纳米材料学英文学术杂志论文翻译

Drivers and Directions 研究领导者和研究方向In the United States, the EPA and NIOSH are spearheading research into nanoparticles and their associated health risks through a variety of funded research projects and information exchange programs. NIOSH’s Web site also cites its participation in the multiagency National Nanotechnology Initiative and the Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology Subcommittee of the National Science and Technology Council’s Committee on Technology. 在美国，通过一系列资金鼓励的研究和信息互换项目，国家环保署和国家职业安全与健康研究所正在牵头一项针对纳米级颗粒及其相关健康危害的研究。国家职业安全与健康研究所的网站上同时也摘引了该部门参与的多机构国家纳米技术创新以及微量级别科学、工程与技术委员会，该委员会附属于国家科学与技术顾问委员会技术分会。But on the whole, the study of nanotechnology in the workplace is still in its infancy. Or as Keith Rickabaugh, technical director of materials and analytical services for RJ Lee Group, Monroeville, Pa., puts it, “what has been learned is that there is much more to learn.” Rickabaugh goes on to say that, “We need to learn how to economically/reasonably establish safe work practices and engineering controls to protect workers from an ‘unknown’ exposure risk. That includes performing studies to document the health risks of nanosized particles, and training workers to understand and be able to characterize those materials.”但从总体上看，致力于把纳米技术应用于车间的研究仍处于发展初期。或者正如RJ Lee Monroeville, Pa.集团的材料与分析服务技术总监基思.里卡博所说，“目前已经知道的，就是还有很多需要知道。”他继续还说：“我们需要学会如何从经济上，或者说合理适度地建立安全生产实践和项目控制，以避免工人们暴露在某种‘不可知’的危害下。就是要进行一系列研究，制定纳米级别颗粒的健康危害规范文件，以及教育工人了解和懂得这些物质的特性。”

驾驶员和方向在美国，环保署和 NIOSH 正在带头做先锋研究进入 nanoparticles 和他们的联合健康之内冒多种被赞助的研究计画和数据的危险过交换计画。 NIOSH's 的网站也引证它的参与多代理国立纳米技术率先和 Nanoscale在技术上的国立科学的科学，工程学和技术小组委员会和技术会议的委员会。 但是大致上，工作地点的纳米技术的研究仍然在它的幼年方面。 或如基思 Rickabaugh,RJ 李团体， Monroeville ， Pa 的材料和分析的服务技术上指导者。,放它," 什么已经被学习是那里是更多学习。" Rickabaugh 继续说那 ", 我们需要学习如何到节俭地/ 适度地建立安全的工作练习而且工程学控制保护工人免于一个‘未知数'暴露危险。那包括表演的研究证明 nanosized 粒子的健康危险, 而且教育工人了解而且能够表示那些材料的特色。”

