2020社区养老论文文献综述

The aging of the population in the 21st century the major social problems, the international community of the hot issues of common concern of China's social, economic and overall development with the major strategic issues. In recent years, China's traditional family and community-based old-age pension services, both in the event of significant changes. Now, on this issue with the international experts and counterparts to exchange some cases. (A) At present, China is the world's most populous country in the elderly, accounting for about one-fifth of the world's elderly population. Since the end of 2000, the elderly population over the age of 60 to 3.2 percent average annual growth rate last year, China's water for more than 60 elderly people have reached 136 million, accounting for 10 percent share of the total population of more than the aging of the population to enter the country. More prominent is that the elderly over the age of 80 has reached 13 million and an average annual rate of 5.4 percent. The middle of this century, 60 years old or older will reach about 400 million, when one in four elderly people. China's population age structure into old age by the adult type, date from 1982 to 2000, only 18 years, compared with some developed countries, the speed of the base of the large number of the elderly population is an unprecedented of. Population aging in the process of development, although the growth rate of China's rapidly aging population, but from the beginning of the 21st century, the Chinese economy will achieve the development objectives of the third step, 30 to 21 years, the working population the proportion of the total population has remained more than 60%, with a long time in China's labor resources are still relatively abundant and low age of the older population accounts for 70% of healthy elderly. Therefore, the aging of the population on China's prospects, they do not have to worry, can not be negligent, as long as doing a good job, governance of China's population aging, we are full of confidence. It is worth noting that at the turn of the century about the importance of 20-year historical period, China's social and economic structure of many areas will face a "transition" process, and its future, will include old-age pension system, including the future of China's economy have a profound impact on the trend. One change from the scores of the planned economy era of planned economy to market economy and the coexistence of two-track, and then to a fairly complete socialist market economic system reform, China has demanded the establishment of the pension system and reform the idea of a variety of market economy should be closely the pulse of development in line with the requirements of the development of a market economy, constrained by the laws of the market. The second change, China has continued for more than a decade of rapid economic growth, the turn of the century will be continued. As to China's overall national strength has increased substantially and the national economy and employment structure of the industrial structure will be significant changes to speed up the urbanization process. Owing to the large number of rural surplus labor transfer to the second and third industries, and from rural areas moved to cities, rural areas will depend in large measure the traditional shake the foundation of the family pension. The third change in the turn of the century, China's aging population has entered the ranks of society. Elderly population in absolute numbers and in the total population increase in the proportion will change the age structure of the population, adding to the burden of social endowment. Of social labor market supply, the national economy, the proportion of accumulation and consumption and so on have a profound impact. The transformation of socio-economic structure, the decision of China's pension system will also be going through a "transition" process, leading from the main domestic economic leader in the social old-age pension to the transition. However, taking into account in the 21st century for a long period of time, China's existing urban-rural dual economic structure will continue to exist. Therefore, at present, China's pension system, the basic framework can be broadly summarized as follows: conform to their social, economic and demographic changes in the structure of the family old-age pension and track both the overall framework of the gradual transition to the social endowment. (B) China's old-age pension, currently mainly family-based old-age pension. People's Republic of China since the founding of the "Constitution", "Marriage," "People's Republic of China Law on the Protection of the rights and interests of older persons" such as laws, they affirmed the legal status of family pension, of which 29 August, 1996 promulgated " Old Age Law "clearly provides that" the elderly mainly depend on old-age home, family members should be the concern and care for older persons. maintenance of older persons should carry out to support the economic, social care and spiritual comfort of the obligations of the special care of the elderly needs. " China's family old-age model, has also aroused the concern of the international community. Held in Vienna in 1982, the United Nations World Assembly on Aging, the General Assembly, the Secretary-General pointed out: "with China as the representative of the Asian way to solve the problems of the elderly is the world's example." The so-called Asian way, that is, refers specifically to the way of family pension. In China, such a large population, the economy is not yet well-developed developing countries, to play the role of family pension, a very far-reaching significance. Moreover, adhering to and developing the tradition of old-age home for the aging of the population of developing countries to solve the problem, there will be a certain impact. From the social development, the family pension is not only reflected the inter-generational economic reciprocity between the mutual aid and, more importantly, embodies the spirit of mutual support the two sides consolation. No matter what kind of goods to the level of economic development, regardless of people's thinking, values and how the family structure changes, the traditional ethics of the Chinese nation still maintain the basic norms of a normal life. Because, in the family as a result of the formation of a common life and harmonious family relations, social relations, any other can not be replaced. However, the progress of society, the times are changing, China is not the old model can not be changed. Overall, China's old-age, elderly, whether rural or urban, 70% of the elderly have been relatively good maintenance. And the mobilization of all levels of government rely on the strength of all sectors of society to take a variety of old-age pension, so as to enable the broad masses of the spirit of the basic needs of the elderly. However, some elderly people to old-age pension is also not satisfied. Not satisfied with the proportion of claims for different, and some that are not satisfied with the 22 percent of people, some 