“好吃”，那道菜“不好吃”；然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”，为什么“好吃”，“好吃”在哪里，恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明，中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”，即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化，恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，要使食物的本味，加热以后的熟味，加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味，交织融合协调在一起，使之互相补充，互助渗透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美，是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西，而味却是内在的东西，重内在而不刻意修饰外表，重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色，这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性，这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐，最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸，就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度，度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化，决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。二、中西饮食对象的差异西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好，故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。三、饮食方式的不同中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。

檫，我今年也是这题目

最好去学校图书馆或省市图书馆上网进论文库查询以往论文以作参考

only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.

首页

> 学术论文知识库

英语毕业论文中西颜色文化差异