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毕业设计(论文)是学生毕业前最后一个重要学习环节,是学习深化与升华的重要过程。它既是学生学习、研究与实践成果的全面总结,又是对学生素质与能力的一次全面检验,而且还是对学生的毕业资格及学位资格认证的重要依据。为了保证我校本科生毕业设计(论文)质量,特制定“同济大学本科生毕业设计(论文)撰写规范”。一、毕业设计(论文)资料的组成A.毕业设计(论文)任务书;B.毕业设计(论文)成绩评定书;C.毕业论文或毕业设计说明书(包括:封面、中外文摘要或设计总说明(包括关键词)、目录、正文、谢辞、参考文献、附录);D.译文及原文复印件;E.图纸、软盘等。二、毕业设计(论文)资料的填写及有关资料的装订毕业设计(论文)统一使用学校印制的毕业设计(论文)资料袋、毕业设计(论文)任务书、毕业设计(论文)成绩评定书、毕业设计(论文)封面、稿纸(在教务处网上下载用,学校统一纸面格式,使用A4打印纸)。毕业设计(论文)资料按要求认真填写,字体要工整,卷面要整洁,手写一律用黑或蓝黑墨水;任务书由指导教师填写并签字,经院长(系主任)签字后发出。毕业论文或设计说明书要按顺序装订:封面、中外文摘要或设计总说明(包括关键词)、目录、正文、谢辞、参考文献、附录装订在一起,然后与毕业设计(论文)任务书、毕业设计(论文)成绩评定书、译文及原文复印件(订在一起)、工程图纸(按国家标准折叠装订)、软盘等一起放入填写好的资料袋内交指导教师查收,经审阅评定后归档。三、毕业设计说明书(论文)撰写的内容与要求一份完整的毕业设计(论文)应包括以下几个方面:1.标题标题应该简短、明确、有概括性。标题字数要适当,不宜超过20个字,如果有些细节必须放进标题,可以分成主标题和副标题。2.论文摘要或设计总说明论文摘要以浓缩的形式概括研究课题的内容,中文摘要在300字左右,外文摘要以250个左右实词为宜,关键词一般以3~5个为妥。设计总说明主要介绍设计任务来源、设计标准、设计原则及主要技术资料,中文字数要在1500~2000字以内,外文字数以1000个左右实词为宜,关键词一般以5个左右为妥。3.目录目录按三级标题编写(即:1……、1.1……、1.1.1……),要求标题层次清晰。目录中的标题应与正文中的标题一致,附录也应依次列入目录。4.正文毕业设计说明书(论文)正文包括绪论、正文主体与结论,其内容分别如下:绪论应说明本课题的意义、目的、研究范围及要达到的技术要求;简述本课题在国内外的发展概况及存在的问题;说明本课题的指导思想;阐述本课题应解决的主要问题,在文字量上要比摘要多。正文主体是对研究工作的详细表述,其内容包括:问题的提出,研究工作的基本前提、假设和条件;模型的建立,实验方案的拟定;基本概念和理论基础;设计计算的主要方法和内容;实验方法、内容及其分析;理论论证,理论在课题中的应用,课题得出的结果,以及对结果的讨论等。学生根据毕业设计(论文)课题的性质,一般仅涉及上述一部分内容。结论是对整个研究工作进行归纳和综合而得出的总结,对所得结果与已有结果的比较和课题尚存在的问题,以及进一步开展研究的见解与建议。结论要写得概括、简短。5.谢辞谢辞应以简短的文字对在课题研究和设计说明书(论文)撰写过程中曾直接给予帮助的人员(例如指导教师、答疑教师及其他人员)表示自己的谢意,这不仅是一种礼貌,也是对他人劳动的尊重,是治学者应有的思想作风。6.参考文献与附录参考文献是毕业设计(论文)不可缺少的组成部分,它反映毕业设计(论文)的取材来源、材料的广博程度和材料的可靠程度,也是作者对他人知识成果的承认和尊重。一份完整的参考文献可向读者提供一份有价值的信息资料。一般做毕业设计(论文)的参考文献不宜过多,但应列入主要的文献可10篇以上,其中外文文献在2篇以上。附录是对于一些不宜放在正文中,但有参考价值的内容,可编入毕业设计(论文)的附录中,例如公式的推演、编写的程序等;如果文章中引用的符号较多时,便于读者查阅,可以编写一个符号说明,注明符号代表的意义。一般附录的篇幅不宜过大,若附录篇幅超过正文,会让人产生头轻脚重的感觉。四、毕业设计(论文)要求我校毕业设计(论文)大致有设计类、理论研究类(理科)、实验研究类、计算机软件设计类、经济、管理及文科类、综合类等,具体要求如下:1.设计类(包括机械、建筑、土建工程等):学生必须独立绘制完成一定数量的图纸,工程图除了用计算机绘图外必须要有1~2张(2号以上含2号图)是手工绘图;一份15000字以上的设计说明书(包括计算书、调研报告);参考文献不低于10篇,其中外文文献要在2篇以上。2.理论研究类(理科):对该类课题工科学生一般不提倡,各院系要慎重选题,除非题目确实有实际意义。该毕业设计报告或论文字数要在20000字以上;根据课题提出问题、分析问题,提出方案、并进行建模、仿真和设计计算等;参考文献不低于15篇,其中外文文献要在4篇以上。3.实验研究类:学生要独立完成一个完整的实验,取得足够的实验数据,实验要有探索性,而不是简单重复已有的工作;要完成15000字以上的论文,其包括文献综述,实验部分的讨论与结论等内容;参考文献不少于10篇,包括2篇以上外文文献。4.计算机软件类:学生要独立完成一个软件或较大软件中的一个模块,要有足够的工作量;要写出10000字以上的软件说明书和论文;毕业设计(论文)中如涉及到有关电路方面的内容时,必须完成调试工作,要有完整的测试结果和给出各种参数指标;当涉及到有关计算机软件方面的内容时,要进行计算机演示程序运行和给出运行结果。5.经济、管理及文科类:学生在教师的指导下完成开题报告;撰写一篇20000字以上的有一定水平的专题论文(外国语专业论文篇幅为5000个词以上。);参考文献不少于10篇,包括1-2篇外文文献。6.综合类:综合类毕业设计(论文)要求至少包括以上三类内容,如有工程设计内容时,在图纸工作量上可酌情减少,完成10000字以上的论文,参考文献不少于10篇,包括2篇以上外文文献。每位学生在完成毕业设计(论文)的同时要求:(1)翻译2万外文印刷字符或译出5000汉字以上的有关技术资料或专业文献(外语专业学生翻译6000~8000字符的专业外文文献或写出10000字符的外文文献的中文读书报告),内容要尽量结合课题(译文连同原文单独装订成册)。(2)使用计算机进行绘图,或进行数据采集、数据处理、数据分析,或进行文献检索、论文编辑等。绘图是工程设计的基本训练,毕业设计中学生应用计算机绘图,但作为绘图基本训练可要求一定量的墨线和铅笔线图。毕业设计图纸应符合制图标准,学生应参照教务处2004年3月印制的《毕业设计制图规范》进行绘图。五、毕业设计(论文)的写作细则1.书写毕业设计(论文)要用学校规定的文稿纸书写或打印(手写时必须用黑或蓝墨水),文稿纸背面不得书写正文和图表,正文中的任何部分不得写到文稿纸边框以外,文稿纸不得随意接长或截短。汉字必须使用国家公布的规范字。2.标点符号毕业设计(论文)中的标点符号应按新闻出版署公布的"标点符号用法"使用。3.