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首先要把在准备工作当中搜集的资料整理出来，包括课题名称、课题内容、课题的理论依据、参加人员、组织安排和分工、大概需要的时间、经费的估算等等。
第一是标题的拟定 。课题在准备工作中已经确立了，所以开题报告的标题是不成问题的，把你研究的课题直接写上就行了。比如我曾指导过一组同学对伦教的文化诸如“伦教糕”、伦教木工机械、伦教文物等进行研究，拟定的标题就是“伦教文化研究”。
第二就是内容的撰写 。开题报告的主要内容包括以下几个部分：
一、课题研究的背景。
所谓课题背景，主要指的是为什么要对这个课题进行研究，所以有的课题干脆把这一部分称为“问题的提出”，意思就是说为什么要提出这个问题，或者说提出这个课题。比如我曾指导的一个课题“伦教文化研究”，背景说明部分里就是说在改革开放的浪潮中，伦教作为珠江三角洲一角，在经济迅速发展的同时，她的文化发展怎么样，有哪些成就，对居民有什么影响，有哪些还要改进的。当然背景所叙述的内容还有很多，既可以是社会背景，也可以是自然背景。关键在于我们所确定的课题是什么。
二、课题研究的内容。
课题研究的内容，顾名思义，就是我们的课题要研究的是什么。比如我校黄姝老师的指导的课题“佛山新八景”，课题研究的内容就是：“以佛山新八景为重点，考察佛山历史文化沉淀的昨天、今天、明天，结合佛山经济发展的趋势，拟定开发具有新佛山、新八景、新气象的文化旅游的可行性报告及开发方案。”
三、课题研究的目的和意义。
课题研究的目的，应该叙述自己在这次研究中想要达到的境地或想要得到的结果。比如我校叶少珍老师指导的“重走长征路”研究课题，在其研究目标一栏中就是这样叙述的：
1、通过再现长征历程，追忆红军战士的丰功伟绩，对长征概况、长征途中遇到了哪些艰难险阻、什么是长征精神，有更深刻的了解和感悟。
2、通过小组同学间的分工合作、交流、展示、解说，培养合作参与精神和自我展示能力。
3、通过本次活动，使同学的信息技术得到提高，进一步提高信息素养。
四、课题研究的方法。
在“课题研究的方法”这一部分，应该提出本课题组关于解决本课题问题的门路或者说程序等。一般来说，研究性学习的课题研究方法有：实地调查考察法(通过组织学生到所研究的处所实地调查，从而得出结论的方法)、问卷调查法(根据本课题的情况和自己要了解的内容设置一些问题，以问卷的形式向相关人员调查的方法)、人物采访法(直接向有关人员采访，以掌握第一手材料的方法)、文献法(通过查阅各类资料、图表等,分析、比较得出结论)等等。在课题研究中，应该根据自己课题的实际情况提出相关的课题研究方法，不一定面面俱到，只要实用就行。
五、课题研究的步骤。
课题研究的步骤，当然就是说本课题准备通过哪几步程序来达到研究的目的。所以在这一部分里应该着重思考的问题就是自己的课题大概准备分几步来完成。一般来说课题研究的基本步骤不外乎是以下几个方面：准备阶段、查阅资料阶段、实地考察阶段、问卷调查阶段、采访阶段、资料的分析整理阶段、对本课题的总结与反思阶段等。
六、课题参与人员及组织分工。
这属于对本课题研究的管理范畴，但也不可忽视。因为管理不到位，学生不能明确自己的职责，有时就会偷懒或者互相推诿，有时就会做重复劳动。因此课题参与人员的组织分工是不可少的。最好是把所有的参与研究的学生分成几个小组，每个小组通过民主选举的方式推选出小组长，由小组长负责本小组的任务分派和落实。然后根据本课题的情况，把相关的研究任务分割成几大部分，一个小组负责一个部分。最后由小组长组织人员汇总和整理。
七、课题的经费估算。
一个课题要开展，必然需要一些经费来启动，所以最后还应该大概地估算一下本课题所需要 的资金是多少，比如搜集资料需要多少钱，实地调查的外出经费，问卷调查的印刷和分发的费用，课题组所要占用的场地费，有些课题还需要购买一些相关的材料，结题报告等资料的印刷费等等。所谓“大军未动，粮草先行”，没有足够的资金作后盾，课题研究势必举步维艰，捉襟见肘，甚至于半途而废。因此，课题的经费也必须在开题之初就估算好，未雨绸缪，才能真正把本课题的研究做到最好。
