给排水论文参考外文文献

MECHANICAL PRELIMINARY DESIGN REPORT STADIUM 1.给排水设计 饮用水和污水 1.Sanitary Design Water and sewage water .设计基础 - 甲方提供的设计任务书和市政管网综合图 - 建筑专业提供的条件图 - 国家现行的设计规范及有关规定设计简章 .Design bases Design Brief and Municipal integrated network drawing offered by the client. Condition drawings from architectural discipline. Current national design codes and related stipulations 2. 给水系统 通过一根DN200的进水管将水引入.水表安装在进水管上,离红线1米处.供水管在红线内连成环路管网,并接到供应楼的消防水池和给排水水池.由环路管网向必需的室外消火栓和绿化带的喷淋器供水. 2. Water supply system For water supply of this project, DN200 water intake pipes are led in. Water meters are installed on the intake pipes 1.0 m away from the red line. The water supply pipes are connected into loop networks in the red line and then led to the fire pool and sanitary water pool in the supply buildings respectively. Necessary number of outdoor hydrants and sprinklers for green area will be provided on the loop networks. 设计范围 包括红线内的饮用水,污水,雨水,建筑消防. Design scope Design scope of this project includes water, sewage water, rainwater, fire-protection in the building, and water and sewage water within the red line. 给排水水池与消防水池分开,容量为100m3 .体操馆供水管埋地敷设. Sanitary water pool is separated from fire water pool, volume of sanitary water pool is 100m3. Water supply pipes for the stadium will be laid in the earth. 3.用水量标准 - 体育馆: 15升/顾客·日 K=2.0 - 宾馆: 150升/人·日 K=2.0 - 餐厅: 50升/顾客·日 K=2.0 - 工作人员: 25升/人·日 K=2.0 - 地面冲洗用水: 3升/m2日 - 冷却塔补水量:按用水量的2%计 - 未预见水量: 按日用水量20%计 - 消防用水: 消火栓:室内40升/秒,室外30升/秒,火灾延续时间为3小时; 自动喷洒按22升/秒,火灾延续时间为1小时 卷帘水幕用水0.5升/秒·米,火灾延续时间为3小时; Water consumption standard - Stadium: 15L/visitor·day K=2.0 - Hotel: 150L/visitor·day K=2.0 - Restaurant: 50L/customer·day K=2.0 - Staff 25L/person·day K=2.0 - Floor cleaning: 3L/m2·day Make-up water for cooling tower: 2% of the actual cold water consumption. Unforeseen water consumption: 20% of the daily water consumption. Water for fire protection Hydrant: 40L/s indoor, 30L/s outdoor, fire duration time is 3h; Sprinkler: 22L/s, fire duration time is 1h; Drencher for rolling shutter: 0.5L/s·m, fire duration time is 3h; 在适当的位置设置饮用水机,在主进口为残障人设置两个饮用水机.为此饮用水系统安装循环泵.机房 设在地下室的水除了机房.当饮用水机不被使用时,应排空,以免水质腐败. 在客房和餐厅内设置电热水器,同时亦为热水供应设置循环泵. 在更衣间旁设置电热水器,为淋浴和洗盥供应热水. 为楼板清洁安装一定数量的水龙头. Some suitable places are supplied with portable water drinking units, two drinking units for disable people are provided at main entrances, for this portable water system, circulating pumps are adopted, the equipment room is located in water treatment center in the basement. When there is no use, portable water will be drained completely to avoid deterioration. Electric water heaters are installed in guest rooms and restaurant, also hot water circulating pumps will be provided for supplying hot water. Electric water heaters are installed near the changing and clothing rooms for supplying hot water for shower and washing. Certain number of water taps are installed for floor-cleaning. 4.用水量 最大日用水量:2.200m3/日 最大时用水量:220m3/时 Water consumption demand Maximum daily water consumption: 2.200m3/day Maximum hourly water consumption: 220m3/hour 却循环系统 冷却水循环系统采用机械循环系统.总冷却水用量为460m3/h.在供应楼顶设置三台超低噪音冷却塔(230 m3/h, 2x 115 m3/h).进水温度37Co,出水温度32Co .补充水量 9,6 m3/h.