19% of the people that are not satisfied with, and some that are not satisfied with 26% of the people. In short, one-third of the elderly believe that the issue of the elderly more prominent pension of old-age pension is not satisfied with the situation. This is because the emergence of new family pension, the new situation. Its a common question is: the concept of family pension, old-age sense of desalination; "parents, not Travel" has been completely shattered the fetters; senior citizens more and more elderly, more and more empty-nest elderly, a growing elderly family more; rural old-age security has not been fully established, the rural collective economic base is weak, no more funds to address the issue of protecting the livelihood of the elderly; elderly family status has changed fundamentally. Old-age traditional family has faced unprecedented challenges. In the cities, increasing family size reduced, the core of the family, empty nest families, the elderly will be increasing number of families. "Family changes in trend analysis of Shanghai," Shanghai article pointed out that the main characteristics of the family: the family is always in continuous growth (the early 80s, the city's families a total of 3,146,000, the early 90s rose to 4,153,000, 10 in an increase of 1.007 million); families increasingly shrink the average population (the city's family size to 4.91 persons in 1949 to 1982, the city's average family size has dropped to 3.6 people, the current average is less than 3 per person); single families, elderly households showed the trend of rapid growth (the city's 4.39 million households in the elderly over the age of 65 accounted for 26.4 percent of households than in 1990 increased by 4.5 percentage points), the example of Shanghai, in a sense, reflects China's cities with the issue of universality. The above shows that with the historical development, social change, the family faced a series of new problems in old-age pension, old-age traditional family has become the aging of the population not meet the needs of the development. From China's economic, political, cultural traditions and the elderly and families for tolerance, it is necessary to ensure the dignity of older persons, both now or in the future, take the family old-age pension and social combination of roads, is to resolve the issue of China's old-age of a way out. (C) of the Chinese elderly people in urgent need of the community old-age pension of service to the community. Community refers to a certain geographical-based community social life, which includes a certain geographical region, the region of a variety of material and cultural resources, as well as through the blood, such as geopolitical relations linking people with common interests and organizations. Urban communities in China, generally refers to an office area or street. Community to serve the community of old-age pension is community-carrier-led community-based organizations play a government, communities, families and individuals a wide range of power, the full mobilization of community resources, material and human resources for the elderly, elderly, old-age provide a full range of support to the elderly according to their own desires to continue to stay at home and stay in a familiar environment, and pro-people familiar with the neighbors and friends with dignity. China's community service pension starting from the 80's, after 20 years of development has begun to take shape, at present, most large and medium-sized cities have begun to take shape the facilities and services, fixed services and door-to-door services as the main form of service, and form of life care, health care, mental health, culture and entertainment, participation and protection services as the main contents of the pattern of community service pension. In recent years, the Chinese government attaches importance to promoting community service to the community, and has introduced a "speed up the development on the views of community services" and "accelerate the achievement on the socialization of social welfare views." In some places on the promotion of community service to the community of old-age have also been actively exploring in the full use of various social forces to mobilize the community of human, material and financial resources, the establishment of multi-channel services to the cause of old-age community has made initial success. Such as Zhejiang, Shanghai, Guangdong and other provinces and municipalities have issued the relevant policies and regulations, social forces organized for the cause of social welfare has created a favorable policy environment, greatly improving the enterprises and institutions, social groups and individuals, as well as Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and even foreign organizations to run social welfare initiatives to quicken the social and pension services. Up to now, China's community-based elderly care facilities has reached 200,000, community service organizations, 70,000 volunteers, community service more than 800 million volunteers, run more than 750 social welfare agencies. At present, China's endowment of the community social services to the main contents include: (A) the diversification of investment channels. Given China's current level of economic development, the Government can not do all the community facilities and services for the elderly, should be taken to the state, collectives and individuals shared responsibility approach. Part of government investment funds, the main force of the elderly services for the demonstration projects, and through preferential policies and encourage the community to draw on the strength of older facilities and services set up in order to greatly accelerate the community-the pace of development of elderly services to meet the growing elderly The demand for services and facilities. (B) community-based management approach. Arranged to change the way old-age welfare facilities, services and facilities, as appropriate, will be part of services to civil society groups to the operation and management, the Government has given some preferential policies, the adoption of policies and regulations at the same time monitoring and guidance, social service to the community to do. (C) the community of clients. Community services and old-age pension is not only simple facilities for the elderly or a small number of the Home object, but for all communities in need of the elderly. Units and corporate services and facilities for the elderly to all elderly people should be community-oriented, to achieve resource sharing. (D) community-based services. The professional services and volunteer activities, a wide range of community residents and area units for the elderly community obligations, to cover services. In addition, the level of China's social security than the western developed countries is still relatively low, for the welfare of the elderly care situation of growing demand, a number of urban communities to establish a time saving system to encourage young people to provide care for the elderly care for the elderly, for their own future care needs of the time savings.

