关于资产减值的会计研究论文英文

impairment of assets我有标准版的“FASB 144”号文件 US关于减值的标版规定[转摘]: 144 Impairment of AssetsAssets held for useIncludes land, building, equipment, natural resources, and intangible assetsFASB 147 specifies that intangibles from the banking industry are covered by FASB 144 rules:Long-term customer relationship assets such asDepositor-relationships intangible assetsBorrower-relationships intangible assetsCredit card holder Intangible assetsWhen should impairment be recognized?Testing each asset each period would be too costlyEvents or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverableTRIGGERING EVENTS:Decline in market valueChange in way asset is used or physical change in assetAdverse changes in legal factors or business climateAccumulated costs in excess of amounts originally expected to construct or acquire assetCurrent expectation that, more likely than not, a long-lived asset will be sold or disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful lifeCurrent period losses with history of operating or cash flow losses associated with assetTo apply impairment testsA long-lived asset shall be grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities.Primary asset approachFASB 144 establishes a "primary-asset" approach to determine the cash flow estimation period for a group of assets and liabilities that represents the unit of accounting for a long-lived asset to be held and usedGoodwill is included in the asset group only if the asset group is a reporting unit (defined in FASB 142)Other assets and liabilities (inventory, accounts payable, long-term debt, etc) are to be properly valued in accordance with GAAP prior to testing the asset group for recoverabilityAn impairment loss is recognized if . . .Carrying amount of asset (book value) is greater than undiscounted future cash flows related to use and disposal of assetIn other words, the carrying value is not recoverableNote that an impairment can exist (that is, carrying value can be less than fair value) but it is not recognized as long as the future cash flows (undiscounted) are greater than the carrying value.The asset is written down to fair valueThe fair value becomes the new carrying value (book value) and depreciation is recorded over remaining useful lifeRestoration of a previously recognized impairment loss is prohibited.Determining fair valueFASB 144 describes a probability-weighted cash flow estimation approach to deal with situations in whichalternative courses of action to recover the carrying amount of a long-lived asset are under consideration, ora range is estimated for the amount of possible future cash flowsAssets to be Sold vs. AbandonedNew rules in FASB 144 distinguish between assets to be sold and those to be abandoned, exchanged or spun-offProblems with FASB 121Under the old rules, there were two possible valuation proceduresNet realizable valueFair value less cost to sellThe effect was to recognize future operating lossesFASB decided that this violated the definition of a liabilityLong-lived assets to be disposed of by saleClassified as “held for sale” in period in which all of the following criteria are met:1. Management commits to a plan to sell the asset2. Asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition3. Active program to locate a buyer has been initiated4. Sale is probable within one year5. Asset is being actively marketed for a reasonable price6. It is unlikely that the plan to sell will be changedMeasurementWrite asset down to the LOWER ofCarrying amountFair value less cost to sell (see definitions below)Stop depreciating the assetCosts to sellIncludes incremental direct costs to transact the saleBroker commissionsLegal & title transfer feesClosing costsGenerally does not include costs to protect or maintain assetInsuranceSecurity servicesUtility expensesThe cost to sell are discounted to present in special circumstances when the sale is more than one year in the futureAssets to be disposed of other means• Situations include:– Abandonment– Exchange for similar productive asset– Distribution to owners in a spinoff• The asset shall continue to be classified as “held and used” until it is disposed ofAssets to be disposed of other means• Asset stays in PP&E– Depreciation estimates should be revised to reflect shortened life• Depreciation ends and a gain or loss is recorded when the property is “disposed of”The “disposed of” date:• Abandoned– The date it ceases to be used• Exchanged or distributed to owners through a spinoff– The