补充水由市政供水网直接提供. Cooling water circulation system There are cooling water circulation system in this project, cooling water for the refrigerators adopts mechanical circulation system. Total water consumption of cooling towers is 460m3/h. On roof of the supply building there are 3 ultra-low noise cooling towers (230 m3/h, 2x 115 m3/h), inlet temperature of 37Co, outlet temperature of 32Co, with make-up water of 9,6 m3/h. Make-up water of the cooling towers will be supplied directly by the municipal network. 在消防泵房内有消火栓泵(一个运行,一个备用),喷淋泵(一个运行,一个备用),卷帘雨淋泵(一个运行,一个备用).用于地下车库的泡沫喷淋设备,如报警阀,泡沫压缩罐,化学药剂泵安装在消防设备中心.30.0m3 消防水箱和消防稳压装置分别安装在车库的四面墙. In the fire water pump room, there are hydrant pumps (one operation, one standby), sprinkler pumps (one operation, one standby) and rolling shutter drencher pumps (one operation, one standby). Fire equipment, which are used for the foam sprinkler system in underground garage, such as fire alarm valves, foam concentrated tank and chemical dosing pump, etc. are provided in fire equipment centers. Four 30.0m3 fire water tanks and fire protection stabilized pressure devices are respectively located at four sides next to the garages. 消防用水 消火栓:室内按40升/秒,室外按30升/秒,火灾延续时间按3个小时计 自动喷洒按22升/秒,火灾延续时间按1小时计 卷帘水幕用水量 0.5升/秒·米,火灾延续时间按3个小时计 消火栓:室内,室外用水量皆为756m3; 自动喷洒用水量为79.2 m3; 卷帘水幕用水量为 270m3; 一次火灾用水量为1.861,2; Water for fire protection Water consumption standard for fire protection Hydrant: 40L/s indoor, 30L/s outdoor, fire duration is 3h Sprinkler: 22L/s, fire duration is 1h Drencher for rolling shutter: 0.5L/s·m, fire duration is 3h Water consumption for fire protection Hydrant: indoor and outdoor water consumptions are 756m3 respectively Sprinkler: 79.2 m3 Drencher for rolling shutter: 270m3 Water consumption for one fire: 1.105,2 m3 消火栓的布置 在整个建筑物内沿墙,沿柱,沿走廊,风塔上及楼梯附近设有必要数量的室内消火栓,消火栓间距小于30米.消火栓管网水平,竖向皆成环状布置,消火栓箱内配有DN65消火栓一支,25米衬胶水龙带一条,φ19毫米喷咀水枪一支,并配消防卷盘(DN25消火栓一支,30米胶管,φ9毫米喷咀水枪一支)且设有可直接启动消火栓泵的按钮;在室内消火栓箱下设有磷酸铵盐手提式灭火器箱.室内消火栓系统在室外设有三组水泵接合器. Hydrant arrangement Necessary number of hydrants are installed indoors along the wall, columns, corridors, and staircases, at intervals of less than 30m. Hydrant networks are connected as a loop both horizontally and vertically. Inside each hydrant box, a DN65 hydrant, a 25m long rubber lined hose, a water nozzle of φ19mm, hose reel (a DN25 hydrant, a 30m long rubber lined hose and a water nozzle ofφ9mm), and a direct starting button for the hydrant pump are provided. Under each indoor hydrant box, a portable ammonium phosphate powder extinguisher box is installed. There are three sets of pump adopters being installed outdoors for the indoor hydrant system. 消防系统 防水泵房及消防水池 供水管DN200在红线内连成环路管网,管网上安装 一定数量的消火栓.两根DN200供水管分别引入供应楼内两个消防泵房内的消防水池.消防水池总容量不应小于4000m3, 每个为2.000m3. Fire protection system Water pump room and water pool for fire protection The lead-in pipes (DN200) are connected as a loop inside the red line, on the loop, certain number of hydrants are installed.Two water supply pipes (DN200) are led into the fire water pools at each fire water pump room in supplybuilding. In consideration of the importance of the project, the volume of the fire water pools should be not less than 4000m3, each is 2.000m3. 自动喷淋系统 自动喷淋系统安装在全建筑范围,除了室外和高于10 米的房间.喷淋泵安装在地下的消防泵房内.报警阀设置在地下的消防泵房内和中间的消防设备中心内,水流显示器设在每个防火分区内. Sprinkler system Sprinkler systems will be provided inside the whole building except outside areas and roomshigher than 10m, with sprinkler pumps installed in the underground fire water pump rooms. Alarming valves installed in underground fire water pump rooms and four fire equipment centers in the middle, water flow indicators are installed by fire compartments. 