范例1：
本科毕业设计(论文)开题报告：宝洁公司沙宣产品“五一”促销策划方案
一、课题意义(包括课题的理论意义和现实意义)
(一)选题背景
目前在中高档洗发水市场竞争非常激烈，各品牌不断推出新颖的产品来攻占细分市场，并通过产品系列的充实或产品功能的不断增加，巩固现有市场。发掘“特的销售主张”(Unique Selling Proposition, USP)，对现有市场进行市场细分，可以有效争取潜在消费群。宝洁公司经过多品牌策略的成功运用，已占据了中高档洗发水细分市场。其中，沙宣品牌定位在时尚专业角度，能够给予该品牌新产品提供了足够的拓展空间。时尚专业的概念随着时代发展而不断变化，当前，随着竞争的加剧和消费者偏好的变化，消费者将对时尚、专业不断给予新的理解，适应此形势，沙宣需要跟进时尚专业内涵的变化，使产品系列在不断地丰满。沙宣深层洁净洗发露的USP在“时尚专业”基础上，强调“深层次清洁”，“透明洁净配方”，“温和有效”等概念，很有新意，对市场销售有推动作用。
二、文献综述
三、课题研究内容与方法
四、课题研究进度安排
五、主要参考文献目录
[1]吴菲. 洗发水品牌营销组合策略对品牌联想的影响研究[D].暨南大学,2009.
[2]张蓓灵. 联合利华在洗发水市场上的挑战者战略研究[D].复旦大学,2009.
[3]王恒. 联合利华公司洗发水产品市场营销策略研究[D].吉林大学,2011.
[4]周立逸. 本土洗发水的营销软肋及其优化策略[J]. 金融经济,2011,24:107-109.
[5]肖明超. 2009年洗发水营销新动向[J]. 市场观察,2009,07:37.
[6]雷茗. 浅析中国塔基阶层的创新营销策略——以洗发水行业为例[J]. 经营管理者,2009,12:68+62.
[7]苏凡. 洗发水2010:营销高端[J]. 市场观察,2010,05:74-75.
[8]欧阳胜. 清扬洗发水差异化营销策略的成与败[J]. 经营与管理,2010,09:48-50.
[9]曾盛. S品牌营销策略研究[D].云南大学,2012.
[10]李婷. 我国十大洗发水品牌电视广告的现状与发展研究[D].东北师范大学,2012.
[11]王伟. 霸王集团洗发品营销策略研究[D].安徽大学,2012.
[12]陈洁. 霸王防脱/乌发洗发水上市推广研究[D].西南财经大学,2007.
[13]计超,孙立楠. 论宝洁旗下洗发水在中国市场的创新广告策略[J]. 传承,2007,05:106-108.
[14]祝炳俊. 清扬洗发水 5亿元的营销死局[J]. 中国市场,2007,29:60-61.
[15]张雪峰. 洗发水市场细分与定位策略探讨[J]. 日用化学品科学,2002,01:6-9.
[16] Gardner D M. Is there a generalized price-quality relationship?[J]. Journal of Marketing Research (JMR), 1971, 8(2).
[17]Lee A Y, Labroo A A. The effect of conceptual and perceptual fluency on brand evaluation[J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 2004, 41(2): 151-165.]
[18] Green P E, Wind Y, Jain A K. Analyzing free-response data in marketing research[J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 1973: 45-52.
[19] Karnani A. The Mirage of Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid[J]. California Management Review, 2007, 49(4): 90-111.
