混凝土裂缝论文国外

在结构混凝土施工过程中，混凝土表面常会出现各种病害，其中混凝土裂缝是很普遍的结构性病害之一。

它不仅影响结构的美观，也会降低结构混凝土的强度，影响结构的使用性能和使用寿命，给人们的生活、生产带来不便。

因此，对引发结构混凝土裂缝的成因进行分析、归纳及采取预防措施很有必要。

裂缝的成因

在施工和使用过程中，引起建筑混凝土结构开裂的原因很多，当发生温度和湿度变化、结构受荷、地基不均匀沉降、施工方式不当时，都非常容易产生裂缝，具体原因有以下几方面：

1、设计构造

在设计时考虑不周，结构构件断面突变或因开洞、留槽引起应力集中；在构造处理不当时，现浇主梁在搁次梁处如果没有设置附加箍筋或附加吊筋，以及各种结构缝设置不当等因素均容易导致混凝土开裂。

2、地基变形

建筑工程基础不均匀沉降是造成钢筋混凝土开裂的主要原因：

（1）房屋建于土质差别较大或软弱土质上；

（2）建筑物基础深浅不一；

（3）房屋相邻部分的高度、荷重、结构刚度差别较大；

（4）建筑物平面形状复杂、立面变化过大、长度过大等原因造成基础不均匀沉降。裂缝的大小、形状、方向与地基变形的情况有关，由于地基变形的应力相对较大，使得裂缝一般是贯穿性的，危害较大。

3、施工方面

施工工艺不当是造成钢筋混凝土开裂的另一个主要原因。由于施工原因造成裂缝出现的因素很多，主要有：

（1）水泥、砂、石等质量不好是引起裂缝较常见的因素。若工程上用了这些不合格的材料就会导致“豆腐渣工程”，所以说只有把好材料的质量关，工程质量才会在根本上得到保证；

（2）混凝土是一种人造混合材料，其质量好坏的一个重要标志是成型后混凝土的均匀性和密实程度。因此混凝土的搅拌、运输、浇灌、振实各道工序中的任何缺陷和疏漏，都可能使裂缝产生的直接或间接原因；

（3）水分蒸发水泥结石和混凝土干缩通常是导致混凝土裂缝的重要原因。混凝土养护，特别是早期养护质量与裂缝关系密切。早期表面干燥可使其内外湿度较大更容易产生裂缝；

（4）模板构造不当，漏水、漏浆、支撑刚度不足、支撑的地基下沉、过早拆模等都有可能造成混凝土开裂。施工过程中，钢筋表面污染，混凝土保护层太大或太小，浇灌中碰撞钢筋使其移位等都可能引起裂缝。

4、结构受荷

在施工中和使用中由于结构受荷都可能出现裂缝。

例如早期受震、构件堆放、运输、吊装时的垫块或吊点位置不当、施工超载、张拉应力值过大等均可能产生裂缝。

而最常见的是钢筋混凝土梁、板等受弯构件，在使用荷载作用下往往出现不同程度的裂缝。

普通钢筋混凝土构件在承受了30-40%的设计荷载，就可能出现裂缝，肉眼一般不能察觉，而构件的极限破坏荷载往往都在设计荷载的1.5倍以上。所以在一般情况下钢筋混凝土构件是允许带裂缝工作的（这类裂缝也称为无害裂缝）。

在钢筋混凝土设计规范中，分别不同情况规定裂缝的最大宽度为0.2-0.3mm，对那些宽度超过规范规定的裂缝，以及不允许开裂的构件上出现裂缝则是有害的，需加以认真分析，慎重处理。

5、温湿度变化

当温度变化时，由于材料热胀冷缩，房屋各部分构件将产生各自不同的变形，引起彼此制约而产生应力。

因屋面混凝土与墙体的线膨胀系数不一致，屋面变形较大，当屋盖和墙体之间构造处理不当，会使墙体受拉，当其剪力和拉应力大于砌体的抗剪抗拉强度时，产生温差裂缝。

普通混凝土在空气中硬结，湿度发生变化时，体积会有所收缩，由此而在构件内产生拉应力，在早期混凝土强度较低时，混凝土收缩值最大。因此，若构件早期养护不良，极易产生收缩裂缝。

