关于独立主格结构论文范文资料

请看下面一道题：Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.A. its B. whose C. which D. that【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为sitting，也应选择A）。所以此题最佳答案选A。请再看一个类似的例子：(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C.which D. that(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，该句是典型的非限制性定语从句，因为该句修饰的是前面的novels，即指物，所以只能用which做of的宾语，故本题选C。再请看下面一例：(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。请做做以下四题：(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.（独立主格结构）A. which B. them C. whom D. that(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners. （非限制性定语从句）A. which B. whom C. who D. that(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.（两个句子）A. which B. them C. whom D. that(4)There _________ nothing more to do,Mr.Goodman left for home.（独立主格结构）A. was B. being C. to be D. had being(答案均为B)

独立主格结构及其修辞特点独立主格结构，由一通格名词或主格代词加上非谓语动词构成，通常起修饰一个句子的作用，不过有时也可以解释为修饰句中某一特殊的词。例如：She sat there alone, her face covered with her hands.（她独自一人坐在那里，双手捂住脸。）He being absent，no business was transacted .(由于他不在，什么生意也没有做。)一、独立主格的结构的几种主要形式1．Noun / Pron. + Present / Past Participle(1)The bell ringing, the students went into the classroom. (钤响了，学生们走进教室。)这句划线部分即独立主格结构，其分词ringing与它的逻辑主语the bell是主谓（主动）关系，故用现在分词形式，而未划线部分是一个完整的有主谓部分的子句。(2)His car broken down, he had to go on horseback.(他的汽车坏了，他只好骑马去。)这句的独立主格结构的分词broken down与其逻辑主语His car是动宾（被动）关系，故用过去分词的形式。以上两个独立主格结构都可还原成从句形式，即：When the bell rang, the students went into the classroom.（时间状语从句）As his car was broken down, he had to go on horseback.（原因状语从句）2．With +Noun /Pron. +Present / Past Participle独立主格结构还有一种形式，即用介词with或without（表示否定的意思）来引导，其中主格代词须用宾格（因为在介词后）。如：（3）He took off his shoes and crept up the stairs without any steps being heard.(他脱了鞋，轻轻地走上楼，听不见一点儿脚步声。)（4）With the question settled, they were happy and relaxed.（由于问题得到了解决，他们既高兴又轻松。）3．(with)+ Noun / Pron. + Adj. / adv. / Prep. Phrase / Noun从以上我们看出独立主格结构的组成部分是通格名词 / 主格代词＋非谓语动词（现在分词、过去分词和不定式）（主要是前两种），但在语言实际使用中也有这样一种类似的结构形式：通格名词 / 主格代词＋形容词 / 副词/ 介词短语 / 名词。这种表达式更简便、活泼。由于这种结构的前后两部分之间存在着逻辑上的“主系表”关系，因此可把它视为其中省略了being的独立主格结构。这种结构通常在句子中作状语，有时也可由介词with或without引导，其中的代词须用宾格。(5)With everybody here, let’s begin our discussion.(既然每个人都到了，咱们开始讨论吧。)(6)Within a minute the man stopped, his mouth open, a hand pressed to his heaving chest.(不一会儿这男人停了下来，张着嘴，喘着气，一只手捂在胸前。)(7)He was reading a newspaper ,(with) his back against the window.(他正背靠着窗户读报。)二、独立主格结构的语法功能一般语法书将独立主格结构这一特殊的语法形式归类在非限定分句（non-finite clause）和无动词分句（verbless clause）之中。非限定分句，是指含有一个非谓语动词（动词的不定式，现在分词/ 过去分词形式）的分句。(8).Having finished the work, he went back home.（干完工作后，他回家了。）(9)Although poor, they are quite generous.（虽然他们穷，但很大方。）不难发现以上两句划线部分其实就是省略了主语的分句（因为逻辑主语与主句的主语一致），它们与主句之间是一种从属关系，如果它们有了自己的逻辑主语，就成了我们所谈的独立主格结构了。(10).He sleeps with the window open even in winter.(即使在冬天他也开窗睡觉。)(11)In the corner there is a table with one of its legs shorter than the others.（在角落有一张桌子，它的一条腿比其它桌腿都短。）所以，从以上几种例句我们可以得出：独立主格结构，只不过是从属分句的另一种表现形式，不同的地方在于：它有自己的逻辑主语，有自己的结构形式，但它与主句仍有扯不断的联系，要依附主句而存在。而with或without在语法上起引导作用，介词的介入使得这种特殊结构读起来更优美、协调、轻松活泼。三、独立主格结构的修辞特点一般来讲，独立主格结构多用于书面语。从以上一系列例句中我们可以得出，它使整个英语句子结构紧凑、描述生动具体，所以这种结构常常出现在一些文学体裁的作品中，起着一定的修辞效果。特别在描述人物、景色上给读者一种非常形象的画面和深刻的印象。下面我们从美国著名作家厄纳斯特?海明威的中篇小说《老人与海》（“The Old Man And The Sea”）中选出一些独立主格结构的句子来一起欣赏。这部作品曾获得诺贝尔文学奖，以简练的风格而著称。从下面的例句中我们可以发现独立主格结构的修辞效果。(12)Those who had caught sharks had taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they hoisted on a block and tackle, their livers removed ,their fins cut off and their hides skinned out and their flesh cut into strips for salting. “……除去（鲨鱼的）肝脏，割掉鱼鳍，剥去外皮，把鱼肉切成一条条，以备腌制。”后面这一部分用了三个并列的独立主格结构充当方式状语，全部是Noun + Past Participle的结构，使渔民处理鲨鱼的熟练动作跃然纸上。(13)They had gone one day and one night with their elbows on a chalk line on the table and their forearms straight up and their hands gripped tight. “这样他们僵持了整整一天一夜。他们把胳膊肘搁在桌面上的一道粉笔线上，前臂朝上伸直，两手紧紧地握在一起。”这段也用了三个不同的独立主格的结构，细致地描述了老人与另一个大个子比劲的情景，其结构分别为：“with + Noun + Prep. Phrase, Noun + Adv. Phrase , 和Noun +Past Participle。(14)With his mouth shut and his tail straight up and down we sail like brothers…If I were towing him behind there would be no question. Nor if the fish were in the skiff, with all dignity gone, there would be no question either.“（鱼）闭着嘴，尾巴直上直下地竖着，我们像亲兄弟一样在大海里飘着。……如果把它拖在船后，那不会有问题的，如果把它放在这小船上，使它脸面丢尽，那也不会有什么问题。”这是一段老人的内心独白，描写受伤的老人捕到一条大鱼后的心情，用了两个with + Noun +Past Participle的独立主格结构。(15)He (The Mako Shark) was built as a sword fish except for his huge jaws which were tight shut now as he swam fast, just under the surface with his high dorsal fin knifing through the water without wavering.它（灰鲭鲨）长得和剑鱼一般，不同的是，在快速游动时它那巨大的双颚是紧闭的。它在水面下游，高耸的背鳍似刀子般划破水面，一点也不抖动。这段用了with + Noun + Present Participle的独立主格结构的句型，栩栩如生地将一条无所畏惧的灰鲭鲨的敏捷、强壮和凶悍，形象地呈现在读者面前。