老保险论文的参考文这个Q我吧

人口老龄化是当今世界许多国家面临的一个突出的社会问题。我国已经步入老龄社会,但是我国现阶段针对老年人的社会工作方面的服务还远远不足。下面是我为大家整理的老年人社会工作论文，供大家参考。

【摘要】 目的探讨老年社会工作在农村居家养老中的应用现状。方法采用调查问卷的方式了解农村老年人养老需求和生活中遇到的问题。结果我国和吉林省老龄化严重，许多乡村已经推行政府购买服务的方式，农民收入和居住现状良好为居家养老创造了条件。农村养老需求多样，无子女老人倾向居家养老。但老年社会工作的认知度低，老年社会工作在农村的开展尚处于初始阶段。结论引入老年社会工作理念和方法是推进农村居家养老服务进程、提高农村居家养老服务的实效性、破解农村养老服务难题的有效途径，老年社会工作在农村居家养老的应用有待推进。

【关键词】 老年社会工作;农村居家养老

近年来，学者进行了老年社会工作在养老机构中的应用，分析了由家庭养老向社会养老过渡的趋势，并提出建立农村养老保障体系的建议;关注并切实解决农村老年人口居家养老的问题;指出农村居家养老需要强有力的道德支持〔1〕，要加强农村的老年社会工作，提高农村老年人的晚年生活质量〔2〕。本文基于对吉林省农村居家养老状况的调查，提出老年社会工作在农村居家养老中应用的路径。

1资料与方法

通过文献法收集我国和吉林省老年人口信息，了解吉林省养老服务的经验和不足，以及开展老年社会工作的客观条件。通过问卷调查了解农村老年人养老需求和生活中遇到的各种问题。2010年1月，课题组在吉林省农村开展了“农村居家养老需求情况”问卷调查。问卷内容围绕对居家养老的选择意愿、养老中的需求及亟待解决的问题、有没有接受过老年专业社会工作者的服务为核心问题展开。通过简单随机抽样方式确定吉林省不同地区农村村屯为调查范围，如农安县三岗乡、辉南县抚民镇七社、兴隆山镇杏花村、三岔河市西三家子村、榆树县陈家村、高家村、龙井镇村、珲春市马川子乡等共计20个村。调查对象限定在60岁及以上的农村村民，以偶遇抽样结合判断抽样的方式确定调查对象。调查员由社会工作专业的大学生组成。共发放问卷400份，收回357份，问卷回收率为89.25%。由于有无子女照顾对于养老的选择差别很大，所以，将调查对象分为两类：有子女照顾老人为子女与其同住一院之内或者在同一村里;无子女照顾老人为子女在城里安家的空巢老人、子女在外打工的留守老人或没有子女的老人;分别对有子女照顾老人和无子女照顾老人调查200人。其中前者收回有效问卷160份，后者收回有效问卷164份，共计有效问卷324份，问卷回收有效率为81%。在发放和回收问卷的同时，通过访谈法，了解农村老人对老年社会工作的认知程度、老年社会工作在农村的开展情况。