1、设计方面

（1）设计中的“抗”与“放”。在建筑设计中应处理好构件中“抗”与“放”的关系。所谓抗就是处于约束状态下的结构，没有足够的变形余地时，为防止裂缝所采取的有力措施，而所谓放就是结构完全处于自由变形无约束状态下，有足够变形余地时所采取的措施。

设计人员应灵活地运用抗放结合、或以抗为主、或以放为主的设计原则来选择结构方案和使用的材料。

（2）设计中应尽量避免结构断面突变带来的应力集中。如因结构或造型方面原因等而不得以时，应充分考虑采用加强措施。

（3）积极采用补偿收缩混凝土技术。在常见的混凝土裂缝中，有相当部分都是由于混凝土收缩而造成的。要解决由于收缩而产生的裂缝，可在混凝土中掺用膨胀剂来补偿混凝土的收缩，实践证明，效果是很好。

（4）重视对构造钢筋的认识。在结构设计中，设计人员应重视对于构造钢筋的配置，特别是于楼面、墙板等薄壁构件更应注意构造钢筋的直径和数量的选择。

（5）对于大体积混凝土，建议在设计中考虑采用60天龄期混凝土强度值作为设计值，以减少混凝土单方用灰量，并积极采用各类行之有效的混凝土掺合料。

2、材料选择和混凝土配合比设计方面

（1）根据结构的要求选择合适的混凝土强度等级及水泥品种、等级，尽量避免采用早强的水泥。

（2）选用级配优良的砂、石原料，含泥量应符合规范要求。

（3）积极采用掺合料和混凝土外加剂。掺合料和外加剂目前已作为混凝土的第五、六大组份，可以明显地起到降低水泥用量、降低水化热、改善混凝土的工作性能和降低混凝土成本的作用。

（4）正确掌握好混凝土补偿收缩技术的运用方法。对膨胀剂应充分考虑到不同品种、不同掺量所起到的不同膨胀效果。应通过大量的试验确定膨胀剂的最佳掺量。

（5）模板构造要合理，以防止模板间的变形不同而导致混凝土裂缝；模板和支架要有足够的刚度，防止施工荷载作用下，模板变形过大造成开裂，合理掌握拆模时机，拆模时间不能过早，应保证早龄期混凝土不损坏或不开裂，但也不能太晚，尽可能不要错过混凝土水化热峰值，即不要错过最佳养护时机。

（6）配合比设计应采用低水灰比、低用水量，以减少水泥用量。配合比设计人员应深入施工现场，依据施工现场的浇捣工艺、操作水平、构件截面等情况，合理选择好混凝土的设计坍落度，针对现场的砂、石原料质量情况及时调整施工配合比，协助现场搞好构件的养护工作。应严格按选定的配合比施工，配制混凝土时计量应准确，要严格控制水灰比和水泥用量，搅拌均匀。

3、现场操作方面

（1）浇捣工作：浇捣时，振捣棒要快插慢拔，根据不同的混凝土坍落度正确掌握振捣时间，避免过振或漏振，应提倡采用二次振捣、二次抹面技术，以排除混凝土内部的水分和气泡。

（2）混凝土养护：在混凝土裂缝的防治工作中，对新浇混凝土的早期养护工作尤为重要，以保证混凝土在早期尽可能少产生收缩。主要是控制好构件的湿润养护，对于大体积混凝土，有条件时宜采用蓄水或流水养护，养护时间为14-28天。

（3）混凝土的降温和保温工作：对于厚大体积混凝土，施工时应充分考虑水泥水化热问题。采取必要的降温措施，避免水化热高峰的集中出现、降低峰值。浇捣成型后，应采取必要的蓄水保温措施，表面覆盖薄膜、湿麻袋等进行养护，以防止由于混凝土内外温差过大而引起的温度裂缝。