名词、名称科学技术名词术语尽量采用全国自然科学名词审定委员会公布的规范词或国家标准、部标准中规定的名称,尚未统一规定或叫法有争议的名称术语,可采用惯用的名称。使用外文缩写代替某一名词术语时,首次出现时应在括号内注明其含义。外国人名一般采用英文原名,按名前姓后的原则书写。一般很熟知的外国人名(如牛顿、达尔文、马克思等)可按通常标准译法写译名。4.量和单位量和单位必须采用中华人民共和国的国家标准GB3100~GB3102-93,它是以国际单位制(SI)为基础的。非物理量的单位,如件、台、人、元等,可用汉字与符号构成组合形式的单位,例如件/台、元/km。5.数字毕业设计(论文)中的测量统计数据一律用阿拉伯数字,但在叙述不很大的数目时,一般不用阿拉伯数字,如"他发现两颗小行星"、"三力作用于一点",不宜写成"他发现2颗小行星"、"3力作用于1点"。大约的数字可以用中文数字,也可以用阿拉伯数字,如"约一百五十人",也可写成"约150人"。6.标题层次毕业设计(论文)的全部标题层次应有条不紊,整齐清晰。相同的层次应采用统一的表示体例,正文中各级标题下的内容应同各自的标题对应,不应有与标题无关的内容。章节编号方法应采用分级阿拉伯数字编号方法,第一级为"1"、"2"、"3"等,第二级为"2.1"、"2.2"、"2.3"等,第三级为"2.2.1"、"2.2.2"、"2.2.3"等,但分级阿拉伯数字的编号一般不超过四级,两级之间用下角圆点隔开,每一级的末尾不加标点。各层标题均单独占行书写。第一级标题居中书写;第二级标题序数顶格书写,后空一格接写标题,末尾不加标点;第三级和第四级标题均空两格书写序数,后空一格书写标题。第四级以下单独占行的标题顺序采用A.B.C.…和a.b.c.两层,标题均空两格书写序数,后空一格写标题。正文中对总项包括的分项采用⑴、⑵、⑶…单独序号,对分项中的小项采用①、②、③…的序号或数字加半括号,括号后不再加其他标点。7.注释毕业设计(论文)中有个别名词或情况需要解释时,可加注说明,注释可用页末注(将注文放在加注页的下端)或篇末注(将全部注文集中在文章末尾),而不可行中注(夹在正文中的注)。注释只限于写在注释符号出现的同页,不得隔页。8.公式公式应居中书写,公式的编号用圆括号括起放在公式右边行末,公式和编号之间不加虚线。9.表格每个表格应有表序和表题,表序和表题应写在表格上放正中,表序后空一格书写表题。表格允许下页接写,表题可省略,表头应重复写,并在右上方写"续表××"。10.插图毕业设计的插图必须精心制作,线条粗细要合适,图面要整洁美观。每幅插图应有图序和图题,图序和图题应放在图位下方居中处。图应在描图纸或在白纸上用墨线绘成,也可以用计算机绘图。11.参考文献参考文献一律放在文后,参考文献的书写格式要按国家标准GB7714-87规定。参考文献按文中出现的先后统一用阿拉伯数字进行自然编号,一般序码宜用方括号括起,不用园括号括起。
移动通信作为一个科技密集型和知识密集型的高新技术产业,在现代市场经济条件下,在竞争空间日趋激烈和社会信息化发展趋势下,必须十分重视市场营销管理,重视市场营销管理体系建设。要充分根据市场需求的现状与趋势,制定计划,合理有效配置资源。通过有效地满足市场需求,来赢得竞争优势,在加快市场营销步伐的同时,努力建立和完善移动通信市场营销管理体系,以不断适应新的发展形势需要。1目前国内移动通信市场营销管理的现状“市场部”这个词走进国内企业还是近几年的事,目前移动通信企业内部所设置的营销部、分销处、运营部、销售部、以及市场管理部等都是市场部的涵盖范围。从分营后的中国移动通信、中国联通、上海光大、电信长城等具有运营资格的运营商来看,中国移动通信市场营销做的比较大,在原先营业厅基础上,又发展了商场、专卖店、量贩等销售形式,给人一种规模和实力的感觉,然而市场知名度高,但市场品牌忠诚度低;中国联通起步晚,但市场经济条件下没有迟到的经营者,只有善于经营的赢家,中国联通采取分销商网络营销的思路引起业内效仿,但诸多不完善的环节也时常引起消费者反应;其它几家运营商尽管营销思路很前卫,但是制约其市场开发的因素较多,市场反应冷淡。可以说,目前移动通信企业市场营销管理是各行其道,短期行为太多,缺乏长远统一的规划。从行业整个市场来看,我国移动通信企业尚未真正掌握专业营销知识和操作技能,就其对市场的态度和行为而言,移动通信企业还处于为完成短期销售目标而采用广告、公关、有奖销售等促销手段为主的促销导向型阶段,尚未达到市场营销导向型阶段。当然,其中原因也有我国通信行业长期处于垄断阶段的因素,广大从业者没有市场危机感。没有市场危机感就不会产生市场营销紧迫感,对市场营销管理的认识和努力只是在竞争机制下才有所转变。就移动通信行业进入市场经济状态的时间和目前市场供需关系的状况看,从业者的观念和认识的迅速提高要靠调查、分析、预测、营销企划等方式来引导、开拓、扩大和满足广大消费者对其服务的需求来完成,进而达到企业整体长远的营销目标的实现,尽管尚须时日,但这是市场营销的需求和必然发展趋势。从市场发展规律来看,卖方市场到买方市场的转变往往是在市场开始竞争之时,对竞争日渐激烈的移动通信业而言,具有前瞻性目光的人士早已看到,初露端倪的买方市场正在形成。如何适应市场、创造市场,是移动通信企业面临的带有战略性的问题。移动通信商们应该清醒认识到,拥有目前的市场并不完全意味着必然占有市场,还必须依靠行之有效的方式去进行市场拓展,发展市场,创造市场,这个行之有效的方式就是建立和完善企业的市场营销管理体系。2市场营销管理体系的组成和细分从事过营销的人都知识,市场营销的表现是市场管理,市场营销管理的实质是需求管理。企业在开展市场营销的过程中,一般要设定一个在目标市场上预期要实现的交易水平。然而,实际需求水平可能低于、等于、或高于这个预期的需求水平,换言之,在目标市场上,可能没有需求、需求很小或超量需求,市场营销管理就是要对付这些不同的需求,市场营销管理体系就是要对市场营销管理进行科学有效组合。根据移动通信行业自身特点以及市场的发展情况来看,移动通信市场营销管理体系应包括五个方面:(1)市场需求管理;(2)市场营销网络管理;(3)市场推动管理;(4)市场营销环境管理;(5)市场营销组织管理。这个市场营销管理体系就是通过创造建立和保持与目标市场之间的有益交换和联系,以实现移动通信企业的各种目标并进行分析、计划、执行和控制的市场营销指挥系统,可以说,这个系统不仅是定价、分销、促销等单一活动的职能行使,而是一个目标市场运作的中枢神经系统,通过这个系统,企业不断观察市场,发现和评估各种变化因素,然后反馈企业,作为企业制定新战略和行动计划的基础,然后运用新的修正过的行动来消除阻碍目标实现的因素,并观察评价客户和竞争对此作出的反应,然后再反馈到企业使企业再次形成新的战略修正方案推向市场,这样形成良性循环,以达到不断适应市场,创造市场的目的。就移动通信市场营销管理体系的五个组成部分而言,既有机地结合,又独立工作,每一部分又包涵着丰富的细分内容。2.1市场营销需求管理细分我们知道,市场营销管理的实质是需求管理。