除了安装一个封闭喷淋系统,将为地下车库设置一个泡沫喷淋系统.餐厅内安装93oC启动的自动喷淋头,但在其它房间,仅安装93oC启动的普通和快速反应自动喷淋头.三组泵接合器安装在室外. Besides an enclosed sprinkler system, a foam sprinkler system composed of a proportioning mixer and a foam concentrated tank is provided for the underground garage. Sprinkler actuated at 93oC are provided in the restaurants, but in other rooms, only ordinary sprinklers and fast response sprinklers actuated at 68oC are provided. Three sets of pump adaptors for this system will be installed outdoors. 排水系统 为排水系统设置污水主立管和特别垂直排气管.排气管与污水管在每层连接,污水排出体操馆.餐厅的污水首先在油脂分离池中处理,然后排入室外排水网.给排水污水将被在化粪池收集和处理,然后排入市政排水管网.化粪池在输送区旁.最大天排水量为870m3/天. 9. Drainage system Main vertical sewage pipes and special vertical vent pipes are provided for the drainage system. The vent pipes are connected with sewage pipe at each floor; sewage water is drained out of stadium. Sewage water in the restaurants and garage are treated in the grease and oil separation tank, and then discharged into the outdoor drainage networks. Sanitary sewage water is collected and treated in the septic tank, then drained into the municipal drainage. The septic tanks are located besides the deliverycircle. Maximum daily drainage amount is 870m3/day. 卷帘水幕系统 地下车库设置有卷帘水幕系统.水幕泵安装在消防水泵房内,采用开式雨淋头,电动或手动控制.十组泵接合器安装在室外 Drencher system for rolling shutters Rolling shutter protected by drenchers are provided for the underground garage, the drencher pumps are installed in the fire water pump rooms, open drencher heads are selected, and are controlled both by electrically and manually. Ten pump adapters will be installed outdoors for this system. 地下室内污水设有污水坑,废水设有废水坑,生活污水,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外排水管网,潜污泵的启停皆由磁性浮球控制器的控制. 地下汽车库废水设有废水坑,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外,经隔油池处理后排入室外雨水管网. There are cesspits for sewage water and wastewater pits for wastewater in the basement, the sewage and wastewater is sucked up and drained to the outdoor drainage networks by submerged sewage pumps. Operation of the pumps is controlled by the magnetic floating ball controllers. Wastewater pits are provided for the underground garage, wastewater is sucked up and drained to outdoor oil separation tank by submerged sewage pumps, after treated, wastewater is drained to the outdoors rainwater networks. 在柴油发电机房,变配电房和通讯设备机房设低压二氧化碳气体灭火系统. Low pressure CO2 extinguisher systems are provided in diesel generator rooms, transformer substations and telecommunication equipment rooms. 在本建筑内按"建筑灭火器配置设计规范"在每个消火栓箱下设手提式灭火器箱,箱内设有必要数量的磷酸铵盐手提式灭火器. According to the Code for Design of Extinguisher Disposition in Buildings, portable fire extinguisher box, in which there are necessary number of portable ammonium phosphate powder extinguishers, will be installed under every hydrant box. 在每个消防电梯井底旁设有消防排水坑,废水经潜污泵提升排至室外. Fire water drain pit is provided at side of bottom of each fire elevator well, waste water will be sucked up and drained out by the pumps. 雨水系统 雨水排水屋顶采用压力流排水. 雨水设计重现期按P=10年计算,降雨历时为5分钟,暴雨强度公式按Q=998.002(1+0.568lgP)/(t+1.983)0.465计算. 沿柱在屋面设置雨水沟.雨水通过雨水沟收集,然后进入雨水头和下排管,然后到室外雨水观察井. 