date when it is exchanged or distributedImpairment Example 1Johnson Company purchased equipment 8 years ago for $1,000,000. The equipment has been depreciated using the straight-line method with a 20-year useful life and 10% residual value. Johnson's operations have experienced significant losses for the past 2 years and, as a result, the company has decided that the equipment should be evaluated for possible impairment. The management of Johnson Company estimates that the equipment has a remaining useful life of 7 years. Net cash inflow from the equipment will be $80,000 per year. The fair value of the equipment is $240,000. No goodwill was associated with the purchase of the equipment.(a) Determine if an impairment loss should be recognized.What is the book value of the asset?(We need to first figure out how much is in accumulated depreciation.)What are the projected cash flows from asset?(b) Determine the amount of the loss and prepare the journal entry to record the loss.Debit Credit(c) What journal entry should Johnson Company make if future cash flows related to the equipment were $980,000 in total?Debit CreditImpairment Example/Homework 2Howard Company purchased a manufacturing facility 8 years ago on January 8, 1994 for $10,000,000. The facility has been depreciated using the straight-line method with a 20-year useful life and 10% residual value. Howard’s operations have experienced significant losses for the past 2 years and, as a result, the company has decided that the facility should be evaluated for possible impairment at December 31, 2001. The management of Howard Company estimates that the facility has a remaining useful life of 7 years. Net cash inflow from the facility will be $800,000 per year. The fair value of the facility (using present value techniques) is estimated to be $3,400,000. No goodwill was associated with the purchase of the equipment.(a) Determine if an impairment loss should be recognized.(b) If appropriate, determine the amount of the loss and prepare the journal entry to record the loss.Johnson Co. - Impairment of Assets Example 1 – solution(a) Annual depreciation for the equipment has been $45,000 ($1,000,000 - $100,000)/20 years. Current book value of the equipment is:Original cost ........................................ $1,000,000Accumulated depreciation ($45,000  8 years) ......... 360,000Book value ........................................... $ 640,000According to FASB 144, the existence of impairment is determined by comparing book value of $640,000 to the undiscounted future cash flows of $560,000. The fair value is lower, so an impairment loss should be recognized.(b) The impairment loss is equal to the $400,000 ($640,000 - $240,000) difference between the book value of the equipment and its fair value. The impairment loss would be recorded as follows:Debit CreditAccumulated Depreciation--Equipment ........ 360,000Loss on Impairment of Equipment ............ 400,000Equipment ($1,000,000 - $240,000) ........ 760,000(c) Since the future cash flows (undiscounted) equal $980,000 and this amount is greater than the book value of $640,000, Johnson Company will not do anything. No impairment is recognized and no upward revaluation is recorded.

FASB 144 Impairment of AssetsAssets held for useIncludes land, building, equipment, natural resources, and intangible assets FASB 147 specifies that intangibles from the banking industry are covered by FASB 144 rules:Long-term customer relationship assets such asDepositor-relationships intangible assetsBorrower-relationships intangible assetsCredit card holder Intangible assetsWhen should impairment be recognized?Testing each asset each period would be too costlyEvents or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverableTRIGGERING EVENTS:Decline in market valueChange in way asset is used or physical change in assetAdverse changes in legal factors or business climateAccumulated costs in excess of amounts originally expected to construct or acquire assetCurrent expectation that, more likely than not, a long-lived asset will be sold or disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful lifeCurrent period losses with history of operating or cash flow losses associated with assetTo apply impairment testsA long-lived asset shall be grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities.Primary asset approachFASB 144 establishes a "primary-asset" approach to determine the cash flow estimation period for a group of assets and liabilities