根据市场需求水平、时间和性质不同,市场需求一般有八种不同状况:(1)负需求;(2)无需求;(3)潜伏需求;(4)下降需求;(5)不规则需求;(6)充分需求;(7)过量需求;(8)有害需求。从市场的组成要素人口、购买力、购买欲望来看,目前移动通信市场需求状况基本处于充分需求和潜伏需求的阶段,是市场开拓者应好好把握的大好时机。市场营销需求管理就是要对市场的需求状况进行有效管理,充分做好市场调查研究,深入市场,广泛了解客户、顾客、分销商、供应商以及广告反应、行业信息、营销网络、促销效果等有关业内的综合情况,广泛搜集市场信息,摸准市场的变化,找准潜在市场及市场盲区和死角,做出详尽属实的市场调研分析报告,以便企业的企划者以此制定市场营销企划方案,制定新业务计划。可以说,市场营销需求管理是企业营销工作的一双眼睛。一般来说,市场营销需求管理包括目标市场分析和市场目标分析两个方面。(1)目标市场影响移动通信目标市场的因素较多,从市场定位、营销策略、促销政策、广告方式、产品价格、产品包装及外形到技术先进程度、购买形式、服务态度、营销网络建设、售后服务等方面都要认真考虑。目标市场变化不断,移动通信运营商也要依据市场的变化不断变化营销管理思路。从手机市场上我们可以看到,手机从当初的组织消费购买到如今的私人消费购买为主,目标市场的变化也引起供应商的努力,摩托罗拉从当初以行政机关领导为主到现在形色多样的各种层次手机,正是目标市场使然。移动通信商要在研究目前目标市场的综合情况时,不断把目光投向市场的新变化,进行市场细分与目标市场新选择,准确把握和预测市场需求的发展动态,才能做到有的放矢。(2)市场目标那些收入稳定、有一定的经济实力和地位的人群,固然是市场目标,但这些人早已是手机的拥有者,移动通信商关注的是新增长的消费层和高消费层新的消费变化。市场永远在变化,所有稳定都是暂时的,移动通信市场也不例外。不同的消费者有不同的变化,从行政机关公务员、企业老板到小业主、企业白领阶层、打工仔,不同年龄不同性别,需求不同,变化也不同,兴趣爱好各异,审美观点有别,需要市场开拓者仔细研究,区别对待,进行准确市场定位。这一点我们从外企的情况可以看出,摩托罗拉手机以厚重大方为主,为行政机关人员和高级管理者所看重;诺基亚以专业公司著称,倡导科技以人为本,平均不到一周时间推出新款,其先进的形象对新潮时尚人士和高级知识分子具有较强吸引力,而在全国各大媒体统一推出的《专业、全面、关怀》系列宣传篇,更是把诺基亚推向大众化市场;爱立信则以灵巧方便为高级商务人士所青睐;飞利浦更是以外形美观色彩明快吸引着广大青年消费者。我国的科键、波导、康佳则以工薪阶Mobile communications as a technology-intensive and knowledge-intensive high-tech industries, in a modern market economy, the space in the increasingly fierce competition and social development trend of information technology, we must attach great importance to marketing management, attention to marketing management system. To fully meet market demand the status and trends, planning, rational and efficient allocation of resources. To effectively meet the market demand, to gain a competitive advantage in accelerating the pace of marketing at the same time, efforts to establish and improve mobile communications marketing management system to continuously adapt to the new development of the situation. 1 domestic mobile communications marketing management status "Market" or words into the domestic enterprises in recent years, the current mobile communication enterprises set up by the marketing, distribution, the Ministry of operations, sales and market management, and so are the Department of the Ministry of the coverage of the market . From the camp after China Mobile, China Unicom, the Shanghai Everbright, telecommunications operators, such as the Great Wall of qualified operators, China Mobile Marketing to do more, in the original business on the basis of the Office and the development of shopping malls, Stores, hypermarkets and other forms of sales, gives people a sense of size and strength, but the market well-known, but the market is low brand loyalty; China Unicom late start, but not under market economy conditions late for the operators, only good at business The winner, China Unicom network marketing distributors to take the ideas from the industry to follow, but many imperfections often caused part of the response of consumers; several other carriers despite the very avant-garde marketing ideas, but restricted their market development than the factors , The market cold. It can be said that the current mobile communication business marketing management is Gexingqidao, too much short-term, long-term lack of unified planning. From the industry look at the entire market, China's mobile communication business has yet to truly master professional knowledge and operating skills marketing, on his attitude and behaviour of the market, the mobile telecommunications sector is still in the short-term sales target for the completion of using advertising, public relations, sales crossword , And other promotions based marketing-oriented stage, have not yet reached the market-oriented marketing stage. Of course, the reasons for China's communications industry has a monopoly stage of the long-term factors, the majority of market practitioners no sense of crisis. No market will not have a sense of crisis on the marketing sense of urgency, the market knowledge and marketing management efforts in the mechanism of competition only if they changed. On the mobile communications industry into the market economy status of the time and the market supply and demand situation, the practitioners of the concept and awareness of the rapid increase to rely on investigation, analysis, forecasts, marketing and other ways to guide the planning, development, to expand and meet the majority of consumer To demand for its services to complete, thereby achieve their overall long-term goal of marketing, despite the need to be given time, but this is the marketing needs and inevitable trend. From the development of the market, a seller's market to a buyer's market is often the changes in the market when the competition began, the increasingly fierce competition in the mobile communications industry, are forward-looking vision of people already see emerging is a buyer's market Formation. How to adapt to the market and create markets, is facing the mobile communications companies with strategic issues. Mobile communications have to be clearly recognized that the current market has not fully occupy the market will inevitably mean that, we must rely on effective ways to conduct market development, market development, market creation, the effective ways is to build and Improve enterprise marketing management system. 2 marketing management system and the breakdown of the composition Engaged in the marketing people have the knowledge, marketing is the performance of market management, marketing management, in essence, is demand management. In carrying out marketing enterprises in the process, to set a general target market in order to achieve the expected level of transactions. However, the level may be lower than actual demand, equal to or higher than the expected level of demand, in other words, the target market, may not demand, needs little or excessive demand, marketing management is to deal with these different needs, Marketing Management System is to the marketing management of scientific and effective combinations. According