范例2：
本科毕业论文(设计、创作)开题报告：浅谈角色创作中心理活动的重要性
1、选题目的及意义
演员创作角色时心理活动的正确把握，能让演员更好的掌握角色，帮助演员更深刻的进入所演角色的内心，从而更生活，更直观，更真实的创造角色，从整体上提高作品的审美价值及现实意义。在创作角色时充分把握角色的心理并控制自己的心理活动，这样就能够自然而然地、直觉地、有机地抓住角色的情感，激起正确的体验。演员创作角色时的心理活动是通过演员的神情、肢体、语言等外部行动体现出来的，之所以探讨演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性，，一方面是因为创作角色时心理活动是表演“艺术中的灵魂”，另外一方面，演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性这一课题，能够使表演者在实践领域里有着十分重要的指导意义。
2、选题背景
3、选题的研究现状
4、结语
5、可行性分析
6、重点与难点分析
7、时间进度安排
8、已有的参考文献
[1]、李锦云：《表演心理学》，北京，世界图书出版公司北京公司，2007，10
[2]、许向明，富澜，崔君衍：《中国电影词典》，中国电影出版社，2005
[3]、(苏)斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基：《演员的自我修养》，北京，中国电影出版社，2006
[4]、朱光潜：《文艺心理学》。
[5]、齐士龙：《电影表演心理研究》，[M]中国电影出版社，1996
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Positioning of new brands in an experiment Vera Hofer·Klaus Ladner Abstract This paper deals with an experimental investigation of positioning new brands.For this purpose,a management game was carried out with stu- dents.The brands introduced in the cause of the game were analysed in respect to their positions in a two-dimensional feature space.We try to find out which of the two strategies,niche policy and imitation,is more frequently used in complex decision situations and if there is a difference in profits.Furthermore, we want to find out,whether differences of prices and advertising exist in our experiment depending on the positioning strategy used. Keywords Product differentiation·Heterogeneous oligopoly·Imitation· Niche policy·Complex decision situation 1 Introduction Brand positioning aims at firms’designing their range of products such that their products occupy a specific place in consumer awareness(Kotler and Bliemel 1995,p.489).The term product positioning is not used unambiguously in the literature(Hüttel 1998,p.205).Some authors see product positioning as the determination of the respective marketing mixes,i.e.,harmonization of all sales V.Hofer(B)·K.Ladner Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Karl-Franzens-Universit?t Graz, Universit?tsstra?e 15,8010 Graz,Austria e-mail: K.Ladner e-mail: V.Hofer,K.Ladner decisions(cf.the literature in Hüttel 1998,p.205).In the present paper,the term positioning is used to mean the determination of specific product features. The possibility of different brand positioning only arises in a heterogeneous market.In such markets brand positioning leads to some extent of product differentiation.Literature distinguishes between horizontal and vertical prod- uct differentiation,depending on whether there is a ranking among consumers based on their willingness to pay for the product(Mangani and Patelli 2001). Horizontal product differentiation is characterized by everyone’s preferring a different product given equal prices,and it is normally associated with the presence of product varieties.Products are vertically differentiated when all consumers choose the same product given equal prices.Examples of horizontal product differentiation are the models by Hotelling(1929)and D’Aspremont et al.(1979).Among others,vertical product differentiation is considered by Mussa and Rosen(1978)and Shaked and Sutton(1982). Depending on the extent to which firms exhaust the possibility of different brand positioning,a higher or lower degree of product differentiation results. Theoretical studies try to find out the equilibrium degree of product differen- tiation.However,a‘principle of differentiation’,i.e.,maximum or minimum differentiation cannot be derived from the literature(Brenner 2001;Egli 2005). Rather,the amount of differentiation depends on several parameters of the market structure,such as the possibility of discriminatory pricing and price- matching,demand elasticity,the number of firms,existence of advertising tools, the shape of transport costs,the concentration of consumers in the centre of the market and a firm’s uncertainty regarding the heterogeneity of consumers’ preferences concerning a further dimension of product characteristics(Brenner 2001). Theoretical predictions of firms’decision behaviour in a context of multidi- mensional product differentiation are difficult to test empirically,because of the lack of data and agree among researchers about how to measure vertical and horizontal product differentiation.In order to fill this gap,experimental stud- ies on product differentiation were carried out recently(Mangani and Patelli 2001). The experiments of Brown-Kurse et al.(1993)and Collins and Sherstyuk (2000)deal with spatial differentiation without price competition of two or three firms,respectively.Contrary,Barreda et al.