10. Rainwater system Pressurized drainage system is adopted for roof rainwater drainage system. Here, return period P=10 years, rainfall duration is 5 minutes, stormwater amount is calculated by the following formula: Q=998.002(1+0.568lgT)/(t+1.983)0.465 Rainwater gutters are provided on roof along columns, skylight. Rainwater is collected in the gutter, then to rainwater heads and downpipes, and to the outdoors rainwater inspection wells. 11.管材 - 生活给水管,冷却塔补水管采用铜管,氩弧焊接. - 直饮水管采用不锈管. - 消火栓管,冷却循环管,水幕管,水泵吸水管采用焊接钢管,焊接. - 自动喷洒水管,雨淋水管采用热镀锌钢管,丝扣连接或卡压连接. -二氧化碳管采用无缝钢管焊接. - 地下车库泡沫喷淋水管采用不锈钢管,卡压连接. Pipe material Copper pipes connected by argon arc welding are adopted for the sanitary water pipes, make-up water pipes for cooling towers. Stainless stell pipes are adopted for portable water pipes. Welded steel pipes connected by welding are selected for hydrant pipes, cooling circulating pipes, drencher pipes, pump suction pipes. Hot-galvanized steel pipes connected by threads or compression-seizing are selected for sprinkler and deluge sprinler pipes. Seamless steel pipes connected by welding are selected for CO2 pipes. Stainless steel pipes connected by pressed clamp is selected for the pipes of foam sprinklers in the underground garage. 当雨水两超出雨水沟设计量时,雨水可沿屋檐自由排放.雨水被收集,然后排入市政集水池. When the amount of rainwater is more than the design value of the gutters, water is discharged naturally along the eaves. Rainwater is collected, and then drained to the municipal catch basins. 围绕体育馆的循环池将用于喷洒运动场和作为室外绿化带的储水池. 此池将作为一个循环过滤设施,可容水约7.500 m . 喷洒压力设备和其它必须的过滤设备安装在供应楼里. The circular senic pool surround stadium will be used for spraying sportsfield and as reservoir for outdoor greening. The pool will be used as a circular filtering facility and will be adopted with a water volume of about 7.500 m . The spray water pressurizing equipment as well as further necessary filtering equipment will be adopted in the supply building. 2.0 制冷 2.0 Cooling 冷源: 空调冷负荷(估算): 本工程建筑面积共50.000平方米,包括观众区,休息室,更衣室,小会议室,餐厅,办公室和其它附属房.空调设计日峰值冷负荷为2.4MW,设计日总冷负荷为3 kW. Refrigerating source Cooling load of air conditioning system Total floor area for this building is 50,000sqm, which includes spectator areas, lounges, Clothing and changing rooms small meeting rooms, restaurant, office and other auxiliary rooms. Designed dayly peak cooling load is 2,4MW, designed total dayly cooling load is 3kW. 每台1200kW制冷机配一台 流量为206m3/h离心泵.各配一台备用泵 一次泵采用压差旁路控制. 通过埋地敷管,向游泳体操馆供应冷冻水. A centrifugal pump with a flow rate of 103m3/h is provided for each 1200kW chiller. One operation pump with a standby corresponds to one chiller. Pressure difference branch control is adopted for primary pump Via earth laid pipes from supply building to gymnasium chilled water supply will be deliverded. 冷源的选择: 根据建筑的实际情况,3台制冷机将安装在供应楼内的冷冻机房.设计容量为4800kW. 为了实现能量的效率化使用,设计方案为,1台制冷机的出力为总设计容量的50%.而另2 台.每台出力为总设计容量的25%. 冷冻水系统的主要设备包括3台电动制冷机,一级冷冻泵,二级冷冻泵,自动控制阀等等.冷冻水的供/回水温度为-7/ 12°C. Selection of refrigerating source According to the real condition of the building, 3 chillers are located in the refrigerating plant rooms in the supply building, designed capacity is 2400kW. For actuing in an energy efficient way one chiller about 50% of total capacity (1.200 kW) and two chillers with 25% of total (600 kW each)capacity each are adopted. Main equipment of chilled water system includes 3 electrical chiller, primary cool water pump, secondary chilled water pump and automatic controlled valve, etc. supply/return temperature of the chiller is-7/ 12°C. 