2结果

2.1我国和吉林省老龄化严重，开展老年社会工作具备客观条件通过文献查询，截止2006年6月1日，我国60岁及以上老年人口总数为1.4657亿人，其中城市老年人3 856万，农村老年人1.080 1亿;2006年末，吉林省60岁以上老龄人口321万，占总人口近 12%，其中农村老年人口144万〔3〕。截止2005年末，吉林省60岁及以上老年人为307.7万，老年人中生活在农村的为134.6万，占全省老年人口的43.73%;在有老人的家庭户中，有一个老年人的占57.30%，有两个老年人的占42.18%。 在有老年人口的家庭户中，老年人口与成年子女或其他亲属共同生活的家庭占70.10%，他们的日常生活可以得到其他家庭成员的照顾。无人照顾老人户占29.90%，其中：单身老人户占8.37%，一对老年夫妇户占19.51%，老年人口与未成年的亲属共同生活的家庭占1.50%〔4〕。截止2009年末，吉林省兴办农村社会福利服务中心、福利院657所，床位数4.37万张，入住老年人2.72万人，服务人员3 748人;全省建有农村老年活动室5 936个，总面积28.55万平方米，平均每个活动室面积48.1平方米;吉林省老龄办在延边州和白城市开展农村居家养老服务大院试点工作，以村屯养老服务大院为载体，依托老年人协会为村屯老年人提供日间照料、临时托养、文体娱乐、学习教育、卫生保健、精神慰藉等服务;在村老年协会中，建立3 065个老年文艺活动组织，3 150个老年体育健身活动组织〔5〕。珲春市马川子乡是吉林省农村居家养老服务大院工作的试点乡，目前，全乡9个村分别建立了居家养老服务大院，以各种方式开展起为老服务工作并取得了实效。吉林省将在2010年底有30%的村建成居家养老服务大院，2011年底有60%的村建成居家养老服务大院，2012年底全省所有的村都将建有居家养老服务大院〔6〕。2009年农村居民人均纯收入达到5 266元，比上年增长6.8%;农村居民人均生活消费支出3902.90元，增长13.4%;农村人均住房面积22.79平方米，增加0.86平方米;农村低保标准和年人均补助水平分别达到1 200元和760元，同比增长41.0%和40.7%，有效保障了农村低保对象的基本生活。48.37%的老年人主要依靠家庭其他成员供养〔7〕。由于居家养老服务是政府扶持的福利性服务，许多乡村已经推行政府购买服务的方式，即便有收费项目，费用很低。农民收入和居住状况良好为农村居家养老创造了条件。

2.2农村养老需求多样，无子女老人倾向居家养老问卷调查表明农村老人喜欢住在自己家里养老，包括传统家庭养老(这里指仅依靠子女提供帮助的养老方式)和居家养老的占多数;选择机构养老的很少;大多数人希望来自子女或社会的帮助(愿意接受帮助指遇到困难时是否会期望得到帮助的情况)，有9%左右的老人有“遇事宁愿靠着不求人”的心理;无子女照顾的老人选择居家养老的迫切。见表1。表1农村老人主要需求和养老意愿

2.3老年社会工作的认知度低、老年社会工作在农村的开展尚处于初始阶段通过入户访谈，除有子女在社会工作专业学习的大学生家长的老人和少数文化程度稍高的老人知道社会工作这个新兴职业外，90%以上的农村老年人不知道社会工作和老年社会工作是怎么回事;老年社会工作的实践体现在村委会为老人问寒问暖、提供各种帮助中，但是缺乏专业的理念和方法;目前调查所在的农村还没有专业的老年社会工作者在农村从事精神慰藉，维权等养老服务;在介绍了老年社会工作的理念、作用和具体做法后，90%以上的老人愿意接受老年社会工作者提供的服务，但是他们担心服务费用的支出。