(2000)investigates product differen- tiation and price competition in a discrete version of the Hotelling game.García- Gallego and Georgantzís(2001)consider multiproduct firms in a symmetric differentiated oligopoly market with uncertainty to test the predictive power of Bertrand–Nash equilibria.Irmen and Thisse(1998)considered multidimen- sional horizontal product differentiation.A further experiment by Mangani and Patelli(2001)was based on their model,but simplified to only two continuous, horizontal dimensions.Both studies try to find out if there is a maximum or minimum differentiation.Furthermore,Mangani and Patelli(2001)investigate the relation between product differentiation and price.Finally,there are exper- iments considering not only the sellers’behaviour but also the consumers’.Positioning of new brands in an experiment 437 Camacho-Cuena et al.(2005)investigate spatial product differentiation with endogenous prices in a discrete version of Hotelling’s linear market. In the present paper,we investigate product differentiation in a two- dimensional,horizontal product space.Three firms can offer several products differing with regard to two discrete taste characteristics,graininess and tart- ness.Also,vertical product differentiation is possible by means of advertising and wrapping in our experiment.Furthermore,in our dynamic oligopoly mar- ket there is price competition,and uncertainty as to a lack of information on the demand structure. In contrast to other experiments,we investigate a very complex decision situation.The values of several determinants of product differentiation as men- tioned before Brenner(2001)are mainly dependent on the particular decision situations in the course of the game,i.e.,on the decision behaviour of the par- ticipants.For instance,demand elasticity is determined not only by the price of a brand but also by other firms’decisions that cannot be predicted,and by various interdependences.Besides this,the market model is so complex that the participants are not capable of recognizing the values of the determinants of product differentiation.As shown in Hofer and Ladner(2005,p.27),the underlying structure of demand was not discovered.Furthermore,due to many factors influencing the economic success of a brand,the incentives for posi- tioning brands according to a higher or lower degree of differentiation are not obvious.Using such a complex model in which the participants are left with a lack of knowledge concerning the economically reasonable degree of product differentiation,we investigate various product positioning strategies for intro- ducing new brands.They express different degrees of product differentiation. In addition,we analyse the interrelation between these positioning strategies and the decisions with regard to vertical product dimensions and prices.In par- ticular we are interested,whether product differentiation is seen as a means of relaxing price competition. The question of how to position brands is not only important when intro- ducing a new brand(first positioning).It is also of relevance for existing brands when enlarging one’s own market potential or when differentiating a brand from its competitors by repositioning(Trommsdorf 2002,p.363).Trommsdorf mentions two main positioning concepts(Trommsdorf 2002,p.364):market exhaustion,i.e.,positioning of brands in the centre of the consumers’ideal con- ceptions or in a potent market segment,and differentiation,i.e.,positioning of brands as far away from competitive brands as possible.Brockhoff(1999, p.136)remarks that in the literature placing products in niches is presented as the main idea for optimal product positioning,even though there may possi- bly be only few consumers available in such a niche.In addition,studies have shown that the strategy of imitation of successful behaviour,a strategy that is not attributable to one of Trommsdorf’s categories,is often observed in complex decision situations and can be economically successful(Pingle and Day 1996; Schewe 2002;Schipper 2002).However,imitation depends more on watching the competitors than watching the consumers. In this paper,we investigate three types of positioning strategies: 1.Imitation 2.Niche policy 3.Market exhaustion For this purpose we consider four positioning strategies,developed by Reinfeldt(1972):one strategy representing imitation,two strategies represent- ing niche policy and one strategy representing market exhaustion.In the present study,we try to answer the questions:
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