二次泵系统:根据使用功能,各制冷机房又分成不同的循环支路. 二次泵采用变频调速控制.根据负荷侧供回水管的压差,控制水泵的转速. 二次泵循环支路的管道采用异程式. Secondary pump system: Each refrigerating plant room is subdivided into different circulation branch loops according to use functions. Variable-frequency speed-regulating control is adopted for secondary pumps. The rotating speed of a water pump is controlled according to the pressure difference between water supply and return pipes. Direct return system is adopted for the pipes of circulating branch of secondary pumps 空调冷冻水系统 由于本工程占地面积大,功能复杂,有连续使用,也有间歇使用,为了达到运行灵活,节能的目的,空调冷冻水系统采用两管制二次泵系统. Chilled water system Due to the large occupied area of this project, the complicated functions and the combination of continuous utilization and intermittent utilization, in order to accomplish the purpose of flexible operation and energy saving, the chilled water system is of two-pipe secondary pump system. 管材: 水管采用焊接钢管及无缝钢管. 本工程的风管除土建风道外,均采用镀锌铁皮咬口制作.每节风管之间用法兰连接. Pipe and duct materials The water pipes adopt welded steel pipes and seamless steel pipes. Air ducts for this project are made of galvanized sheet steel by seaming except ducts by civil construction. Air ducts are connected together by flanges. 一次泵系统: 供应楼冷冻机房 2400kW制冷机配一台离心泵, 流量为412m3/h.配一台备用泵. Primary pump system: Chiller room supply building A centrifugal pump with a flow rate of 412m3/h is provided for 1200kW chiller. One operation pump with a standby corresponds to one chiller. 保温材料: 空调供,回水管,冷凝水管采用酚醛管壳保温. 空调送,回风管以及处理后的新风管采用外贴铝箔的离心玻璃棉板保温. - 管道穿防火墙的空隙处采用岩棉材料等非燃材料填充. Thermal materials phenolic pipes are adopted for thermal insulation of water supply and return pipes for air conditioning, as well as air-conditioning condensate pipes. Aluminum foil faced glass fiber boards are adopted for thermal insulation of air-conditioning air supply and return ducts as well as fresh air ducts after chillers. Non-flammable material will be selected to fill the interspace in the fire protection wall where the ducts go through. 消声与隔振: 冷水机组,水泵等设备采用减振台座,弹簧减振器或橡胶减振垫减振降噪. 在空调机组,新风机组,通风机的进出口采用涂胶帆布软管连接. - 水泵进出水管上采用可曲挠橡胶接头,使设备振动与配管隔离. Noise reduction and vibration isolation Shock absorption bases, spring shock absorbers on rubber shock absorption pads are adopted for equipment, such as water chiller units, pumps, etc to reduce vibration and lower noise. Flexible rubber-coated canvas hoses are adopted far connections of inlets and outlets of air-conditioning units, fresh air handling units and ventilators. Flexible rubber couplings are adopted for the water intake and delivery pipes of the pumps to isolate equipment vibration from their pipes. 3.0空调和通风系统 3.0 Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems 方案设计范围 Scope of schematic design 空调设计 Air Conditioning Design 在体育馆内,一些区域设置空调系统.这些区域划分为: 西侧地下二层的贵宾休息室 东侧地下二层酒店门廊 地下一层的输送区,技术机房,运动员更衣间,医务服务,热身区,裁判区,健身中心,酒店大堂,会议室,厨房,特许区和贵宾大堂混合区. 首层的酒店大堂,酒店区,贵宾门廊,急救 In the stadium, in some ranges air conditioning systems are used. These ranges subdivide themselves as follows: VIP – Lobby in West of levelel -2 Hotel lobby in the east of level –2 Delivary Circle, technical Plantrooms, Changingrooms for the athletes, Medical Service and warm up area, Judges Area, Fitness Center, Hotel Lobby, Conferenz, Kitchen and Concession, Vip lobby- Mixed Zone in level -1 Hotel lobby, Hotel area, Vip lobby, Vip Area, First aid in 0