3讨论

传统的家庭养老和居家养老是符合农村老年人的养老意愿;对于有子女照顾老人，传统的家庭养老功能仍在延续，愿意到居家养老服务场所去主要是参与娱乐活动、满足人际沟通、消磨时间的需要;无子女照顾老人采取居家养老的方式更为迫切，其中子女在城里安家的老人认为农村的住房相对于城市来说比较宽敞、空气清新，老年人有自己相对独立的空间，比起住进城里儿女家里那较小如“鸽笼”的房子里，他们感到憋屈、不舒服;即便老年人子女住房宽敞，他们常觉得生活习惯不同、长期住不方便;对于进养老院养老，只有经济条件好的、老人和儿女双方均有现代意识的，觉得去养老院是不给子女添麻烦的好的选择，但是，又担忧养老院的服务质量，这种担心也是可以理解的。“黑养老院”事件的曝光，反映了“黑”养老院不善待老人，侵害老人权益的恶劣行为。这种严重不道德行为虽然不能代表全部，但是反映出养老服务机构需要增强社会责任感，提高职业道德〔8〕;多数老人认为去养老机构养老会丢子女的面子让人笑话或者令儿女不高兴，因为在他们眼里养老机构都是无儿无女老人的归宿或是那些有残疾没有自理能力的、儿女没有时间照顾的老人的选择;老人对权益保护咨询的关注主要涉及农村医疗保险、低保政策等;无子女照顾老人在生活照料;医疗护理;排解孤独;文化娱乐;解决留守老人代际隔阂、赡养等纠纷;权益保护咨询;排除年老恐惧等方面的需求明显多于有子女照顾老人;农村居家养老服务适合吉林省农村社会状况、适应中国老年人的生活习惯和心理特征;老年社会工作的理念是坚持以人为本，个人自决原则、赋权和发展的原则、维护人权和社会公正原则，尊重老年人情感和心理需求，助人自助，能够被老年人接受，在解决养老中出现的问题上具有优势和可行性;农村老人有一定的经济承受能力并具备居家养老的居住条件，具备大力开展居家养老的客观基础。由于社会工作在我国发展还不完善，我国农村社会对老年社会工作的认知程度低和我国农村社会发展程度相对发达国家有一定差距的原因，专业的老年社会工作在农村尚处于起步阶段也是正常的，这同时也为老年社会工作在农村的开展提供了广阔的空间;吉林等省已有很多为老服务实践经验和政府规划，这为老年社会工作介入农村居家养老奠定了基础;可见，老年社会工作理念的引入和方法的应用对于满足农村养老需求，改善老年人的晚年生活质量，提高养老服务实效性，解决农村居家养老问题是必要和可行的。

3.1有针对性地开展老年个案工作老年个案工作是社会工作者在专业的价值观指导下，运用专业的知识和技巧为老年人及其家庭提供物质或情感方面帮助和支持，以使当事人减轻压力、解决问题和达到良好的福利状态的服务活动;针对农村“农村留守老人”，因子女成年累月在外打工，很长时间才能回家看望老人一次，老年人会出现孤独寂寞、对年老恐惧，渴望与人沟通的现象，老年个案工作者深刻理解老人的需求，运用会谈的技巧，专注、主动倾听老年人的心声，使老年人心理上得到支持，并对老年人模糊不清的问题进行澄清，给老年人进行心理疏导、鼓励老年人勇敢面对老年的身心变化，引导他们进入积极乐观向上的生活氛围，协助老年案主认识及接受老年，帮助老年人建立科学、健康的晚年生活方式和心理准备，积极地应对人生晚年期各种生活事件，如有的子女干涉丧偶独居老年人再婚、家庭经济赡养中出现纠纷等问题，工作者针对不同的个案进行区别性的工作，站在老人的角度、分析问题、提出合理建议，帮助老人解决矛盾。

3.2开展主题突出的老年小组工作

老年小组工作是指在社会工作者的协助与指导下，利用老年成员之间的互动和小组凝聚力，帮助老年组员学习他人的经验，改变自己的行为，正确面对困难，恢复自己

论文关键词:城市化家庭养老社区服务社会工作者

论文摘要:随着老龄化社会的到来，养老是解决中国老龄问题的基拙和核心问题二家庭养老仍然是主要的养老形式，但在家庭养老功能逐步减弱的情况下，急需发挥社会养老的功能，其中，社区养老服务是社会养老的新载体几本文提出社区要在政府的支持之下，拓展社区服务项目，引进社会工作者专业人员，提高社区服务质量，争取广泛的社会支持，建立社区服务发展指标体系，从而加强社区养老的功能，在一定程度上弥补家庭养老的不足:

国家统计局公布的数据表明，2000年65岁以上的老年人口占总人口的比重将达到7%，标志着我国已开始进入老龄化社会。据有关专家预测，到2050年我国65岁以上老年人口将达到3.2亿以卜，约占我国总人口的1/5，占世界老年人口的1 / 4。随着人口老龄化趋势的发展，老年人的养老已经成了一个普遍关注的社会间题，在养老的方式上存在着各式各样的争议:

一、家庭养老的功能弱化.面临着巨大的挑战

随着我国计划生育的实施和市场经济的快速发展以及城市化进程的加快，作为传统农业文明产物的当代城市家庭养老方式正面临着来自人口条件、家庭结构、居住方式和文化观念等方面的挑战，其脆弱性已开始显现，非家庭养老方式正越来越受到关注;

(一)家庭规模缩小，核心家庭老年家庭增多，家庭功能弱化

我国计划生育政策实施以来，尤其是城市的出生率降低，家庭结构的小型化和核心化已经是不争的事实，生育率下降、子女减少和居住方式的代际分离还使得子女对老年父母的照料产生了许多困难。子女多意味着老年人有较多的支持来源，独生子女现象的出现使得独生子女父母的养老变得异乎寻常的困难

社会发展推动住宅购买人群的变化，家庭两代分居现象逐渐增多。按照人口学家最近做出的家庭人口预测，我国老年人和成年子女共同生活的比例将逐渐降低，独居或只与配偶居住的65岁以上老人占老人总数比例将由1990年10%迅速上升到2050年的27 %，在城市和经济发达地区这种现象已经非常明显

(二)现代社会人口流动速度如快，竞争日益激烈

科技时代的发展和城市工业化进程的加快使得农村的人

口越来越多地涌向城市，城市的竞争压力也越来越大不少年轻人陷人了角色困境，他们要同时扮演好成功人士的角色、合格父母的角色和孝顺子女的角色是勉为其难的。例如，工作的压力日益沉重，还要教育儿女，使一些子女没有精力照顾父母又如目前社会对文化知识的要求增高，青年人需要再学习来适应日益发展的社会，或者去寻找更多发展的机遇，远离年迈的父母，使得家庭人口外流。这些都使得现有的家庭的模式受到强烈冲击

(三)老年人平均寿命延长，患病率、伤残率上升，自理能力下降

随着生活水平的不断提高，老年人的寿命也在不断延长，同时年龄增长(特别是超过75岁之后)，老年人口健康状况有所恶化，患病率、伤残率上升，自理能力下降，更多地需要日常护理、生活照料和社会服务这一切必将加大家庭的负担，也必将导致年轻人消极拒养老人情绪的增加了各种挑战因素的结合使传统的家庭养老模式开始瓦解和分化，这就是子女养老和在家养老相分离的态势，而且子女对老年父母的照料和慰藉也不像过去传统模式下那么密集和经常了，这是传统家庭养老制度在现代化冲击下的一种新的变革:

由此可见，养老间题在家庭养老所不及之下，就需要社会的力量来解决了

二、社区养老顺应时代潮流，必须加强社区服务的质量

(一)社区服务的概念

社区服务是在政府倡导和扶持下，为满足社区成员的各种需求，依托街道和委员会，为人们的物质生活和精神生活所提供的各种社会福利和社会服务可以在社区发展这种大趋势之下，充分利用社会资源来发展社区服务事业和改善老年人的处境：

(二)建构社区服务养老体系

随着城市化的发展，人口老龄化的趋势和家庭养老功能的弱化使社区养老服务成为老年人安度幸福晚年的重要保证，社区成为城市社会化养老服务的最佳载体。发展社区养老服务体系是解决我国城市养老问题的重大战略性选择。社区对于老年人来说又是最重要的聚居地，所以老年人对社区的依赖性会越来越强。这种以社区为依托的服务，可以及时地给老年人以认同感和归属感，使他们在精神上得到慰藉，身体上得到锻炼，在互相交流中情感得到倾诉，这也就弥补了家庭养老的不足。所以发展社区服务，促进社区建设是改善养老条件的有效途径。