that represents the unit of accounting for a long-lived asset to be held and used Goodwill is included in the asset group only if the asset group is a reporting unit (defined in FASB 142)Other assets and liabilities (inventory, accounts payable, long-term debt, etc) are to be properly valued in accordance with GAAP prior to testing the asset group for recoverabilityAn impairment loss is recognized if . . .Carrying amount of asset (book value) is greater than undiscounted future cash flows related to use and disposal of asset In other words, the carrying value is not recoverableNote that an impairment can exist (that is, carrying value can be less than fair value) but it is not recognized as long as the future cash flows (undiscounted) are greater than the carrying value.The asset is written down to fair valueThe fair value becomes the new carrying value (book value) and depreciation is recorded over remaining useful lifeRestoration of a previously recognized impairment loss is prohibited.Determining fair valueFASB 144 describes a probability-weighted cash flow estimation approach to deal with situations in which alternative courses of action to recover the carrying amount of a long-lived asset are under consideration, or a range is estimated for the amount of possible future cash flows Assets to be Sold vs. AbandonedNew rules in FASB 144 distinguish between assets to be sold and those to be abandoned, exchanged or spun-offProblems with FASB 121Under the old rules, there were two possible valuation proceduresNet realizable valueFair value less cost to sellThe effect was to recognize future operating lossesFASB decided that this violated the definition of a liabilityLong-lived assets to be disposed of by saleClassified as “held for sale” in period in which all of the following criteria are met:1. Management commits to a plan to sell the asset2. Asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition3. Active program to locate a buyer has been initiated4. Sale is probable within one year5. Asset is being actively marketed for a reasonable price6. It is unlikely that the plan to sell will be changedMeasurementWrite asset down to the LOWER ofCarrying amountFair value less cost to sell (see definitions below)Stop depreciating the assetCosts to sellIncludes incremental direct costs to transact the saleBroker commissionsLegal & title transfer feesClosing costsGenerally does not include costs to protect or maintain assetInsuranceSecurity servicesUtility expensesThe cost to sell are discounted to present in special circumstances when the sale is more than one year in the future

According to the new standard of classification of assets and again to regulate the assets devaluation accounting, new guidelines for the assets impairment of enterprise accounting standards and the loss of asset impairment is the recognition and row and could turn a comparative analysis, etc. Expounds the confirmation and launching asset impairment of assets devaluation accounting comprehensively analyzed the necessity, in the current asset impairment confirmed, any sign of possible assets impairment judgment situation and problems, etc. New accounting standards on fixed asset impairment has made the new regulation, it embodies the prudence principle of accounting, make the fixed assets depreciation accounting further perfect and guarantee the authenticity of corporate profits, but also for the steady reflect the financial position and operating results, which has played a positive role. Asset impairment of enterprise accounting of the issues involved was expounded. First introduces the first of the accounting standards for enterprises no. 8 - asset impairment, regulating scope, on the basis of relevant impairment estimates, respectively, the recoverable amount, asset revaluation, headquarters of the loss of asset impairment of accounting treatment were discussed and analyzed, then puts forward the views of the author. Because assets impairment the recognition and measurement of the operability is poor, give enterprises using the defects of assets impairment, within the scope of certain and earnings management operation profit left a space. 2006, China promulgated the new asset impairment criterion, clear signs of regulating the asset impairment judgment, assets recoverable amount measurement, the loss of asset impairment, the recognition and measurement of the asset group identification of the disclosure of the relevant asset impairment such specific problems, and curb business unit optional operation profit behavior. However, because the restrictions, real market factors new guidelines still existed some shortage, is a need to further improve and perfect. 记得给分 幸苦分