我毕业设计的，虽说语言有点生涩，不过是自己翻译的，应该符合老师的要求。英文是PDF格式的建筑物服务工程设计与技术屋顶排水设计性能的近期与远期优势最近十年见证了屋顶排水系统设计方面的巨大变化，特别的是，虹吸雨水排水系统已经得到逐步改善，并且有可能得到重点应用。发生这些变化的同时，城市排水系统设计已经发生了巨大的变化，因为适用范围更广的可持续发展城市排水系统设计，还有人们对于气候变化带来的洪水泛滥的更多关注。这篇文章的主要内容就是，如何设计屋顶雨水排水系统并使之有良好的运行性能。需要特别注意的是如何改掉已经形成的不良设计习惯，同时还要需要考虑屋顶排水系统的创新，如绿色屋顶和雨水收集系统。实际应用：在过去几年，屋顶雨水排水系统的设计已经发生了巨大的变化。在大型建筑物上，虹吸雨水排水技术已经很常见，还有绿色屋顶由于其有利于绿色发展，正得到越来越多的应用。考虑到正在进行的研究，本文主要介绍如何有效地设计各种不同的屋顶雨水排水系统，并使其达到理想的设计效果。1.绪论在过去十年，城市与水排水系统设计已经想着广为接受的可持续发展城市排水系统或者最优管理方向发展。设计这些系统主要原则是，既要有符合当地发展水平的质量，又要为投资者创造一定的经济效益。这种原则已经引发了集水池发展方式新的变化。尽管这种装置的应用正在逐渐减少，但是城市环境要求比较高的地区仍然要求100%防水且排水迅速，例如屋顶。通常屋顶排水系统在设计、建造和维护时并没有受到应有的重视。尽管排水系统的投资费用只占建筑总投资的一小部分，但是，并不能据此来判断设计不良带来的损失。主要有两种不同形式的屋顶排水系统设计方法，分别是传统的和虹吸式方法。传统的系统依靠大气压力工作，其驱动压头受到水槽流动深度的影响。因此传统的屋顶排水系统需要一个直径相当大的垂直下降管，在排放之前，所有的装置都必须连接到地下水收集管网。与此相反，虹吸式屋顶排水系统通常设计成满管流（紊流状态意味着只需要较小的排气管），从而会形成负压，较大的压头和较大的流速。通常虹吸式系统需要较少的下降管，在负压状态下工作，意味着给水管网可以较高的高度上工作，从而减少地下管网量。两种系统都由三部分组成：屋顶，雨水收集管道，系统管网。所有这些部分都能够改变系统的水压分布。这部分主要关注各部分的作用和性能。由于虹吸系统的工作原理并没有得到很好的理解，得到的论证比较少，本文将会重点介绍虹吸系统。2.屋顶通常屋顶是由建筑师设计的，而不是由排水设计者设计的。主要有三种屋顶。2.1平屋顶平屋顶主要应用在降雨量比较少的地区和发达国家的工业建筑。这种屋顶并不完全是平的，而是低于所规定的屋顶最小坡度。例如，英国规定最大坡度为10°。设定最小坡度是为了避免任何不必要的积水。尽管平屋顶如果得不到正确的维护会产生较多的问题，但它会减少建筑物内的死区，且比斜屋顶有利于室内气流组织。2.2斜屋顶大多数居住建筑和商业建筑都是斜屋顶，斜屋顶最大的优点是可以迅速排水，从而可以减少漏水。在温带地区，不需要考虑屋顶承载的降雪载重。一旦下雨，斜屋顶通过的降雨量就可以通过计算确定。当有降雨资料可以利用时，可以使用运动学理论来解决这类问题。2.3绿色屋顶（平的或者是斜的）可以证明最老的屋顶就是绿色屋顶，它包括可以减少或驱散降雨的种有植物的屋顶。它可以是种有树和灌木的屋顶花园，也可以是长有植被的轻型屋顶地毯。其中后一种技术已经得到广泛应用。其中一些应用趋向于侧重美学要求并经常应用于绿色发展。由于审美要求和水压要求，绿色屋顶还有热绝缘的功能，减少热岛效应，有消声作用，延长屋顶的使用寿命。绿色屋顶在德国应用最为广泛，在北美地区次之，但是要考虑美学上的影响。德国是目前为止最有经验的国家，早在19世纪就有实际应用，当时作为在城市地区替代焦油屋顶降低火灾危险的一种选择。目前德国主要研究放在种植问题上，对城市的其它问题考虑较少。从1987年到1989年的一项研究工作，发现装有70毫米厚的绿色屋顶可以减少60%-80%的热损失。在加拿大的一项基于电脑模型的工作，表明在屋顶只要集水器是、的面积能够达到屋顶面积的70%，在一年内就能减少60%，同样的模型也被用于人工降雨，其结果都表明集水器在降雨季有助于雨水排走。但是这些研究都没有表明绿色屋顶在降雨季可以发挥多大的作用，或者给水管的收集效率有多高。美国做了一些测验，只要对绿色屋顶经常的浇灌，就可以在一次降雨中减少65%的径流量。美国最有权威的绿色屋顶指导原则是由新泽西州环保部门颁布的。这项原则主要是解决轻型结构问题，以及如何在两年之后还能正常的排水。降雨周期是根据是根据失败的概率决定的。通常的系统是根据暴雨期间两分钟的降雨量，这两分钟是有选择的。尽管这种模型会得到更高的流量，但是没有其他更好的替代方法。研究表明，传统模型应用于绿色屋顶的研究是是不成熟的。流失量系数比传统屋顶记录的要小，大约为98.7%.峰值流量也会减少，虽然没有渗透，但是表面粗糙度也会产生显著的影响。集中降雨的时间要比两分钟要长，特别是对面积较大的屋顶，如公共建筑、商业建筑、工业建筑。城市排水设计还要考虑其他一些因素，对于一个复杂的系统来说，一个绿色屋顶在一场降雨中是不够的。流量水位曲线显示的持续期要比传统系统长。并且两场独立的将与之间的影响也是有可能的，这需要更加精确的时间周期。3.雨水收集器雨水收集器的基本要求是要能够容纳设计暴雨时的降雨量。尽管通常情况下可以通过让屋顶稍微倾斜来达到排水的目的，但是建筑工业的性质及建筑物的沉降都会式屋顶变得平坦，在水平放置的水槽中，水的剖面是向外倾斜的，这是流体静力学的作用。3.1排水沟出口的深度判断雨水收集器是否具有足够容积的关键是集水器外部出口的设置情况。还会影响流入雨水排水系统管道的流速，还会影响集水器的积水深度。尽管集水器的深度不会带来什么特别的问题，但是过深会导致集水器过高。20世纪80年代的大量研究表明，传统屋顶排水系统的出水口的流动情况可以分为两种情况。这取决于水深与出口尺寸的大小。当水深小于出口直径的一半时，流动情况是第一种类型，并且出口的流动情况可以通过合适的方程计算出；随着水深的增加，出口会被慢慢堵塞，流动形式会变成另一种形式，同时，出口的流动情况可以通过其他方程得出。尽管传统屋顶排水系统被设计成可以自由排水，但是设计中遇到限制可能会使出流不是自由的。在这种情况下，就会需要额外的深度。在虹吸式屋顶排水系统中，出水口被设计成淹没出流，。在这种情况下，决定出水口的深度比较复杂的，因为集水器的设计取决于流动情况。近期的研究表明，传统的屋顶雨水排水系统使用各种非标准的集水器，它们的深度和高度，都要比出口的直径大。这最终会造成虹吸作用。对于一个给定的集水器，始端的流动情况取决于下降管的直径。类似的现象也被用于研究标准的集水器，在这些情况下，受限的虹吸作用只发生在离出口比较近的距离内。3.2槽内的流动分类在集水槽复杂流动出口的流动分类中，可以从表2a中看出，流动会出现均匀的分层，而不管入口的流动情况是否相同。表2b和2c表明，出口的分布会极大的影响流动情况。当出口不是自由射流时，集水槽中复杂出口的流动情况分类是很难描述的。因为每个集水槽内的压力都有可能是合并的。例如，虹吸系统中的管子在靠近设计点时是充满射流，出口的流动分类取决于每个支路的能量损失。3.3静水剖面集水器中水表面的形状可以根据渠内流动方程进行分类。在大多数情况下，低流速意味着有较小的摩擦损失，如果出口是自由射流，那么摩擦损失是可以忽略的，静水剖面可以通过方程1来决定水平距离。式中Q--流量(m3/s)T—表面宽度（m）g—重力加速度（m/s2）F—流动面积（m2）方程1在摩擦力不可忽略时需要进行修正（管道很长或流速很大时），或者不是自由射流。3.4现行的设计方法先前的讨论已经强调了设计与水槽时应该考虑的主要因素。然而如果不借助于一定的数量模型，计算屋顶排水系统的静水剖面、集水槽容积是不可能的。