学校科普论文范文

关于小学科学课的教学法研究摘 要：深入学习、研究《基础教育课程改革纲要(试行)》和标准，不难发现其中蕴涵着倡导“引导学生像科学家那样自己去探究大自然的秘密，合作建构适应新世纪的本领”的教学指导思想：将其演化、简约为“引探一合作”教学法并用于小学科学课教学，对于深化课程改革，培养学生的科学态度、创新能力具有重要的现实意义。实施“引探一合作”教学法，必然要求实现教师角色和教学方法的转变、学生角色和学习方式的转变、教学评价目的和方法的转变以及构建新的科学课程目标。“引探一合作”教学法有其自身的深厚理论基础和科学的教学原则。理念的转变、领导的重视和教师队伍建设是“引探一合作”教学法取得成功的必要条件。关键词：引导；探究；合作建构；引探一合作；教学法中图分类号：G623．6 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1002—0845(2004)02—0074—03 受国际小学科学教学法研究的启示，考察我国20世纪80年代以来小学自然学科教学改革的实践，将我国小学科学教育先驱刘默耕先生倡导的“引导学生像科学家那样自己去探索大自然的秘密”这一“指导思想”或称“核心”、“灵魂”命名为“引导一探索”教学法，并将这一教学法应用于科学教师的培养和培训中的教学，学生及学员普遍反映该教学法的归纳，“容易理解、易于接受、便于应用”。该教学法以“探索有中国特色的小学科学教学法”为题在《小学自然教学》2002年第10期公开发表，说明它也得到专家的认可和肯定。把刘默耕先生为自然课倡导的教学法正式提出来，结束了我国没有自己的小学自然课教学法的历史，并将“教学法”和“教学方法”这两个概念明确区分开来，便于在小学自然教师培养和培训中进行我国小学自然教学法的传播和普及，同时也为进一步研究新一轮基础教育课程改革倡导的小学科学课的教学法打下坚实的基础，一、关于“引探一合作”教学法1．教师的角色和教学方式的转变2．学生的角色和学习方式的转变3．科学课程目标4．教学评价目的、方法的转变二、“引探一合作”教学法的理论基础“引探一合作”教学法之所以能比较快地为科学教师和科学预备教师所理解和接纳，是因为它具有一系列正确的理论基础的支持，有社会学、哲学、教育学、儿童发展心理学和脑科学研究的最新成果的支持。三、“引探一合作”教学法的教学原则1．科学教学要面向每一位学生2．把科学课程的总目标落实到每一节课3．把握小学生科学学习特点，因势利导4．科学学习要以探究为核心5．科学课的教学内容要满足社会和学生双方的需要6．科学教育要树立开放性的观念7．科学课的学习评价要采用激励性评价8．充分运用现代教育技术四、实施“引探一合作”教学法的思考研究国际国内小学科学教育改革的经验教训，不难发现，小学科学教育改革的成功，有关领导的高度重视是关键，建设—支热心的科学教师队伍是基础，彻底转变教学观念是突破口。1．有关领导对科学教育的高度重视是关键2．建设一支热心的科学教师F2,-~的是基础3．彻底转变教学观念是突破口

The Ten CommandmentsMoses called together all the people of Israel and said to them, "People of Israel, listen to all the laws that I am giving you today. Learn them and be sure that you obey them. At Mount Sinai the Lord our God made a covenant, not only with our fathers, but with all of us who are living today. There on the mountain the Lord spoke to you face-to-face from the fire. I stood between you and the Lord at that time to tell you what he said, because you were afraid of the fire and would not go up the mountain."The Lord said, 'I'm the Lord your God, who rescued you from Egypt, where you were slaves."Worship no god but me.""Do not make for yourselves images of anything in heaven or on earth or in the water under the earth. Do not bow down to any idol or worship it, for I am the Lord your God and I tolerate no rivals. I bring punishment on those who hate me and on their descendants down to the third and fourth generation. But I show my love to thousands of generations of those who love me and obey my laws.""Do not use my name for evil purposes, for I, the Lord your God, will punish anyone who misuses my name.""Observe the Sabbath and keep it holy, as I, the Lord your God, have commanded you. You have six days in which to do your work, but the seventh day is a day of rest dedicated to me. On that day no one is to work—neither you, your children, your slaves, your animals, nor the foreigners who live in your country. Your slaves must rest just as you do. Remember that you were slaves in Egypt, and that I, the Lord your God, rescued you by my great power and strength. That is why I command you to observe the Sabbath.""Respect your father and your mother, as I, the Lord your God, command you, so that all may go well with you and so that you may live a long time in the land that I am giving you.""Do not commit murder.""Do not commit adultery.""Do not steal.""Do not accuse anyone falsely.""Do not desire another man's wife; do not desire his house, his land, his slaves, his cattle, his donkeys, or anything else that he owns." 注：《十诫》选自《旧约》的“申命记”（Deuteronomy）。中世纪以来，在基督教教会的极力推行下，“十诫”成为传统西方社会的道德准则，对西方文化产生了深远的影响。如果把它的具体内容同中国文化的传统价值观作一比较，我们不难发现它们之间存在着明显的异同。一方面，中西文化泾渭分明。前者表现出入世的、宽容的特征，如孔子不谈“怪、力、乱、神”，中国人“见神就拜”，相信“八仙过海，各显神通”；后者则表现出强烈的出世与排他倾向，这一点在第1—4诫中可以看出。另一方面，中西文化也具有共同的道德追求，第5—10诫可以为证。当然，当代中西文化均已发生很大变化，这一点，还望读者明察。