（4）避免在雨中或大风中浇灌混凝土。

（5）对于地下结构混凝土，尽早回填土，对减少裂缝有利。

（6）夏季应注意混凝土的浇捣温度，采用低温人模、低温养护，必要时经试验可采用冰块，以降低混凝土原材料的温度。

在已经产生裂缝后，如何做加固呢？

可以使用悍马环氧树脂裂缝灌注胶、裂缝修补胶等对裂缝进行处理，如果影响安全还需要进一步粘贴悍马碳纤维布做加固等。

Abstract: In the modern construction of concrete plays an important role, but the concrete cracks are more common. This article analyzes the causes of concrete cracks is proposed measures to control and prevent the cracks, and curing of the concrete problems early. Key words: concrete crack; cracks; Cracks; conservation First, micro-cracks in concrete Cracks in reinforced concrete structures is to work with. Rather, the hardening process of concrete in the condensation, there exist micro-cracks, because the concrete in the cement and aggregate changes in temperature and humidity conditions to produce the volume of non-uniform deformation, and they bonded together and can not free-form deformation, so the formation of mutual restraint stress; Once the cement and aggregate constraint between the stress is greater than the bond strength and tensile strength of cement itself, will produce micro-cracks. Second, the causes of concrete cracks Concrete cracks are the result of the development of micro-cracks. Concrete cracks for many reasons, for its part, considered to be bound by the deformation of concrete due to tensile stress than the material's sake. 1. Optional inappropriate material defects and the formation of cracks. Expired cement, aggregate excess mud, with active SiO 2 , high alkali cement, limestone aggregate, cement hydration heat and so on. 2. Construction of mishandling the formation of defects and cracks. Plastic concrete sink, was the top bar of the resistance, the formation of cracks along the reinforcement; concrete vibration is not dense, there cellular, easy to form the starting point for a variety of stress fractures; concrete mixer, transit time is too long, so that water evaporation, causing low slump concrete pouring, making the concrete volume in the mesh irregular cracks; rapid drying of concrete made when the initial curing of concrete contact with the atmosphere in the irregular mesh surface cracks; early form removal, concrete not yet established sufficient strength to impose its own components in the actual gravity load, prone to all kinds of stress cracks. 3. Because of the force components, deformation and crack formation of defects. Center tension; center compression; bending; shear; by punching; beam concrete shrinkage and temperature deformation; plate of concrete shrinkage and temperature deformation; in reinforced concrete, the tensile stress is mainly borne by the reinforced concrete is exposed stress. In plain concrete or reinforced concrete on the edges if the tensile stress within the structure there shall be to rely on concrete to bear. General design requirements in both the tensile stress does not appear or appear only very small tensile stress. However, the maximum temperature of concrete in construction to the operation of the cooling period of steady temperature, often caused by a large concrete internal tensile stress. 4. Because of environmental factors affect the formation of defects and cracks. Mainly temperature and humidity changes, the brittleness of concrete and uneven, as well as unreasonable structure, failure of raw materials (such as alkali-aggregate reaction), template deformation, differential settlement of foundation. Concrete dissolution cycles many times by the freeze, the stress generated in the concrete, and promote the development of existing cracks, loose structure, surface cracks, surface spalling or overall collapse. Third, measures to control and prevent the cracks 1. Of cement, water, aggregate, admixtures, reinforcement materials, the improper selection of the formation of cracks on the entry of raw materials must be in accordance with national standards for strict inspection and acceptance of the approach to prevention, where the unqualified use of defective materials shall be , or reduce the level of test use; of these have occurred due to improper selection of materials defects or cracks in concrete produced must be observed in detail for the long term (due to some problems take a while to find), carefully identify its causes and Quality of the problem, study and formulate their treatment and reinforcement. This is because once occurred due to improper material selection, quality problems, often with the universal reason. 2. As long transport time of concrete mixing, pouring too fast, the vibration is not real, it is improper construction joint, move the template the formation of cracks and other reasons can follow the "concrete order" strict implementation of concrete mixing, transport, pouring, vibration pound set and the old concrete construction joint connection. Templates, and form removal, and conservation requirements to prevent, the occurrence of such cracks in the component have been, but also distinguish the type of component, component of the force characteristics of the site where the cracks and the extent of serious cracks were commonly used in concrete cracks reinforcement measures or by filling concrete, steel anchor reinforcement, and even stick steel reinforcement, prestressed reinforcement remedial measures. 