From size, it usually generate significant changes in chemical and physical properties of small particle size in 0.1 microns (note 1 m = 100 centimeters, 1 centimeter = 10,000 microns, 1 micron = 10 nanometers, 1 nano = 10 ella), namely below 100 nanometers. Therefore, particle size in 1 ~ 100 nanometer particles called ultra fime grain materials, is also a kind of nanometer materials. Nano metal material is the middle of 1980s, then the successful development of field contains nano semiconducting film, nano ceramic, nano CiXing materials and nano biomedical materials. Nanoscale structure material referred to as the nanometer material (nano material), is to show its structure unit size between 1 nano ~ 100 nanometer range between. Because of its size is close to electronic coherence length, and its nature because strong coherent brings the self-organization makes properties change greatly. And, its scale has come close to the wavelength of light, plus its surface with large special effect, thus its display properties, such as melting point, magnetic, optical, heat conductivity, conductive properties etc, often is different from the substance in overall state behavior of nature. Nanoparticles material called utrasmall particle materials from the nanoparticles (nano distinguish) composition. Nanoparticles also called utrasmall particle size, generally means within 1 ~ 100nm between particles, is in atom clusters and macro objects at the junction of the transition region, from the macro and micro usually on the viewpoint, this system not only atypical microscopic system also atypical macroscopic systems, is a kind of typical mesoscopic system, has the surface effect, small size effect and the macroscopic quantum tunneling effect. When people put the macro object subdivided into utrasmall particle (nanometer level), it will display a lot of exotic characteristics, namely its optical, heat, electricity, magnetic, mechanical and chemical properties of solid and bulky than when there will be significant different.Nanotechnology generalized range including nano materials technology and nano machining technology, nano measurement technology, nano application technology, etc. One nanometer material technology focuses on nano functional material production (superfine powder, coating, nano modified materials etc), performance testing technology (chemical composition, microstructure and surface morphology and geophysical, geochemical and electric, magnetic and optical properties, such as heat and). Nano machining technology contains precision machining technology (energy beam machining, etc) and scanning probe techniques. Nanomaterials has certain uniqueness, when matter scale small to certain degree, then have to switch to quantum mechanics to replace traditional mechanical view to describe its behavior, when powder particles size by 10 micron drop to 10 nano, its size is changed for 1,000 times, but converted volume is ten nine 4k times the giant, so both behavior will generate obvious difference. Nanoparticles are different from large physical reason is in the surface area of the relative increase, namely utrasmall particle surface was full of ladder shape structure, the structure with high surface can represent the unrest atoms. This kind of atomic extremely easily with foreign atomic adsorption of bonding, at the same time because narrow particle size and provides large surface activity of atoms. It is melting point, nano powder due to each particle constituent atoms less, surface atomic in instability, make its surface lattice vibration amplitude of the bigger, so has the high surface energy, causing utrasmall particle unique thermal property, also is caused by melting down, as nano powder will than traditional powder easy in low temperature sintering and become good sintering promote materials从尺寸大小来说，通常产生物理化学性质显著变化的细小微粒的尺寸在0.1微米以下（注1米＝100厘米，1厘米＝10000微米，1微米＝1000纳米，1纳米＝10埃），即100纳米以下。因此，颗粒尺寸在1～100纳米的微粒称为超微粒材料，也是一种纳米材料。 纳米金属材料是20世纪80年代中期研制成功的，后来相继问世的有纳米半导体薄膜、纳米陶瓷、纳米瓷性材料和纳米生物医学材料等。 纳米级结构材料简称为纳米材料(nano material)，是指其结构单元的尺寸介于1纳米～100纳米范围之间。由于它的尺寸已经接近电子的相干长度，它的性质因为强相干所带来的自组织使得性质发生很大变化。并且，其尺度已接近光的波长，加上其具有大表面的特殊效应，因此其所表现的特性，例如熔点、磁性、光学、导热、导电特性等等，往往不同于该物质在整体状态时所表现的性质。 纳米颗粒材料又称为超微颗粒材料，由纳米粒子(nano particle)组成。纳米粒子也叫超微颗粒，一般是指尺寸在1～100nm间的粒子，是处在原子簇和宏观物体交界的过渡区域，从通常的关于微观和宏观的观点看，这样的系统既非典型的微观系统亦非典型的宏观系统，是一种典型的介观系统，它具有表面效应、小尺寸效应和宏观量子隧道效应。当人们将宏观物体细分成超微颗粒（纳米级）后，它将显示出许多奇异的特性，即它的光学、热学、电学、磁学、力学以及化学方面的性质和大块固体时相比将会有显著的不同。 纳米技术的广义范围可包括纳米材料技术及纳米加工技术、纳米测量技术、纳米应用技术等方面。其中纳米材料技术着重于纳米功能性材料的生产（超微粉、镀膜、纳米改性材料等），性能检测技术（化学组成、微结构、表面形态、物、化、电、磁、热及光学等性能）。纳米加工技术包含精密加工技术（能量束加工等）及扫描探针技术。 纳米材料具有一定的独特性，当物质尺度小到一定程度时，则必须改用量子力学取代传统力学的观点来描述它的行为，当粉末粒子尺寸由10微米降至10纳米时，其粒径虽改变为1000倍，但换算成体积时则将有10的9次方倍之巨，所以二者行为上将产生明显的差异。 纳米粒子异于大块物质的理由是在其表面积相对增大，也就是超微粒子的表面布满了阶梯状结构，此结构代表具有高表面能的不安定原子。这类原子极易与外来原子吸附键结，同时因粒径缩小而提供了大表面的活性原子。 就熔点来说，纳米粉末中由于每一粒子组成原子少，表面原子处于不安定状态，使其表面晶格震动的振幅较大，所以具有较高的表面能量，造成超微粒子特有的热性质，也就是造成熔点下降，同时纳米粉末将比传统粉末容易在较低温度烧结，而成为良好的烧结促进材料。 一般常见的磁性物质均属多磁区之集合体，当粒子尺寸小至无法区分出其磁区时，即形成单磁区之磁性物质。因此磁性材料制作成超微粒子或薄膜时，将成为优异的磁性材料。 纳米粒子的粒径（10纳米～100纳米）小于光波的长，因此将与入射光产生复杂的交互作用。金属在适当的蒸发沉积条件下，可得到易吸收光的黑色金属超微粒子，称为金属黑，这与金属在真空镀膜形成高反射率光泽面成强烈对比。纳米材料因其光吸收率大的特色，可应用于红外线感测器材料。 纳米技术在世界各国尚处于萌芽阶段，美、日、德等少数国家，虽然已经初具基础，但是尚在研究之中，新理论和技术的出现仍然方兴未艾。我国已努力赶上先进国家水平，研究队伍也在日渐壮大。