to the mobile telecommunications sector of its own characteristics and the development of the market situation, mobile communications marketing management system should include five areas: (1) market demand management, (2) marketing network management, (3) market-driven management, (4 ) Marketing environment management, (5) marketing organization and management. The marketing management system is established and maintained through the creation of target markets and between the exchange and useful links, mobile communication enterprises in order to achieve the objectives and analysis, planning, implementation and control of the marketing chain of command, it can be said that this System is not only pricing, distribution, marketing and other activities of the functions of a single exercise, but a target market operation of the central nervous system, through this system, enterprises have continuously observe the market, the detection and assessment of the changes, and then feedback enterprises, as enterprises develop New strategies and action plans based on, and then use the new revised action to eliminate obstacles to achieve the objectives, and to observe and evaluate customer response to this competition, and then back to the enterprises so that enterprises once again to form a new strategic programme that Into the market, such a virtuous circle, constantly adapting to the market to achieve, the purpose of creating the market. Marketing on the mobile communication management system of five components, the combination of both, working independently, each part also includes a breakdown of rich content. 2.1 marketing demand management breakdown We know that marketing management is the essence of demand management. According to market demand, time and a different nature, the general market demand has eight different conditions: (1) negative demand (2) No demand, (3) latent demand (4) decreased demand (5) irregular demand; (6) the full demand (7) excessive demand (8) harmful demand. From the constituent elements of the market, purchasing power, the desire to purchase, the current mobile communication market demand situation is basically in full demand and potential demand for the stage, the market should take full advantage of the pioneers of opportunity. Marketing is to manage demand in the market demand for effective management, to make full market research studies, in-depth market, broad knowledge of clients, customers, distributors, suppliers and advertising response, industry information, marketing network, promotional effects On the comprehensive situation of the industry, extensive collection of market information, Mozhun market changes, and identify potential markets and market blind spots and dead ends, make a detailed analysis of the case of market research reports in order to enterprises are planning to develop marketing planning programme, The development of new business plan. It can be said that marketing needs