Effective for financial statements beginning after December 15,1995, Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 121 requires all companies to review the potential inability to recover the carrying amounts of long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles.从1995年12月15日对财务报表生效以来，财务报表准则第121号要求所有公司检查不能实现长期资产与某些可辨认无形资产账面价值的可能性。The process of reviewing the results of decisions to invest in long-lived assets, called postauditing of capital expenditures, can identify assets that are impaired. The determination of when an asset should be written down for financial statement purposes is not necessarily consistent with when a loss can be deducted for income tax purposes.对长期资产投资决策结果的检查过程，被称为资本性支出后的审计，能够发现受损的资产。将资产的账面价值减记并反映在财务报表中的时间，并不一定要与所得税前扣减损失的期间一致。A goal of implementing postauditing procedures is to identify assets that have declined in value. If the value of an asset in its present use is less than its salvage value, the asset usually should be retired from service and either sold or scrapped. If the asset is sold, most management accounting systems will identify the transaction, and an accounting entry reflecting the sale will be recorded.实施该事后审计程序的目标之一是发现减值下跌的资产。如果资产目前使用状况下的价值低于它的残值，该项资产通常必须不再使用，或者出售，或者报废。如果该项资产被出售，绝大多数管理会计系统会识别该项交易，并且记录该项销售业务的会计分录。Thus, the appropriate income tax provision for the gain or loss will be triggered by the accounting entry. However, if the asset is not sold (e.g., asset is still in use, or it has been discarded, scrapped, or otherwise abandoned), most management accounting systems will not routinely identify these events. Thus, the appropriate income tax provision for the gain or loss may not be recorded properly.这样，该会计分录会导致适当的所得税前对收益抵减或损失。然而，如果该项资产没有被出售（例如，资产仍在使用，或它已经不再使用，被报废了，或者被丢弃了），绝大部分管理会计系统并不能例行地发现这些事项。这样，就不能合适地记录所得税前可抵减的收益或损失的适当金额。If a loss is sustained, it is deductible only in the year sustained. Furthermore, the company no longer may be entitled to the depreciation deduction if an asset has been permanently retired from service. Thus, a company may be in the unfortunate position of being denied a depreciation deduction because the asset has been retired from service, but not entitled to an abandonment loss because of the more restrictive rules governing abandonment losses.如果一项损失发生，它只能在发生的年度进行扣减。另外，如果一项资产永久性退役，不再使用了，公司就不能再对其计提折旧。这样，公司就处于不利的地位，因为资产已经退役了，它不能再扣减折旧，但又不能确认废弃损失，因为受到有关控制废弃损失的约束性条款的制约。However, the danger of losing income tax deductions is reduced when postauditing procedures identify assets that no longer are being used productively. Once nonproductive assets are identified, the company can, with proper planning and attention to the details of the tax laws, determine the actions necessary to obtain the most favorable treatment.然而，当事后审计程序发现资产不能再被富有成效地使用时,这种不能在所得税前抵扣的风险被降低了。一旦发现资产的生产能力不再具备，公司可以，通过对税法条款的合适筹划与关注，确定有必要采取的最有利的方式来处置资产。A mere decline in the value of an asset normally is not deductible. Thus, a partial writedown of an asset for financial statement purposes generally would not create a deduction for tax purposes. Often a sale or exchange of the asset would be necessary to recognize the loss associated with a partially impaired asset.一般来说，一项资产仅仅价值下跌，不足以使其具备可扣减性。这样，在财务报表上对资产的部分减记，不能导致税务上的扣减。确认部分受损资产的损失，经常必须通过资产的销售或者置换来实现。However, there are tax provisions that permit companies to deduct losses on assets that have not been sold or exchanged. Internal Revenue Code Section 165 permits a deduction for losses associated with the abandonment of nondepreciable assets. Losses associated with depreciable assets are governed by Section 167 and/or Section 168.然而，有允许公司在没有销售或置换资产情况下，可以扣减损失的税务条款。内部收入法规第165节允许对不计提折旧的资产废弃导致的损失进行扣除。对于计提折旧的资产的损失，由第167节和/或第168节来规范。

资产减值这个名词在外文中很少以篇名出现。我找到1篇相关的全文，如果你觉得合适发邮件到,我发给你[1]Demski J, Lin H, Sappington D: Asset Impairment Regulations. 2005.当然还有很多，但是我不是学经济的，后面的这些无法下载[2]Munter P: Asset Impairment Proposal, Share-Based Payments. Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance 2001, 12(2):77-81.[3]Martinson O: Shopping for Bargain-Priced Companies? Avoid Asset Impairment Traps. JOURNAL OF CORPORATE ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE 2002, 13(3):63-70.[4]Munter P: Asset impairment and market value accounting: The profession begins to move. Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance 2006, 4(2):137-141.