这对大型商业和制造业来说，是一个发展机会，可以合并几千米的水管路线。因此，传统的排水系统的集水槽的设计方法主要是根据经验，并假定出口是自由射流。集水槽在建筑物中的位置，可能会造成失败的例子。不同的集水槽界面除了上面列举的情况外，还允许设计者采用经验数据。3.5数字模型大量的数字模型可以用来准确描述任何形式的集水槽内的流动情况，不管屋顶流量是否稳定。这种组合模型的一个例子是屋顶网模型。这种模型使用户能够对不同方面的数据进行分类说明，包括：雨季降雨情况的详细情况，屋顶表面排水的详细情况等。运动学也被用于研究雨水从流动到集水槽中的研究。一种典型的方法是基于解决开式系统中一位空间流动基本问题。这种模型自动解决集水槽出口流动情况，还能处理自由射流的情况，也能模拟空间中的受限流动以及淹没出流。输出值包括深度、流速等。目前，各种模型本质上还只是研究工具，还需要经过实际工程的检验。然而，我们应该正视模型的各种作用。4系统管组管组的组成形式和范围决定了屋顶排水系统主要依靠的是传统系统还是虹吸作用。4.1传统雨水系统传统屋顶雨水系统中，地面管网上面通常是垂直管网，连接着集水槽的出口和地下排水系统，重要的系统中还有补偿管。应该强调的是，补偿管与地面夹角小于10°。整个系统的能力主要依靠的是出水口而不是下降管。垂直管内的流动通常是自由流动，充满度只有33%，其效率取决于多余的管长。如果下降管足够长（通常大于5m），就有可能出现环形流动。同样的，补偿管内的流动通常情况下也是自由流动，充满度可达70%。这样设计的管路既可以用于设计，也可以用各种方程。4.2虹吸式屋顶排水系统与传统排水系统相反，虹吸式屋顶排水系统依靠系统外的空气流动，并且管内流动是满管流。通常的设计都做了这样的假设，对于设计的暴雨，虹吸系统能够迅速排出雨水。这种假设可以让虹吸系统应用水静压理论。经常用到稳定流能量方程。尽管这种方法忽略了进口处少量的能量损失，但经过实验表明还是有利于实际应用。然而稳定状态的设计方法在虹吸系统暴露在雨水系统时的标准不符合要求或者降雨强度的变化很大时是不能应用的。在第一种情况中，将会有一定质量的空气混入，出现环状流。这些问题在系统不是一个整体时更为严重。由于通常设计的降雨都是普通的，很明显现在的设计方法随着时间的推移可能会不适用于虹吸式系统。这是一个主要的缺点，因为设计中的主要问题是噪声和振动问题。尽管现有的设计方法有缺点，但世界上大量的工程却很少有失败的报告。当出现失败时，很有可能是下面的原因：对操作要点理解不正确不合格的原材料明细表安装缺陷维护管理不当为了克服这些缺点，最近已经开展了一系列研究工程，来讨论虹吸式系统，并发展数字模型。从这项工作中我们学到很多。与现有设计方法相反的一些假设，虹吸式系统主要有以下几个方面：1) 系统中的流动是非充满流动2) 水平流动的某些管段存在满管流3)满管流向下游传播，通过垂直管，上升管等4) 满管流出现在垂直段，系统内压力降低5）下降管内是满管流，将会出现气塞6）出现完全的虹吸作用，直到进入系统的空气低于一定的水平表4a列的数据表明，在低于设计点时，虹吸式系统会出现不稳定的流动，集水槽内的深度不足以维持虹吸作用。表4b表明非稳定流在虹吸式系统中何时会出现。表5列举了一个数字模型输出的数据。可以看出，这种模型能够准确描述虹吸作用，以及稳定虹吸状态，数据也表明该模型能够准确描述复杂的虹吸作用。5结论本文已经图示说明了屋顶排水系统的关键，但这些在城市排水系统设计中往往被人们忽视。本文也表明设计过程是一个复杂的过程，主要依靠出口的性能。下面这些结论是根据设计总结出来的：1） 运行依靠三个相互作用的部分：屋顶、集水槽、水管2） 绿色屋顶可以减少流量，美化城市3） 出口对系统的性能至关重要4） 虹吸式排水系统在大型工程中有较大的优势，但是必须考虑高昂的维修费用5） 设计虹吸式排水系统应该考虑额外的容量和操作问题尽管绿色屋顶是比较有吸引力的一种选择，但是传统屋顶在国内建筑物中将会持续占统治地位。绿色屋顶将会逐步发展，并逐步被人们广泛接受。同样的，屋顶排水系统所显示的高效表明它将会在商业建筑的排水系统中持续发挥巨大的作用。屋顶排水系统的最大威胁来自气候变化，现有的系统并不是简单的趋向于老化；降雨形式的变化将会导致低效的运行，自我清洁的速率也会降低。而且屋顶风速的变化也会加速屋顶的老化，因此十分有必要进行维修保养。考虑到气候的变化，材料的增多，收集屋顶的雨水将会更为广泛。目前，全球的雨水量大约为7到300升每人每天，在英国，平均消耗量为145L/h/d，这其中只有大约1升是人使用的，有大约30%用于厕所，研究表明，如果水资源短缺，收集屋顶雨水对发达国家和发展中国家都是值得推荐的方法。Recent and future advances in roof drainage design and performanceRecent and future advances in roof drainage designand performanceS Arthur BEng (Hons) PhD and GB Wright MEng PhDSchool of the Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UKThe past 10 years have witnessed significant changes in the way roof drainagesystems are understood and designed. In particular, there has been a stepchangein the confidence with which siphonic roof drainage systems may bespecified and expected to perform. These changes have occurred whilst urbandrainage design in general has been revolutionized by wider acceptance ofSustainable Urban Drainage Systems and greater public concern regardingpluvial flooding within the context of climate change. This text considers, indetail, both how roof drainage systems are designed and how they should beexpected to perform. Particular attention is drawn to weaknesses in accepteddesign methods. Consideration is also given to ‘innovative’ roof drainage relatedapproaches such as green roofs and rainwater harvesting.Practical application: Over the past few years there have been many changes inhow roof drainage systems are specified and designed. On large buildings,technologies such as ‘siphonic roof drainage’ are now commonplace and there isan ever increasing demand for ‘green roofs’ to be specified due