3. Due to dry weather, the initial maintenance is not good, the early cold concrete and large changes in temperature and humidity of the cracks were used to enhance the natural hardening process of concrete Results conservation, conservation of heat storage, the use of air-entraining agent to uniform distribution of air bubbles inside the concrete, measures such as temperature expansion joint repair reserved. Severe cold components, some should be removed, some should be reinforced before being used. 4. Because the components have to withstand loads too wide cracks, reasonably designed to prevent the emergence of these cracks; cracks have been too broad component appears to be reinforced by strengthening measures. 5. The foundation of unequal settlement of large cracks too broad and reasonably in the design of the building when checking in the use phase of the settlement to prevent the emergence of these cracks, these cracks have occurred on the structure, to use ground-based control measures proper handling of the foundation, then building the structure reinforcement measures adopted to solve. 6. On the environmental conditions and changes in the use of the crack occurred, according to different properties to different control measures, such as: (1) the use of temperature and humidity changes during the formation of cracks, usually difficult to eradicate, to adopt the protection of reinforced concrete measures to reduce atmospheric humidity changes of the component is appropriate; (2) The cracks resulting from repeated freezing and thawing, in addition to defects and damage has been formed in part to be reinforced or reinforced, but should add insulation on the cold concrete measures; (3) The corrosive medium in the resulting defects and damage a large area, in addition to corrosion and damage should be removed by the site to be reinforced or reinforced, shall use the acid water glass slag cement concrete or concrete overlay to protect; (4) damage due to earthquake seismic structural measures should be adopted to prevent; have been generated by the earthquake damage is not severe earthquake damaged buildings may refer to repair and reinforcement of the solution to the problem. In addition, temperature control and improved from the constraints of the two aspects. Used to improve the aggregate gradation, with a dry hard concrete, mixed with mixture, add air-entraining agent or a plasticizing agent measures to reduce the amount of cement in concrete; water when mixing concrete or gravel with water cooling to reduce the concrete pouring temperature; hot days when the pouring of concrete pouring to reduce the thickness of heat by pouring level; in the concrete laying pipes, pass into the cold water temperature; set reasonable removal time, the surface heat when temperatures plunged to avoid dramatic concrete surface temperature gradient ; Construction of Concrete Blocks and long-term exposure to surface or thin-walled structure, insulation measures taken in the cold season. Measures to improve the constraints are: a reasonable parting block; to avoid excessive fluctuations basis; reasonable arrangements for the construction process, to avoid the excessive height and long-term exposure to the side. In addition, to improve the performance of concrete and improve the crack resistance, enhance conservation, to prevent surface shrinkage, in particular, to ensure the quality of concrete is very important to prevent fractures, special attention should be avoided through the cracks, appears to restore its structural integrity is difficulties, so the construction should be to prevent the occurrence of cracks in the main cross-cutting. Fourth, early curing of concrete Practice shows that cracks in concrete common, most of the surface cracks of different depth, mainly because of the temperature gradient caused by the sudden drop in temperature in cold areas are also easy to form cracks. Therefore, the concrete surface of the insulation to prevent early cracking is particularly important. From the viewpoint of thermal stress, thermal insulation should meet the following requirements: (1) prevent the concrete and the concrete surface temperature difference between inside and outside the gradient, to prevent surface cracks; (2) to prevent the concrete super cool, should try to try to make concrete the construction period of not less than the minimum temperature on the stability of the temperature of concrete used; (3) to prevent cold and old concrete to reduce the constraints between the new and old concrete. Early curing of concrete, the main purpose is to maintain proper temperature and humidity conditions in order to achieve the effect of two aspects, one of the concrete from adverse temperature and humidity deformation of the invasion, to prevent the harmful shrinkage and shrinkage. On the one hand to smooth the cement hydration in order to meet the design strength and crack resistance. V. Conclusion Cracks in concrete above the relationship between the various effects of the theory and practice discussed, although the academic cracks in the concrete and calculation methods are different theories, but for specific advice for prevention and improvement measures more unified, but in practice of effects are good, concrete construction depends on our seeing much comparison, more analysis after problems, and more sum up, with a variety of preventive treatment measures, concrete cracks are completely avoidable.

BU HUI XIE YA