1.发挥社区功能，扩展养老服务的项目

由于家庭养老功能的弱化，社区老年人在生活方面和精神方面都不能得到良好的照顾，有的老人即使和子女住在一起，子女也没有很充足的精力来照顾老人，相对来说老人就会倾向于对社区的依赖。 在老年人生活照料方面，可分为居家服务和家外服务。居家服务是对居住自己家中，有部分生活能力、但又不能完全自理的老年人提供的一种服务。家外服务包括托老所和敬老院。托老所这种模式既减轻了子女照顾的负担，又没有将老人完全隔离于“家”之外，对增进老人的身心健康是十分有意义的;敬老院，被大众接受为直接的养老设施，应提高其分布密度，分散在社区内.这样老年人可以不必离开所熟悉的生活环境，也便于子女、亲戚探视，加强亲情的交流。

在改善老年人精神状况方面，可以采取直接和间接两者结合的方式。

直接方式可以通过建立“聊天站”“畅谈角”，让老年人聚集在一起互相交流;间接方式可以加大娱乐设施的建设，开设“老年之家”“老年活动中心”“老年大学”等，还可以开展文体活动，举办春游和夏令营活动。实现资源的有效利用，使老年人在社区内得到满足感和成就感，转移心中的不快。

2.在政府宏观管理下提高社区的自身经济能力

政府宏观管理，就是政府通过制定有关社会福利的政策、法规和规章，并且总结、加大推广先进经验的宣传，做好服务工作，解决实际问题，营造引导社区服务福利机构发展的大环境。

养老金社会化的发放使得老年人可以就近领取，形成了社区服务网络。但是政府的功能毕竟是有限的，在政府和企业不能为老年人提供更多保障的时候，社区可以发挥其有效的功能，充分利用其社会资源，通过发展社区经济，大量吸收和安置退休人员，使退休人员在为社区创效益的同时，自己也获得必要的劳动补偿，实现双赢。老年人工作退休之后，产生心理落差，感到自我价值丧失，会产生消极的生活态度以至不利于老年生活。而这些老年人中很多人依然有工作能力，有的文化水平很高，由此可以利用社区资源实现他们的“再就业”，这种“再就业”可以“一带一”或“一带多”的方式，使大家产生互动，从中找到生活的乐趣。这既是对他们自身的补贴，又能实现社会价值

3.提升社区服务人员素质，引进专业社会工作者，提高服务质量

社区老人的服务人员不仅仅要掌握照料老年人的基本生活常识，还要了解不同年龄阶段老年人的心理状况，为此要抓好在职服务人员的职业道德、专业知识和岗位技能培训的工作，加强专业教育和技能的培养，灌输专业的理念，用专业社工的标准来衡量。

社区的发展是城市发展的标志之一，专业社会工作者的兴起也是为了满足社区居民的需要，社会工作者不仅仅需要基本的照料技能，更多的是要有心理咨询的技能，并受过专门的教育和培训，持有专业社会工作者的资格证。社会工作专业的学习(小组工作、个案工作、社区工作)除了理论知识之外，更多的是实践的积累，结合理论与实践更加有利于工作的开展。在社会福利社会化的道路之上，社会工作者有了一片土壤来发挥其专业的特长，实现其专业的价值，也有利于实现社区的稳定。当然，社会工作者的介入也需要社区合适的机制和模式来启动，只有在相关政策支持之下，社会工作的有效性才可以发挥出来，因此，专业社会工作者是社区服务的执行者，社区和社会工作者是紧密相连的，引进专业的社会工作者是完善社区服务质量的有效途径。

4.发挥社会集体意识，争取广泛的支持

社区服务质量的优劣在一定的意义上取决于社区的力量，社区的发展是顺应市场经济的结果，在市场经济竞争激烈的社会中，只有发挥集体的意识，争取社会各界的支持，携手共进，才能走上良性化的发展道路二从政府方面来说，民政部门要发挥规划、检查、监督的作用，社会保险局也应该参与规划、检查、监督和酌情划拨养老保险基金，以及关注养老保险受保人。从社区协调委员会方面来说，要发挥所在社区的企业、有关单位的作用，加强对社区成员的关心和支持。