of enterprise marketing management is the work of the pair of eyes. In general, marketing demand management, including the target market analysis and objective analysis of two aspects of the market. (1) target market Impact of mobile communications market factors more objective, market positioning, marketing strategy, promotion policies, advertising, product prices, product packaging and appearance to the advanced level of technology, purchase forms, service and marketing network construction, service and other aspects To seriously consider. Target market changes constantly, mobile communication operators to market changes based on the changing marketing and management ideas. From the phone on the market, we can see that the phone from the original purchase of consumer organizations to today's mainly the purchase of private consumption, the target market also caused changes in the supplier's efforts, Motorola from the original mainly in the executive leadership to diverse now Xingse Various levels of mobile phones, the result is the target market. Mobile communications have to study the current target market in the comprehensive situation, keep eyes on the new changes in the market, market segmentation and target market of new options, accurate grasp of market demand and projected developments can be targeted. (2) target market Those who are stable, have a certain economic strength and status of the crowd, of course, is the target market, but these people have long been the owner of a mobile phone, mobile communications are concerned that the new growth of consumption and high consumption of the new changes in consumption. The market will never change, and stability are all temporary, mobile communications market is no exception. Different consumers have different changes, from the administrative organs of civil servants, owners of small business owners, corporate white-collar class, wage earners and age groups of different sex, different needs, different changes, different hobbies, aesthetic views are different, the needs of the market Portland careful study and treat them differently, accurate market positioning. This is the situation we can see that foreign invested enterprises, Motorola mobile phones mainly to heavy generous, for the executive officers and senior managers by value; Nokia to a professional company, science and technology to promote people-centered, less than a week the average time a new , Of its advanced image of the futuristic and intellectuals have strong appeal, and the reunification of the country the major media's "professional, comprehensive and caring" series of promotional articles, Geng Shiba popular Nokia push the market; love Ericsson while ingenious convenient for senior business people favor; Philips is a more attractive appearance bright colors to attract a large number of young consumers. China's key Branch, Bird, Konka while working order
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