驾驶员和方向 在美国，环保署和 NIOSH 正在带头做先锋研究. 进入奈米粒子和他们的联合健康之内冒多种被赞助的研究计画和数据交换计画的危险过。 NIOSH 的网站也引证它的多代理商国立纳米技术率先的参与和 在技术上的国立科学和技术会议的委员会的科学、工程学和技术小组委员会。 但是大致上，在工作地点的纳米技术的研究仍然在它的幼年方面。 或如基思 Rickabaugh, RJ 的材料和分析的服务李集团、 Monroeville,Pa 的技术上指导者。, 放它,"什么已经被学习是有更多获悉。" Rickabaugh 继续说 ," 我们需要获悉如何对经济上地/适度地建立安全的工作练习和工程控制保护工人免于 '未知者' 暴露危险。 那包括表演的研究证明 nanosized 粒子的健康危险, 和训练工人了解而且能够表示那些材料的特色。” 回答者：yuantao1974 - 助理 二级 10-19 09:17Drivers and Directions In the United States, the EPA and NIOSH are spearheading research into nanoparticles and their associated health risks through a variety of funded research projects and information exchange programs. NIOSH’s Web site also cites its participation in the multiagency National Nanotechnology Initiative and the Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology Subcommittee of the National Science and Technology Council’s Committee on Technology. But on the whole, the study of nanotechnology in the workplace is still in its infancy. Or as Keith Rickabaugh, technical director of materials and analytical services for RJ Lee Group, Monroeville, Pa., puts it, “what has been learned is that there is much more to learn.” Rickabaugh goes on to say that, “We need to learn how to economically/reasonably establish safe work practices and engineering controls to protect workers from an ‘unknown’ exposure risk. That includes performing studies to document the health risks of nanosized particles, and training workers to understand and be able to characterize those materials.” 回答者：doufudong - 见习魔法师 二级 10-19 09:25司机和方向在美国环保局并niosh都带头研究纳米及其相关的健康风险,通过各种资助的研究项目和信息交流项目.niosh网站还援引其参与的主动性和纳米multiagency国家纳米科学、工程技术小组全国科技会议的技术委员会.但总体来说,纳米科技研究工作仍处于起步阶段.还是基思rickabaugh、材料和分析技术总监李约社区服务组、罗维尔、Pa的,吃喜酒时"据悉,还有更多的学习." rickabaugh又说,"我们需要学习如何在经济/安全工作,建立合理的管制,以保护工人和工程实践,从'未知的风险.表演的研究文献,包括纳米粒子的健康风险,培训工作者了解并能描述这些材料. "

原文：Drivers and Directions In the United States, the EPA and NIOSH are spearheading research into nanoparticles and their associated health risks through a variety of funded research projects and information exchange programs. NIOSH’s Web site also cites its participation in the multiagency National Nanotechnology Initiative and the Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology Subcommittee of the National Science and Technology Council’s Committee on Technology. But on the whole, the study of nanotechnology in the workplace is still in its infancy. Or as Keith Rickabaugh, technical director of materials and analytical services for RJ Lee Group, Monroeville, Pa., puts it, “what has been learned is that there is much more to learn.” Rickabaugh goes on to say that, “We need to learn how to economically/reasonably establish safe work practices and engineering controls to protect workers from an ‘unknown’ exposure risk. That includes performing studies to document the health risks of nanosized particles, and training workers to understand and be able to characterize those materials.”译文：驾驶和方向 在美国，环保协会中正在带头做先锋研究. 进入毫微粒和他们的缔合了的健康之内冒多种个案计画和信息交换程序的危险过。有的网站也传唤多代理的它叁与国家的奈米技术创制权在工艺学上的国家科学的科学，工程和工艺学小组委员会和工艺学委员会的委员会。 但是大致上，工作地点蒸馏器的奈米技术的研究是在它的未成年中。 或如基思,为背风组的技术材料和分析的劳务导向体。,放它," 什么已经被学习是多多有学习." 我们学习如何到节俭地/ 适度地创立安全的工户实务和工程控制器保护工人免于一个‘未知的事物'露光风险。 那含操作研究证明胶丸颗粒的健康风险 , 和要而且能够的工人表示那些材料的特色训练。” thank ！！！！ 好辛苦哦！！我是一个字一个字地打出来的，（原文是复制的，译文是一个一个打的）真不容易，我打字本来就慢，让我用了整整一节课的时间，真累~~！！！！！啥也不说了，我要去睡了，拜--~