to their potentialto ‘green’ developments. Based on ongoing research, this paper details howthese different types of roof drainage solutions can be efficiently designed andwhat levels of performance can be expected.1 IntroductionOver the past decade urban drainage systemshave moved towards what are now commonlyknown as ‘Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems’(SUDS) or ‘Best Management Practice’(BMP). Fundamental to the implementationof these systems is addressing both runoffquantity and quality at a local level in amanner which may also have the potential tooffer amenity benefits to stakeholders. This hasled to a change in the way new developmentsnow look and interact within catchments.However, despite the availability of such toolsto reduce, attenuate and treat urban runoff,substantial areas of the urban environment arestill 100% impermeable and drain rapidly;namely roof surfaces. Normally, roof drainagesystems do not always receive the attentionthey deserve in the area of design, constructionand maintenance. Although the cost of asystem is usually only a small proportion of abuilding’s total cost, it can be far outweighedby the costs of the damage and disruptionresulting from a failure of the system to providethe degree of protection required.Address for correspondence: Scott Arthur, School of the BuiltEnvironment, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS,UK. E-mail: s.arthur@hw.ac.ukBuilding Serv. Eng. Res. Technol. 26,4 (2005) pp. 337 /348# The Chartered Institution of B©u i2l0d0i5n SgASGeEr PvuicbeliscaEtionngsi.n Aelel rrisgh2ts0 0re5served. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution. 10.1191/0143624405bt127tnDownloaded from at Heriot - Watt University on January 31, 2007There are basically two different types ofroof drainage system, namely conventionaland siphonic (see Figure 1). Conventionalsystems operate at atmospheric pressure, andthe driving head is thus limited to the gutterflow depths. Consequently, conventional roofdrainage systems normally require a considerablenumber of relatively large diameter verticaldownpipes, all of which have to connectinto some form of underground collectionnetwork before discharging to the surfacewater drain. In contrast, siphonic roof drainagesystems are designed to run full-bore(turbulent gutter conditions mean that therewill always be a small percentage of entrainedair within the system, typically 5%), resultingin sub-atmospheric system pressures, higherdriving heads and higher system flowvelocities. Hence, siphonic systems normallyrequire far fewer downpipes, and the depressurizedconditions also mean that much of thecollection pipework can be routed at highlevel, thus reducing the extent of any undergroundpipework.Both types of drainage system comprisethree basic interacting components:. the roof surface;. the rainwater collection gutters (includingoutlets);. the system pipework.Each of these components has the ability tosubstantially alter the runoff hydrograph as itis routed through the system. This text willfocus on the role and performance of each ofthese components. As the principles of siphonicdrainage are generally less well understood,and certainly less well documented,particular emphasis will be placed on theperformance of siphonic roof drainage systemsin this text.